HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 38, 29238-29243, September 22, 2000

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 275/38/29238    most recent M004546200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Paul, M.-F. Articles by Tzagoloff, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Paul, M.-F. Articles by Tzagoloff, A. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?

A Single Amino Acid Change in Subunit 6 of the Yeast Mitochondrial ATPase Suppresses a Null Mutation in ATP10^*

Marie-Francoise Paul, Antoni Barrientos, and Alexander Tzagoloff

From the Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027

Received for publication, May 25, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In an earlier study, the ATP10 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to code for an inner membrane protein required for assembly of the F₀ sector of the mitochondrial ATPase complex (Ackerman, S., and Tzagoloff, A. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9952-9959). To gain additional insights into the function of Atp10p, we have analyzed a revertant of an atp10 null mutant that displays partial recovery of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and of respiratory competence. The suppressor mutation in the revertant has been mapped to the OLI2 locus in mitochondrial DNA and shown to be a single base change in the C-terminal coding region of the gene. The mutation results in the substitution of a valine for an alanine at residue 249 of subunit 6 of the ATPase. The ability of the subunit 6 mutation to compensate for the absence of Atp10p implies a functional interaction between the two proteins. Such an interaction is consistent with evidence indicating that the C-terminal region with the site of the mutation and the extramembrane domain of Atp10p are both on the matrix side of the inner membrane. Subunit 6 has been purified from the parental wild type strain, from the atp10 null mutant, and from the revertant. The N-terminal sequences of the three proteins indicated that they all start at Ser¹¹, the normal processing site of the subunit 6 precusor. Mass spectral analysis of the wild type and mutants subunit 6 failed to reveal any substantive difference of the wild type and mutant proteins when the mass of the latter was corrected for Ala  Val mutation. These data argue against a role of Atp10p in post-translational modification of subunit 6. Although post-translational modification of another ATPase subunit interacting with subunit 6 cannot be excluded, a more likely function for Atp10p is that it acts as a subunit 6 chaperone during F₀ assembly.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The F₀ component of the proton translocating ATPase consists of a set of hydrophobic proteins that are embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. This important constituent of the larger F₁-F₀ complex catalyzes vectorial transfer of protons across the inner membrane, the direction being dependent on whether the enzyme is functioning in an ATP synthetic or hydrolytic mode (1). In bakers' yeast, three subunits of F₀ are encoded in mitochondrial DNA (2). The other F₀ subunits are all products of nuclear genes. Most of the F₀ subunits are required for binding and conferral of oligomycin sensitivity on the F₁-ATPase (3, 4). The exception are three recently described subunits (5) that have been proposed to be involved in dimerization of the F_1-F₀ complex in the membrane. Mutations in these subunits do not appear to influence the basic ATPase activity of the complex (5).

Maintenance of functional ATPase depends not only on the expression of mitochondrially and nuclearly encoded subunits of the enzyme but also on nuclear gene products that promote essential events during ATPase assembly. Some factors such as Atp11p and Atp12p have been shown to interact with the - and -subunits and to render them competent to oligomerize into the F₁-ATPase (6-8). Other factors are required for transcription/translation of subunit 9 of the complex (9, 10). In an earlier study we reported that the product of the ATP10 gene does not affect assembly of F₁ or synthesis of subunit 9 but is essential for expression of functional F₀ (11). Mutations in ATP10 resulted in a loss of oligomycin sensitivity and a more labile interaction of F₁ with the membrane. Both of these properties are hallmarks of a defect in F₀. Atp10p is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane but is not a constituent of the ATPase complex. As with so many factors that have been implicated in assembly of ATPase and of respiratory chain complexes, its precise function has remained obscure.

To learn more about the role of Atp10p in F₀ assembly, we have extended the analysis of the atp10 null mutant and have studied an extragenic suppressor that rescues the respiratory defect of the mutant. The suppressor has been mapped to mitochondrial DNA and identified as a single amino acid substitution in the OLI2 gene for subunit 6 of F₀. These data suggest a functional interaction of Atp10p with subunit 6. The location of the suppressor mutation near the C-terminal region of subunit 6 argues against a role of Atp10p in processing of the subunit 6 precursor. This is also supported by the presence of mature subunit 6 in the atp10 mutant. Mass spectrometric analysis of subunits 6 and 9 purified from wild type and mutants have also excluded a role of Atp10p in post-translational chemical modification of these ATPase constituents. Atp10p, therefore, is more likely to be a chaperone for subunit 6.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Yeast Strains and Growth Media-- The genotypes and sources of the wild type and pet¹ and mit strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in this study are listed in Table I. The compositions of the media for growth of yeast have been described elsewhere (13).

Preparation of Yeast Mitochondria and ATPase Assays-- Mitochondria were prepared by the method of Faye et al. (14) except that Zymolyase 20,000 instead of Glusulase was used to convert cells to spheroplasts. ATPase activity was assayed by measuring release of inorganic phosphate from ATP at 37 °C in the presence and absence of oligomycin (15).

Cloning and Sequencing of the oli2 Gene-- Mitochondrial DNAs purified from W303-1A, aW303ATP10, and three independent revertants 10R1, 10R2, and 10R3 (16) were used as templates for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the OLI2 gene. One of the two synthetic primers had the sequence matching the sense strand from nucleotides 65 to 42 (17) except for one base change that was introduced to create the BglII site. The second primer was complementary to sense strand from nucleotides +867 to +893 of the sequence except for two base changes to form a HindIII site. The products obtained from the synthesis were digested with BamHI and HindIII and were ligated to YEp352 (18) linearized with the same restriction enzymes.

Purification of Subunits 6 and 9 of ATPase-- Proteolipids were extracted as described by Michon et al. (19). Mitochondria (80-250 mg) were suspended at a protein concentration of 12-18 mg/ml and extracted in 10 volumes of chloroform/methanol (1:1) by stirring the mixture at room temperature for 18 h. The organic extract was clarified by centrifugation and was washed by addition of water and chloroform (final proportion, chloroform/methanol/water, 8:4:3 v/v/v). The organic phase was dried down in rotary evaporator and dissolved in 2 ml of chloroform/methanol (1:1), and proteins were precipitated by addition of 4 volumes of ether at 80 °C for 10 min. Two different methods were used to purify subunits 6 and 9. In the first method the ether precipitate was suspended in 1 ml chloroform/methanol (2:1) and chromatographed on a Primesphere 5 C4 high pressure liquid chromatography column (Phenomenex). The column was equilibrated in a solution containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol/water (3:1). The column was developed over 30 min at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with linear gradient from 0 to 100% chlororoform/methanol (2:1) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Subunit 6, which eluted at 23 min, was collected and dried down under vacuum. This preparation of pure subunit 6 was used for protein sequencing. In the second method the ether precipitate was dissolved in 2 ml of chloroform/methanol (1:1) and chromatographed on a 1.5 × 45-cm column of Sephadex LH60 equilibrated with chloroform/methanol/0.1 M HCl (1:1:0.05) (20). Fractions of 2 ml were collected and checked for protein by SDS-PAGE¹ on a 15% polyacrylamide gel. Fractions enriched for subunit 6 were precipitated with ether as above. Fractions containing subunit 9 were extracted with 0.5 volumes of chloroform and 0.37 volumes of water. The organic phase was used for mass determinations. The samples were used either directly or concentrated under vacuum before mixing with the matrix (1% sinapinic acid in acetonitrile containing 1% trifluoroacetic acid). Spectra were obtained with a Voyager DE-PRO (PerSeptive Biosystems).

Miscellaneous Procedures-- Standard methods were used for the preparation and ligation of DNA fragments and for transformation and recovery of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli (21). The method of Maxam and Gilbert was used to sequence 5'-end labeled single stranded DNA fragments (22). Proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE in the buffer system of Laemmli (23). Immunodetection of proteins on Western blots was carried out with ¹²⁵I-labeled protein A (24). Protein concentrations were determined by the method of Lowry et al. (25).

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Isolation and Genetic Characterization of atp10 Revertants-- a W303ATP10, abbreviated as ATP10 in this text, is a haploid strain of yeast with an atp10 null allele (11). This mutant grows very poorly on nonfermentable carbon sources such as ethanol and/or glycerol. The compromised respiratory activity of mitochondria in the null mutant as well as in atp10 point mutants was previously attributed to a defect in the F₀ component of the ATPase (11). To learn more about the biochemical lesion responsible for the F₀ assembly defect, spontaneous revertants of ATP10 were isolated. Such revertants appear frequently (10⁴-10⁵ reversion frequency) on medium containing ethanol and glycerol as carbon sources. Three independent revertants (10R1, 10R2, and 10R3) were chosen for further study. The generation time of the revertants in liquid medium containing glycerol was estimated to be about two times longer than the parental wild type (Table II). The revertant phenotype was found to be transmitted in a stable manner after propagation of the cells on glucose or galactose.

The revertants were further characterized by crosses to E103, an atp10 mutant obtained by mutagenesis of the respiratory competent strain D273-10B/A1 with ethylmethane sulfonate (26). Diploid cells issued from the cross grew on respiratory substrates with approximately the same generation time as the haploid revertant indicating that the suppressor(s) were either nuclear dominant or mitochondrial mutations. To distinguish between these two possibilities, spontaneous derivatives were isolated from each revertant and were crossed to E103. Diploid cells formed in these crosses failed to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources, indicating extragenic mutations in mitochondrial DNA. This was confirmed by segregation tests. The revertants were crossed to E103 in glucose containing medium for 6 h. Diploid cells were prototrophically selected on minimal glucose. Following 20-30 generations they were spread for single colonies on rich glucose medium, and after 2 days of growth at 30 °C were replicated on rich medium containing glycerol. Two distinct growth phenotypes were noted on the glycerol medium. In all cases 30-50% of the colonies displayed the revertant phenotype, whereas the remaining cells showed the very slow growth characteristics of the mutant. Several respiratory competent diploid cells from the first segregation were grown on glucose and tested a second time for mitotic segregation as described above. In every instance all of the segregants displayed revertant properties. The possibility that the revertant harbored a second nuclear suppressor that, together with the mitochondrial mutation, was responsible for the respiratory competent phenotype was excluded from the results of a cross of revertant 10R3 to the atp10 null mutant. Respiratory competent diploid cells produced from this cross were sporulated, and the meiotic spore progeny were analyzed by tetrad dissections. In nine complete tetrads all the spores exhibited the revertant phenotype. These data together with the results of the crosses of the derivatives of the revertants to the atp10 point mutant indicated that the suppressor is inherited as a mutation in the mitochondrial genome. The mitotic and meiotic segregation results also exclude the suppressor from being a rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA that coexists as an independently replicating genome in an otherwise ⁺ background (27, 28).

The mitochondrial suppressor was transferred to a wild type nuclear background by crossing 10R3 to a ^o derivative of W303-10B. The diploid cells were sporulated and Leu meiotic progeny with the ATP10 gene were obtained (10R3/ATP10). These cells grew on glycerol as well as the wild type strain at 30 °C but were partially temperature sensitive at 37 °C (Fig. 1). The temperature-sensitive phenotype was also detected in the atp10 mutant and revertant. The normal growth of 10R3/ATP10 on glycerol at 30 °C indicates that suppressor does not affect the ATPase in cells expressing Atp10p.

View larger version (77K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Growth of wild type and mutant cells at 30 and 37 °C. The respiratory competent parental strain W303-1A (ATP10/OLI2), the atp10 null mutant ATP10 (atp10/OLI2), the revertant 10R3 (atp10/oli2), and the wild type strain with the mitochondrial genome of the revertant (ATP10/oli2) were diluted serially and spotted, starting from 105 cells, on two YPD (rich glucose) and two YEPG (rich glycerol plus ethanol) plates that were incubated for 3 days at 30 and 37 °C. No differences in growth at the two temperatures were found on the YPD medium (not shown). Only the YEPG plates are shown.

Properties of the Mitochondrial ATPase in the Revertant Strains-- In earlier studies atp10 mutants were found to have normal F₁-ATPase (11). The larger F₁-F₀ complex, however, had altered properties, one of which was decreased oligomycin sensitivity. Assays of mitochondrial ATPase activity from different strains indicated that sensitivity to oligomycin is partially restored in the revertants (Table III). The ATPase activities in the three revertants 10R1, 10R2, and 10R3 were inhibited 25-33% by oligomycin. In the same assay the mitochondrial ATPase of the wild type was inhibited by 75%, whereas in ATP10, the ATPase was completely insensitive to the antibiotic. The partial restoration of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase in the revertants is consistent with the ability of the revertants to grow on respiratory substrates.

The absence of oligomycin sensitivity in the atp10 mutant has previously been ascribed to the failure of F₁ to correctly interact with F₀ (11). The oligomycin sensitivity observed in the revertants therefore indicated that the suppressor permits some F₁ to be assembled with F₀. This was confirmed by sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis of detergent extracts of wild type and mutant mitochondria. In agreement with previous results (29), all the - and -subunits of F₁ in the wild type extract co-sedimented as part of the larger F₁-F₀ complex (Fig. 2). This was also true of the extract from 10R3/ATP10, which contains the suppressor in the context of the wild type ATP10 gene. Even though the F₁ subunits also co-sedimented in the extract from the atp10 mutant, their slower sedimentation indicated that they were part of the F₁ oligomer but not of the F₁-F₀ complex (29). In the case of the revertant extract, two separate peaks were observed. Approximately 30% of the - and -subunits sedimented as the F₁-F₀ complex, whereas the remainder of the subunits sedimented as the F₁ oligomer (Fig. 2). Similar results were obtained when the sedimentation analysis was extended to subunits 4 and d of the F₀ (data not shown). In this case also, only a fraction of the F₀ subunits in the revertant extract co-sedimented with the F₁-F₀ complex.

View larger version (81K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Sedimentation analysis of F1 in wild type and mutant extracts. Mitochondria were prepared from the wild type haploid strain W303-1A, from the atp10 null mutant ATP10 (ATP10), from the revertant 10R3(10R3), and from 10R3/ATP10, a respiratory competent strain with the mitochondrial DNA of 10R3. Mitochondria, adjusted to a protein concentration of 8 mg/ml in 5 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.5, were extracted by addition of 10% Triton X-100 to a final concentration of 0.25%. After centrifugation at 105,000 × gav for 20 min, 0.5 ml of the supernatant was layered on top of 5 ml of a 5-20% linear sucrose gradient prepared in the presence of 5 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.5, and 0.1% Triton X-100. The gradient was centrifuged in a Beckman SW65 rotor at 65,000 rpm for 3 h. Eleven fractions were collected from the bottom of the gradients by gravity flow. The fractions (20 µl) were separated on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. Following transfer to nitrocellulose, the blots were first treated with a mixture of antisera against the  and  subunits of F1 and then visualized by a second reaction with 125I-protein A. The migration of the  and  subunits are marked in the left-hand margin.

F₀ Proteolipids in atp10 Mutants and Revertants-- Subunits 6, 8, and 9 of the F₀ sector are encoded in mitochondrial DNA (2). These hydrophobic constituents are products of OLI2, AAP1, and OLI1, respectively. Two different approaches were used to estimate the levels of these proteins in the mutants and revertants. The chloroform/methanol extraction conditions of Michon and Velours (19) were used to isolate subunits 6 and 9 from mitochondria of the apt10 null mutant ATP10, from the three revertants and from the parental wild type strain. The extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the proteolipids were visualized by silver staining. Quantitation of the stained gel revealed about 16 times less subunit 6 in the mutant than in the wild type extract (Fig. 3). The amount of subunit 6 in the revertant extracts was significantly increased in the mutant, although it was still lower than in the wild type. It is interesting that the oli2 point mutant, which is able to grow slowly on glycerol, also has a low level of subunit 6 that can be extracted with chloroform/methanol. The decreased steady-state concentration of subunit 6 in the mutant could be because of an effect of the mutation either on synthesis or on turnover of the protein.

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Quantitation of ATPase subunits 6 and 9 in wild type and mutant mitochondria. Mitochondria (2 mg of protein) from W303-1A, ATP10, the three revertants (10R1, 10R2, and 10R3), and the oli2 mutant M28-82 were extracted with a 1:1 mixture of chloroform/methanol under the conditions of Michon et al. (19). A sample of the extract corresponding to 0.2 mg of starting mitochondria was dissolved in depolymerization buffer (23) and separated on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel prepared in the presence of 6 M urea and glycerol (23). The location of subunits 6 and 9 in the silver-stained gel are indicated in the right-hand margin.

The synthesis of the ATPase proteolipids in the different strains was estimated by in vivo labeling of the mitochondrial translation products with ³⁵SO₄² in the presence of cycloheximide. Subunit 6 was found to be synthesized in all the atp10 mutants (Fig. 4), indicating that the low level of this protein in the chloroform/methanol extract of ATP10 mitochondria was not a consequence of a translational defect but rather of an increased turnover of the protein in the mutant. Similar results were obtained when the mitochondrial translation products were synthesized in isolated mitochondria (data not shown). The lability of subunit 6 is not unique to atp10 mutants and has also been reported in other strains that are blocked in F₀ assembly because of mutations in the structural genes (31-33).

View larger version (54K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Mitochondrial translation products in wild type and mutants. The parental wild type (W303-1A), the atp10 null mutant ATP10, the revertant 10R3, and the oli2 mutant M28-82 were grown in YPGal and labeled with 35SO42 in the presence of cycloheximide (30). Mitochondria were isolated and 40 µg of mitochondrial protein was separated on a 12.5% polyacrylamide gel containing 6 M urea and 6% glycerol. The gel was dried prior to autoradiography. The following mitochondrial translation products are identified in the margin: ribosomal protein (Var1); subunit 1 (Cox1), subunit 2 (Cox2), and subunit 3 (Cox3) of cytochrome oxidase; cytochrome b (Cytb); and subunit 6 of ATPase (Atp6).

Significantly, subunit 6 detected in the 10R3 revertant had an altered electrophoretic mobility (Fig. 4). The slightly faster migration of subunit 6 was also discerned in the other two revertants, 10R1 and 10R2, (data not shown). The faster migration of subunit 6 from the revertant is probably due to an increased capacity of the protein to bind sodium dodecyl sulfate as a result of the C-terminal mutation (see below).

Localization of the Suppressor and Sequencing of OLI2 from the atp10 Mutant and Revertants-- To map the mitochondrial suppressor, the three revertants were treated with ethidium bromide, and the resultant derivatives were collected. The clones of each library were crossed to the atp10 mutant, and the diploid cells that formed in the crosses were tested for appearance of the suppressed phenotype. The regions of mitochondrial DNA conserved in several clones that were able to suppress the respiratory defect of the atp10 mutant were determined by physical analysis of their genomes. In each case the genomes were ascertained to contain the OLI2 gene for subunit 6 of the ATPase (17).

The mitochondrial OLI2 gene was amplified from mitochondrial DNA of W303-1A, ATP10, and the three revertants 10R1, 10R2, and 10R3 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The sequences of the genes cloned from the wild type strain and from the ATP10 null mutant were identical to the sequence of OLI2 previously reported for the respiratory competent strain D273-10B/A1 (17). The sequences of the genes obtained from the three revertants, however, showed a single identical C  T base change at nucleotide 746. The C  T transition replaces the the alanine at residue 249 near the C terminus of the protein with a valine. In view of the identical mutation in the three revertants all subsequent experiments on the revertant made use of 10R3.

An alignment of the C-terminal 16 residues of subunit 6 from fungal, plant, and animal sources shows that the Ala²⁴⁹ is not a conserved amino acid (Table IV). It is also interesting that some fungi lack the C-terminal sequence corresponding to the region of the yeast protein with the mutation.

N-terminal Sequence of Subunit 6-- Subunit 6 of yeast ATPase is synthesized as a precursor with a 10-amino acid extension at the N terminus (19). The mature protein starts with the serine at residue 11 of the primary translation product (19). To determine whether subunit 6 is correctly processed in the mutant and the revertants, the protein was purified from the different strains by reverse-phase chromatography of chloroform/methanol extracts of mitochondria. No significant difference was noted in the elution times of the protein obtained from the wild type and the ATP10 mutant or revertant. The sequences of the first 10 residues indicated that the proteins purified from the mutant and revertant strains begin with Ser¹¹ as did the wild type protein. This result indicates that Atp10p is not involved in processing of the precusor.

Localization and Topology of Atp10p-- Atp10p was previously found to be associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. It was solubilized with NaBr, suggesting that it may be an extrinsic membrane protein (11). This could not be confirmed in the present study. When submitochondrial vesicles were extracted with carbonate, the alkaline conditions failed to release Atp10p from the membrane, indicating that it is an intrinsic membrane constituent (Fig. 5A).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Location and topology of Atp10p. A, mitochondria from the respiratory competent strain W303-1A were converted to submitochondrial particles by sonic irradiation. The submitochondrial particles extracted in the presence of 0.1 M sodium carbonate at a final protein concentration of 10 mg/ml. After incubation on ice for 10 min the extrinsic membrane proteins were separated from the membranes by centrifugation at 400,000 × gav for 30 min. Equivalent volumes of mitochondria, submitochondrial particles (SMP), sodium carbonate extract, and pellet were separated on a 12% polyacrylamide gel and transferred to nitrocellulose paper. The Western blot was reacted with antiserum against Atp10p using the Super Signal detection system (Pierce). B, mitochondria were prepared by the method of Glick (36) from W303-1A. The mitochondria, at a protein concentration of 8 mg/ml, were diluted with 8 volumes of 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, containing 0.6 M sorbitol (Mit). Mitoplasts (Mpl) were prepared by dilution of mitochondria in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, without the sorbitol. One half of each sample was treated with proteinase K (prot K) at a final concentration of 100 µg/ml and incubated for 60 min on ice. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was added to a final concentration of 2 mM to stop the proteolysis, and the mitochondria and mitoplasts were recovered by centrifugation at 20,000 × gav. The pellets were suspended in 20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 0.6 M sorbitol, and proteins were precipitated by addition of 0.1 volume of 50% trichloroacetic acid. The samples were heated at 65 °C for 10 min and centrifuged, and the pellets were dissolved in Laemmli depolymerization buffer (23). Total mitochondrial and mitoplast proteins (25 µg) were separated on a 12% polyacrylamide gel and transferred to nitrocellulose, and the Western blots were treated either with antiserum to cytochrome b2 or to Atp10p. The migration of molecular mass standards are marked in the left-hand margin. Cytochrome b2 (B2) and Atp10p are identified in the right-hand margin.

The ability of a single amino acid substitution in the C-terminal region of subunit 6 to partially rescue the atp10 null mutant could indicate that Atp10p interacts with the C-terminal region of subunit 6. Subunit a, the E. coli homolog of mitochondrial subunit 6, has been proposed to have five transmembrane domains with its N terminus on the periplasmic and the C terminus on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane (34, 35). An alignment of the E. coli and yeast subunit 6 sequences suggests a similar number of transmembrane domains in the latter protein. Moreover, based on the E. coli model (35), the 17 C-terminal residues of the yeast protein, including the site of the mutation, are predicted to lie outside of the phospholipid bilayer in the matrix compartment.

The topology of Atp10p was probed by testing its sensitivity to proteinase K digestion. Mitochondria and mitoplasts prepared by hypotonic swelling of mitochondria were treated with proteinase K under conditions that digest proteins exposed to the intermembrane space. Western blots disclosed that Atp10p is completely protected against proteinase K in both intact and hypotonically treated mitochondria (Fig. 5B). Antiserum against cytochrome b₂, an intermembrane marker, was used as a control. As expected, cytochrome b₂ is detected in proteinase K treated and untreated mitochondria but is severely reduced in mitoplasts (Fig. 5A). Thus, the location of the C-terminal region of subunit 6 is consistent with the topology of Atp10p, which, based on its resistance of proteinase K digestion, faces the matrix side of the inner membrane.

Molecular Masses of Subunits 6 and 9 of the ATPase-- There are two ways in which Atp10p could interact with subunit 6 during F₀ assembly. The more obvious function is that Atp10p modifies subunit 6 post-translationally. As indicated above Atp10p is not involved in proteolytic removal of the presequence from the subunit 6 precursor. Other types of modifications were also excluded on the basis of mass measurement on subunit 6 isolated the wild type, the mutant, and the revertant. The apparent masses of subunit 6 from the atp10 mutant and revertant (corrected for the Ala  Val mutation) differed by less than 11 daltons from the wild type protein (Table V). This difference, which lies within the accuracy of the instrument, is too small to be due to a chemical modification. The mass of subunit 9 obtained from the same strains agreed well with the known sequence of the protein (data not shown), thereby excluding a role of Atp10p in chemical modification of subunit 9. Rather these data suggest the alternative explanation that Atp10p acts as a subunit 6-specific chaperone that may confer an assembly-competent conformation on subunit 6 or facilitate its insertion into the inner membrane. Attempts to detect a complex of Atp10p and subunit 6 by cross-linking experiments have so far failed.

Atp10p could also be involved in modification of a neighboring subunit. In the absence of the modification, interaction with subunit 6 would be weakened, causing a defect in F₀ assembly. The presence of a bulkier and more hydrophobic residue in the C-terminal region of subunit 6 might act to stabilize the protein-protein interface. Such an interaction would need to occur outside the phospholipid bilayer on the matrix side of the inner membrane. This follows from the site of the mutation in subunit 6. There is evidence for a contact of the N-terminal regions of subunits 4 and the 6 on the intermembrane space (37). An interaction of the first transmembrane  helix of subunit 6 and of the transmembrane helix of subunit i has also been described (38). At present, however, information concerning possible interactions of the C-terminal tail of subunit 6 with other F₀ or stalk constituents is lacking.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by Research Grant HL 22174 from the National Institutes of Health.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 212-854-2920; E-mail: spud@cubpet.bio.columbia.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, June 23, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M004546200

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviation used is: PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CiteULike

Complore

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

This article has been cited by other articles:

				X. Zeng, W. Neupert, and A. Tzagoloff The Metalloprotease Encoded by ATP23 Has a Dual Function in Processing and Assembly of Subunit 6 of Mitochondrial ATPase Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2007; 18(2): 617 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Zeng, A. Hourset, and A. Tzagoloff The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATP22 Gene Codes for the Mitochondrial ATPase Subunit 6-Specific Translation Factor Genetics, January 1, 2007; 175(1): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tzagoloff, A. Barrientos, W. Neupert, and J. M. Herrmann Atp10p Assists Assembly of Atp6p into the F0 Unit of the Yeast Mitochondrial ATPase J. Biol. Chem., May 7, 2004; 279(19): 19775 - 19780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. G. Helfenbein, T. P. Ellis, C. L. Dieckmann, and A. Tzagoloff ATP22, a Nuclear Gene Required for Expression of the F0 Sector of Mitochondrial ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(22): 19751 - 19756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Ludovico, F. Rodrigues, A. Almeida, M. T. Silva, A. Barrientos, and M. Corte-Real Cytochrome c Release and Mitochondria Involvement in Programmed Cell Death Induced by Acetic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2002; 13(8): 2598 - 2606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Zhang and W. S. Moye-Rowley Saccharomyces cerevisiae Multidrug Resistance Gene Expression Inversely Correlates with the Status of the F0 Component of the Mitochondrial ATPase J. Biol. Chem., December 14, 2001; 276(51): 47844 - 47852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 275/38/29238    most recent M004546200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Paul, M.-F. Articles by Tzagoloff, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Paul, M.-F. Articles by Tzagoloff, A. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?