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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 40, 31469-31479, October 6, 2000

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Isolation and Characterization of Two Novel Phosphodiesterase PDE11A Variants Showing Unique Structure and Tissue-specific Expression^*

Keizo Yuasa, Jun Kotera, Kotomi Fujishige, Hideo Michibata, Takashi Sasaki, and Kenji Omori

From the Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., 2-50, Kawagishi-2-chome, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan

Received for publication, April 11, 2000, and in revised form, June 29, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

cDNAs encoding a novel phosphodiesterase, phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), were isolated by a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Their catalytic domain was identical to that of PDE11A1 (490 amino acids) reported during the course of this study. However, the cDNAs we isolated had N termini distinct from PDE11A1, indicating two novel N-terminal variants of PDE11A. PDE11A3 cDNA encoded a 684-amino acid protein including one complete and one incomplete GAF domain in the N-terminal region. PDE11A4 was composed of 934 amino acids including two complete GAF domains and shared 630 C-terminal amino acids with PDE11A3 but had a distinct N terminus containing the putative phosphorylation sites for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. PDE11A3 transcripts were specifically expressed in testis, whereas PDE11A4 transcripts were particularly abundant in prostate. Recombinant PDE11A4 expressed in COS-7 cells hydrolyzed cAMP and cGMP with K_m values of 3.0 and 1.4 µM, respectively, and the V_max value with cAMP was almost twice that with cGMP. Although PDE11A3 showed the same K_m values as PDE11A4, the relative V_max values of PDE11A3 were approximately one-sixth of those of PDE11A4. PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, was phosphorylated by both cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases in vitro. Thus, the PDE11A gene undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that generates structurally and functionally distinct gene products.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs)¹ metabolize cAMP and cGMP, which are second messengers regulating many functions in various cells and tissues. Based on their amino acid sequence homology, biochemical properties, and inhibitor profiles, many kinds of PDEs have been identified in mammalian tissues (1-3). The PDE1 family is Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent and hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP. PDE2 is stimulated by cGMP and hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP, while PDE3 is cGMP-inhibited. The cAMP-specific and rolipram-sensitive PDEs belong to the PDE4 family. PDE5 is a cGMP-binding, cGMP-specific PDE. The photoreceptor cGMP PDEs are in the PDE6 family. PDE7 is cAMP-specific and rolipram-insensitive. PDE8 is a cAMP-specific PDE, and PDE9 is a cGMP-specific PDE (3-8). Recently, we revealed a new member of the PDE group, PDE10A, which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP (9).

Some of these PDEs constitute subfamilies encoded by distinct genes. In each PDE family, alternative splice variants have been reported (1, 10, 11). In many cases, different gene products and alternative splice variants in each PDE family show different expression patterns in tissues and different subcellular localization (1, 12-22). PDEs encoded by alternatively spliced mRNAs have been reported to differ in their regulation by some kinases including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) and cGMP-dependent kinase (cGK) and associated proteins (19, 23). Thus, cyclic nucleotide levels are controlled by a complex system.

Each PDE is involved in controlling cyclic nucleotide levels and probably plays a distinct physiological role in different tissues and cells. The hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides is multiply controlled by PDEs co-existing in the same cells. Therefore, the finding and characterization of novel PDEs could lead to better understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide-mediated cellular functions. Novel PDEs may also be valuable as pharmacologically significant targets. cDNA cloning of PDE8s, PDE9A, and PDE10A was done by an approach using bioinformatics (4-9). A search of data bases of expressed sequence tags was performed using parts of PDE sequences, such as the catalytic domain. The approach was shown to be effective, but not always successful, for the cDNA cloning of a novel PDE. Only the sequences submitted in the expressed sequence tag data bases could be cloned by this procedure. To isolate novel PDE cDNAs, which have not yet appeared in the expressed sequence tag data bases, we employed an approach using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with degenerate primers designed from a conserved sequence in the PDE catalytic domain and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the isolation of full-length cDNAs. Unique N-terminal splicing variants of human PDE11A were obtained, and their tissue-specific expression patterns were examined. The expression plasmids encoding two PDE11A variants were transfected into COS-7 cells, and the enzymatic properties of the recombinant proteins were investigated in detail.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Materials-- Restriction endonucleases, DNA-modifying enzymes, 5'-Full RACE Core Set, and LA PCR^TM Kit version 2.1 were obtained from Takara Shuzo (Kyoto, Japan). [-³²P]dCTP, [-³²P]ATP, [³H]cAMP, [³H]cGMP, and Hybond-N+ nylon membrane were from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. The mammalian expression vector pcDNA4/HisMax was purchased from Invitrogen. The GeneAmp RNA PCR Core kit was a product of PE Biosystems. SMART^TM RACE cDNA amplification kit; Marathon-Ready^TM cDNA (human prostate and testis); human multiple-tissue expression (MTE^TM) array; human multiple-tissue cDNA (MTC^TM) panels I and II; Advantage 2 Polymerase Mix; and human mRNAs from testis, thyroid, prostate, and hippocampus were purchased from CLONTECH. Dipyridamole, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine, and zaprinast were from Sigma. SCH51866, milrinone, rolipram, and E4021 were synthesized at Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., Japan.

Nucleotide Sequencing Analysis-- The nucleotide sequence was determined by an automated DNA sequencer ABI PRISM^TM 310 and a BigDye terminator cycle sequencing reaction kit (PE Biosystems). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence data were analyzed by the computer programs GENETYX (Software Development, Tokyo, Japan).

PCR Amplification of Novel PDE cDNAs with Degenerate Primers-- Two degenerate, oppositely oriented oligonucleotide PCR primers were designed based on actual nucleic acid sequences deduced from the most probable codons for the amino acid sequences in two highly conserved catalytic domains of a variety of PDEs (Fig. 1A). First-strand cDNA was prepared from the human testis and hippocampus mRNAs according to the instructions of the GeneAmp RNA PCR Core kit. PCR was carried out through 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s. The PCR products were cloned into the TA cloning vector pGEM-T Easy (Promega), and the nucleotide sequences were then determined and compared with those of PDEs previously reported.

5'- and 3'-RACE of the Novel PDE cDNA-- 5'-RACE was performed using 5'-Full RACE Core Set and Marathon-Ready^TM cDNA (human prostate and testis). First, PCR template was prepared with the human testis mRNA, a specific antisense primer (5'-CTGCTTCAAAAGCTG-3') designed from the nucleotide sequence of clone t21, and 5'-Full RACE Core Set. PCR was carried out using the LA PCR Kit and two primer sets, 5'-ATGATCCTTCAAAGTGAGGGTCAC-3' plus 5'-GGTAGCAGAGGTTCCATAGAGTTG-3' for first amplification and 5'-GGTCACAATATCTTTGCTAACCTG-3' plus 5'-CTTAGCTTGGAAGGCATTGTTGGT-3' for second amplification. The PCR products were cloned and determined for the nucleotide sequence as described above. Further 5'-upstream regions were obtained using Marathon-Ready^TM cDNA (human prostate and testis). For the amplification of the 5'-region of PDE11A3 (nucleotides 45-468), Marathon-Ready^TM cDNA (human testis) and primer sets A (AP1 primer plus 5'-GTCAGTCTGTTCTTCAAAGAGGTC-3' for first amplification and AP2 primer plus 5'-TGAGGCAGCAAAGAGCTGAGCGTT-3' for second amplification) were used. For the cloning of further 5'-upstream region (nucleotides 1-309 of PDE11A3), primer sets B (AP1 primer plus 5'-AGCGTTAGATATGGCGATTCCACA-3' for first amplification and AP2 primer plus 5'-TGTCTTGTATCCAGTTAGCTTGTC-3' for second amplification) were employed. For the amplification of the 5'-region of PDE11A4 (nucleotides 1-1524), Marathon-Ready^TM cDNA (human prostate) and primer sets (AP1 primer plus 5'-TCTGACACCAGAGGGATGTTGGCT-3' for first amplification and AP2 primer plus 5'-GTCAGTCTGTTCTTCAAAGAGGTC-3' for second amplification) were used.

3'-RACE was performed using the SMART^TM RACE cDNA Amplification kit with human thyroid mRNA according to the instructions. PCR was performed with 3'-SMART cDNA, two primer sets (UPM primer plus 5'-ACCAACAATGCCTTCCAAGCTAAG-3' for first PCR and NUP primer plus 5'-TTCCAAGCTAAGAGTGGCTCTGCC-3' for second PCR), and Advantage 2 Polymerase Mix. Finally, two splice variants of PDE11A were obtained as shown in Fig. 1B.

In all RACE, reaction cycles were as follows: 94 °C for 1 min; five cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 3 min; five cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 70 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 3 min; and 25 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 68 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 3 min. The PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T Easy and sequenced.

Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR Analyses-- To detect the mRNAs coding for PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 in human testis and prostate, respectively, and to isolate the PCR error-free PDE11A cDNAs, RT-PCR was performed. First strand cDNA was synthesized from human testis or prostate mRNAs using random hexamers at 42 °C for 60 min according to the manufacturer's instructions for the Gene Amp RNA PCR Core kit. The cDNA synthesized from human testis mRNAs and the primer set (the 5'-primer 5'-GCGCTTGCAGCCCAGGGC-3' and 3'-primer 5'-TCAGGCTGTAGTCATTTTGCAGC-3' (covering nucleotides 1-2195 of PDE11A3 cDNA)) were used for PCR of PDE11A3. The cDNA synthesized from human prostate mRNAs and the primer set (the 5'-primer 5'-TGGCGCTGAACTGGGAATACTGGTG-3' and 3'-primer 5'-TCAGGCTGTAGTCATTTTGCAGC-3' (covering nucleotides 204-3164 of PDE11A4 cDNA)) were used for PCR of PDE11A4. PCR was carried out with conditions of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The amplified DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy. Six independent PCR clones of PDE11A3 or PDE11A4 were sequenced to verify the correct cDNA sequence. One of the clones, pGEM-PDE11A3F or pGEM-PDE11A4F, was used for further experiments.

Northern Blot and Dot Blot Analyses-- Human MTE^TM Array (CLONTECH) and Gene Hunter^TM (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan) were hybridized with a ³²P-labeled DNA probe prepared using cDNA encoding a common region of PDE11As (nucleotides 1237-1801 of PDE11A4). Hybridization and washing were performed as described previously (24). The membranes were exposed to x-ray film at 80 °C for 3 days.

PCR and Southern Blot Analyses-- To examine expression patterns of human PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 transcripts in human tissues, PCR was performed using MTC panels (CLONTECH) as templates and Advantage 2 Polymerase Mix. The cDNA fragments encoding PDE11A3 (amino acid residues 21-272) were produced using the 5'-primer 5'-AAGGTGAAAATCACAAGACTGGTC-3' and the 3'-primer 5'-GTGGTTGCTATTCCAAATAGGGAC-3'. The cDNA fragments encoding human PDE11A4 (amino acid residues 271-522) were produced using the 5'-primer 5'-AGCACAGAGAACTCAAATGAGGTG-3' and the 3'-primer 5'-GTGGTTGCTATTCCAAATAGGGAC-3'. PCR was carried out through 32 or 27 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s and extension at 68 °C for 1 min. The PCR products were subjected to 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the fractions were transferred onto Hybond-N+ nylon membrane. To confirm that PCR products were derived from human PDE11A transcripts, we detected both PCR products by Southern blot analysis using a ³²P-labeled DNA probe prepared from an oligonucleotide (TGTGGAATCGCCATATCTAACGCT) coding for a common region of the human PDE11A cDNAs. Hybridization was performed in 6× SSC, 0.5% SDS, 5× Denhardt's solution, 100 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and the ³²P-labeled probe at 55 °C for 2 h. All blots were washed finally in 6× SSC and 0.5% SDS at 55 °C for 15 min. The membranes were exposed to x-ray film at 80 °C for 1 day. All of the PCR reactions were performed under conditions in which each amplification did not reach saturation.

Construction of Expression Plasmids-- To generate an expression plasmid of PDE11A3, PCR was performed using the 5'-primer 5'-GGATCCATGCTGAAGCAGGCAAG-3', the 3'-primer 5'-TTCATCATCTTCAGTAAATGG-3' (covering amino acid residues 1-106 of PDE11A3), and pGEM-PDE11A3F as a template. The amplified cDNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy, resulting in pGEM-PDE11A3BM, and then confirmed by sequencing. The SacI-EcoRV and EcoRV-SalI DNA fragments of pGEM-PDE11A3F, and the BamHI-SacI DNA fragment of pGEM-PDE11A3BM were subcloned into the BamHI and XhoI sites of pcDNA4/HisMax (pHis), resulting in pHis-PDE11A3. To generate a mammalian expression plasmid of human PDE11A4, PCR was performed using the 5'-primer 5'-GGATCCATGGCAGCCTCC-3', the 3'-primer 5'-CCTTAGCTCTTTCTGAGAAGCTC-3' (covering amino acid residues 1-122 of PDE11A4), and pGEM-PDE11A4F as a template. The amplified DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy, resulting in pGEM-PDE11A4BM, and then confirmed by sequencing. The KpnI-SalI DNA fragment of pGEM-PDE11A4F and the BamHI-KpnI DNA fragment of pGEM-PDE11A4BM were subcloned into the BamHI and XhoI sites of the mammalian expression vector, the pHis, resulting in pHis-PDE11A4.

Expression of Human PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 in COS-7 Cells-- COS-7 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies, Inc.) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ and were serially passaged before reaching confluence. The expression plasmid pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4 was transfected into COS-7 cells by LipofectAMINE PLUS (Life Technologies, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. 24 h after transfection, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and scraped in ice-cold homogenization buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 15 mM benzamidine, 5 µg/ml pepstatin A, and 5 µg/ml leupeptin). The cell suspension was disrupted by a sonicator (TOMY Seiko, Japan) for 15 s (three times with 1-min intervals), and the homogenates were centrifuged at 100,000 × g for 1 h. The resultant supernatant was added to a plastic tube containing nickel nitrilotriacetate resin (QIAGEN), equilibrated with the homogenization buffer, and incubated by rotation at 4 °C for 4 h. The nickel nitrilotriacetate resin was poured into a plastic column (0.8 × 5 cm) and allowed to drain. The packed resin was washed with wash buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 15 mM benzamidine, 200 mM NaCl, 5 mM imidazole, 5 µg/ml pepstatin A, and 5 µg/ml leupeptin), and the proteins were then eluted by elution buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 15 mM benzamidine, 200 mM NaCl, 200 mM imidazole, 5 µg/ml pepstatin A, and 5 µg/ml leupeptin). After PDE assay, the PDE11A fractions were diluted with glycerol at a final concentration of 50% and stored at 25 °C until use.

PDE and Protein Assays-- The PDE assay was performed by the radiolabeled nucleotide method as described previously (9). Relative V_max values were determined according to the methods of McPhee et al. (14). Relative concentrations of PDE11A proteins expressed in COS-7 cells were calculated by immunoblotting with anti-Xpress polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA), as we described previously (25). The membranes were incubated with ECL reagents at room temperature for 1 min and then exposed to x-ray film for 2-10 s, under conditions in which each exposure to x-ray film did not reach saturation. The resultant films were scanned by ARCUS II (Agfa-Gevaert), and quantitated using the Quantity One program (PDI, Inc.). The optical densities versus the amount of pHis-encoded protein were plotted to measure the relative concentrations of PDE11A proteins. Relative V_max values were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots (26), using proteins that provided relatively equal enzymatic activity. The protein concentration of the cytosolic fractions of transfected COS-7 cells was determined by a protein assay kit (Bio-Rad) using bovine serum albumin as a standard.

In Vitro Kinase Assay-- The full-length bovine cGK I cDNA was a gift from Dr. Thomas M. Lincoln (University of Alabama at Birmingham). The full-length human cGK I cDNA and mouse cAK catalytic subunit  cDNA were obtained by standard PCR protocol as we described previously (25) and subcloned into pHis. To prepare truncated and constitutively active cGK I (cGK I) (27), the PstI-SalI DNA fragment of human cGK I (covering amino acid residues 322-685) was subcloned into the PstI and XhoI sites of pHis. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using the QuickChange^TM site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene) according to the protocol of the manufacturer. To introduce the desired mutations, the following primers were used: 5'-CTGCAGCGGAGAGCTGCTCAGAAAGAGCTAAGG-3' plus 5'-CCTTAGCTCTTTCTGAGCAGCTCTCCGCTGCAG-3' (PDE11A4 S117A); and 5'-CTTCTCCGGAAGGCAGCCTCCCTGCCCCCCACC-3' plus 5'-GGTGGGGGGCAGGGAGGCTGCCTTCCGGAGAAG-3' (PDE11A4 S162A). In each case, the mutation was confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis.

The full-length cGK I, cGK I, cAK, or truncated cGK I cDNAs in the expression vector pHis were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. 24 h after transfection, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline twice and scraped in an ice-cold TNE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.5, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.15 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mg/ml aprotinin, 10 mM leupeptin, and 1 mM dithiothreitol). Cell extracts were centrifuged at 16,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C to remove cellular debris. The supernatants were incubated with anti-Xpress antibody and protein G-Sepharose overnight at 4 °C by rotation. The beads were washed three times with TNE buffer, and the immunoprecipitated samples were used for the in vitro kinase assay. Likewise, cell extracts of COS-7 cells transfected with either pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4 were immunoprecipitated with anti-Xpress antibody. In vitro kinase assays were performed as described previously (25). Reactions were performed in the presence or absence of cGMP (5 µM final concentration). Phosphorylation by cAK was performed in the same buffer but in the presence or absence of 5 µM PKI (5-24).

Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Assay-- The cyclic nucleotide binding assay was performed in a total volume of 200 µl by a modified version of the methods described previously (10, 28). 100 µl of the cytosolic extract of COS-7 cells transfected with pHis-PDE11A4 was mixed with 100 µl of a cyclic nucleotide binding assay buffer to a final concentration of 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 4 mM EDTA, 25 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 2 µM [³H]cGMP or [³H]cAMP (10,000,000 or 30,000,000 cpm/assay), followed by incubation at 0 °C for 2 h. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 1 ml of ice-cold wash buffer (10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, and 1 mM EDTA), and then applied to a Millipore HAWP filter (pore size 0.45 µm). The filters were washed three times with 5 ml of ice-cold wash buffer and then counted on a scintillation counter. As a positive control, pHis-PDE5A, a human PDE5A1 cDNA (29) subcloned into the EcoRI and NotI sites of the mammalian expression vector pHis, was created and transfected into COS-7 cells. In all experiments, nonspecific binding was measured by incubation in the presence of 2 mM unlabeled cGMP or cAMP.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

cDNA Cloning of a Novel Human PDE-- To isolate novel human PDE cDNAs, PCR was performed using cDNA templates from several human tissues with degenerate PCR primers designed from two highly conserved regions in the catalytic domain (Fig. 1A). PCR products of the appropriate size (approximately 200 base pairs) were detected, subcloned into the TA-cloning vector pGEM-T Easy, and sequenced. Of 50 clones obtained from human testis PCR products, one clone, t21, was revealed to contain deduced amino acid sequence similar to but distinct from 10 PDE families previously described. It showed 52, 51, and 54% identity in amino acid sequences with PDE2A, PDE5A, and PDE10A, respectively. The insert DNA was used as a probe for human Northern blot and mRNA dot blot analyses, and the preliminary data suggested that the corresponding transcripts were rich in prostate, testis, and thyroid (data not shown). To obtain a full-length cDNA, 5'- and 3'-RACE reactions were performed using human testis, prostate, and thyroid mRNAs and primers designed from the clone t21 sequence. Two kinds of extended products having distinct 5'-sequences were obtained. One was isolated from human prostate RT products, and the other was from those of human testis. The nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that our clones contained a catalytic sequence identical to that of PDE11A1 (30), which was revealed during the course of this study, but included two distinct N-terminal sequences, indicating two novel N-terminal splice variants of PDE11A. As shown in Fig. 1B, the shorter clone obtained from human testis was designated as PDE11A3 and the longer clone from prostate as PDE11A4, according to the nomenclature of the 1994 American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Conference (31). PDE11A2, which has an N-terminal sequence distinct from both PDE11A3 and PDE11A4, was described by others.²

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Degenerate PCR primers and the PCR products amplified. A, the nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of two highly conserved regions in the catalytic domain of previously reported human PDEs are listed. Degenerate nucleotide sequences are indicated below. The nucleotide sequence of the novel PDE cloned by us (PDE11A), and its deduced amino acid sequence are indicated below the nucleotide sequence. Accession numbers of the human PDE sequences are as follows: PDE1A, P54750; PDE1B, Q01064; PDE1C, Q14123; PDE2A, O00408; PDE3A, Q14432; PDE4A, P27815; PDE4B, Q07343; PDE4C, Q08493; PDE4D, Q08499; PDE5A, D89094; PDE6A, P16499; PDE7A, Q13946; PDE8A, AF056490; PDE8B, AF079529; PDE9A, AF048837; PDE10A, AB020593. B, the structure and cloning strategy of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 variants are schematically illustrated. The coding region is represented by a box. The GAF domain is shown as a shaded box, and the catalytic domain is indicated as a black box. The 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions are denoted by lines. cDNA fragments isolated are represented by bars. Putative phosphorylation sites of cAK and cGK are indicated by arrows. The position of the PDE11A1 sequence start site is shown with an arrow.

Sequence Analysis of Two Splice Variants of Human PDE11A-- The nucleotide sequence of the full-length PDE11A4 cDNA (4476 base pairs) is shown in Fig. 2A. An open reading frame (ORF) of 2802 nucleotides spanned from the first initiation codon ATG to the termination codon TGA (nucleotides 319-3120), and an in-frame stop codon was located 66 base pairs upstream of the initiation codon. The complete ORF encoded a protein of 934 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 104,809 Da. The first methionine is surrounded by a Kozak consensus sequence, ACCATGG (32). A putative polyadenylation site, AATAAA (33), was found in the 3'-noncoding region of the cDNA (nucleotides 4165-4170). The presence of the transcripts encoding the protein was confirmed by RT-PCR, using specific primers for the sequence and human prostate mRNA as a template (see "Experimental Procedures"). A specific DNA fragment of 3 kb was amplified, and the length of the fragment agreed with that predicted (data not shown). The amplified DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy, and six independent PCR clones were sequenced to verify the correct cDNA sequence for the full coding region. The C-terminal moiety of PDE11A4 (Met⁴⁴⁵-Asn⁹³⁴) was identical to the entire PDE11A1 sequence (Met¹-Asn⁴⁹⁰).

View larger version (85K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the human PDE11A cDNA. A, DNA and amino acid sequences of human PDE11A4. The deduced amino acid sequences are shown in three-letter designations below the nucleotide sequence. The termination codon at the end of the ORF is represented by asterisks. Two GAF domains (upper) and a catalytic domain (lower) are boxed. The in-frame termination codon upstream of the initiation codon of the ORF is double-underlined. The primer sequences for RT-PCR are underlined. The boxed AATAAA sequence represents a putative polyadenylation signal. The position of the amino acid sequence in common with PDE11A3 is shown by an arrow. The initiation Met of PDE11A1 is boxed. B, DNA and amino acid sequences of the 5'-end of human PDE11A3. The in-frame termination codon upstream of the initiation codon of the ORF is double-underlined. The position of the amino acid sequence in common with PDE11A4 is shown by an arrow.

The nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminal region of PDE11A3 is shown in Fig. 2B. The presence of the transcripts coding for the PDE11A3 ORF was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis, using the specific primers for the PDE11A3 sequence and human testis mRNA as a template. Specific PCR products of approximately 2.2 kb, which were in good agreement with the length of the predicted product, were obtained (data not shown). The amplified DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy and sequenced to confirm the PDE11A3 sequence. PDE11A3 was composed of 684 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 78,713 Da. As shown in Fig. 1B, the C-terminal sequence (630 amino acids) of PDE11A3 (Asp⁵⁵-Asn⁶⁸⁴) was identical to that of PDE11A4 (Asp³⁰⁵-Asn⁹³⁴), except for the unique N-terminal portion. The PDE11A3 protein was 194 amino acids longer than the PDE11A1 protein.

The deduced amino acid sequences of the ORFs were searched using SMART (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) (34), and compared with those of human PDEs reported. PDE11A4 was revealed to contain two complete GAF (cGMP binding and stimulated phosphodiesterases, Anabaena adenyl cyclases, and Escherichia coli FhlA) domains (amino acid residues 217-380 and 402-568) (35) and a catalytic domain (amino acid residues 640-881), whereas PDE11A3 was shown to include one complete (amino acid residues 152-318) and one incomplete (amino acid residues 1-130) GAF domain. The complete GAF domains of PDE11A4 showed 19-47% identity with those of PDEs including human PDE2A, PDE5A, PDE6s, and PDE10A (Fig. 3). The catalytic domain sequence of PDE11As showed high identity (42-51%) with those of PDEs having GAF domains (data not shown). We also found that PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, had typical phosphorylation sites (RRA¹¹⁷S and RKA¹⁶²S) for cAK (RRXS) and cGK (RKX(S/T)), respectively, in the N-terminal region (36).

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Alignment of two GAF domains of PDE11A4 with human PDEs. The sequence alignment of GAF domains is shown. The region corresponding to a consensus GAF sequence (35) is shown by bars above the sequences. Amino acid sequences are shown in one-letter designations. The positions of amino acid residue are shown at each side of the sequence. Identical amino acid residues that are conserved over 50% among the sequences are boxed in the alignment. Accession numbers of the human PDE sequences are as follows: PDE2A, O00408; PDE5A, D89094; PDE6B, P35913; PDE10A, AB020593.

Tissue Distribution of Human PDE11A Transcripts-- Dot blot analysis of human mRNA was performed using a ³²P-labeled PDE11A cDNA probe corresponding to the common region of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 transcripts (Fig. 4A). The amounts of the mRNAs loaded were normalized using cDNAs for human ubiquitin and major histocompatibility complex class Ic as probes (described in the instructions from CLONTECH). PDE11A transcripts were particularly abundant in prostate. Moderate expression was observed in testis, salivary gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and liver. Northern blot analysis of multiple human tissues was performed with the same ³²P-labeled probe (Fig. 4B). A band of approximately 3 kb was detected in testis, and a major band of approximately 6 kb and minor bands of 2 and 10 kb were observed in prostate.

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Analysis of expression of human PDE11A transcripts in various tissues by dot blot and Northern blot. Hybridization was carried out with a 32P-labeled fragment of human PDE11A cDNA under the conditions described under "Experimental Procedures." A, dot blot of mRNAs from various human tissues obtained from CLONTECH was hybridized with the 32P-labeled probe. RNA sources are shown in the diagram. B, Northern blot analysis of mRNAs from several human tissues. The PDE11A transcripts were detected using the same 32P-labeled probe. The sizes (in kb) and positions of mRNA size markers are shown on the left.

In some cases, alternative splice variants in each PDE family show different expression patterns in tissues. The expression patterns of each PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 transcript in human tissues were examined by a combination of PCR and Southern blot analysis. To know the relative amounts of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 transcripts, the efficiency of PCR amplification using specific primer sets for PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 was first examined as follows. PCR was performed using the same amounts of pHis-PDE11A3 and pHis-PDE11A4 DNAs as a template under the same conditions, revealing that amplification using the primer set for PDE11A3 was more efficient than that using the primer set for PDE11A4 (data not shown). Considering the degree of efficiency and the condition that PCR did not reach saturation, PCR was carried out and Southern blot analysis was performed using an oligonucleotide probe from a common sequence. The ratio of the two PCR products amplified using specific primer sets and MTC panels as templates reflects the amounts of their transcripts. Interestingly, PDE11A3 transcripts were specific in testis, whereas PDE11A4 transcripts were particularly abundant in prostate (Fig. 5).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Detection of two spliced transcripts of human PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 by PCR. PCR was performed using MTC panels (CLONTECH) as templates. PCR amplification was carried out through 32 cycles for human PDE11A3 (756 base pairs) and 27 cycles for human PDE11A4 (756 base pairs), under conditions in which PCR amplification did not reach saturation. The PCR products of PDE11As were subjected to Southern blot analysis using the 32P-labeled DNA probe to detect both PCR products. As a control, PCR was performed using 0.01 ng/ml pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4 plasmid DNA. The same results have been obtained with two separate PCR analyses.

Expression of Human PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 in COS-7 Cells-- To produce recombinant human PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 proteins, full-length cDNAs for these variants were subcloned into the N-terminal histidine tag mammalian expression vector pcDNA4/HisMax and transfected into COS-7 cells. Cytosolic fractions were prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with an expression vector encoding histidine-tagged PDE11A3 or PDE11A4 (pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4). The proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-Xpress polyclonal antibody, which reacts with histidine-tagged proteins. While no signal was observed in the mock-transfected cells, specific bands of approximately 78 and 100 kDa, which were in reasonable agreement with the molecular masses predicted for the histidine-tagged PDE11A3 and PDE11A4, were detected in cytosolic fractions of cells transfected with the expression plasmids pHis-PDE11A3 and pHis-PDE11A4, respectively (data not shown). The cytosolic fractions were assayed for cyclic nucleotide hydrolytic activities using either 1 µM cAMP or 1 µM cGMP. Both cytosolic fractions from COS-7 cells transfected with pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4 exhibited ~20- and ~75-fold higher levels of cAMP and cGMP hydrolytic activities, respectively, than those from the mock-transfected COS-7 cells (data not shown).

Kinetic Properties of Human PDE11A Enzyme-- To determine K_m and V_max values, the histidine-tagged PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 proteins were partially purified by using a nickel affinity column. The eluate prepared from PDE11A-expressing cells, but not from mock-transfected cells, exhibited cAMP and cGMP PDE activities. The relative concentrations of the partially purified histidine-tagged PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 proteins were measured by immunoblotting (Fig. 6A). The K_m values of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 were derived from Lineweaver-Burk plots (26) of activities using cGMP or cAMP as substrate (0.1-10 µM) for the partially purified histidine-tagged PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 proteins. The K_m values of the human PDE11A4 for cAMP and cGMP were 3.0 ± 0.26 and 1.4 ± 0.06 µM, respectively. V_max values of PDE11A4 for cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis were 270 ± 28 and 120 ± 4.7 pmol/min/µg with the partially purified recombinant protein, respectively. As shown in Table I, both cAMP and cGMP K_m values of PDE11A3 were almost the same as those of PDE11A4 (cAMP and cGMP K_m values of PDE11A3 were 3.0 ± 0.28 and 1.5 ± 0.07 µM, respectively). Relative V_max values were calculated to compare the V_max of PDE11A3 with that of PDE11A4. The V_max values of PDE11A3 relative to PDE11A4 (i.e. V_max = 1.0) were 0.16 ± 0.01 for cAMP and 0.17 ± 0.03 for cGMP. However, the V_max ratio (cAMP/cGMP) of PDE11A4 (2.2 ± 0.40) was very similar to that of PDE11A3 (2.4 ± 0.37).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Kinetic analysis of partially purified human PDE11A4. A, expression of recombinant PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 proteins was examined by immunoblot analysis. COS-7 cells were transfected with either pHis-PDE11A3 or pHis-PDE11A4. After cytosolic fractions of the transfected COS-7 cells were prepared, the histidine-tagged PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 were partially purified by using a nickel affinity column. Partially purified PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then immunoblotted with anti-Xpress antibody. B, Lineweaver-Burk plots at concentrations of 0.1-10 µM cAMP (closed circles) and cGMP (open circles) are shown. Partially purified PDE11A4 was prepared as described above. Km and Vmax values are the means of triplicate assays ± S.D. A plot typical of three independent experiments is shown.

The effects of various PDE inhibitors on PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 activities were examined using the partially purified proteins described above (Table II). The nonspecific PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, showed a weak inhibitory effect on PDE11A4 (IC₅₀ values were 65 ± 13 µM for cAMP and 81 ± 16 µM for cGMP). Vinpocetine, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine, milrinone, and rolipram, which are PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, and PDE4 inhibitors, respectively, were inactive up to 100 µM. Compounds that inhibit PDE5 showed inhibitory effects on PDE11A4. Zaprinast demonstrated moderate inhibition (IC₅₀ = 26 ± 6.8 µM for cAMP and 33 ± 5.3 µM for cGMP). SCH51866, a PDE1 and PDE5 inhibitor (37), inhibited PDE11A4 with IC₅₀ values of 22 ± 1.8 µM for cAMP and 25 ± 5.8 µM for cGMP. E4021, a more potent PDE5 inhibitor (38), showed IC₅₀ values of 1.8 ± 0.33 µM for cAMP and 1.8 ± 0.25 µM for cGMP. Among the PDE inhibitors tested, dipyridamole was the most effective antagonist for PDE11A4, with IC₅₀ values of 0.82 ± 0.28 µM for cAMP and 0.72 ± 0.08 µM for cGMP. The inhibitory effects of PDE inhibitors on PDE11A3 activity were 2-3-fold more potent than those on PDE11A4.

The inhibitory effects of cGMP on cAMP hydrolysis and vice versa were also examined using the partially purified PDE11A3 and PDE11A4. cAMP hydrolysis was measured in the presence of 3.5 µM cAMP and a range of cGMP concentrations of 0.01-100 µM. The reverse was also performed in the presence of 1.3 µM cGMP and a range of cAMP concentrations of 0.01-100 µM. Neither cGMP nor cAMP stimulated hydrolytic activity (data not shown). cAMP and cGMP inhibited the activities of cGMP and cAMP hydrolysis of PDE11A4 with IC₅₀ values of 9.0 ± 0.38 and 3.1 ± 0.16 µM, respectively (Table II).

Other Characteristics of PDE11A4: Phosphorylation by cAK and cGK and Cyclic Nucleotide Binding-- Some PDEs have been reported to be regulated by phosphorylation by kinases including cAK and cGK (1). Human PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, also contains typical phosphorylation sites (RRA¹¹⁷S and RKA¹⁶²S) of both cAK (RRXS) and cGK (RKX(S/T)) in its N terminus (36). To determine whether PDE11A4 is phosphorylated by cAK, cGK, or both, an in vitro kinase assay was performed using the recombinant histidine-tagged PDE11A4 protein. PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, was phosphorylated by cAK catalytic subunit  (Fig. 7A), and its phosphorylation was almost completely inhibited by cAK inhibitor peptide (Fig. 7B). Phosphorylation of PDE11A4 by cGK I was examined using a truncated form of cGK I, cGK I (amino acid residues 322-685 of human cGK I), because the molecular sizes of autophosphorylated cGK I subunits are similar to that of PDE11A3. cGK I as well as cAK phosphorylated PDE11A4 but not PDE11A3, although the phosphorylation levels of PDE11A4 by cGK I were lower than those by cAK. In addition, both full-length cGK I and cGK I also phosphorylated PDE11A4 in a cGMP-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of potential residues Ser¹¹⁷ and Ser¹⁶² by cAK and/or cGK was further examined using site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant PDE11A4 S117A/S162A carrying double substitutions of Ser¹¹⁷ and Ser¹⁶² with Ala, showed significant reduction in cAK- and cGK-mediated ³²P incorporation compared with wild type PDE11A4 (Fig. 7C).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7.   Phosphorylation of PDE11A4 by cAK and cGK. Phosphorylation of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 variants by cAK and cGK I was examined by an in vitro kinase assay. Whole cell lysates of transfected COS-7 cells were mixed and immunoprecipitated by anti-Xpress antibody, and the immunoprecipitates were used for an in vitro kinase assay (see "Experimental Procedures"). A, PDE11A4 but not PDE11A3 was phosphorylated by both cAK and cGK I. The 32P incorporation of the proteins was examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography (32P-ATP). To monitor the expression levels of each protein, whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-Xpress antibody (IB: -Xpress). B, phosphorylation of PDE11A4 by full-length cGK I and cGK I in a cGMP-dependent manner. cGK activity was measured in the absence () or presence (+) of 5 µM cGMP, and cAK activity was measured with (+) or without () of 5 µM cAK inhibitor peptide (PKI). C, phosphorylation of mutant PDE11A4 lacking potential phosphorylation sites. The 32P incorporation of wild-type PDE11A4 (PDE11A4 WT) and PDE11A4 mutant (PDE11A4 S117A/S162A) was examined by an in vitro kinase assay using cAK and cGK I. The samples were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membrane was first exposed to autoradiography (32P-ATP) and then analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-Xpress antibody (IB: -Xpress). All experiments were independently carried out three times, and almost the same results were obtained.

Cyclic nucleotide binding activity was also examined using cytosolic fractions from COS-7 cells transfected with pHis-PDE11A4. The expression level of the histidine-tagged PDE11A4 protein in the transfected COS-7 cells was shown to be equal to that of the histidine-tagged PDE5A1 used as a positive control by immunoblot analysis using anti-Xpress antibody. The cyclic nucleotide binding activity was performed at a concentration of 2 µM [³H]cAMP or [³H]cGMP. Under these conditions, the cGMP binding activity of PDE11A4 was not significant compared with that of PDE5A1 used as a positive control (data not shown). In regard to cAMP binding, no binding activity was detected on either PDE11A4 or PDE5A1 protein.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Two kinds of full-length cDNAs of PDE11A were isolated by an approach using PCR with degenerate primers designed from highly conserved regions in catalytic domains of PDE families and RACE. The application of this strategy to cloning a novel PDE cDNA has already been reported (39), but by selecting the sequences for designing the PCR primer sets, it was also effective to isolate cDNA encoding a novel class of PDE. The two clones obtained included a catalytic domain identical to PDE11A1, which was quite recently isolated from a human skeletal muscle cDNA library during the course of this study (30), but they had two distinct and unique N termini, indicating two novel N-terminal splice variants of PDE11A. PDE11A1 was composed of 490 amino acids, whereas PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 were 784 and 934 amino acids, respectively. It is intriguing that two novel PDE11A variants have distinct N termini from PDE11A1. A search using SMART revealed that PDE11A4 contains two complete GAF domains (amino acid residues 217-380; E = 7.1 × 10³⁰ and amino acid residues 402-568, E = 3.6 × 10²⁵), whereas PDE11A3 has one complete (amino acid residues 152-318, E = 3.6 × 10²⁵) and one incomplete GAF domain (amino acid residues 1-130, E = 7.4 × 10⁷). On the other hand, PDE11A1 has an incomplete GAF domain, which lacks the N-terminal part of the GAF consensus sequence (E = 2.0 × 10⁶). Alterations of the calmodulin-binding domain and upstream conserved regions have been reported in N-terminal variants of PDE1 and PDE4. However, no report has described the alteration of the GAF domain in splice variants of PDEs containing the GAF domain, although many splice variants of PDEs containing the GAF domain have been reported (10, 11, 40-43). Thus, PDE11A constitutes a unique family distinct from other PDEs including the GAF sequence.

In PDE5A, the motif N(K/R)X_nFX₃D in the GAF domain has been known to be necessary for the support of cGMP binding (44, 45). PDE11A4 also contains all of four residues of this motif in both GAF domains. However, unexpectedly, the cGMP binding activity of PDE11A4, which was expressed as a histidine-tagged protein in COS-7 cells, was much lower than that of PDE5A1 under the conditions used in this study (see "Experimental Procedures"). No significant cAMP binding activity was observed under those conditions. Although PDE2A, PDE5A, and PDE6s proteins show apparent cGMP binding function, that of PDE10A has been reported to be insignificant (3, 9). As shown in the case of PDE11A4, it is likely that cGMP binding is not the function of the GAF domain in all cases. For example, E. coli FhlA, a transcriptional regulatory protein, is shown to bind formate within the N terminus, which contains two GAF domains (46). Further study will elucidate the function of the GAF domain in PDE11A variants, including PDE11A1 and PDE11A3.

The differences in the biochemical characteristics of the PDE11A variants are intriguing. The first difference concerns enzymatic characteristics. The catalytic domain of PDE11As was the most homologous to that of PDE5A in the PDE families, and vice versa. In addition, the structure of PDE11A4, including two complete GAF domains, was very similar to that of PDE5A. Interestingly, although PDE5A is highly specific for cGMP, both PDE11A variants demonstrated hydrolytic activity not only for cGMP but also for cAMP when expressed in COS-7 cells, indicating that PDE11As resemble PDE2A and PDE10A. However, PDE11As were activated by neither cAMP nor cGMP, and the K_m values of PDE11A for cAMP and cGMP were almost the same, being distinguishable from PDE2A and PDE10A. These characteristics supported the position that PDE11A is a distinct family from other PDEs containing the GAF domain. Patterns of the inhibitory effects of PDE inhibitors used on PDE11A3 and PDE11A4 activities were similar to those of PDE11A1. Dipyridamole was the most effective against these PDE11A variants. We found differences in the relative V_max and in the sensitivity to PDE inhibitors of PDE11A3 and PDE11A4, suggesting that the N-terminal region of PDE11A affects the conformation of the protein, leading to the change of enzymatic profile. Similar effects of N-terminal splicing variability have been demonstrated for some PDEs including PDE1A, PDE1C, PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE7A (15, 16, 18, 20, 47). For example, rat PDE4A isoforms have been reported to exhibit 2-5-fold differences in their V_max values and in their sensitivity to the PDE4-specific inhibitor, rolipram (16). Distinct N termini derived from alternative splicing may provide PDE11A variants with different enzymatic profiles.

The second difference lies in the presence of phosphorylation sites. PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, contains typical phosphorylation sites (RRA¹¹⁷S and RKA¹⁶²S) for cAK (RRXS) and cGK (RKX(S/T)) in the N terminus (36). In vitro kinase assays suggested that PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, is a good substrate for both cAK and cGK, although the phosphorylation by cGK I was weaker than that by cAK. The double mutant (PDE11A4 S117A/S162A) was still phosphorylated by both cAK and cGK I, at a lower level, indicating that additional phosphorylation sites may be present in PDE11A4. However, its additional phosphorylation sites would be located in the N terminus of PDE11A4, because no phosphorylation of PDE11A3 by cAK and cGK I was observed. Modifications of PDE activity by phosphorylation have been reported in some PDEs. For example, PDE1A is phosphorylated by cAK, and thus its affinity for calmodulin is reduced (48). PDE3 and PDE4 are actually phosphorylated by cAK and activated in response to agents that increase cAMP levels in intact cells and by cAK in vitro (49-51). Binding of cGMP to noncatalytic binding sites in the regulatory domain of PDE5A enhances the phosphorylation of PDE5A by cGK (52, 53). Further work is needed to determine whether phosphorylation of PDE11A4 occurs in vivo and also to determine what effect is brought out by the phosphorylation of PDE11A4.

The third difference involves tissue expression patterns. In many cases, alternative splice variants in each PDE family show different expression patterns in tissues and different subcellular localization (1, 12-20). Human PDE11A transcripts were highly expressed in prostate and moderately in testis. PCR and Southern blot analyses demonstrated that PDE11A variants also showed different tissue expression patterns, although it is not yet known whether there is a difference in subcellular localization. PDE11A3 transcripts were specifically expressed in testis, whereas PDE11A4 transcripts were strongly expressed in prostate. Testis-specific expression of PDE11A3 variants implies the production of PDE11A3 transcripts under the control of a testis-specific promoter. The genomic origin of PDE11A variants is interesting from the view of the formation of multiple variants and their specific regulation.

In regard to the physiological function of PDE11A, the following factors should be considered. Many PDEs have been reported to exist in the testis. Several works have focused on the cAMP-signaling pathway during sperm differentiation (54-58), whereas cGMP has been shown to control the Ca²⁺ entry into sperm through a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, suggesting that the cGMP signaling pathway may be involved in sperm motility (59, 60). In prostate, PDEs have been little studied, but several reports have described the physiological roles of cAMP and cGMP. The elevation of intracellular cAMP in human prostate cancer cells has been demonstrated to induce neuroendocrine differentiation (61-63). The PDE inhibitors, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and papaverine, also initiate morphologic differentiation in human prostate cancer cells and inhibit the proliferation and invasive potential of the cells (61, 62). Furthermore, withdrawal of the agents that increase cAMP causes rapid loss of the neuroendocrine phenotype, indicating that chronic cAMP signaling is required to block the proliferation of prostate tumor cells and to induce neuroendocrine differentiation (63). On the other hand, nitric oxide, which produces cGMP via the activation of soluble guanyl cyclase, has been shown to play a role in the regulation of the contractile function of smooth muscle cells and the growth of several types of cells. In prostate, nitric oxide has been reported to function as a mediator of prostate smooth muscle activity (64). In addition, a recent study has demonstrated that both nitric oxide donors and cGMP analogs exert antiproliferative actions in human prostatic smooth muscle cells (65). These reports suggest that the involvement of a cAMP and cGMP PDE, PDE11A, in controlling prostate or testis functions is plausible. The precise localization of PDE11A in prostate and testis and further analysis will clarify the physiological roles of PDE11A.

In conclusion, we revealed the structure and tissue-specific expression patterns of transcripts of a novel human PDE, PDE11A. Presently, the physiological role of this enzyme remains unknown. Analysis of tissue distribution in detail by means of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses will be informative in revealing the role of this enzyme. Pharmacological analysis using selective inhibitors for this enzyme will elucidate new physiological functions of cAMP or cGMP in prostate and testis.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. T. M. Lincoln for the generous gift of bovine cGK I cDNA. We are grateful to Drs. S. Komatsubara and N. Nakanishi for continuous interest and Dr. N. Yanaka for helpful discussion. We also thank Dr. J. A. Beavo for kind advice on the nomenclature of the PDE11A variants and for sharing unpublished data.

	FOOTNOTES

^* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBank^TM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AB036704 and AB038041.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-48-433-8069; Fax: 81-48-433-8159; E-mail: k-omori@tanabe.co.jp.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, July 20, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M003041200

² Dr. J. A. Beavo, personal communication.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: PDE, phosphodiesterase; PDE11A3, testis-specific type PDE11A; PDE11A4, prostate-specific type PDE11A; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT, reverse transcriptase; ORF, open reading frame; cAK, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; cGK, cGMP-dependent protein kinase; kb, kilobase pairs.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES