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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 41, 32141-32146, October 13, 2000

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A Single Point Mutation in 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate Synthase Is Responsible for Temperature Sensitivity in a Mutant Strain of Salmonella typhimurium^*

William P. Taylor, Galina Ya. Sheflyan, and Ronald W. Woodard

From the Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065

Received for publication, March 7, 2000, and in revised form, July 14, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Salmonella typhimurium mutants conditionally deficient in 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate (KDO8P) synthase activity play a central role in our understanding of lipopolysaccharide function in enteric bacteria. The detailed characterization of KDO8P synthase from such a mutant, however, has not been previously reported. To address this issue KDO8P synthase from S. typhimurium AG701 and from a related temperature-sensitive strain (S. typhimurium AG701i50) have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme from the temperature-sensitive strain has a single proline to serine substitution at position 145, leading to an increase in K_m for both substrates, D-arabinose 5-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Analytical gel filtration and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicate that this enzyme also has an altered oligomeric state. These observations are rationalized through an examination of the structure of E. coli KDO8P synthase, which has 93% sequence identity to the enzyme from S. typhimurium.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The eight carbon acidic sugar 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate (KDO)¹ is an integral component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria (1). This unusual sugar is the first component of the oligosaccharide core region that links lipid A to the O-antigen (2) (Fig. 1). KDO is incorporated into the LPS in four steps from D-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The first step is the condensation of A5P and PEP to form KDO 8-phosphate (KDO8P), catalyzed by KDO8P synthase (3). The resulting phosphorylated monosaccharide is first converted to free KDO and then activated with cytosine triphosphate to form CMP-KDO (4). A single CMP-KDO is used to attach KDO to lipid A and form the backbone of the oligosaccharide inner core (5). A second and often a third KDO are branched off of the linking sugar. The remainder of the inner and outer core is sequentially assembled from activated monosaccharides before the O-antigen is added as an intact unit.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Overview of bacterial lipopolysaccharide structure. Non-carbohydrate modifications are not shown. Dashed lines indicate non-conserved substituents. Hep, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose. Regions not shown to scale.

The importance of KDO incorporation into LPS for proper cellular growth was first demonstrated by Rick and Osborn (6). These researchers isolated a temperature-sensitive mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium that is dependent upon exogenous A5P for growth at the non-permissive temperature. In the absence of A5P this mutant accumulates incomplete LPS, eventually leading to inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis (7). Kinetic analysis of crude cellular extracts indicated that KDO8P synthase from the mutated strain suffers from an elevated K_m for A5P. Further characterization of these and other mutant strains of S. typhimurium has demonstrated that disruption of LPS formation through defects in KDO incorporation leads to bacteria whose normal growth and function have been compromised (8, 9). This finding, coupled with the localization of KDO to only Gram-negative organisms and plants (10), suggests that KDO8P synthase is a valuable chemotherapeutic target for the development of novel antibacterial agents.

KDO8P synthase from E. coli has been well characterized over the past several years, and although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, several key aspects of the enzymatic reaction are known. KDO8P synthase catalyzes the addition of the si face of PEP onto the re face of A5P, with the concomitant production of inorganic phosphate (11, 12). This reaction is unusual in that phosphate is released via C-O bond cleavage, rather than via the more common P-O bond cleavage (13, 14). KDO8P synthase is specific for A5P as the phosphorylated monosaccharide substrate and displays no requirement for a metal cofactor. Two mechanisms have been proposed for the condensation reaction as follows: (a) direct attack by water at C-2^PEP to form a linear intermediate and (b) internal attack by a hydroxyl to form a cyclic intermediate (Fig. 2). Results from inhibition studies with both cyclic and acyclic product analogues (15, 16) have failed to differentiate between these mechanisms, and although no direct evidence exists, a recent structure determination favors the linear intermediate (17).

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Putative mechanisms for KDO8P formation. A furanose intermediate is equally viable for Path b.

In contrast to the numerous phenotypic studies on temperature-sensitive S. typhimurium mutants, and despite the prominent role of these experiments in rationalizing the study of KDO8P synthase and the wealth of knowledge concerning Escherichia coli KDO8P synthase, the nature of the S. typhimurium KDO8P synthase mutation at the enzymatic level has never been investigated. S. typhimurium AG701i50 is unable to grow at 42 °C and has been used in complementation experiments to identify KDO8P synthase activity encoded in DNA libraries (18-20). This suggests that strain AG701i50 encodes for an altered KDO8P synthase, but this has never been proven experimentally. The parent strain of AG701i50 (S. typhimurium AG701) is also available, and although the lineage of these strains in relation to the mutants originally described by Rick and Osborn (6) is unclear, they offer the unique opportunity to compare KDO8P synthase from parent/daughter strains of S. typhimurium and to determine, for the first time, the molecular basis for impaired enzymatic activity. To achieve this end we cloned the kdsA gene from both S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50 and overexpressed and characterized the respective KDO8P synthases.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Materials-- Phosphoenolpyruvate mono(cyclohexyl ammonium) salt, thiobarbituric acid, and Tris base were from Sigma. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was prepared as described by Volk (21) and purified by anion exchange chromatography to yield the monolithium salt. Cell culture media reagents were from Difco. All media contained 100 µg/ml ampicillin unless otherwise indicated. All other chemicals were from Fisher. Restriction enzymes were from New England Biolabs. Centriprep-10 centrifugal concentrators were from Millipore. Primer synthesis and DNA sequencing was performed by the University of Michigan Biomedical Research Core Facilities. S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50 were a generous gift from Dr. Werner Brabetz, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Borstel, Germany. XL1-Blue (Stratagene) and BL21(DE3) (Novagen) E. coli strains were purchased as chemically competent preparations.

Construction of Plasmids-- The following procedure was used with both S. typhimurium AG701 and S. typhimurium AG701i50. Standard polymerase chain reaction methodologies were used to amplify the putative kdsA gene from S. typhimurium genomic DNA. The forward primer was 5'-GATTCTAGAATTCATATGAAACAAAAAGTGGTTAACATTGGCG-3' and the reverse primer was 5'-GATTCTGAATTCGGATCCAAGCTCAGTTCTCGGTATCCAGCTCGTCG-3' (gene sequences underlined). The amplification product was isolated, restricted with NdeI and BamHI (italics), and ligated into similarly treated pT7-7 (22). The ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli XL1-Blue cells. Plasmid DNA was isolated from several positive transformants and screened by restriction mapping. Those plasmids with the expected restriction pattern were subjected to DNA sequencing to confirm the presence of the desired gene. The plasmid arising from AG701 genomic DNA was designated pT7-7-kdsA-701, whereas that from AG701i50 was designated pT7-7-kdsA-701i50. These plasmids were then used to transform E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. Finally, the presence of the desired plasmid was verified by additional restriction mapping.

Electroporation-- Electroporation was achieved in a Bio-Rad E. coli Pulser. S. typhimurium AG701i50 cells were prepared and transformed with the desired plasmid according to the manufacturer's instructions. The presence of the desired plasmid in selected transformants was verified by restriction mapping.

Growth Characteristics-- The following procedures were performed in media without antibiotic supplementation. A growing culture of S. typhimurium in LB medium (A₆₀₀ = 0.2) was diluted 25-fold into 2× YT medium pre-equilibrated at the desired growth temperature. This culture was grown with vigorous shaking and the A₆₀₀ monitored as a function of time. In experiments with exogenous A5P, the growth medium was supplemented with the appropriate concentration of monosaccharide immediately prior to inoculation.

Purification of KDO8P Synthase-- E. coli BL21(DE3) cells containing the appropriate plasmid (described above) were grown in 2× YT at 37 °C with vigorous shaking. When this culture reached an A₆₀₀ of 0.6-0.8, isopropyl--D-thiogalactoside was added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM. Cells were harvested by centrifugation 4 h following induction. The following steps were performed at 4 °C. Pelleted cells were suspended (1 g per 5 ml) in 20 mM Tris-HCl, 0.2 mM DTT, pH 7.6 (Buffer A), and sonicated for 90 s (30-s pulses with a 90-s rest between pulses). The crude extract was centrifuged to remove cellular debris, and the supernatant was saved. The resultant pellet was suspended, sonicated, and centrifuged as above. The supernatants were combined and loaded onto a 5-ml Econo-Pac High Q cartridge (Bio-Rad) at 1.0 ml/min. The column was washed with 30 ml of Buffer A, and then a linear gradient of 0-500 mM KCl in Buffer A was applied over 60 ml. Fractions were assayed for KDO8P synthase activity using the periodate-thiobarbituric acid assay (23). Active fractions were pooled and then concentrated and buffer-exchanged into 25 mM sodium succinate, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, pH 6.5, by ultrafiltration. The enzyme was then aliquoted and stored at 80 °C. KDO8P synthase obtained in this manner is ~95% pure by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis.

Characterization of the KDO8P Synthase Reaction Product-- Purified wild-type KDO8P synthase (115 µg, 3.8 nmol) was mixed with 11 mM A5P (22 µmol), 13 mM PEP (26 µmol), and 100 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.4, in a total volume of 2.0 ml. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 2 h and then quenched with 10% trichloroacetic acid (500 µl). Purification of the resultant phosphorylated monosaccharide was as previously reported (23). The ¹H NMR spectrum of the product was recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 500 at 500 MHz using the Watergate gradient suppression program and found to be identical to that previously reported for KDO8P (23).

Temperature Dependence of Purified KDO8P Synthase Activity-- PEP, A5P, and Tris acetate, pH 7.4 (45 µl), were incubated at the indicated temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45 °C) for 3 min. The reaction was initiated by the addition of a 5-µl aliquot of 1 µM KDO8P synthase prepared in 25 mM sodium succinate, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, pH 6.5 (held at 4 °C), to give final concentrations of 1 or 5 mM PEP, 1 or 5 mM A5P, 100 mM Tris acetate, and 5 nM enzyme. The reaction was quenched after a 1-15-min incubation by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid (50 µl). A 90-µl aliquot of the quenched reaction mixture was subjected to the periodate-thiobarbituric acid assay, and the amount of product released was determined using  = 103 000 M¹ cm¹ at 549 nm (23). The reaction time was varied to maintain the extent of reaction at <10%.

Thermal Stability of KDO8P Synthase-- A 1 µM solution of wild-type or P145S enzyme was prepared in 25 mM sodium succinate, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, pH 6.5, at 4 °C and assayed as above (5 mM PEP, 5 mM A5P, 37 °C). The enzyme solution was moved to 37 °C, and 5-µl aliquots were removed and assayed every 15 min for 1 h. The enzyme solution was then returned to 4 °C and incubated for 1 h and finally assayed again as above.

Determination of Steady State Kinetic Parameters from Progress Curves of PEP Disappearance-- Spectra were recorded either with a Hewlett-Packard 8453 or with a Cary 3 Bio UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, each with a jacketed cuvette holder. Extent of reaction was determined by following the disappearance of the ,-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of PEP at 232 nm ( = 2840 M¹ cm¹). K_m and V_max values were determined from a nonlinear regression of the reaction progress curve (24) using KaleidaGraph 3.08d (Synergy Software). k_cat was determined from k_cat = V_max/[E]₀. All reactions were performed in 100 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.4, at either 25 or 37 °C. In a typical reaction, buffer, enzyme (0.6-1.2 µg of wild-type KDO8P synthase) and PEP were incubated at 37 °C for 5 min. The reaction was initiated by the addition of a 20-µl aliquot of A5P for a final volume of 1.0 ml. The reaction was vortexed and transferred to a temperature-equilibrated cuvette, and data were recorded for 3-5 min in 5-15-s intervals. For an experiment measuring the kinetic parameters for A5P, the initial concentration of PEP was 20× K_m, the initial concentration of A5P was 3× K_m, and the reaction was followed to 95% completion. The extent of reaction of PEP was <5%. The relative concentrations of PEP and A5P were reversed to measure the parameters for PEP. No product inhibition was observed over the course of the reaction.

Determination of Steady State Kinetic Parameters from Initial Rates of Product Formation-- K_m and V_max values were determined from a nonlinear regression of (substrate concentration, initial velocity) data pairs fit to the Michaelis-Menten equation using KaleidaGraph 3.08d (Synergy Software). All reactions were performed in 100 mM Tris acetate, pH 7.4, at either 25 or 37 °C. Product formation was measured using either a discontinuous assay to monitor the appearance of KDO8P or a continuous coupled assay to monitor the appearance of inorganic phosphate (23). In the discontinuous assay, buffer, PEP, and A5P were incubated for 3 min at the desired temperature. The reaction was initiated by the addition of a 5-µl aliquot of enzyme (150-450 ng of P145S KDO8P synthase) for a final volume of 50 µl. After 3 min the reaction was quenched by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid (50 µl) and assayed using the periodate-thiobarbituric acid assay as described earlier. In the continuous assay, buffer, PEP, 7-methylinosine (250 µM), P145S KDO8P synthase (180-360 ng), and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (10 µg) were incubated for 3 min at the desired temperature. The reaction was initiated by the addition of a 10-µl aliquot of A5P for a final volume of 200 µl. The reaction was vortexed, transferred to a temperature equilibrated cuvette, and data recorded at 280 nm for 2 min in 1-s intervals. The initial rate was determined from a linear fit to the change in absorbance over this time. For an experiment measuring the kinetic parameters for A5P, the initial concentration of PEP was 20× K_m, and the initial concentration of A5P ranged from 0.25× K_m to 6× K_m. The extent of reaction of A5P was <10% at all substrate concentrations. The relative concentrations of PEP and A5P were reversed to measure the parameters for PEP.

Determination of Oligomeric State-- Size exclusion chromatography was performed at ambient temperature on a Superose 12 (10/30) column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The column was equilibrated at 0.5 ml/min with 50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4; 100-µl aliquots of enzyme (75 µg) were applied under identical conditions. The column was calibrated with a Sigma MW-GF-200 Molecular Weight Marker Kit, 12-200-kDa range.

Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis-- Separations were achieved using a Amersham Pharmacia Biotech PhastSystem with 8-25% gradient gels and native buffer strips according to the manufacturer's instructions. The gels were silver stained (PhastSystem kit) and then quantitated using a Personal Densitometer (Molecular Dynamics).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Growth Characteristics and Complementation-- Growth curves for S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50 were generated at temperatures of 30 and 37 °C to verify their temperature sensitivity. The doubling time for AG701i50 is only slightly increased at 30 °C as compared with AG701 (Fig. 3A), but AG701i50 growth is severely retarded at 37 °C (Fig. 3B). The addition of exogenous A5P does not rescue the growth of AG701i50 at either temperature. AG701i50 growth can be partially restored by complementation with pT7-7-kdsA-701, which encodes KDO8P synthase from strain AG701. Transformation with pT7-7 confers antibiotic resistance to AG701i50 but has no effect on its growth characteristics.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Effect of temperature on the growth of S. typhimurium AG701/AG701i50. A, growth at 30 °C. Doubling times are 53 min for AG701 (closed circles) and 59 min for AG701i50 (open circles). B, growth at 37 °C. Doubling time for AG701 is 35 min. Symbols as in A, with AG701i50 harboring plasmid pT7-7-kdsA-701 shown as closed diamonds.

Cloning, Sequencing, and Protein Purification-- When this project was initiated little genomic sequence data for a strain of S. typhimurium was available. There did exist, however, a series of contigs for Salmonella typhi CT18, generated by the The Sanger Center, Cambridge, UK. A tblastn search (25) of this sequence space using E. coli K12 KDO8P synthase located an open reading frame encoding for a protein with 93% amino acid identity. This nucleotide sequence was assumed to be the kdsA gene for S. typhi CT18 and was used as a basis for the design of cloning primers for S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50. A polymerase chain reaction with these primers and S. typhimurium AG701 or AG701i50 genomic DNA produced a single product of the expected size (892 base pairs), which was then cloned into pT7-7 to yield pT7-7-kdsA-701 or pT7-7-kdsA-701i50, respectively. Sequencing of the inserted DNA fragment reveals differences in 12 of 802 nucleotides (region independent of cloning primers) between S. typhi CT18 kdsA and S. typhimurium AG701 kdsA. The proteins encoded by these sequences, however, are identical in primary sequence. This leads us to believe that although the polymerase chain reaction products described above may have mutations at the nucleotide level in the regions arising from the cloning primers, the proteins expressed with this system are authentic KDO8P synthase from S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50.²

The sequence data for kdsA from S. typhimurium AG701 and AG701i50 reveals a single nucleotide difference between the gene from the two strains, resulting in a proline (CCG) to serine (TCG) point mutation at position 145. An amino acid sequence comparison reveals that this proline is conserved among KDO8P synthases from a number of organisms, suggesting that it is important for correct expression of enzymatic activity. In the following discussion KDO8P synthase from strain AG701 is referred to as wild-type enzyme and that from strain AG701i50 is referred to as P145S mutant enzyme. Both wild-type and P145S KDO8P synthase from S. typhimurium were successfully purified according to a procedure similar to that previously reported for KDO8P synthase from E. coli (14). The wild-type enzyme has no metal ion requirement and synthesizes KDO8P from A5P and PEP (verified by ¹H NMR).

Effects of Temperature on Wild-type and P145S KDO8P Synthase-- The specific activity of both wild-type and P145S enzyme was determined at several temperatures (Fig. 4). In the presence of 1 mM A5P and 1 mM PEP the wild-type enzyme displays an exponential dependence on temperature, with an Arrhenius factor of 23.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol. The P145S enzyme has reduced activity (~35% of wild-type) and a nearly identical Arrhenius factor (23 ± 2 kcal/mol) between 15 and 30 °C. Above 30 °C the activity of this enzyme decreases dramatically. Increasing the level of each substrate to 5 mM has no effect on the wild-type enzyme, but the activity of the P145S enzyme now parallels that of the wild-type up to 35 °C, where it remains constant.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Effect of temperature on KDO8P synthase activity. Activity for wild-type enzyme (closed symbols) and P145S enzyme (open symbols) was determined in the presence of either 1 mM substrates (circles) or 5 mM substrates (squares) by quantitating the amount of KDO8P formed during the reaction. Enzyme concentration was held constant at 5 nM in each case, and the amount of product formed was controlled by varying the reaction time.

The thermal stability of both wild-type and P145S KDO8P synthase was examined at 37 °C. In the absence of substrates, the wild-type enzyme retains full activity over the course of a 1-h incubation. The specific activity of the P145S enzyme is reduced by approximately 50% under identical conditions. Shifting the heated P145S enzyme to 4 °C for 1 h does not restore enzymatic activity. In the presence of 500 µM PEP, however, the P145S enzyme retains full activity when incubated at 37 °C. The inclusion of 500 µM A5P with the P145S enzyme does not have a stabilizing effect. The wild-type enzyme is not effected by the addition of either A5P or PEP.

The steady state kinetic parameters for both wild-type and P145S KDO8P synthase at 25 and 37 °C are reported in Table I. The values for the wild-type enzyme at 37 °C are similar to those for the E. coli enzyme (26). The K_m values for both substrates are elevated in the P145S enzyme as compared with the wild-type enzyme, with a 3-fold increase in K_m for A5P and a 90-fold increase in K_m for PEP at 25 °C. The differences in K_m are even larger at 37 °C, with increases of 30- and 390-fold for A5P and PEP, respectively. The k_cat values for the P145S enzyme are approximately 30-40% that of the wild-type enzyme at both temperatures.

Oligomerization State of Wild-type and P145S KDO8P Synthase-- The apparent molecular masses of both wild-type and mutant enzymes were determined by size exclusion chromatography. The wild-type enzyme migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 97 ± 2 kDa, for an oligomeric state of 3.1 monomers per oligomer. The P145S enzyme migrates as two poorly resolved peaks, having apparent molecular masses of 91 ± 2 and 53 ± 1 kDa. These masses indicate a structure of 2.9 monomers per oligomer and 1.7 monomers per oligomer, respectively.

This phenomenon was further investigated by determining the electrophoretic mobility of both wild-type and mutant enzyme under non-denaturing conditions (native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) at 15, 25, and 35 °C. The wild-type enzyme migrates as a single, well resolved band at each temperature. The P145S enzyme migrates as two species at both 15 and 25 °C, a fairly well resolved high molecular weight band and an asymmetric low molecular weight band that tails toward the low molecular weight side, with approximately 30% of the enzyme migrating as the high molecular weight species. At 35 °C the high molecular weight fraction of the P145S enzyme is barely discernible, and the low molecular weight band exhibits considerable smearing on the low molecular weight side.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The temperature-sensitive nature of S. typhimurium AG701i50 was verified by recording its growth characteristics at two different temperatures (Fig. 3). In contrast to the characterization of the temperature-sensitive strain of S. typhimurium described by Rick and Osborn (6), we were unable to rescue strain AG701i50 using exogenous A5P. Growth can be partially restored, however, by complementation with a plasmid encoding for wild-type KDO8P synthase. Although the KDO8P synthase gene in this plasmid is downstream from a T7 promoter, low levels of expression from similar plasmids have been achieved by E. coli RNA polymerase (27). The high level of sequence homology between E. coli and S. typhimurium RNA polymerase ⁷⁰ (>90% identity) suggests that expression can also be achieved in AG701i50.

In an attempt to correlate the temperature-sensitive growth reported above with a defect in KDO8P synthase, the specific activity of each enzyme was measured as a function of temperature (Fig. 4). There are three possibilities that may explain the decrease in activity of the P145S enzyme relative to the wild-type enzyme with increasing temperature as follows: a relative decrease in k_cat, a relative increase in K_m, or a decrease in the amount of active enzyme. The latter possibility was investigated by measuring the thermal stability of the P145S enzyme at 37 °C. Although this enzyme is less stable than wild-type in the absence of substrates, the addition of as little as 500 µM PEP fully protects P145S KDO8P synthase against thermally induced inactivation. As the activity data shown in Fig. 4 was measured in the presence of either 1 or 5 mM PEP, it is unlikely that the decreased activity for the P145S enzyme results from a change in the fraction of active enzyme.

To differentiate between the remaining possibilities, we measured k_cat and K_m at 25 and 37 °C (Table I). The k_cat values for the wild-type enzyme are what one would expect based on the data in Fig. 4, both in terms of their magnitude and temperature dependence. The k_cat values for the P145S enzyme are lower than those for wild-type at 25 °C and show only a slight relative decrease upon shifting to 37 °C. The K_m values for both substrates with the P145S enzyme are elevated at 25 °C and increase dramatically relative to wild-type at 37 °C. These results are consistent with the ability of increasing levels of substrate to restore activity to the P145S enzyme at 35 °C (Fig. 4) and suggest that an elevated K_m is largely responsible for the observed temperature dependence. Although an increase in K_m for A5P is not unexpected based on the work reported by Rick and Osborn (6), we were surprised to find such a dramatic reduction in the binding of PEP. This may explain why A5P alone is not sufficient to rescue the growth of AG701i50.

To investigate whether Pro-145 plays a structural role in KDO8P synthase, we determined the oligomeric state of both wild-type and P145S enzyme. The wild-type enzyme behaves much like the E. coli enzyme; both migrate as an apparent trimer during size exclusion chromatography (28). The P145S enzyme migrates as two species, an apparent trimer and a lower molecular weight species intermediate between a dimer and a monomer. This result was confirmed using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; at both 15 and 25 °C the wild-type enzyme appears as a single band, whereas the P145S enzyme resolves into two distinct species. The fraction of P145S enzyme that migrates as the high molecular weight species (~30%) is remarkably similar to the ratio of P145S to wild-type specific activity at these temperatures (~35%, Fig. 4) as well as to the ratio of k_cat values (30-40%, Table I). This suggests that the majority of enzymatic activity is associated with the high molecular weight species, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the low molecular weight species has some residual activity.

This hypothesis is further supported by the following two observations: 1) in the absence of substrates, the P145S enzyme progressively loses activity upon incubation at 37 °C, and 2) when electrophoresed at 35 °C the majority of the P145S enzyme is found as the low molecular weight species. The correlation between loss of activity and change in oligomerization state suggests that full expression of enzymatic activity is only achieved in correctly formed oligomers. As no activity is regained upon shifting the P145S enzyme to 4 °C following incubation at 37 °C in the absence of substrates, we conclude that these two species are not in dynamic equilibrium but that conversion from the high molecular weight form to the low molecular weight form of the enzyme is an essentially irreversible process. Although the ratio of high molecular weight species to low molecular weight species observed here may not reflect the in vivo distribution of states, and may in fact be an artifact of overexpression and purification, it is clear that this problem occurs only for KDO8P synthase from the temperature-sensitive strain. Thus the possibility that incorrectly formed oligomers with reduced activity contribute to the restricted growth at elevated temperatures cannot be excluded.

During the course of this work a 2.4-Å resolution crystallographic structure of E. coli KDO8P synthase became available (17). The high level of sequence identity between the S. typhimurium and E. coli enzymes (93%), as well as their similar kinetic behavior and gel filtration mobility, suggests that their three-dimensional structures will also be highly similar. This allows us to interpret the solution chemistry results reported above in terms of this new structural information. Although the size exclusion chromatography results suggest that KDO8P synthase is a trimer, the crystal structure shows it to be a tetramer and reveals the interactions that define the quaternary structure of the enzyme. Recent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry experiments also show the E. coli enzyme to be a tetramer in solution.³ The altered oligomeric state of the P145S mutant along with the conserved nature of Pro-145 in KDO8P synthase suggests that Pro-145 is required for correct assembly of the active form of KDO8P synthase. This hypothesis is borne out by the crystal structure, which shows that Pro-145 forms a type III turn between sheet S5 and helix H5. Tetramer assembly is determined, in part, by interactions between helix H5 from one subunit and loop L2 from an adjacent subunit (Fig. 5). Disruption of these contacts is likely to result in a decrease in the number of properly formed oligomers.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Interaction between subunits A (left) and C (right) of E. coli KDO8P synthase. Loop L5 and helix H5 (residues 140 to 158) are in green. Loop L2 (residues 60-71) is in orange. Pro-145 is in red.

The altered K_m values for the P145S enzyme can also be rationalized through examination of the structure of KDO8P synthase. The crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme was solved with two bound sulfate ions: SO4-1 is thought to occupy the phosphate-binding site for PEP, whereas SO4-2 is thought to occupy the phosphate-binding site for A5P. The SO4-1-binding site is determined in part by Lys-138 (17), which forms a 2.8-Å hydrogen bond with SO4-1 and is positioned by sheet S5 (Fig. 6). The highly elevated K_m for PEP with the P145S mutant suggests that the binding energy provided by Lys-138 is largely lost in the mutant enzyme. This may be caused by a disruption in the placement of sheet S5 due to the inability of the mutant enzyme to form the correct turn between sheet S5 and helix H5. The interactions described above between helix H5 and loop L2 also provide an explanation for the increased K_m for A5P. The binding of SO4-2 is determined by the side chain of Arg-63 and by the side chain and backbone amide of Ser-64 (Fig. 6), both of which are contributed to the active site by loop L2 (17). The loss of proper contacts between helix H5 and loop L2 may result in non-optimal positioning of loop L2, leading to reduced affinity for A5P.

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Substrate binding interactions in KDO8P synthase (subunit C). Colors are as in Fig. 5, with amino acid side chains and sulfates colored by atom type. Lys-138 on sheet S5 is a binding determinate for SO4-1 (PEP-binding site). Arg-63 and Ser-64 of loop L2 form the binding pocket for SO4-2 (A5P-binding site). Figs. 5 and 6 were created with Ribbons 2.8 (29).

The experiments described above represent the first detailed investigation of an altered KDO8P synthase from a temperature-dependent strain of S. typhimurium. A single point mutation of proline to serine leads to a decrease in substrate binding for both A5P and PEP, as well as to reduced thermal stability in the absence of substrates. Whether these changes act singly or in concert to achieve the observed phenotype is unknown. Although many attempts at drug design are focused on identifying compounds that bind in place of natural substrates, these results suggest that the disruption of correct oligomer formation may also be a viable therapeutic target. This work also points out the value of re-evaluating previous results in the light of currently available experimental techniques. Our interest in the history of KDO8P synthase led us to explore more fully the cause of reduced activity in S. typhimurium mutants, and to apply advances in cloning and protein overexpression to answer questions first raised more then 25 years ago.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Dr. Werner Brabetz for kindly providing us with the strains of S. typhimurium.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by United States Public Health Service Grant GM53069 (to R. W. W.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The atomic coordinates and the structure factors (code 1D9E) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (http://www.rcsb.org/).

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 734-764-7366; Fax: 734-763-2022; E-mail: rww@umich.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, July 25, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M001900200

² Preliminary sequence data for S. typhimurium LT2 are now available from the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center, St. Louis, MO. A blastn search (25) of this sequence space using the sequence for S. typhimurium AG 701 kdsA, including the primer regions based on the S. typhi CT18 database, returns a sequence with 100% identity.

³ J. Loo, personal communication.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: KDO, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate; KDO8P, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; A5P, D-arabinose 5-phosphate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; DTT, dithiothreitol.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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