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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 48, 37757-37764, December 1, 2000

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Characterization of CD1e, a Third Type of CD1 Molecule Expressed in Dendritic Cells^*

Catherine Angénieux, J. Salamero, Dominique Fricker, Jean-Pierre Cazenave^§, Bruno Goud, Daniel Hanau, and Henri de la Salle^¶

From Equipe Propre INSERM 99-08 and ^§ Unité INSERM 311, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Strasbourg 67065, France and  UMR CNRS 144, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France

Received for publication, August 4, 2000

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Dendritic cells express several alternatively spliced CD1e mRNAs. These molecules encode proteins characterized by the presence of either one, two, or three  domains and either a 51- or 63-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. Moreover, mRNAs encoding isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain are observed. Several of these CD1e isoforms were expressed in transfected cells, and two of them, with three  domains, displayed a particular processing pathway. These latter isoforms slowly leave the endoplasmic reticulum due to the presence of atypical dilysine motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. These molecules are associated with the ₂-microglobulin and accumulate in late Golgi and late endosomal compartments. In the latter compartments, they are cleaved into soluble forms that appear to be stable. In dendritic cells, these isoforms are mainly located in the Golgi apparatus, and upon maturation they are redistributed to late endosomal compartments. This work demonstrates the existence of CD1e molecules. As compared with other CD1 molecules, CD1e displays fundamentally different properties and therefore may represent a third type of CD1 molecules.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CD1 molecules (reviewed in Ref. 1) are nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, composed of a membrane-associated heavy chain comprising three immunoglobulin-like extracellular  domains, which associate with ₂-microglobulin (2m).¹ The number of CD1 genes varies among species, only two closely related CD1 genes having been described in mice but five different genes in humans. The human CD1A, -B, -C, -D, and -E genes are constitutively expressed in a limited number of cell types, including cortical thymocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), and they can be induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in monocytes.

The CD1A, -B, and -C genes encode structurally and functionally related proteins and are classified as type I CD1 genes. CD1a, -b, and -c molecules are found in the plasma membrane and in the endosomal compartments of DCs. However, depending on the DC type and stage of maturation, these molecules display differences in terms of their intracellular localization and traffic (2).² These proteins can present glycolipids of microbial origin and, in the case of CD1b, also self-glycolipids (3). The presentation of glycolipids by CD1b is dependent on its internalization into acidic late endosomal compartments and recycling to the cell surface (2). On the basis of homology studies, CD1d has been proposed to represent a second type of CD1 molecule, and structural and functional studies have confirmed this classification. Notably, whereas association with 2m is required for the cell surface expression of type I CD1 molecules (4), human 2m-free CD1d can be expressed at the plasma membrane as a nonglycosylated protein (5). In polarized human epithelial cells, nonglycosylated 2m-free CD1d molecules are observed on the apical cell surface, while glycosylated CD1d molecules are present on both sides of the cells (6). In transfected melanoma cells, 2m-free CD1d molecules expressed at the cell surface are endoglycosidase H (Endo H)-sensitive, while 2m-associated CD1d molecules are Endo H-resistant (7). Thus, three biochemically different forms of CD1d molecules have been described in humans. In human intestinal epithelial cells, CD1d is expressed on the cell surface and internalized into endosomal compartments. This traffic is controlled by a YXXZ motif in the cytoplasmic tail, which is likewise found in CD1b and CD1c (1). The localization of CD1d in basolateral membranes is also regulated by the cytoplasmic domain (8). The murine molecules orthologous to CD1d are the CD1.1 and CD1.2 proteins. In mice, 2m-associated CD1 molecules are expressed at the surface of cells of different types including DCs, while in transfected cells murine CD1 is found on the plasma membrane and in endosomal compartments (9). There is indirect evidence that 2m-free CD1d molecules exist in mice in that CD1-restricted T cells can develop in aged 2m-deficient mice (10). Murine CD1 molecules bind different kinds of hydrophobic antigens, including peptides with hydrophobic anchor residues, glycosylphosphatidylinositol, and ceramide-containing glycolipids, which are also presented by human CD1d molecules (11-13). The presentation of ceramide glycolipids by mouse CD1 or human CD1d antigens stimulates NKT cells, a T cell subpopulation expressing an invariant T cell receptor  chain and producing interleukin-4 and interferon- upon stimulation. In mice, the activation of NKT cells by CD1 proteins appears to play key role in the induction of systemic immune tolerance following immunization through an immune-privileged site (14), although the ligands of CD1 involved in this process are not known. At least in mice, CD1 molecules also stimulate other T cell subsets (15). CD1e molecules have not been studied to date.

The human CD1E gene was described more than 14 years ago and shown to be transcribed in Jurkat and Molt4 tumor T cell lines (16, 17), and several partially characterized transcripts were registered in GenBank^TM. However, the existence of protein(s) encoded by the CD1E gene has not yet been demonstrated. The aims of the present work were thus to analyze the pattern of CD1e transcripts in DCs, to determine whether CD1E gene product(s) could direct the synthesis of proteins, and to define the different cellular and biochemical properties of CD1e molecules.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CD1e cDNAs Clones and Expression Vectors-- Total RNA from DC were prepared using RNeasy extraction kit (Qiagen, Les Ullis, France). RNA was reverse transcribed with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) using random hexanucleotides as primers. CD1e cDNAs were amplified using 100 ng of reverse transcribed RNA, Taq DNA polymerase (Goldstar, Eurogentec), and GGGGGATATCCTCCTTTAACAGAGCTTCA and ATTTGGGGAGTACAGAAGAG oligonucleotides (94 °C for 30 s, 56 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles). Amplified products were digested with EcoRV and EcoRI and cloned into the homologous restriction sites of pEGFP-N3 (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, CA).

To express CD1e/CD1c or CD1c/CD1e fusion molecules, first a plasmid encoding CD1c with Eco47III and ScaI restriction sites located in the N-terminal and the C-terminal parts of the transmembrane domain, respectively, was constructed. This construction, obtained by polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis, encodes for the exact sequence of CD1c protein. Plasmids encoding CD1c (extracellular and transmembrane domains)/CD1e (part of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain) fusion molecules were then obtained by inserting fragments encoding part of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain and amplified by polymerase chain reaction in the ScaI site. Before cloning into the ScaI site, the fragments encoding the N-terminal half of the long or short cytoplasmic domains (DSRLKKQSSNKNILSPHTPSPVFLMGANTQDTKN and DSRLKKQSPVFLMGANTQDTKN, respectively) were cut with EcoRI and treated with T4 DNA polymerase, producing a stop codon at the end of the fragments. The amino acid sequence of the Eco-end fragment (C-terminal half of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain) fused to CD1c was NSRHQFCLAQVSWIKNRVLKKWKTRLNQLW. The plasmid pL213 encodes the first 305 amino acids of CD1e, four extra unrelated amino acids (DLEAK), and then the amino acids of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of CD1c fused to eGFP.

Natural CD1e isoforms were expressed by inserting the different reconstituted full-length CD1e cDNA clones downstream from the cytomegalovirus promotor of pEGFP-N3 expression vector.

Plasmid cDNAs were transfected in cell lines using Fugene (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) or Exgen (Euromedex, Schiltigheim, France) reagents. Stable M10 transfectants were isolated using 500 µg/ml G418 (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK). The transfected clones expressing the membrane-associated isoforms were selected by immunofluorescence staining on fixed and permeabilized cells using VIIC7 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Clones expressing pL213 were first selected using the fluorescence of eGFP. Fluorescence microscopy showed the hybrid molecule to be expressed on the cell surface.

Cell Lines and Culture Medium-- HeLa cells were obtained from ATCC (number CCL-2). The melanoma M10 cell line was kindly provided by Dr. T. Hercend (Villejuif, France). HeLa cells were grown in Dulbecco's culture medium, and M10 cells were grown in RPMI 1640, all supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies). Monocyte-derived DCs and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) were prepared as previously (18, 19). Maturation of DCs was induced with 1 µg/ml Escherichia coli LPS (Sigma) or 30 ng/ml TNF (R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK). Mature LCs were obtained by 48-h culture in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 50 ng/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (generously provided by Novartis, Rueil Malmaison, France), and 30 ng/ml TNF.

Antibodies-- The following mAbs were used: B1G6 (anti-2m, IgG2a) (Immunotech, Marseille, France); mouse IgG1 (anti-GFP, clones 7.1 and 13.1) (Roche Molecular Biochemicals); L161 (anti-CD1c, IgG1) (Immunotech); W6/32 (pan-anti-HLA class I, IgG2a) (Dako, Trappes, France); biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA); fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated F(ab')₂ goat anti-mouse IgG (Silenus, Melbourne, Australia); phycoerythrin-conjugated F(ab')₂ goat anti-mouse IgG (Dako), F(ab')₂ fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG and Cy3-conjugated F(ab')₂ donkey anti-mouse IgG (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Baltimore, PA); Alexa-594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgGs and Alexa-488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR); and control IgG1 and IgG2a (Immunotech). H5C6 (IgG1, anti-CD63, was kindly provided by Dr F. Lanza, EFS-Alsace, Strasbourg) and the rabbit anti-EEA1 antiserum (20) by Dr. H. Stenmark (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany). H5C6 was directly coupled to cyanin 3 using a Cy3 labeling kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Polyclonal rabbit IgGs against Rab-6 were produced and purified as described (21). Polyclonal anti TGN-46 (22) and Lamp-1 Abs (23) were obtained from Dr. J. Lucocq (University of Dundee, United Kingdom), and Dr S. Carlsson, (University of Umea, Sweden).

The mAb VIIC7 (IgG1, anti-CD1e cytoplasmic domain) was obtained by immunizing mice with a synthetic peptide (YIKNRVLKKWKTRL, corresponding to amino acids 17/5 of the cytoplasmic domain) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Hybridomas were screened with a dot blot assay using a glutathione S-transferase-CD1e cytoplasmic domain fusion protein expressed in E. coli.

The mAbs 1.2 (IgG1), 2.9 (IgG2a), and 20.6 (IgG1) (anti-CD1e  domains) were obtained by immunizing mice with an M10 cell line transfected with pL213. Hybridomas were screened by incubating untransfected or pL213-transfected M10 cells first with hybridoma supernatants and then with biotinylated anti-mouse Abs and finally with Cy-Chrome-conjugated streptavidin (Pharmingen). The specificities of these mAbs were determined using HeLa cells transfected with plasmids obtained in the cloning step. All membrane-associated CD1e isoforms were expressed as protein lacking the C-terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain (downstream from the EcoRI restriction site) fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) (CD1e Cyt-eGFP molecules). The cells were fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with antibody 1.22, 2.9, or 20.6 followed by Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse Abs. Simultaneous eGFP and Cy3 labeling revealed the specificities of the mAbs for the different membrane-associated isoforms of CD1e.

Flow Cytometry and Immunostaining-- Cells were washed in cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and incubated with the relevant mAb in PBS for 30 min at 4 °C. In indirect staining experiments, the cells were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate- or phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG for 30 min at 4 °C. Controls included staining with an isotype-matched irrelevant Ab.

In intracellular staining, the cells were first fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min and washed in cold PBS, and the primary Ab was added in staining buffer (RPMI 1640, 5% normal goat serum, 0.2% sodium azide, 0.1% saponin) for 30 min at 4 °C. The cells were then washed twice in saponin buffer (0.1% saponin in PBS), and the secondary Ab was added in the same buffer. The cells were washed twice in saponin buffer and twice in PBS before analysis on a FACScan cytometer (Becton Dickinson).

Immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy of fixed permeabilized DCs was carried out as described previously (18). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and IF analyses (24) were performed as described on a Leica TCS4D confocal microscope (Leica Lazer Tecknik, Heidelberg, Germany).

Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, and Endo H and F Treatment-- Confluent 75-cm² flasks of transfected or untransfected cells were washed twice in PBS and incubated for 1 h in 20 ml of methionine and cysteine-free medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum and 1 mM glutamine. The cells were washed twice and labeled with 250 µCi of [³⁵S] methionine and cysteine (Promix; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) in 3 ml of medium for 30 min to 1 h. The reaction was stopped by the addition of ice-cold PBS followed by two washing steps. After chase in 20 ml of RPMI containing 10% fetal calf serum, the cells were lysed in 1 ml of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, 2 µg/ml leupeptin) for 20 min on ice. Lysates were centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 15 min and were incubated twice with 50 µl of protein A-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) for 2 h. Supernatants were incubated with protein A-Sepharose and 5 µg of mAb or irrelevant isotype-matched mAb for 2 h. After extensive washing, the immunoprecipitates were treated or not with Endo Hf or Endo F (Biolabs, Beverly, CA). Samples were separated on 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gels under reducing conditions. Gels were treated with Amplify (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and exposed for autofluorography.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Alternative Splicing of the CD1E Pre-mRNA-- Since human CD1A, -B, and -C genes are expressed in DCs, we first tested whether this was the case for the CD1E gene. RNA from monocyte-derived DCs was reverse transcribed, and CD1e cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotides hybridizing with the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the gene. Several fragments were co-amplified, digested with EcoRV (present in the sequence of the 5' oligonucleotide) and EcoRI (present in the middle of the coding sequence in the 3' exon), and cloned into the homologous restriction sites of the pEGFP-N3 expression vector. Sequence analysis of the clones revealed a multiplicity of alternatively spliced transcripts of CD1e. Among 45 clones analyzed, more than 15 alternatively spliced mRNA species could be characterized (Fig. 1A). Two mRNAs encode a membrane protein with three extracellular  domains, a transmembrane domain and either a long or a short cytoplasmic domain. The two cytoplasmic domains (CytL and CytS) are encoded by two alternatively spliced exon VI region, and both are quite long (63 and 51 amino acids, respectively) as compared with those of other CD1 molecules (6-10 amino acids). Two potential glycosylation sites are located in the 1 domain. Other forms include only one (3) or two  domains (23, or 13), the transmembrane domain and either the short or the long cytoplasmic domain. An increase in diversity results from the use of two alternative donor splicing sites from intron 4, which gives rise to mRNA sequences encoding molecules with truncated 3 domains. One of these forms retains only 37 amino acids of the 93 amino acids of the complete 3 domain (3"). Since the reading frame is conserved, these molecules remain membrane-associated. The second alternative splicing (3') induces a frameshift in the fifth exon, which produces mRNAs encoding a molecule with 57 amino acids of the 3 domain and 24 additional amino acids and thus leads to a possible soluble secreted form. The N-terminal sequence of all isoforms is 10 amino acids longer than that deduced from the genomic sequence reported in GenBank^TM (X14975). Only one clone retaining the 3'-end of the mRNA could be isolated, suggesting that no alternative splicing occurs downstream from the EcoRI restriction site.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   CD1e alternatively spliced forms. A, schematic representation of human CD1e transcripts generated by alternative splicing in DCs derived from monocytes. The upper part reproduces the organization of the CD1E gene. Boxes correspond to exons encoding successively the signal peptide (S), the three  domains, the transmembrane domain (TM), seven amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain (in gray, exon V), and the end of the cytoplasmic domain (Cyt). The segment of CytL that is absent from CytS is represented by an open square. The horizontal arrows indicate the positions of the forward and backward primers used for the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The EcoRI restriction site used for the cloning of CD1e cDNAs into the pEGFP-N3 expression vector is denoted (). Below this scheme are shown the membrane-associated and the soluble isoforms. Diagonal lines linking exons indicate splicing patterns. Alternative splicing of exon VI to give mRNA encoding proteins lacking the transmembrane domain ("soluble forms") is not shown, and the asterisk represents the stop codon. B, schematic representation of some recombinant CD1e molecules.

Recombinant CD1e Isoforms and Monoclonal Antibodies against CD1e Molecules-- In order to study the localization of the different isoforms, several mAbs were selected and then tested on transfected cells expressing individual CD1e isoforms, fused or not with eGFP. The eGFP-fused molecules were examined first for practical reasons, as they could be expressed using the recombinant plasmids obtained in the cloning step. Membrane-associated CD1e isoforms expressed using these vectors were fused to eGFP at the EcoRI restriction site in the middle of the sequence encoding the cytoplasmic domain. Consequently, these constructions lacked the 28 C-terminal amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain encoded by the sequences downstream from the EcoRI restriction site and were designated using the " Cyt" suffix. All isoforms were further designated by listing their different constitutive domains (Fig. 1B; only a few representative isoforms are shown).

A mouse mAb (VIIC7) was raised against a peptide of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain (at positions 5/17). Additional experiments confirmed that this mAb could be used to follow the expression of membrane-associated CD1e isoforms in transfected cells by IF, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting.³ Abs specific for the  domains were obtained by constructing a plasmid encoding a hybrid protein comprising the three  domains of CD1e, fused to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of CD1c and to eGFP. M10 cells transfected with this expression vector were shown by IF microscopy and biochemical experiments to express the hybrid molecule on the cell surface. Mice were immunized with the transfected cells and hybridomas were prepared from one mouse. Three mAbs, named (1.22, 2.9, and 20.6) were selected, which stained the transfected cells but not untransfected M10 cells. The specificity of these mAbs was tested on HeLa cells transiently transfected with plasmids encoding the different isoforms. In these experiments, the membrane-associated molecules were expressed as CD1e Cyt-eGFP fusion proteins. The cells were fixed, permeabilized, stained with the different mAbs, and analyzed by IF microscopy (Table I). None of the mAbs stained transfected HeLa cells expressing the 23 isoform, while in IF studies the mAb 1.22 recognized all other isoforms, thus appearing to be specific for the 1 domain. The mAb 20.6 stained cells expressing the 123, 123', and 123" isoforms hence was more selective than 1.22. Although the mAb 2.9 specifically recognized the three  domain isoforms, the intensity of the signals were poor relative to those of the other mAbs, and 2.9 was therefore inappropriate for IF staining. On the basis of eGFP fluorescence or mAb staining, the CD1e 12-, 23-, and 123"-Cyt-eGFP molecules appeared to be retained in the ER. In contrast, CD1e 123CytL-eGFP were found on the cell surface and intracellularly.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table I Specificities of anti- domain mAbs The specificities of the mAbs against the CDle  domains were tested by IF. HeLa cells were transfected with CD1e cDNA cloned into the EcoRV and EcoRI restriction sites of pEGFP-N3. 48 h after transfection, the cells were fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with the different mAbs and then with Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. Cells were analyzed using IF microscopy.

Additional experiments using transfected M10 cells showed that all three mAbs could be used to detect CD1e isoforms by immunoprecipitation and displayed identical specificity as in IF, whereas none of them could be used for Western blotting. Moreover, cytofluorimetry on transfected cells expressing either CD1a, -b, or -c molecules demonstrated that these mAbs do not react with the other CD1 molecules expressed by DCs.³

Detection of Retention Sequences in the 3'-End of the Cytoplasmic Domain of CD1e-- Preliminary IF experiments using the VIIC7 mAb showed that whereas CD1e 123Cyt-eGFP fusion molecules transiently expressed in HeLa cells could reach the plasma membrane, complete CD1e molecules expressed in transfected cells appeared to be retained in the ER (data not shown). This suggested that the 28 C-terminal amino acids were involved in the retention of the full-length CD1e molecules. Since initially we had no mAb against the  domains of CD1e, it was not possible to directly determine which part of the protein mediated its retention in the ER. Therefore, we constructed plasmids expressing hybrid molecules consisting of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD1c fused to different parts of the CD1e cytoplasmic domains. The transmembrane domain of CD1c was fused to the N-terminal part of the cytoplasmic domain of the CytL and CytS isoforms, encoded by sequences upstream from the EcoRI restriction site (CD1c-CytL* and CD1c-CytS*), or to the C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain, encoded by sequences downstream from the EcoRI restriction site (CD1c-Eco-end) (Fig. 2A). These CD1c/CD1e hybrid molecules were expressed in M10 cells, an HLA-DR⁺ melanoma cell line that contains, like DCs, cellular compartments involved in the processing of exogenous antigens. Controls included cells transfected with CD1c alone. Stably transfected M10 cells were permeabilized or not, stained with an anti-CD1c mAb, and analyzed by flow cytometry or confocal microscopy.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Detection of a retention motif in the 3'-end of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain. Fusion molecules encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD1c fused to different parts of the CD1e cytoplasmic domain were stably transfected into M10 melanoma cells. A, extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD1c were fused to the part of the cytoplasmic domain of CytL or CytS upstream from the EcoRI site (CD1c-CytL* and CD1c-CytS*, respectively) or to the end of the cytoplasmic domain, downstream from the EcoRI site (CD1c-Eco-end). An asterisk indicates a stop codon introduced at the level of the EcoRI site; other symbols are described in Fig. 1. B, expression of the fusion proteins was quantified by flow cytometry of transfected cells permeabilized (total) or not (surface) and stained with L161 (anti-CD1c) and phycoerythrin-conjugated F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG. C, CD1c was fused to the CD1e cytoplasmic domain deleted in the five C-terminal amino acids (1) or of the six next amino acids including the dilysine motifs (KKWKTR) (2). Cell surface expression and intracellular distribution of the fusion molecules were determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.

In M10 cells, CD1c molecules as well as CD1c-CytL* and CD1c-CytS* hybrid molecules were found on the cell surface (Fig. 2B). In contrast, CD1c-Eco-end was only weakly present on the cell surface, although the intracellular staining showed it to be expressed equally as strongly as the other molecules. Confocal microscopy revealed intracellular CD1c molecules to be localized in HLA-DR⁺ compartments, as expected, while CD1c-Eco-end molecules were principally in the ER.³ The C-terminal region of this part of the cytoplasmic domain of CD1e contains two overlapping dilysine motifs (KKXK), both of which are known to mediate the retention of molecules in the ER (25). Dilysine motifs are generally located at amino acids 3/4 (KK motif) or 3/5 (KXK motif) of the cytoplasmic domain, whereas the KKXK sequence of CD1e lies at positions 8/11. The function of this sequence was explored by expressing in M10 cells other hybrid molecules comprising the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD1c fused to the cytoplasmic domain CytL, complete or truncated at different positions in the C-terminal end. Hybrid fusion proteins containing the complete cytoplasmic domain of CD1e (short or long) could not be detected on the surface of transfected M10 cells.³ Similarly, a CD1e long cytoplasmic tail deleted of the first five C-terminal amino acids induced a complete intracellular retention of CD1c (Fig. 2C). Confocal microscopy confirmed the ER localization of these fusion molecules. Deletion of the next six amino acids (KKWKTR) partly allowed cell surface expression of the fusion molecules. Although these molecules also displayed strong ER localization, they appeared to be more heterogeneously distributed among cell membranes including the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. This distribution indicated that CD1e is present throughout the biosynthetic secretory pathway. These experiments suggested that a sequence containing dilysine motifs mediates the retention in the ER, while other C-proximal sequences of the cytoplasmic domain might further slow down or hinder its transport to the cell surface.

CD1e Molecules Accumulate in the Golgi and Late Endosomal Compartments of Transfected Melanoma Cells-- With the development of mAbs specific of the  domains, we got additional tools to follow the expression of CD1e molecules in transfected cells. The mAb 20.6 against the CD1e  domains and VIIC7 against the CD1e cytoplasmic domain were used to detect CD1e in a transfected M10 cell line expressing CD1e 123-CytL or CD1e 123-CytS. The cells were fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with the mAbs. Interestingly, while VIIC7 strongly stained the ER and dense structures, which were probably Golgi compartments, 20.6 only weakly labeled the ER but brightly stained the Golgi compartment and other structures not revealed by VIIC7 (Fig. 3A). Untransfected M10 cells were not labeled by the mAbs (not shown). The unknown structures were identified by double immunostaining with 20.6 and Abs specific for Rab-6 (Golgi compartments), TGN-46 (trans-Golgi network), EEA1 (sorting endosomes), CD63 (late endosomes), Lamp-1 (lysosomes), or HLA-DR (HLA class II enriched compartments). Confocal microscopy showed that CD1e partially co-localized with Rab-6 and TGN-46 as well as CD63, and to a much lesser extent with Lamp-1 and HLA-DR molecules, but not with EEA1 (data shown only for CD1e 123-CytL, Fig. 3B). Thus, in transfected M10 cells, CD1e was found not only in the ER, but also in the late Golgi and late endosomal compartments.

View larger version (156K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   CD1e molecules accumulate in the Golgi and late endosomal compartments of transfected melanoma cells. A, M10 transfectants expressing CD1e 123-CytL or CD1e 123-CytS were fixed, permeabilized, and stained with VIIC7 or 20.6, both revealed with CyTM3-conjugated F(ab')2 donkey anti-mouse IgG. B, M10-CD1e 123-CytL cells were fixed, permeabilized, and double-labeled with 20.6 (revealed by CyTM3-conjugated F(ab')2 donkey anti-mouse IgG or Alexa-488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG) and either anti-Rab-6, anti-TGN-46, anti-Lamp-1, anti-HLA-DR (L243), or anti-EEA1 Ab (all revealed with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG) or the CyTM3-conjugated anti-CD63 mAb. Cellular co-localization (yellow) was detected by confocal fluorescent microscopy.

CD1e Is Cleaved in Acidic Compartments-- In an attempt to explain the discrepancies between the immunostaining results obtained with the anti-cytoplasmic domain mAb VIIC7 and the other mAbs, CD1e molecules were analyzed biochemically. Transfected M10 cells were metabolically labeled for 1 h with ³⁵S and chased for 0, 2, 4, or 20 h. Membrane proteins were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with either VIIC7 or 2.9 mAb, and the glycosylation of the immunoprecipitated proteins was examined by treatment with Endo H or F (Fig. 4A). Most of the molecules immunoprecipitated with VIIC7 mAb remain Endo H-sensitive, and only a faint Endo H-resistant signal was detected after 2 h of chase. These molecules appeared to leave slowly the ER and became undetectable following an overnight chase. In contrast, the CD1e molecules immunoprecipitated by 2.9 started to become Endo H-resistant during the first 2 h of chase, were mostly Endo H-resistant after 4 h, and were still present after 20 h of chase. Interestingly, these latter molecules were cleaved within the first 2 h of chase, giving rise to a protein with a polypeptidic backbone of 28 kDa, a mass that corresponds to cleavage of CD1e at the transmembrane domain. Since the mAb 2.9 only recognizes CD1e molecules containing all three  domains, it is likely that CD1e is cleaved between the 3 and transmembrane domains and converted into a soluble form. In similar experiments using mAb 20.6 or 1.22, we observed an identical maturation of CD1e molecules. However, while comparable amounts of Endo H-resistant CD1e (cleaved or not) were immunoprecipitated by 2.9, 20.6, or 1.22, 4-fold higher amounts of Endo H-sensitive CD1e were immunoprecipitated by 20.6 or 1.22, suggesting that the latter mAbs recognize a larger subsets of immature CD1e molecules.³

View larger version (83K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Biosynthesis of CD1e 123-CytL in transfected M10 cells. A, M10 or M10-CD1e 123-CytL cells were pulse-labeled for 1 h with [35S]methionine and cysteine and chased for various period of times. After immunoprecipitation of CD1e with VIIC7 or 2.9, the precipitates were digested or not with Endo H or Endo F and resolved on a 12.5% SDS-PAGE gel under reducing conditions. B, M10-CD1e 123-CytL cells were metabolically labeled and chased for different times. Lysates were depleted of 2m by two anti-2m immunoprecipitations (2m). Controls were obtained by performing two adsorptions on protein A-Sepharose in the presence of an irrelevant isotype-matched mAb (Ig). The remaining CD1e molecules were immunoprecipitated with VIIC7 or 2.9 and the samples were resolved on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels under reducing conditions. Fluorographs were developed after 4 days (VIIC7) or 10 days (2.9). The 33-kDa band found in 2.9 immunoprecipitates is nonspecific and was sometimes observed in untransfected M10 cells. C, M10 or M10-CD1e cells were metabolically labeled for 1 h and chased for 2 or 4 h in the presence of 1 µM bafilomycin (BAF), 100 µM chloroquine (CHL), or 10 mM NH4Cl (NH4). CD1e molecules were immunoprecipitated with 2.9 and treated (+) or not () with Endo F. NT, not treated by drugs.

The association of 2m with the CD1e heavy chain was then investigated by pulse-chase labeling of the same cells. Solubilized membrane extracts were depleted of 2m by two successive immunoprecipitations with an anti-2m mAb or, as the control, an irrelevant isotype-matched mAb. The remaining CD1e molecules were immunoprecipitated with either VIIC7 or 2.9. Autoradiography revealed that removal of 2m eliminated all 2.9 reactive molecules but did not seem to affect VIIC7 reactive molecules (Fig. 4B). These experiments demonstrated that (i) most CD1e molecules present in the ER and reacting with VIIC7 are not associated with 2m, (ii) the mAb 2.9 recognizes complexes between the CD1e heavy chain and 2m, and (iii) soluble CD1e molecules are associated with 2m.

According to these findings, cleavage of CD1e occurred late in its biosynthesis, which suggested that lysosomal proteolytic enzymes acting in an acidic environment could be responsible for this last post-translational modification. This was confirmed using three different inhibitors of cellular acidification. M10-CD1e cells were pulse-labeled for 1 h and chased for 2 or 4 h in the absence or in the presence of chloroquine, NH4Cl, or bafilomycin, and CD1e molecules were immunoprecipitated with 2.9 (Fig. 4C). In absence of inhibitors of acidification, most of the CD1e molecules were cleaved during the first 2 h of chase, while in their presence no cleavage products were observed even after 4 h. Hence, CD1e must be processed in acidic compartments, most probably in late CD63⁺ endosomal compartments. CD1e 123-CytS behave like CD1e 123-CytL in terms of processing.³

Expression of CD1e in Dendritic Cells-- In view of the multiplicity of hypothetical CD1e molecules able to be produced in DCs, an analysis of the CD1e polypeptide chains translated in DCs was performed. The synthesis of CD1e molecules was demonstrated by metabolic labeling of DCs and immunoprecipitation with the mAb VIIC7, and more than seven forms were detected (Fig. 5A). The two proteins of highest molecular mass corresponded to isoforms containing three  domains, while the other polypeptides displayed the molecular masses of isoforms with two  domains or a shortened 3 domain. Since VIIC7 is specific for the CD1e cytoplasmic domain (at positions 5/17), it was not possible to fully identify the different isoforms separated by SDS-PAGE. However, it was possible to follow the two longer CD1e isoforms using the mAb 20.6 in pulse-chase labeling experiments. Immunoprecipitation of CD1e with 20.6 revealed that the two longer isoforms (Fig. 5B, band U), which were present after the pulse, became Endo H-resistant and were cleaved in the absence of the bafilomycin within 2 h of chase (band P). After 2 h of chase in the presence of bafilomycin, only complete Endo H-resistant molecules were detected. Interestingly, a higher number of CD1e molecules was immunoprecipitated from bafilomycin-treated immature DCs, suggesting that in these cells CD1e was unstable. A 27-kDa Endo F-resistant protein unexpectedly coprecipitated with CD1e after 2 h of chase in the presence of bafilomycin (band B). Since the same result was observed using VIIC7 or 20.6 mAb, but not an irrelevant control mAb (Fig. 5A), this molecule was not a degradation product of CD1e molecules but could be a protein that associates with CD1e in the late steps of its transport.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Expression of CD1e in DCs derived from monocytes and epidermal Langerhans cells. A, monocyte-derived DCs (4 × 106 cells/condition) were metabolically labeled for 2 h and chased for an additional 2 h in the absence (NT) or presence of bafilomycin (BAF). Solubilized extracts were immunoprecipitated with VIIC7, and the precipitates were treated or not treated with Endo H or Endo F and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography (8 days of exposure). B, in another experiment, solubilized cell extracts (3 × 106 cells/condition) were immunoprecipitated with 20.6 or an irrelevant control IgG1 (Ig), and the precipitates were treated or not with Endo H or Endo F. Proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography (12 days of exposure). U, unprocessed CD1e; P, cleaved CD1e; B, protein only observed in bafilomycin-treated samples (see Results). C, monocytes, DCs derived from monocytes and freshly isolated LCs were allowed to adhere to glass coverslips precoated with poly-L-lysine. After fixation and permeabilization, monocytes and DCs derived from monocytes were labeled with VIIC7 and anti-calnexin Abs and analyzed by confocal microscopy; a staining of DCs derived from monocytes and freshly isolated LCs with 20.6 mAb was also performed. D, immature DCs and DCs treated with LPS for 24 h were allowed to adhere to glass coverslips. The cells were then fixed, permeabilized, and stained with anti-CD1e and either anti-Rab-6, anti-TGN-46, anti-Lamp-1, or anti-CD63 Ab and analyzed by confocal microscopy as described in Fig. 3B.

Finally, we investigated the localization of CD1e in DCs. Monocytes, DCs derived from monocytes, and freshly isolated epidermal LCs were fixed, permeabilized, and stained with VIIC7 and 20.6. No staining was observed in monocytes, while if the mAb VIIC7 stained DCs, the cellular localization obtained by IF was ambiguous. Confocal microscopy and double staining with an anti-calnexin Ab showed that the molecules recognized by VIIC7 accumulated partly in the calnexin-positive ER but also in other unidentified calnexin-negative compartments (Fig. 5C). The mAb 20.6 stained compartments in DCs derived from monocytes and in LCs (Fig. 5C).

The intracellular distribution of CD1e in these cells was characterized by confocal microscopy (Fig. 5D). In immature DCs, CD1e colocalized mainly with Rab-6 and TGN-46 and most strongly with TGN-46. Conversely, in LPS-treated mature DCs, CD1e was found in CD63⁺ and Lamp-1⁺ compartments and was almost absent from the Golgi. When DCs were treated with TNF for 24 h, CD1e also colocalized with CD63,³ suggesting a redistribution of CD1e molecules from the late Golgi compartments to late endosomal structures during maturation. The absence of cell surface CD1e was confirmed by flow cytometry of immature and mature (TNF- or LPS-treated) DCs.³

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The biosynthesis of CD1e molecules has not yet been demonstrated, although the gene was characterized in 1986. Multiple alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA was observed in T cell lines, but the resulting mRNA molecules were not characterized (17). In this work, we therefore chose to first characterize the CD1e transcripts produced in DCs derived from monocytes. More than 15 alternatively spliced mRNA molecules were identified, and the translation products may be classified either as membrane-associated proteins or as putative soluble proteins. Transcripts homologous to human CD1e were recently described in guinea pigs (26). Although only one CD1e cDNA was characterized, an extensive analysis of CD1e transcripts from this animal might reveal other alternatively spliced sequences. It is worthy of note that human and guinea pig CD1e both have a long cytoplasmic tail as compared with other CD1 molecules. Compared with other CD1 molecules, the guinea pig CD1e includes an 11-amino acid N-terminal extension; a similar 10 amino acid extension was also found in human CD1e.

In order to follow the expression and the localization of CD1e isoforms, several mAbs were obtained. One mAb was directed against a C-terminal peptide of the cytoplasmic domain (VIIC7), and three others (1.22, 2.9, and 20.6; Table I) were specific to CD1e  domains, detecting different overlapping sets of CD1e isoforms. Immunofluorescence studies on transfected cells expressing CD1e-Cyt-eGFP fusion molecules (lacking the 28 C-terminal amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain) showed that, among membrane-associated isoforms, only those with three  domains can leave the ER. The processing of the corresponding complete isoforms, CD1e-CytL and CD1eCytS, which differ by the length of the cytoplasmic tail, was investigated in transfected melanoma cells. Interestingly, in these cells, the mAb VIIC7 against the cytoplasmic domain and the mAb 20.6 against  domains showed different patterns of distribution of CD1e molecules. Whereas VIIC7 revealed CD1e in the ER and Golgi compartments, 20.6 revealed CD1e mainly in the Golgi and CD63⁺ late endosomal compartments. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses of transfected M10 cells labeled with the mAb 20.6 failed to detect CD1e 123-CytL on the cell surface.³ To understand this particular distribution, a biochemical analysis of CD1e synthesis and maturation was performed. Experiments using transfected cells showed that most of the CD1e molecules immunoprecipitated by VIIC7 were Endo H-sensitive. A minor part of these molecules were immunoprecipitated with the 2.9 mAb, these molecules being converted into an Endo H-resistant form. The latter molecules were then cleaved into a soluble form in acidic compartments. While most VIIC7-immunoprecipitated molecules appeared to be free of 2m, those immunoprecipitated with 2.9 mAb were associated with 2m. These observations suggest that most of the CD1e molecules in the ER slowly acquire the right conformation; this rate-limiting step could be the association of CD1e heavy chain with 2m. Once they are properly folded, these molecules are exported to an acidic compartment, where they are cleaved into a soluble form, probably the late CD63⁺ endosomal compartments, where they colocalize. In these compartments, the CD1e molecules are rather stable, since they can be still detected in cell extracts after a 20-h chase while they could not be found in culture supernatants.

Experiments using CD1c-CD1e hybrid proteins demonstrated that a short sequence including two overlapping dilysine motifs (KKXK) motifs located in the C-terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain was involved in the intracellular traffic of CD1e molecules. This sequence was involved in the ER retention of the hybrid molecules. However, whereas all such dilysine motifs (KK or KXK) characterized to date lie 1-2 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the cytoplasmic domain (25), those of CD1e lie 8-10 amino acids upstream of the C-terminal end. This unusual position raises the question as to whether these signals act like classical di-lysine motifs. Notably, preliminary experiments in transfected M10 cells have shown that the CD1e 123-CytL-eGFP fusion protein is converted into a 2.9 reactive form more rapidly than CD1e 123-CytL, suggesting that the C-terminal amino acids play a role in the folding of CD1e  domains or in the association of the CD1e heavy chain with 2m. Recently, CD1e-Cyt molecules have been expressed in M10 cells; these molecules were observed on the cell surface as well as in endosomal compartments.³ This last observation suggests that the dilysine motifs could also be involved in the control of the traffic of CD1e molecules in post-Golgi compartments, allowing a retrograde transport of molecules en route toward the cell surface. We can hypothesize that the cleavage of CD1e in the acidic compartment prevents these molecules from a retrograde transport from the endosomes to the ER. One of these dilysine motifs is also present in guinea pig CD1e (NRVLKKWKTRLNQLW (human)/KNRILKWKRSLNQFW (guinea pig)), and it would be interesting to know if the guinea pig CD1e molecules present a similar intracellular distribution. Experiments are now in progress to define more exactly the role of the dilysine motifs and those of other sequences of the cytoplasmic domain in the cellular distribution of human CD1e molecules.

Molecules with only two  domains or with a truncated 3 domain were retained in the ER, even when the dilysine motif was removed (CD1e-Cyt-eGFP hybrid proteins). Moreover, when the hypothetical soluble isoform CD1e 123' was expressed in M10-transfected cells, this molecule remained fully Endo H-sensitive after 4 h of chase and was not secreted into the culture medium.³ Immunoprecipitation with the 20.6 mAb did not co-precipitate 2m, and conversely immunoprecipitation of 2m did not co-precipitate CD1e 123'.³ Hence, this isoform does not associate or only very loosely associates with 2m. Since the membrane-associated form CD1e 123"-CytS contains a shortened 3 domain, it is also unlikely to associate with 2m. Hence, the 1.22 and 20.6 mAbs, detecting these truncated isoforms, also recognize 2m-free CD1e molecules.

In immature DCs, metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation with VIIC7 revealed numerous CD1e polypeptides corresponding, in terms of molecular mass, to the different isoforms predicted from cDNA cloning. The mAb 20.6 detected only the biosynthesis of long CD1e isoforms, and these molecules appeared to be cleaved in an acidic compartment. Interestingly, more CD1e molecules were immunoprecipitated from bafilomycin-treated immature DCs, suggesting that CD1e was rapidly degraded in their acidic compartments. CD1e could not be detected on the plasma membrane, while IF staining of permeabilized cells with the mAb VIIC7, specific for the CD1e cytoplasmic domain, revealed CD1e molecules in the ER and in calnexin-negative compartments, which will require further characterization. Using the mAb 20.6, CD1e was observed mainly in the late Golgi compartments and to a minor extent in CD63⁺ compartments of immature monocyte-derived DCs. After treatment of the cells with LPS, CD1e was found mainly in CD63⁺ compartments. An identical distribution of CD1e molecules was also observed in freshly isolated Langerhans cells as in immature monocyte-derived DCs, and the same redistribution when maturation of the cells was induced by 2 days of culture in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and TNF.³ Thus, CD1e appears to be implicated in the maturation program of dendritic cells, which involves changes in the expression and traffic of antigen-presenting molecules such as CD1a, -b, or -c molecules as well as HLA-DR molecules and other proteins of unknown function such as DC-Lamp, all of which traffic through the endosomal pathway. Finally, metabolic and IF studies suggest that the apparent differences in the distribution of CD1e in mature and immature DCs reflect different stabilities of CD1e molecules in the two types of cells.

This work first demonstrates the biosynthesis of the CD1e proteins not only in transfected cells but also in differentiated DCs. The distribution of this protein belonging to a family of antigen-presenting molecules was unexpected. Other CD1 molecules are first expressed on the surface of DCs and may then internalize into early or late endosomal compartments. In contrast, CD1e proteins expressed in DCs or in transfected cells do not reach the cell surface but seem to move directly from the Golgi compartments to the late endosomes. This unusual distribution makes it difficult to predict the function of CD1e proteins. However, the differences in localization between immature and mature cells strongly suggest that CD1e plays a physiological role in DCs. The absence of expression on the cell surface argues against a direct role in antigen presentation, unlike other CD1 molecules, whereas the presence of CD1e in late endosomal compartments points to its involvement in antigen processing. Characterization of molecules that may interact with CD1e will be necessary to determine its exact biological function.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. A. Bohbot for providing elutriated monocytes and C. Schwartz for technical assistance.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by the Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, INSERM, and Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer Grant 9411.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBank^TM/EMBL Data Bank with accession number(s) AJ289111 to AJ289122.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 33 3 882 125 25; Fax: 33 3 882 125 44; E-mail: henri.delasalle@efs-alsace.fr.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, August 17, 2000, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M007082200

² D. Hanau and J. Salamero, unpublished observations.

³ C. Angénieux, unpublished observations.

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