HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 17, 14641-14646, April 26, 2002

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 277/17/14641    most recent M111540200v1 Submit a Letter to Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Yang, J.-Y. Articles by Widmann, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Yang, J.-Y. Articles by Widmann, C. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?

The RasGAP N-terminal Fragment Generated by Caspase Cleavage Protects Cells in a Ras/PI3K/Akt-dependent Manner That Does Not Rely on NFB Activation^*

Jiang-Yan Yang and Christian Widmann^§¶

From the  Institut de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Université de Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and the ^§ Départment de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland

Received for publication, December 4, 2001, and in revised form, February 13, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

RasGAP, a regulator of Ras GTPase family members, is cleaved at low levels of caspase activity into an N-terminal fragment (fragment N) that generates potent anti-apoptotic signals. At higher levels of caspase activity, fragment N is further cleaved into two fragments that strongly potentiate apoptosis. RasGAP could thus function as a sensor of caspase activity to determine whether a cell should survive or not. Here we show that fragment N protects cells by activating the Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway. Surprisingly, even though nuclear factor B (NFB) can be activated by Akt, it plays no role in the anti-apoptotic functions of fragment N. This indicates that Akt effectors are differentially regulated when fragment N is generated.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Most, if not all, apoptotic responses rely on the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine-proteases that selectively cleave their substrates after aspartic residues (1, 2). The execution phase of apoptosis is triggered when the caspase substrates in a cell are cleaved. Dozens of caspase substrates have been identified and the list is growing steadily (3, 4). Once cleaved, caspase substrates mediate the biochemical and morphological events observed during apoptosis such as amplification of the activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, nuclear breakdown, etc. In some cases, however, caspase activation does not result in cell death but may in fact participate in other cellular responses such as the regulation of cell differentiation (5-7).

We have recently demonstrated that RasGAP,¹ a regulator of Ras and Rho GTP-binding proteins, is an unconventional caspase substrate because it can induce both anti- and pro-apoptotic signals, depending on the extent of its cleavage by caspases (8). At low levels of caspase activity, RasGAP is cleaved at position 455, generating an N-terminal fragment (fragment N) and a C-terminal fragment (fragment C). Fragment C alone can induce apoptosis, but this response is completely inhibited by fragment N. Fragment N appears to be a general blocker of apoptosis downstream of caspase activation because it inhibits caspase 9-induced cell death. How fragment N mediates its protective effects is unknown. At higher levels of caspase activity, the ability of fragment N to counteract apoptosis is suppressed when it is cleaved at position 157. This latter cleavage event generates two fragments that, in contrast to fragment N, potently sensitize cells toward apoptosis. RasGAP could thus be viewed as an apoptostat in the sense that it can allow the cell to determine when caspases have been mildly activated to fulfill functions other than apoptosis or when caspases are strongly activated to mediate apoptosis.

In the present study we have characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of fragment N. Our results show that fragment N inhibits apoptosis in a Ras-PI3K-Akt-dependent manner that, surprisingly, does not rely on NFB activation.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Cell Lines-- HeLa cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 containing 10% newborn calf serum (Invitrogen) at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. Cells were transfected using LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) as described (9). The total amount of DNA was kept constant using empty vectors when required.

Chemicals and Antibodies-- The anti-Ras mouse monoclonal IgG 2K antibody (clone RAS10) and the anti-ERK1/2 rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody were from Upstate Biotechnology (catalog nos. 05-516 and 06-182, respectively). The anti-phospho serine 473-Akt rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (catalog no. 9271). The rabbit polyclonal IgG antibody recognizing Akt1/2 was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (catalog no. SC-8312). The anti-PI3K p85 antibody used for the in vitro PI3K assay was from Upstate Biotechnology (catalog no. 06-195). The monoclonal antibody specific for the HA tag was purchased as ascites from Babco (catalog no. MMS-101R). This antibody was adsorbed on HeLa cell lysates to decrease nonspecific binding as previously described (8).

Plasmids-- The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3 is from Invitrogen. The dn3 and cmv extensions in some of the names of the plasmids used in this study indicate that the backbone vector is pcDNA3 and pCMV4/5, respectively. GFP-GAPC encodes a fusion protein between GFP and fragment C of RasGAP (amino acids 456-1047) bearing an HA tag at the C-terminal end. N-D157A.dn3 encodes the HA-tagged version (at the N terminus) of a caspase-resistant form of fragment N (RasGAP sequences 1-455). These plasmids have been described previously (8). N17Ras.cmv is a pCMV5-derived plasmid encoding the Ser¹⁷Asn dominant negative Ras mutant. N19Rho.dn3 encodes a Myc-tagged form of the Ser¹⁹Asn dominant negative Rho mutant. Ras.dn3 encodes human c-Ha-Ras-1, and V12Ras.dn3 corresponds to the constitutively active Gly¹²Val form of the protein. V12S35.sg5, V12G37.sg5, and V12C40.sg5 are pSG5-derived plasmids encoding the constitutively active form of Ras bearing the mutations Thr³⁵Ser, Glu³⁷Gly, and Tyr⁴⁰Cys, respectively. SH2-p85.dn3 encodes the SH2 domain of p85 (amino acids 21-140) bearing the Myc tag at its N terminus. p110-CAAX encodes the membrane targeted, constitutively active form of the catalytic subunit of PI3K. Akt-DN.cmv encodes the dominant negative kinase-inactive mutant of Akt bearing an HA tag at its N terminus. myr-Akt.cmv encodes a constitutively active form of Akt that bears a Src myristoylation sequence at its N terminus and an HA tag at its C terminus. MEKK1.dn3 has been described previously (10). IBN2 encodes a mutant of IB that cannot be phosphorylated by IK proteins and degraded by the proteasome and therefore functions as an inhibitor of NFB. IK2.vsv encodes the wild-type IK2 protein. Raf-RBD.pgx (also called pGEX 2T-RBD) encodes a fusion protein between GST and amino acids 51-131 of the Ras binding domain of Raf1.

Apoptosis Assay-- Apoptosis was determined by scoring transfected cells (as assessed by the expression of GFP) displaying pyknotic nuclei (visualized with Hoechst 33342), as described previously (8).

In Vitro PI3K Assay-- HeLa cells were starved for 16 h and then lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.2, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS, 1% Nonidet P-40, 100 µM Na₃VO₄, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 tablet per 50 ml of a complete protease inhibitor mixture (Roche, catalog no. 1.697.498)). 500 µg of total protein were then incubated with a 1:100 dilution of an anti-PI3K antibody in the presence of 40 µl of a 1:1 slurry of protein A-Sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences catalog no. 17-0974-01) with gentle rocking overnight at 4 °C. The beads were washed three times with kinase buffer A (1× Tris-buffered saline (50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl)), 1% Nonidet P-40, 100 µM Na₃VO₄), three times with kinase buffer B (100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 500 mM LiCl₂, 100 µM Na₃VO₄), and three times with kinase buffer C (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 100 µM Na₃VO₄). The beads were then resuspended in 50 µl of kinase buffer C without Na₃VO₄, 10 µl of 100 mM MgCl₂, 10 µl of phosphatidylinositol (2 mg/ml in Tris-HCl, pH 7.5), and 1 mM EGTA together with 10 µl of 440 µM ATP containing 20 µCi of ³²P-ATP. This mixture was then incubated for 10 min at room temperature. The reaction was terminated with the addition of 20 µl of 8 N HCl. The lipids were extracted by adding 160 µl of CHCl₃/MeOH (1:1) and centrifuged for 10 min at 13,000 × g. Fifty µl of the lower organic phase were harvested and loaded onto a TLC plate (silica gel 60, glass support, 20 × 20 cm, Sigma catalog no. Z 29 2974) that had been pretreated with 1% potassium oxalate in H₂O/MeOH (3:2). The plates were then developed in CHCl₃/CH₃OH/H₂O/NH₄OH (60:47:11.3:2) for 2 h and then visualized by autoradiography.

In Vitro Akt Kinase Assay-- HeLa cells were starved and lysed as described for the in vitro PI3K assay. Akt kinase activity was measured using a kit from Upstate Biotechnology (catalog no. 06-195) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Western Blot Analysis-- Cells were lysed in mono Q-c buffer as described previously (8). For the Western blot analysis using anti-phospho Akt or anti-phospho-ERK antibodies, the cells were lysed in RIPA buffer. Western blotting was performed as described (11) using a homemade ECL reagent (8). To improve the signal in some experiments, an enhanced ECL solution (SuperSignal^® West Femto maximum sensitivity substrate from Pierce, catalog no. 34095) was mixed with the homemade reagent.

Affinity Precipitation of GTP-bound Cellular Ras-- The fusion protein encoding GST and amino acids 51-131 of c-Raf1 was isolated as described previously (12). Briefly, Raf-RBD.pgx-transformed bacteria were incubated with isopropyl-1-thio--D-galactopyranoside for 2 h at 37 °C and sonicated on ice six times for 1 min in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 µM aprotinin, 1 µM leupeptin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Triton X-100 was added to a final concentration of 1% and, after gently stirring for 30 min at 4 °C, glycerol was added to a final concentration of 10%. The lysate was aliquoted and stored at 80 °C until used (but no more than 4 weeks). The desired amount of crude GST-Ras binding domain of Raf (RBD) was thawed and incubated with glutathione-agarose beads at room temperature for 30 min. The beads were isolated by centrifugation and washed three times with RIPA buffer. Cells from a 10-cm dish were lysed and scraped in 1 ml of RIPA buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% SDS, 0.1 µM aprotinin, 1 µM leupeptin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride at 4 °C. Lysates were centrifuged for 8 min at 12,000 × g in an Eppendorf centrifuge to remove nuclei. GST-RBD precoupled to glutathione-agarose beads in RIPA buffer was added to the lysates and incubated with gentle rocking at 4 °C for 60 min. Beads were collected by centrifugation, washed three times with RIPA buffer, and resuspended in sample buffer (10% glycerol, 60 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 300 mM -mercaptoethanol). The protein samples were separated on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and subsequently transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for Western blotting analysis using a Ras-specific monoclonal antibody.

NFB Assay-- NFB activity was measured using a luciferase reporting assay, as described previously (13).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The cleavage of RasGAP by caspases at position 455 occurs at very low caspase activity (8). The resulting N-terminal fragment generates potent anti-apoptotic signals. However, as caspase activity increases, fragment N is cleaved at position 157 (8). The fragments resulting from this cleavage event strongly sensitize cells toward apoptosis (8). Therefore, to specifically study the anti-apoptotic function of fragment N in the present study we have used a mutant of fragment N bearing an aspartate to alanine substitution at position 457 that cannot be further cleaved by caspases (8).

Ras but Not Rho Is Required for Fragment N-induced Cell Protection-- Because RasGAP is a regulator of Ras and Rho (14), we assessed whether these small GTP-binding proteins are required for the protective effects mediated by fragment N. As shown in Fig. 1A, a dominant negative mutant of Ras (N17Ras) but not a dominant negative mutant of Rho (N19Rho) totally blocked the ability of fragment N to inhibit fragment C-induced apoptosis. Rho has recently been shown to be required for the ability of V12Ras, a constitutively active form of Ras, to activate the ERK MAPK (15). Western blot analysis using phospho-ERK-specific antibodies on lysates from HeLa cells transfected with V12Ras in the presence or absence of N19Rho demonstrated that N19Rho prevented the ability of V12Ras to induce ERK phosphorylation (Fig. 1B). This demonstrates that N19Rho functions as a specific Rho inhibitor in our experimental system. The data presented in Fig. 1, A and B indicate that blocking Ras, but not Rho, prevents fragment N from being anti-apoptotic.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Ras, but not Rho, is activated by fragment N and required to mediate its anti-apoptotic function. A, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with either empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), or 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid and 1 µg of the plasmid encoding an HA-tagged uncleavable form of fragment N (C + N) in the presence or absence of 2 µg of a plasmid encoding the dominant negative N17Ras mutant or 2 µg of a plasmid encoding the dominant negative N19Rho mutant. The number of transfected cells undergoing apoptosis was then scored and expressed as the mean ± S.D. of five independent experiments performed in duplicate. B, HeLa cells were transfected with pcDNA3 or with 2 µg of a plasmid encoding the constitutively active V12Ras mutant in the presence or absence of 2 µg of a plasmid encoding the dominant negative N19Rho mutant. The extent of ERK activation was assessed by Western blot analysis using a specific anti-phospho-ERK antibody. This blot is a representative example of two independent experiments. C, HeLa cells were transfected with a Ras-encoding plasmid (2 µg) together with plasmids encoding fragment N (1 µg) and fragment C (4 µg), alone or in combination. After a 24 h recovery period, the cells were starved for 16 h and lysed in RIPA buffer. The amount of active Ras was visualized as described under "Experimental Procedures." Western blot analysis of the whole cell lysates showed that Ras expression levels were similar in the different samples (data not shown). This figure is representative of six independent experiments.

A pull-down assay employing the Ras binding domain of Raf fused to GST was used to determine whether fragment N can activate Ras. GST-RBD only binds to the active GTP-bound form of Ras and the amount of active Ras bound to GST-RBD can be measured by quantitative Western blot analysis using Ras-specific antibodies (12). Fig. 1C shows that fragment N activates Ras either in the presence or absence of fragment C (fragment C alone had no significant effect on Ras activity by itself). Together with the observation that an active form of Ras, V12Ras, can mimic fragment N-induced inhibition of apoptosis (8), the results presented in Fig. 1 demonstrate that Ras activation is necessary and sufficient to mediate fragment N-induced protection.

Several pathways are activated by Ras, some of them with known anti-apoptotic functions (16). To assess which Ras-dependent pathways could be involved in the protective effect mediated by fragment N, constitutively activated Ras mutants that preferentially activate a subset of the Ras effector pathways (G12V/T35S Ras for the ERK MAPK pathway, G12V/Y40C for PI3K-dependent pathways, and G12V/E37G for RalGDS-dependent pathways) (14, 17) were tested for their ability to block fragment C-induced apoptosis. G12V/Y40C Ras was the only mutant that inhibited fragment C-induced apoptosis with the same potency as activated Ras (V12Ras) (Fig. 2). G12V/T35S partially blocked apoptosis but only in conditions leading to the highest expression levels. G12V/E37G Ras had no protective effect. These results suggest that the activation of PI3K-dependent pathways could mediate fragment N-induced anti-apoptotic functions.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Ras mutants that are not impaired in PI3K activation mediate strong protection against fragment C-induced apoptosis. HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3) or 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C) in the presence of increasing quantities of various constitutively active Ras mutants (V12Ras, G12V/T35S Ras, G12V/E37G Ras, G12V/Y40C Ras. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as described in the Fig. 1A legend and expressed as the means ± S.E. of duplicate determinations. This figure is representative of three independent experiments.

The Protective Function of Fragment N Is PI3K-dependent-- Fig. 3A shows that fragment N induces PI3K activation in the absence or in the presence of fragment C. The SH2 domain of the p85 regulatory PI3K subunit, which functions as a dominant negative mutant, totally blocked the ability of fragment N to inhibit fragment C-induced apoptosis (Fig. 3B). Moreover, a constitutively active form of PI3K, p110CAAX, mimicked the ability of fragment N to inhibit fragment C-induced apoptosis (Fig. 3C). Activation of PI3K is thus necessary and sufficient to mediate fragment N-induced protection.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   PI3K activation is necessary and sufficient for fragment N to mediate its anti-apoptotic functions. A, HeLa cells were transfected with empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid (N), or a combination of the two latter plasmids (N + C). The cells were then washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline and starved for 16 h. PI3K activity was measured by using an in vitro kinase assay as described under "Experimental Procedures." The data are expressed as the means ± S.E. of duplicate determinations. B, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid (N), or a combination of the two latter plasmids (C + N), in the presence of increasing quantities of a plasmid encoding the isolated SH2 domain of PI3K (that functions as dominant negative mutant for PI3Ks). The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as described in the Fig. 1A legend. C, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3) or 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C) in the presence of increasing quantities of a constitutively active mutant of PI3K (p110CAAX)-encoding plasmid. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as above. The figures presented in panels A, B, and C are representative of three independent experiments.

Activation of Akt Is Required for Fragment N to Mediate Its Protective Effects-- The activation of Akt has been shown to promote cell survival in many systems (18). Because Akt can be activated by PI3K, we determined whether it could participate in the anti-apoptotic response induced by fragment N. Using an in vitro Akt kinase assay (Fig. 4A) or a Western blot analysis using antibodies that recognize the activated form of Akt (Fig. 4B), we observed that fragment N led to Akt activation whether or not fragment C was present. A kinase-dead Akt mutant inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the ability of fragment N to block fragment C-induced apoptosis (Fig. 4C). The addition of the src myristoylation sequence to Akt renders it constitutively active (18). This Akt construct mimicked the protective function of fragment N (Fig. 4D). Akt activation is thus necessary and sufficient to mediate fragment N-induced protection.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Akt activation is necessary and sufficient for fragment N to mediate its anti-apoptotic functions. A and B, HeLa cells were transfected, starved, and lysed as described in Fig. 3A. The Akt activity was measured either by using an in vitro Akt kinase assay (as described under "Experimental Procedures") (panel A) or by monitoring the extent of the phosphorylation of Akt at the activation site (serine 473) (panel B). In panel A, the data are expressed as percentage of the maximal response (mean ± S.E. of 2 independent experiments performed in duplicate). The blot shown in panel B is a representative example of four independent experiments. C, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid (N), or a combination of the two latter plasmids (C + N) in the presence of increasing quantities of a plasmid encoding a dominant negative mutant of Akt. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as described in the Fig. 1A legend. D, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3) or 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C) in the presence of increasing quantities of a constitutively active mutant of Akt (myr-Akt)-encoding plasmid. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as above.

NFB Is Not Involved in Fragment N-induced Survival Signaling-- Different mechanisms can be used by Akt to protect cells from apoptosis, including the activation of NFB, the inhibition of caspase 9, the inhibition of Bad, and the inhibition of specific transcription factors (Forkhead, Nur77) (18, 19). We determined whether NFB could be involved in the Akt-dependent protection mediated by fragment N. Fig. 5A shows that fragment N weakly stimulated NFB activity (about 3-fold over basal; in four other independent experiments fragment N stimulated NFB by only 1.04-1.8-fold). In comparison, MEKK1, a potent activator of NFB when overexpressed in cells (13, 20, 21), was about 10 times more effective than fragment N in stimulating NFB (Fig. 5A). To determine whether the weak activation of NFB induced by fragment N is required for its ability to block fragment C-induced apoptosis, HeLa cells were transfected with fragment C and/or fragment N in the presence of increasing amounts of a plasmid encoding the NFB inhibitor IBN2. As expected, IBN2 strongly reduced NFB activity (Fig. 5B, upper panel). However, the inhibitor did not affect the ability of fragment N to block fragment C-induced apoptosis (Fig. 5B, lower panel). It could be argued that, in HeLa cells, the NFB pathway is not able to induce protective signals. This is not the case, because blocking NFB activity with IBN2 induces cell death in tumor necrosis factor -treated HeLa cells (Fig. 5C), and because activating NFB by overexpression of IK2 protected cells from fragment C-induced apoptosis (Fig. 5D). This demonstrates that NFB can protect HeLa cells from apoptosis, including the apoptotic response induced by fragment C (see also Ref. 22). Therefore, despite a functional anti-apoptotic NFB pathway in HeLa cells, the protection induced by fragment N, which is Akt-dependent, does not operate through the activation of NFB.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   NFB is not involved in fragment N-induced survival signaling despite being functional in the HeLa cell. A, HeLa cells were transfected with empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid (N), or 2 µg of an MEKK1-encoding plasmid (MEKK1) in the presence of a luciferase NFB reporter gene-encoding plasmid (prLUC). NFB activity is expressed as a -fold increase over basal (mean ± S.E. of duplicate determinations). This experiment has been repeated four times with similar results. B, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid (C), 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid (N), or a combination of the two latter plasmids (C + N) in the presence of increasing quantities of a plasmid encoding the inhibitor of NFB (IBN2) and in the presence of prLUC, the luciferase NFB reporter gene-encoding plasmid. The number of apoptotic cells was scored as described in the Fig. 1A legend. The NFB activity was measured as above. This figure is representative of three independent experiments. C, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP expression plasmid together with increasing quantities of an NFB inhibitor (IBN2)-encoding plasmid. The cells were then treated with TNF (0.3 nM) for 18-24 h. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as above. This experiment has been repeated twice with similar results. D, HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP-expression plasmid together with an empty vector (pcDNA3), 4 µg of the fragment C-encoding plasmid, 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid, and 2 µg of an IK2-encoding plasmid in the indicated combinations. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as above. This figure is representative of two independent experiments.

Fragment N Specifically Blocks Akt-induced NFB Activation-- The observation that fragment N stimulates Akt without a concomitant NFB activation suggests that fragment N is able to inhibit the ability of Akt to activate NFB. To test this hypothesis, HeLa cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding a constitutively active form of Akt (myr-Akt) in the presence of increasing quantities of a fragment N-encoding plasmid. Fig. 6 shows that fragment N was able to inhibit, in a dose-dependent manner, the activation of NFB induced by Akt. This inhibitory effect was specific for Akt because the activation of NFB mediated by MEKK1 was not decreased by fragment N. Western blot experiments showed that the levels of expression of myr-Akt or MEKK1 were unaffected by the increased expression of fragment N (data not shown). This result indicates therefore that fragment N does not have a broad NFB inhibitory effect.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Fragment N blocks Akt-induced NFB activation but has no effect on MEKK1-induced NFB activation. HeLa cells were transfected with pcDNA3, 1 µg of a MEKK1-encoding plasmid, or 1 µg of a constitutively active mutant of Akt (myr-Akt)-encoding plasmid together with increasing quantities of a fragment N-encoding plasmid and 0.5 µg of prLUC, the luciferase NFB reporter gene-encoding plasmid. NFB activity is expressed as a -fold increase over basal (mean ± S.E. of duplicate determinations). This experiment has been repeated four times with similar results.

The Ras-PI3K-Akt Pathway Is Used by Fragment N to Inhibit Apoptosis Mediated by Different Stimuli-- Fig. 7 shows that dominant negative forms of Ras, PI3K, and Akt inhibited the ability of fragment N to block apoptosis induced by low doses of caspase 9. Therefore, fragment N inhibits apoptosis mediated by apoptotic inducers other than fragment C, and this also occurs via the Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7.   Ras, PI3K, and Akt are required for fragment N to block apoptosis induced by low doses of caspase 9. HeLa cells were transfected with 1 µg of a GFP expression plasmid together with an empty vector, 2 µg of the caspase 9-encoding plasmid, 1 µg of the fragment N-encoding plasmid, 2 µg of the N17Ras-encoding plasmid, 2 µg of the SH2-p85-encoding plasmid, and 2 µg of the Akt-DN-encoding plasmid in the indicated combinations. The number of apoptotic cells was then scored as described in the Fig. 1A legend. This experiment has been repeated twice with identical results.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The activation of caspases in a cell generally results in apoptosis. There are, however, exceptions to this rule. For example, caspases stimulated by activated death receptors participate in the negative regulation of erythropoiesis by cleaving GATA-1, a transcription factor required for the differentiation of mature erythroblasts, and this occurs in the apparent absence of any apoptotic response (5). In peripheral blood lymphocytes, caspase 8 and caspase 3 are activated upon stimulation. Blocking caspase activity inhibits proliferation, major histocompatibility class II expression, and blastic transformation of these cells (6). Similarly, the activation of caspase 8 is required for CD3-induced proliferation and IL2 production by human T cells (7). These data indicate that caspase activation occurs in viable cells, and this appears to be involved in physiological responses different from apoptosis. A corollary to the above observations is that specific protective pathways must be activated in viable cells having activated their caspases to fulfill functions different than apoptosis. These protective pathways need now to be characterized.

Caspase activation with no associated death response is not only observed in cells from the hematopoietic lineage. We have recently shown that in mild stress conditions HeLa cells displayed increased caspase 3-like activity. Despite this caspase activation, the cells did not undergo apoptosis. RasGAP is cleaved in these conditions, and this generates an N-terminal fragment (fragment N) with potent anti-apoptotic functions (8). HeLa cells are protected from cell death as long as fragment N is not further cleaved, which abrogates its anti-apoptotic functions and generates two new pro-apoptotic RasGAP N-terminal peptides (fragments N1 and N2). The second cleavage of RasGAP only occurs at high levels of caspase activity (8). The first cleavage of RasGAP into fragment N could thus represent an important safeguard mechanism to protect cells from apoptosis resulting from caspase activation induced by mild stress or in physiological responses needing some kind of caspase activation.

In the present study we have determined that the upstream anti-apoptotic pathway activated by fragment N employs the Ras, PI3K, and Akt proteins. These proteins are necessary and sufficient to mediate the protective function of fragment N because 1) the corresponding dominant negative mutants totally abrogated the anti-apoptotic abilities of fragment N; 2) constitutively activated mutants of Ras, PI3K, and Akt mimicked the protective effect of fragment N; and 3) fragment N induces the activation of Ras, PI3K, and Akt.

How fragment N induces Ras activity is currently not understood. It is possible that the SH3 domain borne by fragment N is involved because a monoclonal antibody specific for the SH3 domain of RasGAP inhibits downstream signals initiated by oncogenic Ras. (23, 24). However, because these studies used constitutively active forms of Ras, it does not provide any information on how the SH3 domain of RasGAP could activate Ras. Several proteins interact with the N-terminal domain of RasGAP such as the PDGF receptor, p190 RhoGAP, huntingtin, Dok proteins, and Src (and other tyrosine kinases) (25-32). It is currently not known whether any of these is required for fragment N to stimulate Ras activity.

A major anti-apoptotic factor activated by the Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway is NFB (33-35). Surprisingly, NFB was not required for fragment N to protect cells despite the fact that the NFB pathway can mediate anti-apoptotic responses in HeLa cells (e.g. upon TNF stimulation). In fact, although Akt activity was stimulated by fragment N, this did not result in a significant transcription of NFB-driven reporter genes. This is due to the fact that fragment N inhibits the ability of activated Akt to stimulate NFB. Fragment N, however, is not a general blocker of NFB activation because it did not hamper MEKK1 from activating NFB. Fragment N seems thus to inhibit only a subset of the signaling pathways that activate NFB. G3BP2, a close relative to the RasGAP SH3-binding protein G3BP1, sequesters IB/NFB complexes in the cytoplasm, thereby preventing NFB to exert its transcriptional activity in the nucleus (36). An interesting hypothesis is that fragment N, which bears the SH3 domain of RasGAP, uses G3BP2 to prevent NFB from reaching the nucleus even when Akt is activated.

Because fragment N does not use NFB to mediate its protective functions, it must use alternative mechanisms. These could include inactivation by phosphorylation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as caspase 9, forkhead proteins, or Bad (18). Indeed, fragment N seems to induce the phosphorylation of Bad on serine 136,² indicating that Bad inactivation is a potential mechanism by which fragment N blocks apoptosis.

In summary, our findings indicate that fragment N utilizes the Ras-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to protect cells from apoptosis. Despite stimulating Akt activity, fragment N does not allow the Akt effector NFB to exert its transcriptional activity. This indicates that effector proteins of the Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway can be differently modulated in the presence or absence of RasGAP caspase cleavage fragments. Fragment N adds an additional level of complexity in the way the Ras-PI3K-Akt pathway is modulated.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Julian Downward for providing the plasmids encoding the G12V/T35S, G12V/Y40C, and G12V/E37G Ras mutants. We thank Dr. Romano Regazzi for the gift of the N17Rho.dn3 plasmid. We thank Dr. Peter Vollenweider and Barbara Menard for helping with the in vitro Akt and PI3K kinase assays and for providing the anti-phospho Akt antibody and the SH2-p85.gst plasmid from which SH2-p85.dn3 was derived. We thank Fabio Martinon and Dr. Jürg Tschopp for the generous gift of the IK2.vsv plasmid and Dr. Johannes L. Bos for the kind gift of plasmid Raf-RBD.pgx. We also thank Dr. Peter Vollenweider, Dr. Mark Epping-Jordan and Dr. Matthias Peter for critical reading of the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 3100-055606 and grants from the Botnar Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Inst. de Biologie Cellulaire et de Morphologie, Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Tel.: 41-21-692-5123; Fax: 41-21-692-5255; E-mail: Christian.Widmann@ibcm.unil.ch.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, February 14, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M111540200

² J. -Y. Yang and C. Widmann, unpublished results.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: RasGAP, GTPase activating protein of Ras; fragment N, an N-terminal fragment of RasGAP; fragment C, a C-terminal fragment of RasGAP; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; NFB, nuclear factor B; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HA, hemagglutinin; RIPA, radioimmune precipitation buffer; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MEKK1, MAPK/ERK kinase 1; GST, glutathione S-transferase; RBD, Ras binding domain of Raf; SH2 and SH3, Src homology 2 and 3, respectively.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CiteULike

Complore

Connotea

Del.icio.us

Digg

Reddit

Technorati

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Michod and C. Widmann TAT-RasGAP317-326 Requires p53 and PUMA to Sensitize Tumor Cells to Genotoxins Mol. Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 5(5): 497 - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-Y. Yang, J. Walicki, A. Abderrahmani, M. Cornu, G. Waeber, B. Thorens, and C. Widmann Expression of an Uncleavable N-terminal RasGAP Fragment in Insulin-secreting Cells Increases Their Resistance toward Apoptotic Stimuli without Affecting Their Glucose-induced Insulin Secretion J. Biol. Chem., September 23, 2005; 280(38): 32835 - 32842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-Y. Yang, J. Walicki, D. Michod, G. Dubuis, and C. Widmann Impaired Akt Activity Down-Modulation, Caspase-3 Activation, and Apoptosis in Cells Expressing a Caspase-resistant Mutant of RasGAP at Position 157 Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2005; 16(8): 3511 - 3520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.M. Helvering, M.D. Adrian, A.G. Geiser, S.T. Estrem, T. Wei, S. Huang, P. Chen, E.R. Dow, J. N. Calley, J.A. Dodge, et al. Differential Effects of Estrogen and Raloxifene on Messenger RNA and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity in the Rat Uterus Biol Reprod, April 1, 2005; 72(4): 830 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-Y. Yang, D. Michod, J. Walicki, B. M. Murphy, S. Kasibhatla, S. J. Martin, and C. Widmann Partial Cleavage of RasGAP by Caspases Is Required for Cell Survival in Mild Stress Conditions Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 2004; 24(23): 10425 - 10436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Bartling, J.-Y. Yang, D. Michod, C. Widmann, R. Lewensohn, and B. Zhivotovsky RasGTPase-activating protein is a target of caspases in spontaneous apoptosis of lung carcinoma cells and in response to etoposide Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2004; 25(6): 909 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Yue, J. Lypowy, N. Hedhli, and M. Abdellatif Ras GTPase-activating Protein Binds to Akt and Is Required for Its Activation J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 2004; 279(13): 12883 - 12889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 277/17/14641    most recent M111540200v1 Submit a Letter to Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Yang, J.-Y. Articles by Widmann, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Yang, J.-Y. Articles by Widmann, C. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?