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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 18, 16041-16047, May 3, 2002

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The Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor (NPR-A/GC-A) Is Dephosphorylated by Distinct Microcystin-sensitive and Magnesium-dependent Protein Phosphatases^*

Paula M. Bryan and Lincoln R. Potter

From the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108

Received for publication, November 5, 2001, and in revised form, January 18, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-A is the primary signaling receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Ligand binding to NPR-A rapidly activates its guanylyl cyclase domain, but its rate of cGMP synthesis declines with time. This waning of activity is called homologous desensitization and is mediated in part by receptor dephosphorylation. Here, we characterize two distinct NPR-A phosphatase activities. The serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor, microcystin, inhibited the desensitization of NPR-A in membrane guanylyl cyclase assays in the absence of magnesium. EDTA also inhibited the desensitization, whereas MgCl₂ stimulated the desensitization. Because the effects of microcystin and EDTA were additive, and microcystin did not block the magnesium-dependent desensitization, the targets for these agents appear to be distinct. Incubation of membranes at 37 °C stimulated the dephosphorylation of NPR-A, and microcystin blocked the temperature-dependent dephosphorylation. The addition of MgCl₂ or MnCl₂, but not CaCl₂, further stimulated the dephosphorylation of NPR-A, and microcystin failed to inhibit this process. The desensitization required changes in the phosphorylation state of NPR-A because the guanylyl cyclase activity of a receptor variant containing glutamate substitutions at all six phosphorylation sites was unaffected by MgCl₂, EDTA, or microcystin. Together, these data indicate that NPR-A is regulated by two distinct phosphatases, possibly including a member of the protein phosphatase 2C family. Finally, we observed that the desensitization of NPR-A in membranes from mouse kidneys and NIH3T3 cells was increased by prior exposure to atrial natriuretic peptide, suggesting that hormone binding enhances receptor dephosphorylation.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)¹ and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), found in the atria and ventricles of the heart, respectively, are cardiac hormones that counterbalance the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (1, 2). Acutely, they decrease blood pressure by (i) increasing renal sodium and water excretion, (ii) stimulating vascular vasorelaxation, and (iii) inhibiting aldosterone and renin secretion. Chronically, ANP inhibits the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes (3, 4), whereas BNP inhibits pressure-induced ventricular fibrosis (5). ANP and BNP bind two distinct cell surface proteins known as the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor and NPR-A/guanylyl cyclase A (6-10). The clearance receptor consists of an extracellular domain, a single membrane-spanning region, and only 37 intracellular amino acids. It controls the local concentrations of natriuretic peptides through receptor-mediated internalization and degradation (11) and may signal through the heterotrimeric G proteins G_i and/or G_o (12). Experiments conducted on mice lacking NPR-A suggest that the known cardiovascular effects of ANP and BNP are mediated through this receptor (13, 14). However, a signaling function for the clearance receptor has been observed by many laboratories (15-17), suggesting that this receptor may mediate some natriuretic peptide responses.

NPR-A consists of an extracellular ligand binding domain, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning region, an intracellular kinase homology domain (KHD), a coiled-coiled dimerization motif, and a carboxyl-terminal guanylyl cyclase domain (6-10). Full-length NPR-A exists as a homodimer, and ligand binding does not promote further oligomerization (18, 19). In contrast, hormone binding to a truncated monomeric extracellular form of NPR-A does stimulate dimerization (20), indicating that ligand coupling causes a significant tightening of the extracellular dimeric contacts between the two monomers. Recent data suggest that the intramolecular disulfide bond formed between Cys⁴²³ and Cys⁴³² is critical for hormonal activation of NPR-A (21, 22). Furthermore, ANP- and disulfide-dependent dimerization of a mutant form of NPR-A containing an unpaired Cys in place of Asp⁴³⁵ has recently been demonstrated, suggesting that one consequence of hormone binding is the packing of the extracellular juxtamembrane portions of the two monomers in closer proximity to each other. This "tightening" is presumably transduced across the membrane, where it facilitates ATP binding to the KHD, which alleviates the basal KHD-mediated repression of the cyclase domain.

NPR-A is phosphorylated on four serine and two threonine residues within a 17-amino acid stretch of its KHD (23). Replacement of any of these phosphorylated amino acids with alanine to mimic the uncharged nature of a dephosphorylated residue results in losses in hormone-dependent guanylyl cyclase activities. Receptors lacking four or more of these sites are completely unresponsive to ANP, which indicates that phosphorylation of the KHD is required for NPR-A activation. In the continued presence of natriuretic peptide, the guanylyl cyclase activity of NPR-A wanes (24-27). This process is called homologous desensitization and is mediated, at least in part, by dephosphorylation of all six NPR-A phosphorylation sites, a process termed global dephosphorylation (27-30). Consistent with this model of desensitization, a "constitutively phosphorylated" version of NPR-A containing glutamate residues at all six phosphorylation sites (NPR-A-6E) to mimic the negative charge of phosphate is hormonally responsive and resistant to homologous desensitization (31). NPR-A is also desensitized in the absence of ANP or BNP by pressor hormones that antagonize the physiologic consequences of natriuretic peptides (32, 33). This process, called heterologous desensitization, may involve protein kinase C because pharmacological activators of protein kinase C, such as phorbol esters, mimic this response (26). The phorbol ester-dependent desensitization also is associated with the dephosphorylation of NPR-A (30). However, it differs from the homologous desensitization process in that only a single or small subset of the total phosphorylation sites is dephosphorylated (30). The identity of the residue(s) dephosphorylated in response to heterologous desensitization is currently unknown.

Early work by Ingebritsen and Cohen (34) classified serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs) into two general categories, based on their ability to dephosphorylate the  or  subunit of phosphorylase kinase. PP1 preferentially dephosphorylates the  subunit, whereas members of the PP2 family prefer the  subunit. Experimentally, PP1 can be differentiated from other phosphatases by its nanomolar sensitivity to the thermostable protein inhibitors 1 and 2. The PP2 family, which is not sensitive to inhibitor 1 or inhibitor 2, can be further subclassified into PP2A, PP2B, and PP2C. Neither PP1 nor PP2A requires divalent cations for activity, and both are sensitive to inhibition by 0.1-10 nanomolar concentrations of microcystin, okadaic acid, tautomycin, and calyculin A. PP2B is not affected by these compounds, requires calcium and calmodulin for activity, and is specifically inhibited by cypermethyrine, cyclosporin, or FK-506. The distinguishing features of PP2C are that it requires relatively high concentrations of magnesium or manganese (~1.5 mM) for activity, and it has no known specific inhibitor. Several additional protein phosphatases, such as PP4 (also called PPX), PP5, PP6, and PP7, have recently been identified by molecular cloning techniques (35). PP4, PP5, and PP6 do not require divalent cations for activity and are inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of okadaic acid or microcystin, whereas PP7 requires magnesium for activity, is localized to the retina, and is insensitive to microcystin or okadaic acid (36, 37).

Little is known about the kinases and phosphatases that regulate NPR-A (7). Microcystin prevents the desensitization of NPR-A in membrane fractions (38), and experiments with the constitutively phosphorylated receptor variant (NPR-A-6E) indicated that the target of the microcystin-sensitive phosphatase is NPR-A itself (31). In this study, we provide evidence for a second distinct NPR-A phosphatase that has characteristics in common with PP2C.

	EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Materials-- Rat ANP was from purchased from Peninsula Laboratories, Inc. (www.penlabs.com) or Sigma-Aldrich (www.sigma-aldrich.com). Microcystin-LR was purchased from Calbiochem (www.calbiochem.com) and was dissolved at a concentration of 400 µM. The alumina resin used for cGMP purification was from Sigma. Protein A-agarose was from Pierce (www.piercenet.com). The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit secondary antibody was from Amersham Biosciences (www.apbiotech.com). [-³²P]GTP (NEG-006H) was from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. The data were graphed, with GraphPad Prism for the MacIntosh (www.graphpad.com).

Cell Culture and Stable Cell Lines-- The majority of the studies presented in this report were conducted on the previously described 293-GC-A cell line (27), which we call 293-NPR-A here for consistency. Unlike many varieties of 293 cells that endogenously express NPR-A (23), the parental cell that was used to make this line does not endogenously express detectable amounts of any known natriuretic peptide receptor. We also used another stable cell 293 line called 293-NPR-A-6E in these studies. We made this cell line by transfecting the pCMV3-GC-A-6E construct, which encodes the rat cDNA for NPR-A that has all six of its phosphorylation sites mutated to glutamate (31), into the same parental cell line as described above. Cells were grown to 40-50% confluence in 10-cm dishes that had been precoated with 50 µg/ml poly-L-lysine. Twenty-four h later, the cells were transfected with 5 µg of the pCMV3-NPR-A-6E construct and 0.5 µg of pcDNA3.1-hygro plasmid (www.invitrogen.com) to convey hygromycin resistance using the BES-(N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid)-buffered calcium phosphate co-precipitation method. Forty-eight h later, the cells were switched to medium containing 100 µg/ml hygromycin to select for cells that had incorporated the resistance plasmid into their genome. After 10-14 days, individual colonies were isolated using cloning cylinders and tested for NPR-A-6E expression by guanylyl cyclase and Western blot analysis. The 293-NPR-A-6E cell line was established from a single colony and was used for all studies requiring NPR-A-6E. The NIH3T3 cell line expressing NPR-A was previously described as 3T3-GC-A7 (30), but is called 3T3-NPR-A here for consistency.

Membrane Preparation-- Ten-cm plates of stably transfected cells were washed twice with 5 ml of ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and then scraped off the plate in 0.5 ml of HGPB and the protease inhibitors pepstatin (1 µg/ml), leupeptin (10 µg/ml), and aprotinin (10 µg/ml). In some experiments, the protease inhibitors listed above were replaced with 180 µM AEBSF-(4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride), 17 µM bestatin, 2.9 µM pepstatin A, 860 µM EDTA, and 2.2 µM E-64 (Sigma protease inhibitor mixture, P-8465). The suspended cells were then sonicated for 1 s with a Misonix Sonifier cell disrupter at 4 °C and centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 20 min at 2 °C. The resulting membrane pellet was resuspended in HGPB at a protein concentration between 2 and 4 mg/ml as determined by the BCA protein assay (Pierce). These membranes were either assayed for guanylyl cyclase activity immediately or dispensed in 0.5-ml aliquots and frozen at 80 °C. For mouse kidney membranes, two male 6-month-old C57 black 6 mice (generously donated by Dr. David Bernlohr) were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and their kidneys were removed. The kidneys were then homogenized in 10 volumes of HGPB using a Polytron mixer for 5 s. The homogenate was centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 30 min at 2 °C, the supernatant was aspirated, and the membranes were resuspended in the same buffer at a protein concentration of 10 mg/ml and frozen at 80 °C.

Metabolic Labeling-- 293-NPR-A cells were washed twice with phosphate-deficient Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and then changed to the same medium containing 5% dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 1 mCi/ml [³²P]orthophosphate and incubated in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ and 95% (v/v) air at 37 °C overnight.

Membrane Preparation for ³²P-labeled Cells-- Labeled cells were washed twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, scraped off the plate in 0.5 ml of HGPB, and lysed by passing them through a 22-gauge needle 10 times. The resulting membranes were pelleted by centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 20 min at 2 °C, resuspended in HGPB, dispensed in 0.5-ml aliquots, and stored at 80 °C. Pilot experiments demonstrated that membranes prepared in this manner responded similarly in guanylyl cyclase assays to those prepared by sonication.

Guanylyl Cyclase Assays-- Cyclase assays were conducted at 37 °C in the presence of 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM isobutyl methyl xanthine, 0.1% bovine serum albumin, 5 mM creatine phosphate, 0.1 µg/µl creatine phosphokinase, 1 mM GTP, 1 mM ATP, 1 µM ANP, and ~10 µCi of [³²P]GTP. In some assays, 1 mM EDTA and 1 µM microcystin were included as phosphatase inhibitors. The reactions were stopped with 0.5 ml of 110 mM ZnOAc followed by 0.5 ml of 110 mM NaCO₃ and then centrifuged at 2000 × g for 10 min at 2 °C to precipitate [³²P]GTP. The [³²P]cGMP produced was purified by applying the supernatant from the previous step to columns containing 0.5 g (dry) of neutral alumina resin that had been acidified with 5 ml of 1 N perchloric acid. The samples were allowed to enter the resin and then washed with 10 ml of perchloric acid followed by 10 ml of water. The cGMP was eluted with 5 ml of 200 mM freshly prepared ammonium formate. The amount of [³²P]cGMP in the eluate was quantitated by the method of Cerenkov in a Beckman 3801 scintillation counter. For cyclase assays performed on mouse kidney membranes, [³²P]GTP was omitted, and the reactions were stopped with 0.4 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer containing 5 mM EDTA followed by boiling for 5 min. The amount of cGMP in this mixture was estimated by radioimmunoassay according to the manufacturer's instructions (PerkinElmer Life Sciences; www.lifesciences.perkinelmer.com).

Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE-- After exposure to the various phosphatase activators or inhibitors, the ³²P-labeled membranes were solubilized in 1 ml of IPB and rotated for 15 min with 50 µl of a 50% slurry of protein A-agarose at 4 °C. The extract was then cleared by centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 15 min at 2 °C. Eight hundred µl of the cleared extract from each treatment was incubated with 1 µl of polyclonal antiserum from rabbit 6326 with constant end-over-end tumbling for 14 h at 4 °C. Rabbit 6326 was immunized with the synthetic peptide KVRTYWLLGERGCSTRG that corresponds to the last 17 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of NPR-A, which was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemacyanin. Fifty µl of a 50% slurry of protein A-agarose was added to the extract and incubated for 1 additional h as described above. The protein A-immunocomplex was pelleted by low-speed centrifugation and washed three times with 1 ml of IPB. NPR-A was released from the agarose beads by boiling for 3 min in the presence of 50 µl of 2× reducing SDS sample buffer, fractionated by SDS-PAGE on an 8% resolving gel, and electroblotted to an Immobilon-P membrane using a Bio-Rad Trans-Blot semi-dry transfer cell (www.bio-rad.com).

Immunoblot Analysis-- NPR-A was purified as described above. The Immobilon-P membrane was then blocked for 1 h in TBST containing 3% bovine serum albumin, washed three times for 5 min with TBST, and incubated with rabbit antiserum 6326 (1:10,000) in TBST containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 2 h at 25 °C. The membrane was washed three times for 10 min with TBST and incubated for 45 min at 25 °C with an affinity-purified donkey anti-rabbit IgG-directed antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Amersham Biosciences) diluted 1:10,000 in TBST. The membrane was then washed four times for 5 min in TBST. The NPR-A antibody complex was detected by chemiluminescence using the ECL Western blot Detection System from Amersham Biosciences.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Desensitization of NPR-A in Membranes Is Mediated by Receptor Dephosphorylation-- To investigate the relative contribution of receptor dephosphorylation to the homologous desensitization of NPR-A in membrane preparations, we measured guanylyl cyclase activity over time in membranes prepared from human epithelial kidney 293 cells stably expressing either wild-type NPR-A (293-NPR-A) or NPR-A-6E (293-NPR-A-6E). The latter receptor is responsive to stimulation by ANP and ATP but cannot be dephosphorylated (31). Hence, if dephosphorylation contributes to the desensitization of NPR-A in this assay, then one would expect that membranes containing NPR-A-6E would have a diminished desensitization response, i.e. would be active for a longer period of time. This is what we observed (Fig. 1). In this assay, cGMP formation in membranes expressing the wild-type receptor (Fig. 1, top panel, triangles) is initially linear, but product formation begins to level off after about 5 min. In contrast, the rate of cGMP formation in membranes expressing NPR-A-6E is linear for a much longer period of time (Fig. 1, bottom panel). We next tested whether the protein phosphatase inhibitor microcystin, which has been shown by Foster and Garbers (38) to block the homologous desensitization process, was inhibiting the dephosphorylation of NPR-A. Our idea was that if the sole effect of microcystin is to keep NPR-A in a more phosphorylated form, then it should be completely ineffective in membranes containing NPR-A-6E because this receptor cannot be dephosphorylated. Our data supported this prediction. When microcystin was included in the reaction containing the wild-type receptor, it markedly increased both the rate and total amount of cGMP formed in the assay (Fig. 1, top panel, circles). In contrast, when microcystin was added to membranes containing NPR-A6E, it had no effect (Fig. 1, bottom panel). These data are similar to our previously reported results obtained in transiently transfected 293 cells (31). Together, they indicate that homologous desensitization requires the dephosphorylation of NPR-A, which is mediated in part by a microcystin-sensitive protein phosphatase.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   A constitutively phosphorylated NPR-A mutant displays a blunted desensitization response and is unaffected by microcystin. Membranes from 293-NPR-A (top panel) or 293-NPR-A-6E (bottom panel) cells were assayed for ANP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity in the presence (circles) or absence (triangles) of 1 µM microcystin for the periods of time indicated, as described under "Experimental Procedures." Control values represent the maximum activities obtained in each assay and were 604 and 111 nmol cGMP/mg protein for NPR-A and NPR-A-6E, respectively. This experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results.

Evidence for a MgCl₂-dependent NPR-A Protein Phosphatase-- To investigate the potential role of hormone binding and PP2C in the desensitization of NPR-A, we treated membranes with ANP or the PP2C activator, magnesium. In this two-stage assay, we incubated the 293-NPR-A membranes in the presence or absence of various agents at 37 °C or on ice for 30 min (first stage) and then performed a short 3-min guanylyl cyclase assay (second stage) in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors to assess the effects of the preincubation on the activity of NPR-A. In pilot experiments, we washed the membranes after the initial incubation to remove the modulating factors and found that the wash did not change our results. This indicates that the effects of the preincubation on the cyclase activity of NPR-A are due to a stable modification within the membranes and are not mediated by "carry over" of the desensitizing agents into the cyclase assay. We found that the 37 °C incubation alone decreased the activity of NPR-A slightly more than 50% compared with the activity obtained from membranes incubated for the same time period on ice (Fig. 2). However, if the membranes were incubated at 37 °C in the presence of 1 µM microcystin, only a 15% decline in activity was observed. These data suggest that the majority, but not all, of the temperature-dependent activity loss is due to protein dephosphorylation mediated by a microcystin-sensitive phosphatase. Because we speculated that ANP binding might result in a conformational change that would expose the NPR-A phosphorylation sites to a protein phosphatase (7), we tested whether the presence of ANP in the preincubation mixture would stimulate desensitization (Fig. 2). We found that prior ANP exposure only slightly inhibited the activity of NPR-A in these 293 cell membranes. In contrast, MgCl₂ dramatically reduced NPR-A activity, and the divalent metal ion chelator, EDTA, increased cyclase activity. These data suggest that ANP binding does not noticeably increase the dephosphorylation rate of NPR-A in these 293 cell membranes and that a member of the PP2C or PP7 family dephosphorylates NPR-A because members of these families are the only known serine/threonine phosphatases that require magnesium for activity (37).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Evidence for MgCl2-dependent and -independent NPR-A protein phosphatases. Crude membranes from 293-NPR-A cells were incubated with the indicated agents for 30 min at 37 °C. The effects of the preincubation were then assessed by measuring the ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of the membranes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors for 3 min at 37 °C. The bars centered above each column represent the S.E. for three determinations. This experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results.

The Microcystin- and EDTA/MgCl₂-sensitive Phosphatases Are Distinct-- We then tested whether microcystin (MC) and EDTA were inhibiting the same protein phosphatase or different protein phosphatases. We reasoned that if they were inhibiting the same phosphatase, then the effects of adding both compounds together would not be significantly greater than adding saturating concentrations of either agent alone. On the other hand, if they were inhibiting two different phosphatases, then their effects would be additive. We observed the latter scenario (Fig. 3). Incubation with 0.5 mM EDTA or 0.5 µM microcystin alone increased the amount of cGMP formed by 2.1- and 2.6-fold, respectively. Incubation with both compounds together resulted in a 5.2-fold activation, which is slightly more than the 4.7-fold increase that would be predicted if the effects of the two reagents were exactly additive. In a different approach, we tested whether microcystin blocked the MgCl₂-dependent desensitization of NPR-A. We found that it did not (compare 0.5 µM MC versus MC + MgCl₂), again suggesting that the microcystin- and EDTA/MgCl₂-sensitive NPR-A phosphatases are unique.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   The effects of microcystin and EDTA are additive. 293-NPR-A membranes were incubated in the presence or absence of 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM MC, 5 mM MgCl2, or various combinations of these agents for 30 min at 37 °C. The effects of the preincubations were then assessed by measuring the ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of the membranes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors for 3.5 min at 37 °C, as described under "Experimental Procedures." The vertical bars centered above each column represent the range of two determinations. This experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results.

Microcystin and MgCl₂ Increase and Decrease the Phosphorylation State of NPR-A, Respectively-- Next, we examined whether microcystin and MgCl₂ directly modulate the phosphorylation state of NPR-A (Fig. 4). To this end, we prepared membranes from 293-NPR-A cells that had been metabolically labeled overnight with [³²P]orthophosphate and incubated them at 37 °C in the presence or absence of the indicated agents. After 30 min, we purified the receptors by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE and measured their ³²P content. We found that microcystin and MgCl₂ increased and decreased the phosphorylation state of NPR-A similarly to the way they increased and decreased its guanylyl cyclase activity (Fig. 4, ³²P-content). Likewise, the phosphorylation state of NPR-A isolated from membranes treated with MgCl₂ and microcystin was higher than that of receptors isolated from membranes treated with MgCl₂ alone but less than that of NPR-A isolated from membranes treated with only microcystin. Again, these phosphorylation data parallel the desensitization results. The reduced ³²P signal was not explained by MgCl₂-dependent proteolysis because Western blot analysis on the same membrane support used for the phosphate determinations revealed similar amounts of protein for each treatment (Fig. 4, Western). As expected, NPR-A isolated from the MgCl₂-treated membranes migrated as a tighter band, which is similar to what was observed when NPR-A was dephosphorylated with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (27). Because MnCl₂, but not CaCl₂, also activates PP2C (34), we tested the ability of these two divalent cations to stimulate the dephosphorylation of NPR-A in the ³²P-labeled 293-NPR-A membranes. We found that MnCl₂, but not CaCl₂, was as effective as MgCl₂ in stimulating the dephosphorylation (Fig. 5). These results are consistent with the metal-dependent phosphatase being a member of the PP2C family but not the PP2B/calcineurin family because these phosphatases are activated by magnesium/manganese and calcium, respectively (35).

View larger version (43K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   Microcystin and MgCl2 increase and decrease the phosphorylation state of the NPR-A, respectively. Human epithelial kidney 293-NPR-A cells were metabolically labeled with 1 mCi/ml [32P]orthophosphate overnight, and then the membranes were prepared and frozen at 80 °C, as described under "Experimental Procedures." Membranes were thawed and incubated in the presence or absence of 10 mM MgCl2 and/or 1 µM microcystin at 37 °C as depicted. After 30 min, the reactions were stopped by adding 1 ml of ice-cold immunoprecipitation buffer, and NPR-A was purified by immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, and electroblotting to an Immobilon-P membrane. The amount of 32P associated with the receptor was visualized by autoradiography (32P-content) and quantitated on a Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager (bar graph). The amount of receptor protein present on the blot was determined by Western blot analysis (Western). This experiment was repeated twice with similar results.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   MnCl2 but not CaCl2 stimulates the dephosphorylation of NPR-A. Human epithelial kidney 293-NPR-A cells were metabolically labeled with 1 mCi/ml [32P]orthophosphate overnight, and membranes were prepared and frozen at 80 °C, as described under "Experimental Procedures." The membranes were thawed and incubated in the presence or absence of 10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM MnCl2, or 1 mM CaCl2 at 37 °C as indicated. After 30 min, the reactions were stopped by adding 1 ml of ice-cold immunoprecipitation buffer, and NPR-A was purified by immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, and electroblotting to an Immobilon-P membrane. The amount of 32P associated with the receptor was quantitated on a Molecular Dynamics PhosphorImager. This experiment was repeated twice with similar results.

MgCl₂ and EDTA Effects Require Changes in the Phosphorylation State of NPR-A-- Although MgCl₂ stimulated both the dephosphorylation and desensitization of NPR-A, this correlation does not prove that the desensitizing effects of the metal were mediated solely through receptor dephosphorylation. To address this question in a more definitive manner, we used membranes prepared from cells expressing NPR-A-6E. We reasoned that if the MgCl₂ was desensitizing NPR-A through receptor dephosphorylation, then a receptor that could not be dephosphorylated, such as NPR-A-6E, should be immune to the effects of magnesium. As in membranes containing the wild-type receptor (Fig. 2), incubation at 37 °C slightly reduced the guanylyl cyclase activity in 293-NPR-A-6E membranes. The thermal reduction was comparable to that observed in the 293-NPR-A membranes containing microcystin. Strikingly, MgCl₂ had absolutely no effect on the guanylyl cyclase activity of membranes prepared from the 293-NPR-A-6E cells (Fig. 6). Likewise, we saw no protective effect of EDTA on guanylyl cyclase activity in these 293-NPR-A-6E membranes (data not shown). These data indicate that the effects of MgCl₂ and EDTA on the wild-type receptor require changes in its phosphorylation state and are not mediated by other metal-dependent processes, such as proteolysis.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   MgCl2 does not inhibit a constitutively phosphorylated version of NPR-A. Membranes from 293-NPR-A-6E cells were incubated in the presence or absence of various concentrations of MgCl2 or ANP as indicated for 30 min at 37 °C. The effects of the preincubation were then assessed by measuring the ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of the membranes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors for 5 min at 37 °C. The bars centered above each column represent the range of two determinations. This experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results.

Microcystin and MgCl₂ Modulate NPR-A Activity in Mouse Kidney Membranes-- Because the parental 293 cell line that was transfected to make the 293-NPR-A cells does not endogenously express NPR-A, and because our stable lines express higher than normal levels of these receptors, we were concerned that the desensitization of NPR-A in this system may differ from that observed in physiologic tissue. To address this issue, we investigated the desensitization of NPR-A in crude mouse kidney membranes because the kidney is an established target tissue for ANP and expresses high levels of NPR-A (39). We found that incubation of these membranes at 37 °C reduced the ANP-dependent activity of NPR-A by 50% and that microcystin blocked a little more than half of this loss, mirroring the results observed in the 293 membranes (Fig. 7). Incubation with MgCl₂ dramatically reduced NPR-A activity, and this reduction was not blocked by microcystin (Fig. 7, compare 1 µM MC versus 10 mM MgCl₂/1 µM MC). Again, these data are similar to what was observed in the 293 membranes and are consistent with the presence of two distinct NPR-A phosphatases: one that is magnesium-dependent but not inhibited by microcystin, and one that is magnesium-independent but sensitive to microcystin. On the other hand, the response to prior ANP exposure differed between the two preparations. In the mouse kidney membranes, incubation with ANP alone before the cyclase assay reduced the activity of NPR-A by ~50% (Fig. 7). In contrast, in the 293 membranes, prior ANP exposure only slightly inhibited NPR-A activity (Fig. 2). We were unable to detect any significant effects of these treatments on basal guanylyl cyclase activities measured in the kidney membranes (Fig. 7, basal activity, hatched columns). Collectively, these data suggest that similar protein phosphatases are involved in the desensitization of NPR-A in 293-NPR-A cells and mouse kidney membrane preparations, but the effect of ANP on these processes differs between the two systems.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7.   Mouse kidney membranes contain both MgCl2-dependent and microcystin-sensitive NPR-A phosphatase activities. Mouse kidney membranes were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min in the presence or absence of the indicated agents. The effects of this incubation were then assessed by measuring guanylyl cyclase activities in the presence of Mg-GTP (basal, hatched columns) or Mg-GTP, ANP, and ATP (activated, solid columns). The bars centered over the columns represent the range of two samples that were assayed in duplicate. This experiment was repeated twice with similar results.

3T3-NPR-A Cell Membranes Respond Similarly to Mouse Kidney Membranes-- Finally, we investigated the ability of microcystin and MgCl₂ to modulate the ANP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of membranes prepared from transfected NIH3T3 cells stably expressing NPR-A (3T3-NPR-A) (Fig. 8). These cells have been used to demonstrate that NPR-A is dephosphorylated and desensitized in response to both homologous (ANP-dependent) and heterologous (protein kinase C-dependent) stimuli (30, 38). As in the other preparations, NPR-A activity in these membranes was increased in the presence of microcystin and decreased in the presence of MgCl₂. However, prior exposure of these membranes to ANP reduced subsequent NPR-A activity similarly to that observed in the mouse kidney membranes. Hence, these 3T3-NPR-A cells may represent a better model system for the study of homologous desensitization of NPR-A than the 293-NPR-A cells because the former more closely recapitulate the responses observed in the more physiologic mouse kidney membranes.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8.   ANP exposure reduces subsequent hormone-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity in membranes from 3T3-NPR-A cells. Membranes from 3T3-NPR-A cells were incubated with the indicated agents for 30 min at 37 °C. The effects of the preincubation were then assessed by measuring the ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of the membranes in the presence of protein phosphatase inhibitors for 3 min at 37 °C. The bars centered above each column represent the range of two determinations. This experiment was repeated at least three times with similar results.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In this report, we have documented the dephosphorylation of NPR-A by two distinct protein phosphatase activities. One does not require magnesium for activity but is sensitive to microcystin/okadaic acid-like inhibitors and has been described previously by Foster and Garbers (38) as well as by our laboratory (31). The other phosphatase does require magnesium for activity but is not inhibited by microcystin and has not been described previously. The identity of the former phosphatase is not known, but based on its sensitivity to microcystin, PP1, PP2A, PP4, PP5, or PP6 are reasonable candidates (36, 37).

In contrast to the microcystin-sensitive phosphatase, potential candidates for the magnesium-dependent phosphatase are limited to members of two families, PP2C or PP7, because these are the only known serine/threonine phosphatases that require magnesium for activity and are not inhibited by microcystin. Based on tissue distribution, we can eliminate PP7 from consideration because its expression is restricted to the retina (40), whereas NPR-A expression is widespread. Hence, it is likely that the magnesium-dependent NPR-A phosphatase is a member of the PP2C family. Based on primary amino acid sequence similarity, there are seven known mammalian gene products that comprise the PP2C family: , , , , Wip, FIN13, and CaMKIIPase (Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphatase). Based on their exclusive nuclear localization, it is unlikely that Wip and FIN13 are involved in the dephosphorylation of NPR-A (41, 42). Likewise, because of its disparate expression pattern compared with NPR-A (high in skeletal muscle and testis but low in kidney and lung), PP2C seems an unlikely candidate. Similarly, the fact that manganese but not magnesium is required to activate PP2C and CaMKIIPase appears to eliminate these phosphatases from consideration as well (43, 44). It is not clear which of the two remaining PP2C family members regulates NPR-A, but because an antibody that recognizes PP2C and some PP2C alternative splicing forms detected significant amounts of PP2C in membranes from baby hamster kidney cells, these two isoforms are prime candidates.

One puzzling finding that we made during the course of these studies is that high concentrations of NaF (50 mM) did not affect the ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity of NPR-A in time course experiments such as those shown in Fig. 1. This led us to suspect that the microcystin-sensitive phosphatase was novel because, to our knowledge, there are no known microcystin- or okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatases that are not also inhibited by NaF. However, when we subsequently tested the ability of NaF to inhibit the loss of NPR-A activity in the two-stage assay, we found that it completely blocked the temperature- and magnesium-dependent losses in cyclase activity. The reason for the discrepancy is not known at the moment, but it may be related to the fact the cyclase reaction mixture in the time course experiment contains compounds that might bind and decrease the amount of free fluoride available to inhibit the phosphatases. Alternatively, it may be that the receptor is rapidly rephosphorylated in the time course experiment due to the presence of ATP and magnesium. At the moment, a definitive explanation for these results is unavailable.

In two of the three systems tested, ANP binding markedly decreased subsequent ANP/ATP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activities, suggesting either that hormone binding stimulates receptor dephosphorylation or that a liganded receptor is a better substrate for dephosphorylation. The reason for diminished effect in the 293 cells is not known, but it may be related to the fact that NPR-A in these cells is only slightly inhibited by phorbol ester treatment.² In our opinion, the mouse kidney membranes are the best model system to reproduce the regulation of NPR-A in vivo because they express physiologic amounts of the receptor and, unlike the transfected cells, express the necessary kinases and phosphatases in the appropriate stoichiometries. However, of the two established stable cell lines, it appears that the 3T3-NPR-A cell line is better suited for studies on the desensitization of NPR-A because it is regulated more like NPR-A in the mouse kidney membranes.

Finally, it will be interesting to determine the relative contribution of these phosphatases to the dephosphorylation of NPR-A that is initiated by homologous and heterologous stimuli. Recently, Joubert et al. (28) reported that ANP-dependent dephosphorylation of NPR-A in whole transfected 293 cells results primarily from the inactivation of the NPR-A kinase, with little contribution from increased phosphatase activity. These data are completely consistent with our findings in the 293-NPR-A model system. Whether this is a general phenomenon or restricted to 293 cells remains to be determined, but our data using membranes from mouse kidneys and NIH3T3 cells suggest that ANP binding may increase NPR-A phosphatase activity as well.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Julie Gonsoski for establishing the 293-NPR-A-6E cell line and Robert Sheaff for critical reading of the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by National American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant 013938N, an equipment grant from the Minnesota Medical Foundation, and a grant-in-aid from the University of Minnesota Graduate School.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 356 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108. Tel.: 612-624-7251; Fax: 612-624-7282; E-mail: potter@umn.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, January 30, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M110626200

² L. R. Potter, unpublished observation.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; KHD, kinase homology domain; NPR, natriuretic peptide receptor; PP, protein phosphatase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; HGPB, Hepes glycerol protease inhibitor; IPB, Immunoprecipitation buffer; TBST, Tris-buffered saline with Tween.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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