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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 23, 20131-20134, June 7, 2002

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ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Dietary Cholesterol Fails to Stimulate the Human Cholesterol 7-Hydroxylase Gene (CYP7A1) in Transgenic Mice^*,

Luis B. Agellon^§, Victor A. B. Drover, Sukhinder K. Cheema^¶, G. Franck Gbaguidi, and Annemarie Walsh

From the  Department of Biochemistry and Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada and the  Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399

Received for publication, February 20, 2002, and in revised form, April 16, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Dietary cholesterol has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on the murine cholesterol 7-hydroxylase gene (Cyp7a1), but its effect on human cholesterol 7-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) expression in vivo is not known. A transgenic mouse strain harboring the human CYP7A1 gene and homozygous for the disrupted murine Cyp7a1 gene was created. Cholesterol feeding increased the expression of the endogenous modified Cyp7a1 allele but failed to stimulate the human CYP7A1 transgene. In transfected hepatoma cells, 25-hydroxycholesterol increased murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter activity, whereas the human CYP7A1 gene promoter was unresponsive. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated the interaction of the liver X receptor  (LXR): retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer, a transcription factor complex that is activated by oxysterols, with the murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter, whereas no binding to the human CYP7A1 gene promoter was detected. The results demonstrate that the human CYP7A1 gene is not stimulated by dietary cholesterol in the intact animal, and this is attributable to the inability of the CYP7A1 gene promoter to interact with LXR:RXR.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Bile acids represent the terminal end products of cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid synthesis takes place exclusively in the liver (1, 2). The pathway responsible for the synthesis of the bulk of bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation is controlled by a microsomal enzyme known as cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (cyp7a).¹ The activity of cyp7a is regulated by a variety of nutritional and hormonal factors involving both feedback and feedforward mechanisms. The regulatory control appears to be exerted mainly at the level of gene transcription, since cyp7a activity is highly correlated with cyp7a mRNA abundance.

Much of what is known about the regulation of cyp7a gene expression has come from studies involving animal models. It has been known for a long time that cyp7a gene expression in rodents is repressed by bile acids and stimulated by cholesterol. The inhibition of cyp7a gene expression by bile acids is accomplished via an indirect mechanism that involves a nuclear factor that interferes with gene transcription (3-5). The stimulation of cyp7a gene expression by cholesterol is mediated through liver X receptor (LXR), an oxysterol-activated nuclear receptor that binds to the cyp7a gene promoter as a heterodimer with another nuclear receptor known as retinoid X receptor (RXR) (6-8).

Very little is known regarding the regulation of the gene encoding the human cyp7a (CYP7A1), particularly under non-pathological conditions. In this report, we describe the creation of a new mouse model that uniquely expresses the human CYP7A1 gene in the liver. We used this model to evaluate the response of the human CYP7A1 gene to regulation by dietary cholesterol in the intact animal, in an effort to gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate human CYP7A1 gene expression in vivo.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Mice-- Transgenic mice were produced by injecting an entire bacterial artificial chromosome (~125 kb) containing the human CYP7A1 gene into C57BL/6×CBA zygotes using standard procedures. The injected CYP7A1 gene was flanked by >17 kb and >6 kb of sequence at the 5' and 3' regions, respectively. Incorporation of the CYP7A1 gene into the genomes of mice born from injected eggs was assessed by screening of tail DNA by PCR analysis using CYP7A1 gene-specific primers (sense, 5'-TCTGAACTTGATCACCGTCTCTCTG-3'; antisense, 5'-GTCGACCAAATCTAGGCCAAAATCT-3') and confirmed by DNA blot analysis. The murine Mos gene (9) served as the internal control target in the PCR analyses (sense, 5'-TCAGATTTGTGCATACACAGTGACT-3'; antisense, 5'-ACTCAACTTTTATTCCCGAAAAATGTTTCA-3') of mouse genomic DNA. Transgenic mice were crossed with C57BL6/J mice, and the resulting F1 generation was analyzed for transgene inheritance and expression. The human CYP7A1 gene was detected by DNA blotting using the rat cyp7a cDNA as a probe. The human cyp7a mRNA was detected in total liver RNA (see below for details), and the human cyp7a enzyme was detected by immunoblotting using rabbit antiserum directed against the last five carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues of human cyp7a. The CYP7A1 transgenic mouse line in which the human cyp7a mRNA and enzyme could be detected unequivocally was expanded. A male transgenic mouse from the F2 generation was used to breed the CYP7A1 transgene into female Cyp7a1^/ mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). The F1 progeny of this cross were interbred to produce F2 CYP7A1 transgenic mice that were also homozygous for the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele. Zygosity to the mutant Cyp7a1 allele was evaluated by PCR analysis using a primer pair (IMR013, 5'-CTTGGGTGGAGAGGCTATTC-3'; IMR014, 5'-AGGTGAGATGACAGGAGATC-3') specific for the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo^r) that is embedded in the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele and a primer pair (IMR594, 5'-GATGTATGCCTTCTGCTACCG-3'; IMR595, 5'-TCACAAGGTGCGTCTTAGCC-3') specific for a segment of the wild type Cyp7a1 gene that is absent in the mutant Cyp7a1 allele. The IMR primers described above are documented in the Induced Mutation Resource at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). One male and one female mouse from the F3 generation, bearing the desired genotype, were crossed to generate the line used in this study. The mice (both sexes) were fed a standard chow diet (Purina Rodent Chow 5001) or, where indicated, the chow diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) cholesterol for 14 days. The use of animals in this study was approved by the University of Alberta Health Sciences Animal Welfare and Policy Committee.

Detection of mRNA and Quantitation of Abundance-- RNA was purified from tissues according to a standard procedure (10). Complementary DNA was synthesized from 10 µg of total RNA with Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen Canada, Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada) following the manufacturer's suggested protocol. The human cyp7a mRNA was detected by RT-PCR using species-specific and intron-spanning primers (sense, 5'-AGAAGGCAAACGGGTGAACC-3'; antisense, 5'-GGGTCAATGCTTCTGTGCCC) and by high stringency RNA blotting using the 3'-untranslated region of the human cyp7a cDNA as a probe. The cyclophilin mRNA served as the internal control target in the PCR analysis using intron-spanning primers (sense, 5'-TCCAAAGACAGCAGAAAACTTTCG-3'; antisense, 5'-TCTTCTTGCTGGTCTTGCCATTCC-3'). Murine AbcA1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR using intron spanning primers (sense, 5'-GACGATATCTCGATTCATGG-3'; antisense, 5'-CACGTTGTCAATGTCCATCC-3'). The relative abundance of mRNA species of interest was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Polymerase chain reactions were done with REDTaq DNA polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich) and intron-spanning, gene-specific oligonucleotides as described above in the presence of 1× SYBR Green I (supplied as a 10,000× stock; Sigma-Aldrich). The annealing temperature of each oligonucleotide pair was preoptimized using a T- Gradient thermal cycler (Whatman Biometra, Göttingen, Germany) to ensure the synthesis of only the expected amplicon. Quantitative synthesis of the amplicons was monitored by green fluorescence using a LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics Canada, Laval, Quebec, Canada). The range of cycle numbers in which amplification remained linear was also predetermined. The mass of amplicons synthesized was quantitated using the LightCycler software package (Roche Diagnostics Canada). Cyclophilin mRNA was used as the internal standard, and its abundance varied less than 10% among all samples analyzed. All reactions were confirmed visually by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Cell Culture and Transient Transfections-- Culture conditions for McArdle RH7777 cells, the transfection procedure, and the structures of the human and murine cyp7a promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene chimeras (hCYP7A1.CAT and mCyp7a1.CAT, respectively) were described previously (11). Cultures (60-mm dishes, 60% confluent) were transfected with a mixture of plasmids containing a cyp7a-CAT gene chimera (1 µg), expression plasmids encoding LXR (0.5 µg, pCMX-LXR), RXR (0.5 µg, pSG5-RXR), and -galactosidase (pCH110; 5 µg). Sonicated salmon sperm DNA was added to the mixture to give a mass of 10 µg of DNA added per dish. The 25-hydroxycholesterol (dissolved in ethanol; Sigma-Aldrich) was used as the activator of LXR (at 5 µM final concentration). Controls received an equivalent amount of ethanol. The -galactosidase activity encoded by pCH110 was used to normalize transfection efficiency.

Eletrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays-- Recombinant LXR and RXR were produced in Escherichia coli and partially purified. The cyp7a Site I sequences (human, 5'-TTGTCAACCAAGCTCA-3'; murine, 5'-TGGTCACCCAAGTTCA-3') were described previously (11). Unlabeled double-stranded oligonucleotide probes contained overhangs (5'-AATT-3'), which allowed radiolabeling with ³²P-labeled deoxyribonucleotides by fill-in reaction catalyzed by the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. The probe and recombinant receptors (100 ng) were incubated with 4 µg of poly(dI:dC), 4 µg of bovine serum albumin, 1 µg of sonicated salmon sperm DNA in binding buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 4 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 20% glycerol, 0.2% Nonidet P-40, 2 mM dithiothreitol) for 20 min at room temperature in a total volume of 40 µl. In competition binding experiments, a double-stranded oligonucleotide bearing an idealized LXR binding site (5'-AGTTCACTCAAGTTCA-3') was added to the binding reactions prior to the addition of radiolabeled Site I probes. DNA-protein complexes were separated from unbound probe by electrophoresis on a 4% polyacrylamide gel and visualized by phosphorimaging using a Bio-Rad Molecular Imager FX Pro Plus MultiImager System.

Assay for cyp7a Enzyme Activity-- Conditions for the assay of cyp7a enzyme activity were described previously (12).

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We obtained nine mice from injected fertilized eggs that had incorporated the transgene into their genomes, and five of these transmitted the transgene to their offspring (see Supplemental Table I for details). The human cyp7a mRNA was detectable in only three of the five lines. One of these lines produced very small litters and was not bred further. The human cyp7a mRNA and enzyme (Fig. 1, A and B, respectively) were unequivocally detectable in only one (line M49) of the two remaining lines, and this was selected to establish a colony. The F3 generation was produced by crossing two hemizygous transgenic mice.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Characterization of human CYP7A1 gene expression in the liver of transgenic mice. A shows the detection of a ~2900-nucleotide transcript (arrow) in total liver RNA (30 µg per lane) by RNA blotting using a cDNA fragment corresponding to the 3'-untranslated region of the human cyp7a mRNA. The positions of 28 and 18 S ribosomal RNA are indicated on the left. B shows a ~57.7-kDa protein (arrow) in hepatic microsomal proteins (20 µg of total microsomal proteins per lane) that is immunoreactive to an antiserum against the last five carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues of the human cyp7a enzyme. The positions of molecular mass markers are indicated on the left. non-Tg, non-transgenic; Tg, transgenic.

The human CYP7A1 transgene was subsequently transferred to the Cyp7a1^/ background by crossing a transgenic male mouse from the F3 generation with female Cyp7a1^/ mice. The progeny of this cross were heterozygous for the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele, and all contained the human CYP7A1 transgene. As shown in Fig. 2A, both the human CYP7A1 gene and the disrupted murine Cyp7a1 gene hybridization patterns (left and right lanes, respectively) are evident in the progeny of this cross (middle lane). A male and female mouse from this generation were mated to reestablish homozygosity to the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele. From the progeny of this cross, one male and one female mouse, which carried the desired genotype, were selected to establish the second colony. Fig. 2B shows the genotype analysis of Cyp7a1^/ mice carrying the human CYP7A1 transgene (hereafter referred to as hCYP7A1 mice). As can be seen (Fig. 2B, lane 5), the human CYP7A1 transgene is clearly detectable, and the wild type Cyp7a1 allele has been replaced with the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele. Expression of the human CYP7A1 transgene in Cyp7a1^/ mice reversed postnatal lethality observed in Cyp7a1^/ mice (13). The hCYP7A1 pups were overtly indistinguishable from wild type pups and survived to weaning without supplementing the standard diet of nursing mothers with bile acids or fat-soluble vitamins.

View larger version (50K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Characterization of CYP7A1 transgenic/Cyp7a1 gene-disrupted hybrid mice. A shows the DNA blot hybridization patterns of the human CYP7A1 gene (CYP7A1 BAC) contained in the bacterial artificial chromosome used to develop transgenic mice, tail DNA of a mouse (Tg(CYP7A1)Cyp7a1/) from the F2 generation, and tail DNA of a mouse homozygous for the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele (Cyp7a1/). B shows the unambiguous detection by PCR of the human CYP7A1 transgene, the wild type murine Cyp7a1 gene, the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neor) embedded in the disrupted Cyp7a1 gene and the murine Mos gene (positive control target) in the various mice used in the experiments: wild type, Cyp7a1+/+; murine cyp7a-deficient, Cyp7a1/; human CYP7A1 transgenic, Tg(CYP7A1)Cyp7a1+/+; and murine cyp7a-deficient human CYP7A1 transgenic, Tg(CYP7A1)Cyp7a1/. The lane labeled Blank represents reactions without template DNA. C shows the distribution of the human cyp7a mRNA detected by RT-PCR as described under "Experimental Procedures." The cyclophilin mRNA was used as the internal control target. The ethidium bromide-stained gels (B and C) are shown as a negative image.

Liver expression of the CYP7A1 transgene in mice possessing the wild type Cyp7a1 gene was reported earlier (14), but the tissue distribution was not determined. Thus, we surveyed the distribution of CYP7A1 transgene expression in hCYP7A1 mice. As shown in Fig. 2C, the human cyp7a mRNA is detectable only in the liver. This result demonstrates that the liver-specific expression of the human CYP7A1 gene is faithfully reproduced in the murine species.

The stimulation of the murine Cyp7a1 gene expression by dietary cholesterol is well documented (8, 15, 16). Thus, we compared the expression of the CYP7A1 transgene in mice fed the standard chow diet or the chow diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol for 14 days. Although the Cyp7a1^/ mice do not synthesize the cyp7a enzyme, the disrupted murine Cyp7a1 allele continues to be transcribed producing an mRNA species that is a composed of cyp7a and neo^r sequences (13). The changes in the abundance of the chimeric murine cyp7a/neo^r mRNA in response to cholesterol feeding were also monitored. As shown in Fig. 3A, the murine cyp7a/neo^r mRNA was increased by 40% (p < 0.0005) in hCYP7A1 mice. This rise in cyp7a/ neo^r is in agreement with the expected response of the murine Cyp7a1 gene to dietary cholesterol. In contrast, the abundance of the human cyp7a mRNA was decreased by 56% (p < 0.005). The Abca1 gene is expressed in the liver (17) and is known to be stimulated by oxysterols (18). A 7.8-fold rise (p < 0.006) in AbcA1 mRNA abundance in total liver RNA of cholesterol-fed versus chow-fed hCYP7A1 mice was evident (Fig. 3B). Although it is not clear which hepatic cell type expresses the Abca1 gene, the result is nevertheless consistent with the exposure of the liver of cholesterol-fed mice to the dietary cholesterol. The hepatic cyp7a enzyme activity of chow-fed hCYP7A1 mice is lower than that of chow-fed wild type mice, which may be due to the lower level of human CYP7A1 transgene expression relative to that of the murine Cyp7a1 gene in wild type mice. The cholesterol diet decreased hepatic cyp7a enzyme activity by 55% (p < 0.02) in hCYP7A1 mice, concomitant with the fall of human cyp7a mRNA abundance (Fig. 3C). These results clearly illustrate the failure of dietary cholesterol to stimulate human CYP7A1 transgene expression in mice. The apparent repression of human CYP7A1 gene expression by dietary cholesterol was unexpected, and the basis for this is not clear. It is evident that, in intact animals, the human CYP7A1 and murine Cyp7a1 genes respond differently to dietary cholesterol.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Response of Tg(CYP7A1)Cyp7a1/ mice to cholesterol feeding. A, changes in the abundance of the chimeric murine cyp7a/neor mRNA (encoded by the disrupted Cyp7a1 allele) and human cyp7a mRNA (encoded by the human CYP7A1 transgene) in response to dietary cholesterol. B, changes in the abundance of murine AbcA1 mRNA (encoded by the Abca1 gene) in response to dietary cholesterol. The abundance of mRNA species shown in A and B was determined by quantitative RT-PCR as described under "Experimental Procedures." The abundance of the respective mRNA species in the liver of chow-fed hCYP7A1 mice was arbitrarily set to 100%. The values (means ± S.E.) are from combined data of two experiments (chow diet, n = 10; cholesterol diet, n = 11). C shows the cyp7a activity in liver microsomes of hCYP7A1 mice fed a standard laboratory chow diet (white bar, n = 10) or the chow diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) cholesterol (black bar, n = 11). Differences were evaluated using Student's t test. *, p < 0.0005; **, p < 0.005; ***, p < 0.005; ****, p < 0.006.

The findings obtained in vivo were verified in hepatoma cells. It is known that oxysterols regulate the activity of responsive promoters by activating nuclear receptors known as the LXR, which are bound to response elements as heterodimers with RXRs (6). The murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter contains an LXR:RXR binding site (termed Site I; Fig. 4A) (11), which is similar in sequence to the rat Cyp7a1 LXR binding site (19). In addition, the inactivation of the murine gene encoding the LXR isoform results in the resistance of the Cyp7a1 gene to stimulation by dietary cholesterol (8). Thus, we compared the response of the human and murine gene promoters to oxysterol-activated LXR:RXR. Fig. 4B shows a 30-fold increase (p < 0.001) in reporter activity from the murine mCyp7a1.CAT gene chimera when LXR was activated by 25-hydroxycholesterol, whereas no response was evident from the human hCYP7A1.CAT gene chimera. A similar finding for the human CYP7A1 gene promoter was also documented in HepG2 cells (19). Analysis of recombinant LXR:RXR interaction with human and murine Site I by electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated avid binding of the heterodimer to the murine Site I, but no detectable binding to the human Site I was found (Fig. 4C). Moreover, the binding of LXR:RXR to the murine Site I could be efficiently competed by an idealized LXR:RXR binding site, illustrating the specificity of the interaction. These results demonstrate that the human and murine Site I sequence dictates the interaction of the LXR:RXR with the human and murine cyp7a gene promoter and subsequently their response to cholesterol. We surveyed the sequence of the Site I in a small cohort of unrelated individuals from different ethnic backgrounds. This analysis revealed that the human Site I sequence was invariant (Supplemental Fig. 1), implying a similar general response of the human CYP7A1 gene to transcriptional control at this regulatory site.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   The human CYP7A1 gene promoter is not responsive to regulation by cholesterol. A shows the sequences of the Site I regulatory region in the promoters of the human CYP7A1 and murine Cyp7a1 genes (11). The residues represented in uppercase letters make up the half-sites. Residues in the spacer region are represented by lowercase letters. The variant residues between human and murine Site I are shaded. B shows the responses of the murine Cyp7a1 and human CYP7A1 gene promoter-reporter chimeras (mCyp7a1.CAT and hCYP7A1.CAT, respectively) to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25(OH)-chol)-activated LXR:RXR heterodimer in co-transfected hepatoma cells. Values shown are mean ± S.D. Differences were evaluated using Student's t test. *, p < 0.001, versus no 25-hydroxycholesterol. In C, the binding of the LXR:RXR heterodimer to the murine and human Site I was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The formation of a complex (arrow) composed of LXR:RXR and murine Site I is prevented by the addition of a 20-fold molar excess (20×) of unlabeled idealized LXR response element (DR4). See "Experimental Procedures" for a detailed description of the oligonucleotides used in the experiment.

In summary, we have described the creation of a mouse strain that uniquely expresses the human cyp7a enzyme in the liver. This model has permitted us to evaluate the response of the human CYP7A1 gene to dietary cholesterol in the intact animal, under the same conditions normally used to study murine Cyp7a1 gene expression but without interference from the functional consequences of the endogenous Cyp7a1 gene. The results obtained demonstrate that the human CYP7A1 gene is not stimulated by dietary cholesterol in vivo. Previously we showed that the murine Cyp7A1 gene promoter is induced by fats more robustly compared with the human CYP7A1 gene promoter in hepatoma cells (11). We have also found that the activity of the human CYP7A1 gene promoter is repressed by thyroid hormone (20), contrary to the response described for murine and rat Cyp7a1 gene promoters (21-24). These findings may be illustrating a fundamental difference in the way the human CYP7A1 and murine Cyp7a1 genes are normally regulated in vivo.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We gratefully acknowledge the excellent technical help provided by Jody Seewalt.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by Grant MOP-14812 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to L. B. A.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains Supplemental Fig. 1 and Supplemental Table I.

^§ Senior Scholar of the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. To whom correspondence should be addressed: 328 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada. Tel.: 780-492-5251; Fax: 780-492-3383; E-mail: luis.agellon@ualberta.ca.

^¶ Present address: Dept. of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, April 19, 2002 DOI 10.1074/jbc.C200105200

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: cyp7a, cholesterol 7-hydroxylase; LXR, liver X receptor ; RXR, retinoid X receptor; RT, reverse transcriptase; CAT, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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