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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 32, 28372-28375, August 9, 2002

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 277/32/28372    most recent C200324200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kanda, H. Articles by Miura, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kanda, H. Articles by Miura, M.

ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
Wengen, a Member of the Drosophila Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Is Required for Eiger Signaling^*

Hiroshi Kanda^§¶, Tatsushi Igaki^¶, Hirotaka Kanuka^**, Takeshi Yagi^§, and Masayuki Miura

From the  Laboratory for Cell Recovery Mechanisms, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, ^§ Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, and  Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Received for publication, May 28, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We identified Wengen, the first member of the Drosophila tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Wengen is a type III membrane protein with conserved cysteine-rich residues (TNFR homology domain) in the extracellular domain, a hallmark of the TNFR superfamily. wengen mRNA is expressed at all stages of Drosophila development. The small-eye phenotype caused by an eye-specific overexpression of a Drosophila TNF superfamily ligand, Eiger, was dramatically suppressed by down-regulation of Wengen using RNA interference. In addition, Wengen and Eiger physically interacted with each other through their TNFR homology domain and TNF homology domain, respectively. These results suggest that Wengen can act as a component of a functional receptor for Eiger. Our identification of Wengen and further genetic analysis should provide increased understanding of the evolutionarily conserved roles of TNF/TNFR superfamily proteins in normal development, as well as in some pathophysiological conditions.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)¹ superfamily proteins play key regulatory roles in transducing the extrinsic TNF superfamily signals to various functional targets. Members of the TNFR superfamily mediate a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological events such as cell activation, proliferation, inflammation, and cell death. The TNFR superfamily proteins are type I or III membrane proteins (1) that share significant sequence homology in their extracellular domains (TNFR homology domains) because of the presence of highly conserved cysteine residues in each cysteine-rich domain. The different cellular signals from extrinsic TNF superfamily proteins are transmitted through members of the TNFR superfamily and their adapter proteins, thereby initiating the individual pathway (2). A number of the TNF/TNFR superfamily members have been identified, and physiological and genetic studies have been carried out in vertebrates (3). In contrast, until the discovery of Eiger, no TNF or TNFR family protein had been reported in invertebrates.

Drosophila is a powerful genetic model for studying the in vivo role of genes and their physiological regulations. Recently we identified Eiger, the first invertebrate TNF superfamily ligand, in a Drosophila misexpression screen (4). Overexpression of Eiger in the Drosophila compound eye induces cell death through the activation of the Drosophila JNK. The Eiger-induced small-eye phenotype was executed through caspase-independent pathways. It remained to be elucidated how Eiger transmits its signals to the intracellular molecules. To address this question, we have conducted a dominant modifier screen to identify downstream molecules of Eiger using eye-specific Eiger overexpressing flies (GMR>eiger^regg1) and a collection of deficiency-bearing flies. Here, we describe Wengen, the first member of the Drosophila TNFR superfamily, which we identified in this screen.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Molecular Cloning and Expression Vectors-- The Drosophila EST clone SD13923 was sequenced, and the full-length wengen coding region was amplified by PCR and inserted into the pUAST vector (GenBank accession number for the full-length wengen cDNA, AB085747). cDNAs for a C-terminally Flag-tagged Wengen (Wengen-Flag), a Wengen without the cytoplasmic domain (Wengencyt-Flag), a Wengen without the TNFR homology domain (WengenTNFR-Flag), a C-terminally HA-tagged Wengen (Wengen-HA), an N-terminally HA-tagged Wengen (HA-Wengen), an N-terminally HA-tagged Eiger (HA-Eiger), and an Eiger with the TNF homology domain deleted (HA-EigerTNF) were amplified by PCR and inserted into the pUAST vector. The expression constructs for the HA-tagged caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of DRONC were used. A head-to-head inverted repeat construct for wengen, pUAS-wengen-IR, was generated by inserting the partial fragment of wengen cDNA (nucleotides 39-1032) into the EcoRI site of pUAS-wengen.

Fly Stocks and Generation of Transgenic Flies-- Fly culture and crosses were carried out at 25 °C. Canton-S or white¹¹¹⁸ was used as the wild-type strain. UAS-wengen-IR transgenic flies were generated by general P element-mediated transformation. GMR>eiger^regg1 flies were generated as described previously (4), and a series of deficiency-bearing flies was obtained from the Bloomington Stock Center.

Modifier Screen for Molecules Downstream of Eiger-- Drosophila eye-specific Eiger misexpressing (GMR>eiger^regg1) flies were crossed with a collection of deficiency lines. Our strategy was based on the reasoning that if a deficiency spanned a gene which encoded a molecule that functioned downstream of Eiger, the Eiger-induced small-eye phenotype would be suppressed in the F1 progeny.

Cell Culture, Transfection, Immunostaining, and Preparation of Cell Lysates-- Drosophila S2 cells (5) were cultured at 26 °C and transfected using Cellfectin (Invitrogen) as described previously (6). For immunostaining, an anti-HA monoclonal antibody (1:200; 12CA5, Roche Molecular Biochemicals) and a Cy3-labeled anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody (1:100; Chemicon) were used. For the detection of HA-Wengen and HA-CARD, S2 cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors together with pWAGAL4. Twenty-four hours after the transfection, cells were lysed in 1.5× SDS sample buffer containing 75 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 150 mM dithiothreitol, 3% SDS, 0.15% bromphenol blue, 9% glycerol, 4% 2-mercaptoethanol. For the immunoprecipitation assay, S2 cells were transiently transfected with each expression vector together with pWAGAL4. Twenty-four hours after the transfection, cells were lysed in 500 µl of lysis buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% deoxycholic acid, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.

Reverse Transcription PCR-- Total RNA was isolated from embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult stages of Drosophila and amplified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR as described previously (4). wengen cDNA was amplified by using the following primers: 5'-ATG CGT AGT CGG AGC AGC AGC AGT G-3' and 5'-GTG GTG GAT GAG GAT GCA GGC GGC C-3'. The primer sequences used for detection of glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA have been described (7). To detect the expression of wengen or GAPDH, 32 or 26 cycles of PCR were performed, respectively, and then their expression was analyzed on an agarose gel.

Western Blotting and Immunoprecipitation-- For the detection of HA-Wengen and HA-CARD, an anti-HA polyclonal antibody (1:500; MBL) and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000, anti-rabbit IgG; Transduction Laboratories) were used. For the immunoprecipitation assay, cell lysates were incubated with an anti-Flag M2 affinity gel (Sigma) or a protein G-Sepharose-conjugated anti-HA 3F10 mAb (Roche) at 4 °C overnight. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunoblot analysis with appropriate antibodies.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In a Drosophila dominant-modifier screen using the chromosomal deficiency lines that covered more than 70% of the genome, we obtained several lines that suppressed the small-eye phenotype caused by Eiger overexpression (GMR>eiger^regg1) (4) (Fig. 1, A-C). Through the analysis of these deficiency lines, we identified a line, Df(1)E128/FM7c (8), in which the deficiency spans the coding region of a predicted gene, CG6531 (Fig. 1D). CG6531 was speculated to encode a protein with a cysteine-rich domain (TNFR homology domain), the hallmark of the TNFR superfamily (3). We named this gene wengen for a village at the foot of Mt. Eiger. Analysis of the wengen nucleotide sequence revealed an open reading frame of 343 amino acids with a predicted relative molecular mass of 40 kDa (Fig. 1E and data not shown). Alignment analysis revealed that Wengen harbored a TNFR homology domain in the extracellular region and a membrane-spanning region without signal sequence (Fig. 1, E and F). This is a characteristic of the type III membrane protein of TNFR superfamily (extracellular N terminus, intracellular C terminus, lacking a signal peptide) (1). The TNFR homology domain of Wengen had significant structural and amino acid homology with the TNFR domains of human EDAR (hXEDAR) and human TNFR1 (hTNFR1) (Fig. 1G). The TNFR homology domains of Wengen, hXEDAR, and hTNFR1 share the topologically distinctive modules (termed A1 and B2 module, except for the TNFR homology domain of hTNFR1 (amino acids 168-195), which is composed of the A1 and C2 modules) (9). To investigate whether Wengen was indeed a type III membrane protein like the other TNFR superfamily members, we examined its subcellular localization (Fig. 1, H-K). S2 cells were transiently transfected with expression vectors for C-terminally HA-tagged Wengen (Wengen-HA) and GFP. In GFP-positive cells, which were assumed to be overexpressing Wengen-HA, Wengen-HA was detected on the surface membrane with anti-HA antibody when the S2 cells were permeabilized (Fig. 1, H and I); the signal was not detected in GFP-positive cells without permeabilization (Fig. 1, J and K). These data suggest that the Wengen C-terminal domain is indeed cytoplasmic. These results suggest that Wengen is a member of the type III TNFR superfamily. We then examined the expression of wengen in flies. RT-PCR analysis revealed that wengen mRNA was expressed at all stages of development (Fig. 1L). Its putative ligand, Eiger, is also expressed at all stages of Drosophila development (4).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Identification of Wengen, a member of TNFR superfamily. Light microscopy micrographs of wild-type (A); +/+; regg1GS9830/+; GMR-GAL4/+ (B); and +/Df(1)E128; regg1GS9830/+; GMR-GAL4/+ (C) flies are shown. D, cytological map of the deficiency line, Df(1)E128/FM7c. E, amino acid sequence of Wengen. The red box indicates the cysteine-rich domain (or TNFR homology domain), and the blue box indicates the membrane-spanning region (transmembrane domain). F, schematic structures of Wengen, hXEDAR, and hTNFR1. Extracellular TNFR homology domains (red box, A1 and B2 modules; light red box, A1 and C2 modules) are conserved. TM, transmembrane domain. G, deduced amino acid sequence of the TNFR homology domain of Wengen is aligned with those of hXEDAR and hTNFR1. H-K, the expression constructs for C-terminally HA-tagged Wengen and GFP were transiently transfected into S2 cells with pWAGAL4. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were immunostained with an anti-HA mAb after (H and I) or before (J and K) fixation and permeabilization. L, expression of wengen was examined by RT-PCR at various stages of Drosophila development (embryo, larvae, pupae, and adult). GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase) primer set was used as a control.

To assess whether Wengen is required for Eiger to induce the small-eye phenotype, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to down-regulate the endogenous expression of Wengen. A head-to-head inverted repeat construct for wengen, pUAS-wengen-IR, was generated, and we examined its ability to knock down the wengen expression (Fig. 2A). Co-transfection of pUAS-HA-wengen together with pUAS-wengen-IR into S2 cells dramatically reduced Wengen expression but had no effect on the expression of HA-CARD (Fig. 2B), suggesting that wengen-IR works as a specific inhibitor of Wengen expression. To assess the biological functions of Wengen in Drosophila, we generated transgenic flies that misexpress wengen-IR in the developing retina. The small-eye phenotype induced by the eye-specific ectopic expression of Eiger (GMR>eiger^regg1; Fig. 2C) was suppressed by the coexpression of wengen-IR (Fig. 2D). These results strongly suggest that Wengen is required as a functional transducer of Eiger signaling.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   The Eiger-induced small-eye phenotype is suppressed by the down-regulation of Wengen expression. A, schematic structure of an inverted-repeat expressing construct of wengen (UAS-wengen-IR). B, S2 cells were transiently transfected with expression constructs for HA-Wengen and HA-CARD without (second lane) or with (third lane) the wengen-IR expression construct. Twenty-four hours after the transfection, cell lysates were separated by 12.5% SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-HA polyclonal Ab. C and D, eye-specific Eiger misexpressing (GMR>eigerregg1) flies were crossed with UAS-wengen-IR transgenic flies, and the eye phenotype of the F1 progeny was analyzed. The small-eye phenotype induced by Eiger was suppressed by the ectopic expression of wengen-IR in the Drosophila compound eye. Light microscopy micrographs of regg1GS9830/+; GMR-GAL4/+ (C) and regg1GS9830/UAS-wengen-IR; GMR-GAL4/+ (D) flies are shown.

Next, we assessed the physical interactions between Wengen and Eiger using various deletion mutants (Fig. 3A). Immunoprecipitation assays revealed that full-length Wengen and Eiger physically interacted with each other (Fig. 3B, first lane, and C, first lane). Eiger interacted with Wengencyt but not with WengenTNFR (Fig. 3B, second and third lanes). In addition, full-length Wengen could not interact with Eiger TNF (Fig. 3C, second lane). These results suggest that Wengen can interact with Eiger, and this interaction is mediated through the TNFR homology domain of Wengen and the TNF homology domain of Eiger.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Physical interaction between Wengen and Eiger. A, schematic representation of deletion mutants. B and C, S2 cells were transiently transfected with the indicated plasmids together with pWAGAL4. Twenty-four hours after the transfection, the cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-HA- or anti-Flag IgG-conjugated beads. Bound proteins were eluted by boiling, separated by 12.5% SDS-PAGE, and subjected to Western blot analysis. The asterisks in C represent the bands of IgG. TM, transmembrane domain; IP, immunoprecipitate; WB, Western blot.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

In this study, we identified the first Drosophila member of the TNFR superfamily, Wengen. Most of the genes for the TNFR superfamily encode type I or III membrane proteins with one or more extracellular ligand-binding domains and a cytoplasmic region that activates cell functions. In general, the extracellular domain of this family of proteins shows a relatively low level of sequence conservation, despite sharing a common fundamental structure. The cytoplasmic regions of the receptors show considerably more diversity in sequence and size than the extracellular regions. There are no common intracellular motifs found in all members of the TNFR superfamily except for some domains such as the TRAF2-binding domain ((P/S/A/T)X(Q/E)E or PXQXXD) (10), which is required for both NF-B activation and JNK activation, or a domain of ~80 amino acids called the "death domain" (3) for caspase activation. However, the amino acid sequence of Wengen reveals that it has neither a TRAF2-binding domain nor a death domain in the cytoplasmic region, suggesting that there should be another mechanism to transduce signals.

Whereas Eiger can stimulate the JNK pathway (4), we failed to detect the stimulation of the JNK pathway in response to the overexpression of Wengen in S2 cells or the Drosophila compound eye (data not shown). It is possible that because the amount of ligand is limited, overexpression of Wengen was not sufficient to activate the downstream signals. It is also possible that intracellular adapter proteins, which are required for transducing signals, are not expressed or limited in Wengen-expressing cells. Otherwise, Wengen may require one or more co-receptors that transduce signals to the cytoplasm. For instance, heteromeric receptor complex is used to transduce Hedgehog signaling (11). Hedgehog binds to its receptor Patched, and then the inhibitory function of Patched against its binding partner, Smoothened, is cancelled. In this way, Hedgehog signaling is transduced into the cells. Because the heteromeric complex of receptors has never been reported to transduce TNF family signaling, it is possible that Eiger/Wengen may use the novel type of TNF signaling mechanisms. In any case, further genetic and biochemical studies of Eiger/Wengen should help to elucidate the unique signaling mechanisms that include the caspase-independent pathway triggered by Eiger.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Yuki Yamamoto-Goto, Naoko Tokushige, and Ryoko Akai for technical support, Toshiro Aigaki for the Regg1 fly (GS9830 strain), Yasushi Hiromi for the pWAGAL4 plasmid, John Gurdon and Ryusuke Niwa for the GFP plasmid, and Gerald Rubin for the GMR-GAL4 fly.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported in part by grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture, and Technology and a RIKEN Bioarchitect Research Project (to M. M.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ Research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

^** Research fellow of the Special Postdoctoral Researchers Program, RIKEN.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-48-467-6945; Fax: 81-48-467-6946; E-mail: miura@brain.riken.go.jp.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, June 25, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C200324200

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; JNK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase; HA, hemagglutinin; RT, reverse transcription; mAb, monoclonal antibody; GFP, green fluorescent protein; CARD, caspase recruitment domain.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 277/32/28372    most recent C200324200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kanda, H. Articles by Miura, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kanda, H. Articles by Miura, M.