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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 37, 33537-33540, September 13, 2002

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ACCELERATED PUBLICATION
The S18 Ribosomal Protein Is a Putative Substrate for Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-activated Protein Kinase II^*

Ketu Mishra-Gorur, Harold A. Singer^§, and John J. Castellot Jr.^¶

From the  Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, ^§ Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and ^¶ Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111

Received for publication, June 4, 2002, and in revised form, July 18, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The -isoform of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-activated protein kinase II (CaMK II) is abundantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle, but relatively little is known about its regulation or its potential cellular substrates. There are few, if any, known substrates of CaMK II that are physiologically relevant in vascular smooth muscle cells. Studies presented earlier (Mishra-Gorur, K., Singer, H. A., and Castellot, J. J., Jr. (2002) Am. J. Pathol., in press) by our laboratory show an inhibitory effect of heparin on CaMK II phosphorylation and activity. During these studies we observed the specific co-immunoprecipitation of a 20-kDa protein with CaMK II. Purification and sequence analysis indicate that this protein is the S18 protein of the 40 S ribosome. S18 was found to be abundantly phosphorylated in response to serum treatment, and this effect was strongly inhibited by heparin. In addition, KN-93, a specific CaMK II inhibitor, blocks S18 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells; a concomitant 24% reduction in protein synthesis was observed. Taken together these data support the idea that S18 could be a novel substrate for CaMK II, thus providing a potential link between Ca²⁺-mobilizing agents and protein translation.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CaMK II¹ is found in virtually all tissues examined and is thought to play a role in diverse cellular processes such as neurotransmitter release (1, 2), vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration (3), contraction (4), and transcription of genes (5, 6). Recent evidence also suggests that CaMK II regulates the induction of VSMC contraction by regulating the phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase. Caldesmon and calponin, two other proteins involved in contraction, are also postulated to be substrates for CaMK II. Both these proteins can inhibit actin-activated myosin ATPase; however, when phosphorylated by CaMK II they lose their ability to inhibit actomyosin ATPase (7).

Despite the potentially important role of CaMK II in VSMC contraction, there is minimal information available about its regulation in vivo. Furthermore, the relative abundance of this enzyme implies a role in other cellular functions, but the lack of other physiologically relevant substrates (besides calponin and caldesmon) for CaMK II in VSMCs has blunted the analysis of other putative functions. Here we report that the S18 protein of the 40 S ribosome is a potential substrate of CaMK II. While almost nothing is known about the function of S18 in animal cells, it is a highly basic protein showing high homology to the Escherichia coli ribosomal protein rpS13. rpS13 plays important roles in both initiation and elongation during protein translation and is thought to help regulate translational efficiency. Hence, the identification of S18 as a putative substrate for CaMK II may provide a novel link between Ca²⁺-mobilizing agents and protein translation control.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Materials-- All tissue culture plasticware was obtained from Costar (Cambridge, MA) and Falcon (BD PharMingen). Fetal calf serum was purchased from Hyclone (Logan, UT). RPMI base medium, trypsin-EDTA, glutamine, and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen. Heparin, obtained from Glycomed (Alameda, CA), was derived from porcine mucosa (sodium salt) (molecular mass, 12-18 kDa). Chondroitin sulfate and reagents for buffers, cell extraction, and SDS-gel electrophoresis were from Sigma. Platelet-derived growth factor was from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN), and lysophosphatidic acid was from Sigma. Acrylamide solution (Protogel) was from National Diagnostics (Atlanta, GA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG was from Invitrogen; horseradish peroxidase-conjugated sheep anti-rabbit IgG was obtained from Roche Molecular Biochemicals. Sodium orthovanadate was from Sigma; okadaic acid, calyculin, tautomycin, and KN-93 were from Calbiochem. [³H]Leucine was from PerkinElmer Life Sciences.

Cell Culture-- Rat aortic smooth muscle cells from Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc.) were isolated, cultured, and characterized as described previously (8). Briefly, the abdominal segment of the aorta was removed, and the fascia was cleaned away under a dissecting microscope. The aorta was cut longitudinally, and small pieces of the media were carefully stripped from the vessel wall. Two or three such strips were placed in 60-mm dishes. Within 1-2 weeks, VSMCs migrated from the explants; they were capable of being passaged approximately 1 week after the first appearance of cells. They were identified as smooth muscle cells by their "hill and valley" growth pattern and indirect immunofluorescence staining for VSMC-specific -actin. VSMC cultures were maintained in RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂, 95% air incubator. Primary cultures were used at or before passage 9. Cells were counted using a Coulter Counter (Coulter Counter Corp., Hialeah, Fl). Cells were routinely grown in RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). SV40 large T antigen-transformed heparin-resistant and -sensitive cells (9) were grown and maintained under similar conditions.

Growth Arrest of Cells-- Cells were routinely plated at 5-6 × 10⁵/100-cm² dish, washed with RPMI, and placed in RPMI containing 0.2-0.4% FCS for 72 h (10). Flow microfluorometry and determination of [³H]thymidine-labeled nuclei indicated that greater than 95% of the cells were arrested in G₀(G₁). Cells were released from quiescence by replacing the low serum medium with normal growth medium (i.e. RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS). The cells were ~40-60% confluent at the time of harvest.

Protein Analysis-- Quiescent cells were treated with 10% FCS, RPMI with or without the indicated concentrations of heparin or chondroitin sulfate for various time intervals. The proteins were then harvested as follows with all procedures performed at 4 °C. Cells were rinsed twice with cold TBS (20 mM Tris, pH 8, 137 mM NaCl) and lysed with 100 µl of lysis buffer (TBS + 1% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, 100 mM sodium fluoride, 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 20 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 0.5 mM sodium orthovanadate). The extracts were rocked for 20 min and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm (Eppendorf microcentrifuge) for 10 min to remove insoluble material. The supernatant was stored at 20 °C until use. Protein estimations were done by the Pierce BCA method adapted for microtiter plates. Extracts containing 50 µg of protein were boiled with 1× SDS sample loading buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE (11), and blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schüll) in Towbin buffer (25 mM Trizma (Tris base), 192 mM glycine, 20% methanol) at 250 mA overnight. The blots were stained with Ponceau stain to confirm equal loading and transfer of proteins to the membrane. The membranes were blocked with 5% milk in 1× TBS (20 mM Tris base, 137 mM NaCl, pH 7.6), and Western blots were performed using anti-phosphotyrosine or anti-phosphoserine antibodies (1:1000) and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:10,000) in 1× TBST (TBS + 0.2% Tween 20). The proteins were visualized using the DuPont Renaissance Enhanced ChemiLuminescence detection reagents and autoradiography as described by the manufacturer. Prestained protein standard markers (Invitrogen) were used as molecular weight markers. Densitometric analysis on the autoradiograms was performed using the Stratagene (La Jolla, CA) Eagle Eye II system and the Scanalytics (Billerica, MA) ONE D-scan software.

Protein Synthesis Measurements-- Protein synthesis was measured as described previously for smooth muscle cells (12). Briefly, 2 × 10⁴ VSMCs were plated into 24-well microplates. 2 days later, 2 µCi/ml [³H]leucine was added to the culture medium in the presence or absence of 30 µM KN-93, a specific inhibitor of CaMK II (1). After 2 h, cells were washed five times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, and 1.0 ml of ice-cold 10% trichloroacetic acid (w/v) was added to each well. The cells were incubated on ice for 1 h and washed five times with ice-cold 10% trichloroacetic acid. 1.0 ml of 1.0 M NaOH was added to each well overnight at 37 °C, pH was neutralized with 10 M HCL, and a small portion was counted using liquid scintillation spectroscopy. Replicate wells within the same multiwell plate were harvested for both protein determination and cell counting (12). To ensure that intracellular and extracellular leucine pools were completely equilibrated and that the specific radioactivity of leucyl-tRNA was unchanged by KN-93, the methods outlined by Gulves and Dice were followed (13). Under the conditions used in our experiments, these parameters were found not to contribute to the changes in protein synthesis rates observed in the presence of KN-93.

Radioactive Labeling and Immunoprecipitation of CaMK II-- Quiescent cells were rinsed in phosphate-free RPMI and incubated in this medium for 2 h in the presence of 200 µCi/ml [-³²P]ATP (14). Cells were then treated with 10% FCS, RPMI + heparin or with 1 µM ionomycin, RPMI + heparin. Proteins were harvested in Buffer A (50 mM MOPS, pH 7.4, 2 mM EGTA, 100 mM NaF, 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 0.4 unit/ml aprotinin) and allowed to sit on ice for 5 min, and the lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was used for immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II antibodies (90 min at 4 °C) and protein A + G-agarose beads (Oncogene Science) (60 min at 4 °C). The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose, and differential phosphorylation was analyzed after overnight exposure on a PhosphorImager.

Immunoprecipitation and Purification of p20-- Quiescent VSMCs were stimulated with 10% FCS, RPMI, and the cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with the anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibodies as described above. The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE, and the proteins were visualized by Colloidal Coomassie Blue staining. The p20 band was excised from the gel and submitted for sequence analysis to the Harvard microsequencing facility.

CaMK II Inhibitor KN-93-- Quiescent VSMCs were radioactively labeled with [-³²P]ATP as described above. 90 min into the incubation, KN-93 was added to a final concentration of 30 µM. After 30 min the cells were stimulated with 10% FCS for 5 min. The proteins were then harvested and used for immunoprecipitation as described above.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

A 20-kDa Protein Co-immunoprecipitates with CaMK II-- We have reported that heparin inhibits CaMK II phosphorylation and activation (15, 34). In these experiments, growth-arrested VSMCs were radioactively labeled with [-³²P]ATP followed by stimulation with 10% FCS, RPMI + heparin for 5 min. The cell lysates were then used for immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibodies. This antibody was chosen because the -isoform is the predominant form found in VSMCs (16), and the antibody is highly specific as it is made against the NFSGGTSLWQNI peptide unique to the C terminus of the 2-isoform (16, 17). A single protein (M_r ~ 20,000; p20) was found to co-immunoprecipitate with CaMK II (Fig. 1). In addition, p20 was abundantly phosphorylated upon serum stimulation, and this effect was potently inhibited by heparin. Control immunoprecipitations with the agarose beads alone were performed to ensure that p20 was not simply interacting with the beads.

View larger version (88K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   A 20-kDa protein co-immunoprecipitates with CaMK II. Radioactively labeled, quiescent VSMCs were treated with 10% FCS, RPMI + heparin for 5 min. The cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibody. The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose, and phosphorylation was visualized by autoradiography. Go, quiescent VSMCs; H, heparin; Iono, ionomycin.

p20 Is the S18 Protein of the 40 S Ribosome-- Based on the observations that 1) the phosphorylation of both CaMK II and p20 was inhibited by heparin and 2) p20 co-immunoprecipitated with CaMK II, we considered the possibility that p20 might be a novel substrate of CaMK II. To identify this protein, we performed a large scale immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II antibodies on serum-treated VSMC lysates. The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and stained with Colloidal Coomassie Blue stain. The p20 protein band was excised from the gel and submitted for sequence analysis. Two peptides were sequenced, and both peptides exhibited 100% homology to the corresponding sequence of the rat ribosomal protein S18 of the 40 S ribosome (Fig. 2).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   p20 exhibits a high degree of homology to the rat S18 ribosomal protein of the 40 S ribosome. A large scale immunoprecipitation was performed on VSMC lysates using anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibody, and proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE as described above. The p20 protein band was excised from the gel and submitted for sequence analysis. The sequence of the two peptides is shown in bold letters.

S18 Is Phosphorylated by CaMK II-- To test whether cellular S18 was phosphorylated by CaMK II, we used KN-93, a specific inhibitor of CaMK II (1). Quiescent VSMCs were radioactively labeled for 2 h with [-³²P]ATP. 90 minutes into the incubation, KN-93 was added to the medium at a final concentration of 30 µM. After 30 min of incubation with KN-93 the cells were treated with 10% FCS or 1 µM ionomycin for 5 min. Cells were harvested, and the lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibodies. Quiescent cells and cells treated with KN-93 alone were used as controls. Immunoprecipitation with beads alone was done to confirm the specificity of the co-immunoprecipitation. KN-93 treatment resulted in a reduction of CaMK II phosphorylation due to either FCS or ionomycin stimulation (Fig. 3). A concomitant reduction in the phosphorylation of the S18 protein was observed, suggesting that S18 is phosphorylated by CaMK II (Fig. 3).

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   S18 is phosphorylated by CaMK II. Radioactively labeled, quiescent VSMCs were treated with 30 µM KN-93 for 30 min followed by stimulation with 10% FCS, RPMI + heparin or 1 µM ionomycin + heparin for 5 min. The cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with anti-CaMK II -isoform-specific antibody. The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and blotted onto nitrocellulose, and phosphorylation was visualized by autoradiography. KN93+FCS, cells treated with both KN-93 and 10% FCS, RPMI; FCS, cells treated with 10% FCS, RPMI alone; FCS(Beads alone), control immunoprecipitation with beads alone on cells treated with 10% FCS, RPMI; Iono, cells treated with 1 µM ionomycin alone; KN93+Iono, cells treated with KN-93 followed by ionomycin. Densitometric analysis (not shown) indicates that KN-93 reduces phosphorylation of S18 by 74% in serum-treated cells.

Protein Synthesis Rates Are Reduced When CaMK II Activity and S18 Phosphorylation Are Inhibited-- If S18 phosphorylation by CaMK II plays a role in regulating translational efficiency, then inhibiting S18 phosphorylation with KN-93 should reduce protein synthesis rates in VSMCs. To test this hypothesis, we added [³H]leucine to exponentially growing VSMCs in the presence or absence of 30 µM KN-93 (Table I), a concentration that reduces S18 phosphorylation by ~74% (Fig. 3). Using two independently isolated VMSC cultures, KN-93 reduced protein synthesis rates by an average of 24%. Control experiments (12, 13) indicate that the intracellular leucine pool is fully equilibrated, that the leucyl-tRNA fraction is unchanged in the presence of KN-93, and that >95% of the cell protein is collected by the methods used (data not shown).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

This study provides evidence that the S18 protein of the 40 S ribosome can be phosphorylated by CaMK II, thus identifying a putative substrate for CaMK II in VSMCs. The evidence includes 1) a physical association of S18 with CaMK II as determined by co-immunoprecipitation of the two proteins and 2) pharmacologic suppression of S18 phosphorylation by two inhibitors of CaMK II, heparin and KN-93. Furthermore, inhibiting phosphorylation of S18 with KN-93 also produced a reduction in protein translation rates.

Although the initial observation of a putative CaMK II/S18 interaction was made using heparin, work in our laboratory (10, 15, 34) and by others (18-20) clearly indicates that heparin inhibits kinases other than CaMK II. We therefore used the highly specific CaMK II inhibitor KN-93 to confirm this interaction. KN-93 is a more hydrophilic analogue of the isoquinolinyl sulfonamide KN-62. Both these inhibitors prevent the activation of CaMK II by interacting with the calmodulin binding domain of the kinase (1). KN-93 has no significant effects on myosin light chain kinase, protein kinase C, or protein kinase A at the concentrations used in the current study (17). KN-93 pretreatment resulted in an attenuation of CaMK II phosphorylation upon FCS stimulation. A concomitant reduction in S18 phosphorylation as well as the reproducible co-immunoprecipitation of S18 with CaMK II may provide a link between calcium-mobilizing agents and protein translation. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that the inhibition of S18 phosphorylation is accompanied by a 24% reduction in protein synthesis.

Little is known about the eukaryotic S18 protein except for its sequence. However, its prokaryotic homolog, the E. coli rpS13, has been studied more extensively, and the available data may provide insights into the role of S18 protein in eukaryotes, especially since there are many conserved domains between the two. Both S18 and rpS13 are very basic proteins (21, 22). The E. coli rpS13 is thought to be involved in the initiation of translation as it is a surface protein at the interface of the ribosomal subunits that cross-links to all three initiation factors (23). It interacts strongly with the 20 S rRNA and has been cross-linked to the 3' major domain of the 16 S rRNA (24-26), to ribosomal protein S19 (27), and to tRNA in both the P and A sites (25, 28). These studies indicate that rpS13 is important for both translation initiation and elongation. rpS13 can be phosphorylated by a eukaryotic protein kinase (29), and there are a number of phosphorylation sites in the eukaryotic S18 protein for phosphorylation by casein kinase II, protein kinase C, and a tyrosine kinase.

Based on the high degree of homology between S18 and rpS13, it is possible that S18 plays an important role in ribosome assembly as well as in translational efficiency. In support of this idea, a mutant of the E. coli rpS13 protein lacking the C-terminal 19 amino acids shows a 20-30% reduction in translation rate (30) in agreement with the 24% drop in protein synthesis rates observed when S18 phosphorylation is blocked in VSMCs. Interestingly the C-terminal portion is required for 16 S rRNA recognition (31), and the consensus motif for CaMK II phosphorylation is present within the C-terminal 19 residues of the protein sequence of S18.

The notion that phosphorylation of S18 regulates the rate of translation becomes even more interesting in light of the ability of heparin to inhibit both CaMK II and protein kinase C, both of which can phosphorylate the S18 protein (22), implying that heparin may alter translation rates. Although previous studies have indicated that heparin blocks proliferation of VSMC, this glycosaminoglycan alters the overall rate of protein synthesis in VSMCs by 20% or less (12). When one considers that growth regulatory proteins are very labile and comprise a very small percentage of the total protein in a cell while housekeeping proteins are generally much more stable, even large fluctuations in the levels of growth regulatory proteins would not be detected when measuring overall protein synthesis. In addition, mRNA encoding growth regulatory proteins has a very short half-life; thus, even a modest reduction in translation rate such as the 20-30% decrease seen in rpS13 mutants and the 23% reduction observed with underphosphorylated S18 would result in the rapid degradation/reduction of these nascent message levels in the cell.

The co-immunoprecipitation of a 20-kDa protein with CaMK II only in the presence of mitogenic stimulation has been reported earlier (32). However, further studies to identify the protein were not reported. There is one prior observation of differential phosphorylation of a ribosomal protein (33). However, this effect was independent of the cytosolic free Ca²⁺ pool and thus was not a result of calmodulin-dependent protein kinases; instead, it is a reflection of the sequestered pool of intracellular Ca²⁺. In contrast, serum treatment causes an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, a key factor in proliferative responses. Exploring the connection between CaMK II and S18 should provide a better understanding of the antiproliferative mechanism of heparin and may shed new light on the relationship between Ca²⁺-mobilizing agents and protein translation.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL49973 (to J. J. C.) and HL49426 (to H. A. S.).The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111. Tel.: 617-636-0303; Fax: 617-636-0304.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, July 26, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C200342200

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: CaMK II, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-activated protein kinase II; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell; FCS, fetal calf serum; MOPS, 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 277/37/33537    most recent C200342200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mishra-Gorur, K. Articles by Castellot, J. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Mishra-Gorur, K. Articles by Castellot, J. J., Jr. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?