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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, Issue 47, 44838-44844, November 22, 2002

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Calnexin, Calreticulin, and ERp57 Cooperate in Disulfide Bond Formation in Human CD1d Heavy Chain^*

Suk-Jo Kang and Peter Cresswell

From the Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011

Received for publication, August 1, 2002, and in revised form, September 6, 2002

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Members of the CD1 family of membrane glycoproteins can present antigenic lipids to T lymphocytes. Like major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, they form a heterodimeric complex of a heavy chain and ₂-microglobulin (₂m) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Binding of lipid antigens, however, takes place in endosomal compartments, similar to class II molecules, and on the plasma membrane. Unlike major histocompatibility complex class I or CD1b molecules, which need ₂m to exit the ER, CD1d can be expressed on the cell surface as either a free heavy chain or associated with ₂m. These differences led us to investigate early events of CD1d biosynthesis and maturation and the role of ER chaperones in its assembly. Here we show that CD1d associates in the ER with both calnexin and calreticulin and with the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 in a manner dependent on glucose trimming of its N-linked glycans. Complete disulfide bond formation in the CD1d heavy chain was substantially impaired if the chaperone interactions were blocked by the glucosidase inhibitors castanospermine or N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. The formation of at least one of the disulfide bonds in the CD1d heavy chain is coupled to its glucose trimming-dependent association with ERp57, calnexin, and calreticulin.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

CD1 molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins encoded by linked genes outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)¹ (reviewed in Ref. 1). The human CD1a, -b, and -c molecules constitute group I, whereas human and mouse CD1d molecules form group II. Like classical MHC class I and class II molecules, CD1 molecules are recognized by T cells. Certain + and + CD4-CD8 T cells were initially shown to lyse tumor cells expressing CD1a or CD1c (2). Subsequent studies showed that mycobacterial lipids, such as mycolic acids, lipoarabinomannan, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and hexosyl-1-phosphoisoprenoids could be presented to cytotoxic T cells by CD1b and CD1c molecules (3-6). Recently, gangliosides and sulfatides have been identified as natural host antigens presented by CD1b and CD1a, respectively (7-9). Although no bacterial antigens presented by CD1d molecules have been identified, they present a marine sponge-derived lipid, -galactosylceramide, to both mouse and human NKT cells (10-15). Recently, natural lipid ligands, including phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, recognizable by autoreactive CD1d-restricted T cells, have been identified (16).

The structure of CD1 is similar to that of MHC class I molecules in that CD1 molecules form heterodimers of 43-49-kDa heavy chains noncovalently associated with ₂-microglobulin (₂m). However, unlike class I molecules, which bind peptide antigens in the ER, CD1 glycoproteins, like class II molecules, survey antigens in the endocytic pathway. Peptide binding by class I molecules is an essential requirement for their egress from the ER. CD1d molecules may bind autologous lipids in the ER, such as phosphatidylinositol or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (17, 18), to satisfy quality control mechanisms and allow transport, before exchanging them in the endocytic pathway for other autologous or foreign lipids.

Previous studies have examined the assembly of CD1 molecules. CD1b heavy chain was observed to bind calnexin and calreticulin in the ER and to require ₂m for subsequent transport to the cell surface (19, 20). In contrast, mouse and human CD1d molecules are expressed both as free heavy chains and as complexes with ₂m. This was observed not only in transfectants but also in primary tissue cells (21-23). CD1d expressed in ₂m-negative cells is fully capable of activating cognate T cells (23, 24), indicating that heterodimer formation may not be critical for CD1d function. Although a recent study showed that ₂m seems to modulate the structure of the heavy chain carbohydrates (22), the underlying mechanisms regulating CD1d expression with or without ₂m remain to be elucidated.

Here we present a detailed analysis of CD1d biosynthesis and an examination of the roles of ER chaperones in CD1d assembly. We show that CD1d heavy chains associate with calnexin, calreticulin, and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 and demonstrate a role for this association in the formation of CD1d heavy chain disulfide bonds.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Cell Lines-- The B-LCL C1R and .221, and their CD1d transfectants, were maintained in Iscove's medium (Invitrogen) containing 5% bovine calf serum or 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C.

Antibodies and Reagents-- The mouse mAbs to human CD1d, 51.1.3 (22, 25, 26) and D5 (22, 26, 27), were gifts from Dr. S. Porcelli (Albert Einstein College of Medicine) and Dr. S. Balk (Harvard Medical School), respectively. The mAbs GAP.A3 (anti-HLA-A3 (28)), MaP.ERp57 (anti-ERp57 (29)), and HC10 (anti-class I (30)) have been previously described. The mAb AF8 (anti-calnexin (31)) was a gift from Dr. M. Brenner (Harvard Medical School). The rabbit anti-calreticulin serum and rat anti-Grp94 mAb were purchased from StressGen Biotechnologies Corp. (Victoria, BC, Canada) and anti-₂m serum from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN). Dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) (DSP) was purchased from Pierce and castanospermine (CST) from Roche Applied Science. N-Butyldeoxynojirimycin was a gift of Dr. K. Cannon (32).

Generation of Stable Transfectant Cell Lines-- The vector CD1d/pSR-neo was a gift of Dr. S. Porcelli. C1R and .221 cells were transfected by electroporation at 230 and 210 V/960 microfarads, respectively. C1R.CD1d and .221.CD1d were selected for neomycin resistance at 1.8 and 0.6 mg/ml G418, respectively. They were screened for CD1d expression by flow cytometry.

Metabolic Labeling and Immunoprecipitation-- Labeling with [³⁵S]methionine and cysteine (ICN, Costa Mesa, CA), immunoprecipitations, and endoglycosidase H (Endo H) digestion were performed as previously described (33). Reimmunoprecipitation experiments were performed as described (34). For elution in reducing conditions, washed primary immunoprecipitates were boiled for 5 min in 100 µl of 1% SDS, 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), TBS (10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) before diluting with 1 ml of 1% Triton X-100, 10 mM iodoacetamide, TBS. For nonreducing elution, DTT and iodoacetamide were omitted. The beads were centrifuged and the supernatants were used for the second immunoprecipitations. The samples were boiled with Laemmli SDS sample buffer and separated by reducing, unless indicated otherwise, SDS-PAGE prior to autoradiography. All quantitation was performed using Bio-Rad GS-525 phosphorimaging and Molecular Analyst Software.

Cross-linking with DSP-- Cells were metabolically labeled for 45 min and lysed on ice in 1% digitonin in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (Invitrogen) with or without 1 mM DSP. Lysates were diluted in 1% digitonin or 1.2% Triton X-100 before immunoprecipitation.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Assembly and Transport of CD1d Molecules-- CD1d biosynthesis was examined in the B-LCL, C1R.CD1d, which is capable of activating CD1d-specific T cells (15). Cells were labeled with [³⁵S]methionine/cysteine for 15 min and chased up to 20 h. They were lysed in 1% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with the anti-CD1d antibodies, 51.1.3 or D5, which recognize heavy chain-₂m dimers and free heavy chains, respectively. Exit from the ER was monitored by loss of susceptibility to Endo H. Fig. 1 shows that the majority of Endo H-sensitive free heavy chains were converted to heavy chain-₂m complexes within 2 h (Fig. 1B). Both ₂m-associated CD1d heavy chains and the residual free heavy chains underwent complex carbohydrate modification, manifested as smeared bands, starting at about 1 h for the heterodimer and 2-4 h for the free heavy chains. Concomitant loss of Endo H-sensitive bands indicates transport from the ER, and these results indicate that ₂m facilitates, but is not essential for, CD1d exit from the ER. That 51.1.3-recognizable CD1d is associated with ₂m was confirmed by comparing kinetics of maturation by immunoprecipitation with 51.1.3 and with anti-₂m serum. The immunoprecipitates were eluted from the beads by boiling in 1% SDS/DTT/TBS, diluted in 1% Triton X-100/iodoacetamide/TBS, and the supernatants were reimmunoprecipitated with D5. Immunoprecipitation with either antibody showed identical CD1d transport kinetics in C1R.CD1d and in a second CD1d-expressing cell line, .221.CD1d (Fig. 1C).

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.   Kinetics of CD1d maturation. A, C1R.CD1d cells (2 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 15 min and chased up to 20 h. The cells were extracted in 1% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with mAbs 51.1.3 (anti-CD1d/2m) or D5 (anti-CD1d heavy chain). The immunoprecipitates were eluted by boiling in 0.2% SDS, 0.04 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, and the supernatants were incubated with or without Endo H overnight before analysis by 12% SDS-PAGE. CD1d heavy chain (R, Endo H resistant; S, Endo H sensitive) and 2m are indicated on the right. B, quantitation of band intensities using Bio-Rad GS-525 phosphorimaging. Left panel, CD1d/2m and CD1d free heavy chain as a percentage of maximum. Right panel, Endo H-sensitive and -resistant CD1d/2m and CD1d free heavy chain as a percentage of total CD1d. C, C1R.CD1d (2 × 106 cells/lane, upper panels) and .221.CD1d cells (2 × 106 cells/lane, lower panels) were radiolabeled as in panel A. Cells were extracted in 1% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with 51.1.3 (left panels) or rabbit anti-2m serum (right panels). CD1d heavy chains were SDS/DTT-eluted, reimmunoprecipitated with D5, incubated with or without Endo H, and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE.

To examine how fast CD1d heterodimers arrive at the cell surface, C1R.CD1d cells were radiolabeled for 15 min and chased up to 8 h. At each chase point, surface CD1d was captured by incubating the cells with the 51.1.3 mAb. Unbound 51.1.3 was removed by washing and the surface CD1d was isolated by adding protein G-Sepharose after lysis. The residual, mostly intracellular, CD1d was immunoprecipitated by adding additional 51.1.3 and protein G-Sepharose (Fig. 2A). The immunoprecipitates were eluted from the beads, and released CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with the D5 mAb. The results showed that CD1d was detectable at the cell surface after 1 h and reached a plateau after ~2.5 h (Fig. 2, B, upper panel, and C). The rate of transport to the cell surface was approximately the same as the rate of complex carbohydrate modification (Figs. 1 and 2B, lower panel). This suggests that the majority of newly synthesized CD1d is transported along the secretory pathway through the Golgi to the cell surface without detouring through endosomal compartments like class II molecules. Transport to the cell surface is not as rapid as seen for MHC class I molecules, but is faster than for MHC class II, a pattern very similar to that observed for CD1b (35). We observed similar surface transport kinetics by using a surface biotinylation technique (data not shown).

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2.   Kinetics of surface arrival of CD1d. A, experimental scheme of surface binding experiment. B, C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 15 min and chased for the indicated times. Cells were incubated with mAb 51.1.3 (anti-CD1d/2m) in 1% bovine serum albumin/phosphate-buffered saline on ice for 30 min and washed to remove unbound antibody. After lysing the cells in 1% Triton X-100, surface CD1d was isolated by incubating with protein G-Sepharose. The supernatants were cleared with protein G-Sepharose and residual CD1d was immunoprecipitated with 51.1.3 and protein G-Sepharose. The immunoprecipitates were SDS/DTT-eluted, CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with the mAb D5 and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE. C, quantitation of the data in panel B (A.U., arbitrary units).

Association of CD1d with ER Chaperones-- To determine whether the ER-resident proteins involved with the assembly of MHC class I molecules associate with CD1d, we performed co-immunoprecipitations in the detergent digitonin, conditions where their interactions with class I are maintained. Class I heavy chains bound calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57, the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), and tapasin, whereas CD1d associated only with the chaperones calnexin and calreticulin (data not shown). This is consistent with previous studies of TAP-deficient cells that showed that the class I peptide loading complex is not involved with CD1d assembly (36, 37). We also observed normal surface expression of CD1d in the tapasin-negative .220 B-LCL (38) transfected with CD1d (data not shown).

Calnexin and calreticulin are homologous lectin domain-containing ER chaperones that regulate glycoprotein folding in the ER by interacting with their N-linked glycans (reviewed in Ref. 39). After transfer to a protein two terminal glucose residues are removed from the glycan by glucosidase I. Glycoproteins bearing monoglucosylated N-linked glycans bind calnexin and calreticulin through their lectin domains and undergo folding and assembly. After release by the action of glucosidase II, which removes the terminal glucose, proper folding is monitored by the enzyme UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, which reglucosylates the N-linked glycans of nonnative structures. A correct conformation allows the glycoprotein to avoid reglucosylation and further interactions with calnexin and calreticulin. To determine whether calnexin and calreticulin association with CD1d is dependent on glucose trimming, radiolabeled C1R.CD1d cells were incubated with the glucosidase inhibitor CST for various times. Calnexin and calreticulin dissociation from CD1d was inhibited by CST, indicating that both interactions are glycan-dependent (data not shown).

Regulation of Disulfide Bond Formation in CD1d-- Calnexin and calreticulin cooperate with the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57 to facilitate the formation or isomerization of disulfide bonds during glycoprotein folding (40-43). To investigate this for CD1d we first examined the redox state of CD1d heavy chains at various stages; the forms associated with calnexin or calreticulin, the ₂m-free, D5-reactive immature form, and the ₂m-associated, 51.1.3-reactive mature form. C1R.CD1d cells were labeled for 45 min and extracts were immunoprecipitated with 51.1.3, D5, anti-calnexin, or anti-calreticulin antibodies. Anti-chaperone immunoprecipitates were eluted under nonreducing conditions (1% SDS and boiling), diluted in Triton X-100, and CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with D5. After treatment with Endo H to remove N-linked glycans and improve resolution, SDS-PAGE analysis showed that, whereas all forms of CD1d had identical mobilities under reducing conditions, there were differences under nonreducing conditions, reflecting differences in oxidation states (Fig. 3). ₂m-associated CD1d heavy chains had the greatest mobility, i.e. were the most oxidized, whereas the calnexin- and calreticulin-associated forms and the D5-recognized form showed the same two bands. One is identical in mobility to the putatively fully oxidized, 51.1.3-recognized form, whereas the second is intermediate between that form and that seen upon complete reduction, consistent with only one of the internal disulfide bonds being oxidized.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3.   Oxidation states of CD1d associated with calnexin and calreticulin. C1R.CD1d cells (3 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 45 min, lysed in 1% digitonin, and immunoprecipitated with a control mAb GAP.A3 (control, lanes 5 and 6), anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 1 and 10), AF8 (anti-calnexin, lanes 2 and 9), 51.1.3 (anti-CD1d/2m, lanes 3 and 7), or D5 (anti-CD1d heavy chain, lanes 4 and 8). The immunoprecipitates with AF8 and anti-calreticulin antibody were eluted in 1% SDS under nonreducing conditions, diluted in 1% Triton X-100, and CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with D5. All the immunoprecipitates were treated with Endo H overnight and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE under nonreducing (lanes 1-5) and reducing conditions (lanes 6-10). Fully reduced (Red), partially oxidized (Ox*), and fully oxidized (Ox) CD1d heavy chains are indicated.

Glycosylation-dependent Interaction of Free CD1d Heavy Chains with Calnexin, Calreticulin, and ERp57-- We did not detect ERp57 association with CD1d under conditions that maintain the association between ERp57 and the class I loading complex (data not shown). However, detergents disrupt the interaction of ERp57 with most glycoproteins. We therefore used a cross-linking agent to preserve the interaction. C1R.CD1d cells were labeled for 45 min and lysed in 1% digitonin in the absence or presence of the reducible cross-linking agent, DSP (1 mM). The extracts were diluted in 1% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with antibodies to ERp57, calnexin, calreticulin, and, as a negative control, Grp94. After elution in SDS, CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with the mAb D5 followed by reducing SDS-PAGE. The results show that CD1d remains associated with ERp57 only if cross-linker is added (Fig. 4A). The association of CD1d with calnexin and calreticulin was maintained in Triton X-100 without the cross-linker, and no interaction with Grp94 was observed regardless of the presence of the cross-linker.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4.   CD1d heavy chain associates with ERp57 in concert with calnexin and calreticulin in a glucose trimming-dependent manner. A, association of CD1d with ERp57. C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled with [35S]methionine/cysteine for 45 min and lysed on ice in 1% digitonin with or without the reducible cross-linker DSP (1 mM). Lysates were diluted in 1.2% Triton X-100 and immunoprecipitated with a control mAb GAP.A3 (lanes 1 and 2), Map.ERp57 (anti-ERp57, lanes 3 and 4), AF8 (anti-calnexin, lanes 5 and 6), rabbit anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 7 and 8), or rat anti-Grp94 mAb (lanes 9 and 10). Immunoprecipitates were eluted in 1% SDS/TBS and CD1d heavy chains were reimmunoprecipitated with D5 followed by analysis using 10% reducing SDS-PAGE. Grp94, an ER-resident protein, was used as a negative control. B, CD1d heavy chains form a ternary complex with ERp57 and calnexin or calreticulin. C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled and lysed as in panel A. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with Map.ERp57. SDS-eluted immunoprecipitates were reimmunoprecipitated with AF8 (lanes 1 and 2) or anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 3 and 4). The immunoprecipitates were eluted again under nonreducing conditions, reimmunoprecipitated with D5, and analyzed by 10% reducing SDS-PAGE. C, CD1d association with ERp57 is glucose trimming-dependent. C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled for 45 min in the absence or presence of 2 mM CST or 1 mM N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. Lysates were prepared as in panel A in the presence of DSP, immunoprecipitated with rat anti-Grp94 mAb (control; lanes 1, 3, and 5), Map.ERp57 (lanes 2, 4, and 6), AF8 (lanes 7-9), or rabbit anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 10-12). SDS-eluted materials were reimmunoprecipitated with D5 and analyzed by 10% SDS-PAGE. D, upper panels, C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled for 45 min, lysed in 1% digitonin, and immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-2m serum. Two of the immunoprecipitates were SDS-eluted and reimmunoprecipitated with HC10 (anti-class I, lane 1) or D5 (lane 4). The rest were competitively eluted with purified human 2m in 0.1% digitonin and the eluates were subjected to a second immunoprecipitation with AF8 (lanes 2 and 5) or anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 3 and 6). The materials from the second immunoprecipitation were SDS-eluted, reimmunoprecipitated with HC10 (lanes 2 and 3) or D5 (lanes 5 and 6), and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE. Class I/2m dimers associate with calreticulin but not calnexin. CD1d/2m dimers associate with neither. Lower panels, cell lysates prepared as in upper panels were immunoprecipitated with rat anti-Grp94 mAb (lanes 7 and 10), AF8 (lanes 8 and 11), or anti-calreticulin antibody (lanes 9 and 12). The materials were SDS-eluted, reimmunoprecipitated with HC10 (lanes 7-9) or D5 (lanes 10-12), and analyzed in 12% SDS-PAGE. Gels of the D5 immunoprecipitates were exposed longer to obtain comparable intensities of CD1d and class I heavy chains. E, CD1d forms a ternary complex with calnexin and calreticulin. C1R.CD1d cells (5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled as in panel A. Digitonin lysates were prepared in the presence of 1 mM DSP, diluted in 1.2% Triton X-100, and immunoprecipitated with rat anti-Grp94 mAb (lanes 1 and 3), AF8 (lane 2), or rabbit anti-calreticulin serum (lane 4). SDS-eluted materials were reimmunoprecipitated with anti-calreticulin serum (lanes 1 and 2) or AF8 (lanes 3 and 4). The immunoprecipitates were eluted in nonreducing conditions and CD1d heavy chains reimmunoprecipitated with D5 followed by analysis using reducing 10% SDS-PAGE.

By serial immunoprecipitation and SDS stripping, first with anti-ERp57 followed by anti-calnexin or anti-calreticulin and then by anti-CD1d, we also observed ternary complexes of ERp57, CD1d, and calnexin or calreticulin when the DSP cross-linker was used (Fig. 4B). To ask whether ERp57 association with CD1d is glucose trimming-dependent, C1R.CD1d cells were labeled for 45 min in the absence or presence of glucosidase inhibitors CST or N-butyldeoxynojirimycin. DSP cross-linked lysates were immunoprecipitated with antibodies against ERp57, calnexin, or calreticulin, SDS-eluted, and reimmunoprecipitated with the anti-CD1d antibody, D5. Analysis by SDS-PAGE showed that ERp57, together with calnexin and calreticulin, failed to associate with CD1d in the presence of the inhibitors (Fig. 4C). Previous reports indicate that ERp57 does not have lectin-like domains (41). These data, together with other reports (40, 44), indicate that CD1d associates with ERp57 indirectly via the lectin domains of calnexin or calreticulin.

During assembly of class I molecules newly synthesized free heavy chains associate with calnexin, whereas class I-₂m heterodimers associate with calreticulin (45). To determine whether this is the case for CD1d, C1R.CD1d cells were radiolabeled for 45 min, lysed in 1% digitonin, and the extract was immunoprecipitated with anti-₂m serum. ₂m-associated molecules were competitively eluted with human ₂m and reimmunoprecipitated with antibodies against calnexin and calreticulin. The associated CD1d was detected by immunoprecipitation with D5. The data show that, whereas class I-₂m dimers (HLA-C molecules in this case) were co-precipitated with calreticulin, CD1d-₂m dimers were co-precipitated with neither calnexin nor calreticulin (Fig. 4D). This indicates that both calnexin and calreticulin interact only with free CD1d heavy chains.

Because both calnexin and calreticulin associate with ₂m-free CD1d heavy chain, and CD1d has four N-glycans,² it seemed possible that CD1d heavy chain could form a ternary complex with both calnexin and calreticulin. This was tested by additional serial immunoprecipitation/stripping experiments on DSP cross-linked extracts. The results clearly show the existence of such a ternary complex (Fig. 4E). Given that both calnexin- and calreticulin-associated CD1d heavy chains are also associated with ERp57, the existence of a quaternary complex of CD1d, calnexin, calreticulin, and ERp57 seems likely.

The data suggest that disulfide bond formation in CD1d heavy chains is regulated by ERp57. Given that D5-reactive, calnexin-associated, and calreticulin-associated CD1d heavy chains show the same two bands on SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions (Fig. 3), we hypothesized that the D5-reactive partially oxidized form initially associates with calnexin, calreticulin, and ERp57 and that formation of the second disulfide bond occurs during association. If this is correct, inhibition of the CD1d-chaperone interaction should result in the accumulation of D5-reactive partially oxidized CD1d heavy chains. To test this, C1R.CD1d cells were radiolabeled for 5 min and chased in the absence or presence of CST. CD1d heavy chains were immunoprecipitated with D5, treated with Endo H, and subjected to nonreducing SDS-PAGE. The ratio of partially oxidized to fully oxidized heavy chains was indeed higher throughout the chase period in the presence of CST (Fig. 5, A and B).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5.   Glucose trimming-dependent quality control determines the oxidation state of CD1d. A, C1R.CD1d cells (1.5 × 106 cells/lane) were labeled for 5 min and chased in the absence or presence of 2 mM CST. CST was present during starvation, labeling, and chase periods. Cells were lysed in 1% Triton X-100, immunoprecipitated with D5 (anti-CD1d heavy chain), treated with Endo H, and analyzed by nonreducing (upper panel) or reducing (lower panel) 12% SDS-PAGE. As a control, extracts of cells (0.75 × 106 cells/lane) continuously labeled for 45 min, without (lanes 1 and 2) or with (lanes 3 and 4) 2 mM CST, were also immunoprecipitated with D5 (lanes 1 and 3) or 51.1.3 (anti-CD1d/2m, lanes 2 and 4). Partially oxidized (Ox*) and fully oxidized (Ox) CD1d heavy chains are indicated. B, quantitation of the results in panel A presented as the ratio of partially oxidized and oxidized forms of CD1d heavy chain in the presence and absence of CST.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

A model of the early biogenesis of CD1d molecules based on the data presented here is depicted in Fig. 6. For simplicity only two of the N-linked glycans are shown. Calnexin and calreticulin simultaneously associate via monoglucosylated N-linked glycans with newly synthesized CD1d heavy chains in which one disulfide bond is already formed. Here we show the nonoxidized one as that in the ₂ domain although there is no evidence to support this. Calnexin and/or calreticulin bring ERp57 to the ₂m-free CD1d heavy chain and this mediates the formation of the second disulfide bond. The terminal glucose residues of the N-linked glycans are trimmed and the fully oxidized CD1d heavy chain then dissociates from the chaperones. The majority of the CD1d binds ₂m but it can leave the ER even without it.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6.   Schematic diagram of the folding and assembly of CD1d molecules.

Useful comparisons can be made between the assembly pathway illustrated in Fig. 6 and that of classical MHC class I molecules and even class II molecules. Both of these pathways involve calnexin, and class I assembly also involves calreticulin and ERp57. Class II molecules consist of heterodimers of transmembrane glycoproteins that associate with trimers of a third glycoprotein, the invariant chain, in the ER. Intermediates containing one or two dimers bound to an invariant chain trimer remain associated with calnexin until the ultimate nonameric complex with three dimers is complete (46). Whether ERp57 plays a role in this process is unknown. In class I assembly, newly synthesized heavy chains first bind calnexin. Calreticulin replaces calnexin when ₂m binds to the heavy chain, and, together with associated ERp57, this assembly is recruited to become part of a multisubunit "peptide loading complex" that also contains the heterodimeric TAP transporter and transmembrane glycoprotein tapasin (reviewed in Ref. 47). Recruitment of class I molecules to the loading complex requires calreticulin (48) and depends upon the generation of a monoglucosylated N-linked glycan in the class I heavy chain (40).³ Recently it has been shown that tapasin binds to ERp57 via an interchain disulfide bond, and cooperates with ERp57 in forming the correct disulfide bonds in the class I heavy chain (49). Formation of the loading complex, including calreticulin association (48) and tapasin-mediated ERp57 association, is required for proper peptide binding to class I molecules, and peptide binding is required for the class I-₂m dimer to leave the ER (50, 51). Thus, this whole process can be understood as a unique quality control mechanism in which all the components, i.e. ₂m, calnexin, calreticulin, ERp57, TAP, tapasin, and even peptides, participate.

There are obviously significant differences between the CD1d and MHC class I assembly and transport pathways. First, ₂m association is not as critical for CD1d folding as it is for conventional class I molecules. Complete disulfide bond formation is achieved before ₂m associates with CD1d and ₂m-free CD1d heavy chain can leave the ER. This is further supported by previous studies, which showed that, even in vivo, ₂m is not critical for the function of CD1d. ₂m-free CD1d expressed in splenic cells from ₂m-deficient mice is fully capable of activating cognate T cells (23, 24). Second, the point in the assembly process where calreticulin interacts with MHC class I is different from that with CD1d. Class I associates with calreticulin only when complexed with ₂m, whereas CD1d associates with calreticulin as a free heavy chain. Moreover, CD1d can form a quaternary complex with calnexin, calreticulin, and ERp57. Calnexin and calreticulin may bind to different glycans of the CD1d heavy chain, similar to the situation with influenza virus hemagglutinin (52). How calnexin and calreticulin mediate the folding of CD1d heavy chain and which one is responsible for recruiting ERp57 remains to be elucidated. Surface expression of CD1d in the calnexin-negative cell CEM.NKR is not impaired⁴ so calreticulin may be more critical for CD1d folding and assembly. Third, class I assembly may need to be tightly coupled to peptide loading because class I must survey the available peptides in the ER and optimize the associated repertoire. Quality control of CD1d may not need to be tightly coupled to optimal lipid binding in the ER, although lipids may bind there (see below), because it samples antigenic lipids in the endocytic pathway. In other words, optimization of antigen binding may be separable from quality control, being restricted to the place where antigen presenting molecules survey antigens. This is further substantiated by studies of class Ib molecules, H2-M3, HLA-E, and Qa-1. These are structurally similar to class I molecules but bind hydrophobic peptides, N-formylated peptides, or signal peptides of class Ia molecules, respectively. When their cognate peptides are not available, they are retained in the ER (53-58). Similarly, the stability of class II molecules is determined by peptide exchange mediated in the endocytic pathway by DM molecules.

Given the hydrophobic nature of the CD1d binding groove it seems unlikely that the CD1d molecule would satisfy ER quality control mechanisms, and avoid reglucosylation of one or more of its N-linked glycans by UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, unless the groove is occupied. As already discussed, the binding site of class I molecules must be occupied by peptides, and the peptide binding site of MHC class II molecules also must be occupied for efficient transport from the ER, in this case by the CLIP region of the invariant chain. For the CD1d family, ER-derived lipids, such as the phosphatidylinositol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol associated with soluble, secreted mouse CD1d, are the likely occupants of the binding groove in the ER (17, 18).

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank Nancy Dometios for help with preparation of this manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

^* This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Institutes of Health Grant AI23081.The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 203-785-5176; Fax: 203-737-1764; E-mail: peter.cresswell@yale.edu.

Published, JBC Papers in Press, September 17, 2002, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M207831200

² S.-J. Kang and P. Cresswell, unpublished observation.

³ Radcliffe, C. M., Diedrich, G., Harvey, D. J., Dwek, R. A., Cresswell, P., and Rudd, P. M. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46415-46423.

⁴ S.-J. Kang and P. Cresswell, unpublished data.

	ABBREVIATIONS

The abbreviations used are: MHC, major histocompatibility complex; ₂m, ₂-microglobulin; B-LCL, B-lymphoblastoid line; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; DTT, dithiothreitol; DSP, dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate); CST, castanospermine; mAb, monoclonal antibody; Endo H, endoglycosidase H; TAP, transporter-associated with antigen processing; TBS, Tris-buffered saline.

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