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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 36, 34587-34597, September 5, 2003
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From the
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, NHLBI,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and the
¶Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Received for publication, May 6, 2003
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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To identify regulatory signals that may control ubiquitination, the enzyme-substrate recognition step, mediated by E3, has received more attention in recent years. A growing family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, termed Nedd4, share an N-terminal Ca2+-dependent lipid protein binding (C2/CaLB) domain (8), two to four WW protein-protein interaction domains (9), and a C-terminal Hect (homology to E6-associated protein at the carboxyl terminus) domain. Although the C2/CaLB domain is responsible for membrane localization in response to calcium signals, the conserved Hect domain represents the catalytic region responsible for ubiquitin ligase activity. Nedd4, initially identified to be developmentally down-regulated in neuronal precursor cells (10), targets downstream substrates for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Nedd4 is evolutionarily well conserved: orthologues in yeast, mouse, rat, and humans have been identified (11). At present, the best characterized Nedd4 target is the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) (12–14). ENaC is involved in renal sodium transport and in the regulation of blood pressure. Deletion of the WW-binding domains of ENaC leads to hyperactivation of the channel, a characteristic of patients with Liddle's syndrome.
The Nedd4 WW domains are small regions comprising 38–40 conserved amino acid residues that mediate protein-protein interactions (15–17) by binding target proteins containing the consensus sequence, XPPXY (PY motif) (16, 17). Using mouse embryonic cDNA expression libraries, Jolliffe and coworkers (18) identified eight PY motif-containing murine proteins capable of binding Nedd4 in vitro. One of the identified proteins, N4WBP5, was later shown to be Golgi-localized and capable of binding Nedd4 via an interaction of the PY motifs (of N4WBP5) with the Nedd4 WW domains (19).
We here report the cloning and characterization of N4WBP5A, a cDNA encoding a novel member of the growing family of Nedd4-binding proteins, isolated from activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The 729 nucleotide open reading frame predicts a 242-amino acid protein of molecular mass 27.1 kDa. We initially identified N4WBP5A as an unknown EST (AA770150 [GenBank] ) represented in a cDNA microarray analysis that was up-regulated upon activation of T cells and inhibited by the immunosuppressive agents, cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) (20). We report N4WBP5A to be widely expressed in such tissues as brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and placenta but not in resting human T lymphocytes. RT-PCR analysis showed N4WBP5A mRNA to be expressed in activated but not resting T cells. Induction of both N4WBP5A mRNA and protein was found to be sensitive to inhibition by CsA and FK506, but not rapamycin, and hence, regulated by calcineurin. N4WBP5A was found to localize predominantly to the Golgi network and to interact with Nedd4 via binding to the Nedd4 WW-1, WW-2, and WW-3 domains. While the manuscript for this report was in review, the same protein was reported to have been cloned from epithelial sources and found to bind Nedd4 (21). Our findings reveal that the novel member of the Nedd4 WW domain-binding protein family is induced in activated T cells; a role for Nedd4 and its binding partners, and for Nedd4-dependent ubiquitination pathways in human T lymphocytes has not been previously appreciated.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Sequence Retrieval and Analysis—A GenBankTM nucleotide search (BLASTn) of the non-redundant data base (GenBankTM /EMBL/DDBJ/PDB) of sequences using the EST (AA770150 [GenBank] ) revealed a cDNA sequence encoding an unknown protein (KIAA1165) containing the EST of interest. A GenBankTM protein search (TBLASTN) of the non-redundant data base using the predicted amino acid residues identified a homologous protein (N4WBP5). Multiple sequence alignments were conducted using ClustalW 1.8 (Baylor College of Medicine, Human Genome Sequence Center). The exon/intron composition of N4WBP5A was determined (Gene Finder software, Sanger Institute, UK). Putative transcription factor binding sites within the promoter of N4WBP5A were identified using TRANSFAC, TFD, and IMD databases (BioInformatics & Molecular Analysis Section, National Institutes of Health (22)). Analysis of the amino acid sequence of N4WBP5A was performed with an integrated search of PROSITE, Pfam, and PRINTS domain databases (European Bioinformatics Institute (23)).
Isolation of N4WBP5A—Human PBLs were stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb plus PMA for 4 h. Total RNA was prepared using TRIzolTM (Invitrogen) and quantitated using A260. Poly(A) RNA (mRNA) was isolated using the Oligotex mRNA kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according the manufacturer's protocol and quantitated using the RiboGreenTM RNA quantitation kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). A reverse transcription reaction was carried out using 50 ng of sample mRNA and an oligo(dT)12–18 primer (Invitrogen). N4WBP5A cDNA was isolated from the resulting cDNA by PCR using PfuTurbo® polymerase (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and the following primers: N4WBP5A-F, 5'-ACG CGT CGA CGC GAG AAG ACT CCC TCT CTC-3'; N4WBP5A-R, 5'-ATA AGA ATG CGG CCG CAA AAA CCA CCC TGC CAT TCA ATT T-3'. PCR was performed using the following conditions: 94 °C for 45 s; 30 cycles of (i) 94 °C for 45 s, (ii) 72 °C for 45 s, and (iii) 72 °C for 2 min; and 1 cycle of 72 °C for 10 min. The resulting N4WBP5A cDNA PCR product (934 nucleotides) was subcloned using SalI/NotI restriction enzymes into the corresponding multiple cloning site of pCMV-HA (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). N4WBP5A was then subcloned from HA-N4WBP5A using SalI/SacII restriction enzymes into the corresponding multiple cloning site of pEGFP-C3 (Clontech), hereinafter termed GFP-N4WBP5A. N4WBP5A was PCR-amplified from HA-N4WBP5A using the following primers: N4WBP5AF, 5'-GAA GAT CTA CCA TGG ATC ACC ACC AGC CGG GG-3'; N4WBP5AR, 5'-GCT CTA GAA TGT CGG GTT GAT GCA GTC TCT AC-3'. N4WBP5A was subsequently subcloned using BglII/XbaI restriction enzymes into the corresponding multiple cloning site of pCDNA3 backbone to which RFP was fused, hereinafter termed RFP-N4WBP5A. pRc-CMV-Nedd4 was a generous gift from Daniela Rotin (Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada). Nedd4 cDNA was PCR-amplified from pRc-CMV-Nedd4 using the following primers: Nedd4-F, 5'-GAA GAT CTA CCA TGG CAG CCG ACG ACA CTG AG-3'; Nedd4-R, 5'-CGG AAT TCT CAA TCA ACC CCA TCA AAG CCC TG-3'. Nedd4 was then subcloned using BglII/EcoRI restriction enzymes into the corresponding multiple cloning site of pEGFP-C1, hereinafter termed GFP-Nedd4.
Northern Blot Analysis—The N4WBP5A cloned PCR product (934
nucleotides) and an actin control cDNA (Clontech) were labeled with
[
-32P]dCTP (3000 Ci/mmol, 10 mCi/ml) using the random primer
labeling procedure (Strip-EZ DNA, Ambion, Austin, TX) according to the
manufacturer's instructions. The labeled N4WBP5A probe was hybridized to a
mutliple tissue Northern (MTN®) blot. Bands were then visualized by
phosphorimaging analysis (Molecular Dynamics) using ImageQuaNT software.
Membranes were stripped of probe and rehybridized using the control actin
probe.
RT-PCR—Total RNA was prepared from human PBLs using
TRIzolTM and quantitated using A260 and the
RiboGreenTM RNA quantitation kit. mRNA levels were assayed using the
Onestep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) using the following oligonucleotide
purification cartridge-purified primers (BioServe Biotechnologies, Laurel,
MD): N4WBP5A-F, 5'-TCA GCA CCA GCA CTT GAA AC-3'; N4WBP5A-R,
5'-CCG CAG ATA GCA CCA TAC TC-3'; N4WBP5-F, 5'-GCC ATG GCG
TTG GCG TTG-3'; N4WBP5-R, 5'-CTC CCA GGA ACC AAA GGG ATA-3';
-actin-F, 5'-ATC TGG CAC CAC ACC TTC TAC AAT GAG CTG CG-3';
and -actin-R, 5'-CGT CAT ACT CCT GCT TGC TGA TCC ACA TCT
GC-3'. RT-PCR was performed using the following conditions: 50 °C
for 30 min; 95 °C for 15 min; 30 cycles of (i) 94 °C for 1 min, (ii)
55 °C for 1 min, and (iii) 72 °C for 1 min; and 72 °C for 10 min.
Samples were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, and bands were revealed by
staining gels with ethidium bromide. Bands were quantitated by phosphorimaging
analysis using ImageQuaNT software, and mRNA levels were normalized to
-actin mRNA levels as indicated.
Antibody Production—Two rabbits were inoculated with 0.5 mg of a KLH-conjugated peptide (QEEECPPRDDFSDADQ, Covance Immunological Service, Denver, PA) specific for N4WBP5A. Rabbits were boosted four times with peptide, 3 weeks apart, using 0.25 mg/boost in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant. Sera were collected and tested against the antigenic peptide using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (data not shown). Collected sera showing the most robust and specific reactivity for antigenic peptide (clone 1442) were subsequently used for Western blot protein analysis.
Precipitations and Characterization of Nedd4 Association—GFP-N4WBP5A or pEGFP-C3 (termed GFP) were transiently transfected into COS-7 and HeLa cells using the CalPhos mammalian transfection kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Following transient transfection, cells rested for 24 h at 37 °C prior to harvesting by centrifugation at 466 x g for 5 min at 4 °C. Cells were washed once with cold DMEM (without additives), and 107 cells were resuspended at a concentration of 107 cells/100 µl in DMEM prior to centrifugation at 3,220 x g for 30 s at 4 °C. Cell pellets were lysed using 1 ml of buffer A (10% Brij97 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 5 M NaCl, 1 M Tris, pH 7.5, 0.5 M EDTA, 200 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 mg/ml leupeptin, 10 mg/ml aprotinin, 1 M sodium orthovanadate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO)). Cells were incubated on ice for 20 min and then centrifuged at 17,530 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Cell supernatants were incubated with 5 µg of Nedd4 WW1-, WW-2, WW3-, HECT-GST, or GST alone for 2 h at 4 °C with continuous rocking. Glutathione-Sepharose beads (30 µl) were added to samples and incubated for one additional hour at 4 °C. Samples were centrifuged for 30 s at 3,220 x g at 4 °C and washed three times in buffer B (10% Brij97, 5 M NaCl, 1 M Tris pH 7.5, 0.5 M EDTA, 1 M Na3VO4). Samples were resuspended in 1x SDS loading buffer and boiled for 5 min at 95 °C. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (Protogel, National Diagnostics, Atlanta, GA). Electrophoresed proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA), immunoblotted with an anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (Clontech), and detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Amersham Biosciences, Arlington Heights, IL) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Alternatively, cell supernatants were incubated with a rabbit anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (Clontech) for 2 h at 4 °C, after which protein A-agarose (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, San Jose, CA) was added, and samples were incubated for an additional 30 min at 4 °C. Samples were washed three times in buffer B, resuspended in 1x SDS loading buffer, boiled for 5 min at 95 °C, electrophoresed by SDS-PAGE, and were transferred to PVDF membranes. Precipitated proteins were immunoblotted with a mouse anti-Nedd4 monoclonal antibody (BD Pharmingen, Palo Alto, CA).
Immunoblotting of N4WBP5A—After stimulation of human PBLs, samples were centrifuged at 466 x g for 5 min and washed once with RPMI 1640. Cells were resuspended in lysis buffer C (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, 10 mM NaF, Na3VO4, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin). Samples were incubated for 20 min on ice and centrifuged at 17,530 x g. The post-nuclear lysates were removed, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Electrophoresed proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes, immunoblotted with a rabbit anti-human N4WBP5A antisera (clone 1442), and detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Amersham Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Immunofluorescence—COS-7 cells (5 x 104 cells/coverslip) were plated on glass coverslips and transiently transfected with GFP-N4WBP5A or a control GFP construct. Following transfection (24 h) cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Briefly, cells were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature. Coverslips were washed three times using 1x PBS and incubated with 0.05 M NH4Cl in PBS for 5 min at room temperature. Coverslips were then washed three times using 1x PBS and incubated with 5 ml of 0.01% TritonX-100 in PBS for 2.5 min at room temperature. Coverslips were washed three times using 0.2% gelatin in PBS and incubated with anti-GM130 (BD Transduction Laboratories) in antibody dilution solution (1x PBS, 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% sodium azide) at room temperature for 30 min to stain cells for the Golgi complex. Alternatively, the nucleus was detected using either Hoechst (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich), endoplasmic reticulum detected using ER-Tracker Blue-White DPX dye (Molecular Probes) and mitochondria detected using MitoTracker Red-CMXRos dye (Molecular Probes). Coverslips were washed three times with 0.2% gelatin PBS, three times with 1x PBS, mounted onto glass slides (using a Prolong Antifade kit, Molecular Probes), and visualized using confocal fluorescence microscopy (Zeiss LSM510; a 100x/1.3 numerical aperture oil lens was used for all samples except for nuclear staining: 63x/1.2 water lens). Endogenous N4WBP5A was detected in COS-7 cells and human PBLs by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy using anti-peptide antisera (clone 1442) followed by either fluorescein- or phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Molecular Probes). For N4WBP5A and Nedd4 co-localization studies, 293T cells were co-transfected with RFP-N4WBP5A and GFP-Nedd4 constructs using the CalPhos mammalian transfection protocol as outlined above. Expression of these targets was visualized using confocal microscopy as previously outlined. Endogenous N4WBP5A was detected in 293T cells using anti-peptide antisera (clone 1442) and a fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Molecular Probes). Endogenous Nedd4 was detected in 293T cells using a mouse anti-Nedd4 monoclonal antibody (BD Pharmingen) and a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody (Molecular Probes).
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Analysis of the amino acid sequence of N4WBP5A with an integrated search of PROSITE, Pfam, and PRINTS domain databases (23) revealed three putative transmembrane segments, two putative proline-rich WW binding domain regions, and several predicted SH2 and SH3 binding sites (Fig. 1C). Together our findings suggest the identification of a Nedd4 WW domain-binding protein.
Wide Tissue Distribution of N4WBP5A—Using RT-PCR, we cloned
N4WBP5A (934 nucleotides) from human PBLs stimulated for 4 h with plate-bound
anti-CD3 mAb plus PMA. The sequence of this PCR product, containing the
729-nucleotide open reading frame, was verified (BioServe Biotechnologies,
Laurel, MD) to be identical to that published in GenBankTM (accession
XM_041162
[GenBank]
). A random labeled ([-32P]dCTP) probe for N4WBP5A
(see "Materials and Methods") was used to screen a multiple tissue
Northern blot. While a single 4.4-kb transcript was expressed in the brain and
lung, two transcripts (4.4 and 2.4 kb) were detected in heart, skeletal
muscle, kidney, liver, and placenta (Fig.
2). Furthermore, a multiple tissue expression array confirmed the
presence of N4WBP5A in the tissues mentioned above (data not shown). N4WBP5A
was not detected, however, in peripheral blood for reasons that will be
discussed and explored below.
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N4WBP5A Localization to Golgi Complex—We subcloned the N4WBP5A cDNA, isolated from activated human PBL, into the green fluorescent protein-tagged construct, pEGFP-C3 (see "Materials and Methods"). To gain insight into the localization of N4WBP5A, HeLa and COS-7 cells were transiently transfected with either the GFP-N4WBP5A or control construct. Overexpression of the construct encoding GFP demonstrated diffuse localization, including the nucleus but excluding nucleoli. In contrast, GFP-N4WBP5A was localized in non-random distinct regions within both HeLa (Fig. 3A) and COS-7 (Fig. 3B) cells. In addition to the apparent subcellular localization of N4WBP5A, a punctate pattern of GFP-N4WBP5A localization within both cell types was noted.
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To identify the subcellular compartment localized by N4WBP5A, COS-7 cells transiently transfected with GFP-N4WBP5A or control construct were stained with the Golgi complex marker, GM130, or the nuclear dye, Hoechst; cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. The GFP-N4WBP5A localized to a subcellular compartment that overlapped with that of the Golgi complex (Fig. 4A). In contrast, GFP-N4WBP5A subcellular localization did not overlap with the nucleus (Fig. 4B). To rule out the possibility that the subcellular distribution of N4WBP5A was due, in part, to tagging the protein with green fluorescent protein and overexpression, we assayed COS-7 cells for localization of endogenous N4WBP5A using an anti-peptide antisera. Endogenous N4WBP5A, like overexpressed GFP-N4WBP5A, was found to be localized to a subcellular compartment that overlapped with that of the Golgi complex (Fig. 4C). The localization of N4WBP5A to the Golgi complex did not explain, however, the punctate pattern in other areas of both HeLa (Fig. 3A) and COS-7 (Figs. 3B and 4).
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COS-7 cells transiently transfected with GFP-N4WBP5A or control GFP construct were stained with dyes specific for either endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. GFP-N4WBP5A but not GFP alone co-localized, at least in part, with the endoplasmic reticulum (Fig. 5A) and mitochondria (Fig. 5B). Endogenous N4WBP5A, like overexpressed GFP-N4WBP5A, co-localized in part with mitochondria (Fig. 5C) and endoplasmic reticulum (data not shown). Together, our results suggest that N4WBP5A is localized not only to the Golgi network but also to the ER and mitochondria and in the cytoplasm of the cell.
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Endogenous N4WBP5A was detected in resting (Fig. 6A) and activated human peripheral blood T cells (Fig. 6B) by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Consistent with overexpressed GFP-N4WBP5A, localization of endogenous N4WBP5A was found in distinct regions as well as showing a punctate pattern throughout the cell (Fig. 6).
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N4WBP5A Association with Nedd4 via WW-1, WW-2, and WW-3 Domains—N4WBP5A was initially identified by homology to N4WBP5, a protein that associates with the E3 ubiquitin ligase, Nedd4. To determine whether N4WBP5A also associated with Nedd4, COS-7 cells transiently transfected with GFP-N4WBP5A or GFP alone were immunoprecipitated and co-precipitating proteins immunoblotted for endogenous Nedd4. GFP-N4WBP5A, but not GFP, was able to co-immunoprecipitate Nedd4 (Fig. 7A, left panel). Immunoblotting for Nedd4 in cell lysates revealed that Nedd4 was present in both detergent-soluble and -insoluble cell fractions (Fig. 7A, right panel). We note that the pool of apparent insoluble Nedd4 was found to increase reproducibly with GFP-N4WBP5A overexpression (Fig. 7A, right panel) for reasons that are currently being explored. Immunoblotting using an anti-GFP mAb verified overexpression of GFP and GFP-N4WBP5A as indicated (Fig. 7B, left panel). While GFP-N4WBP5A was detected in both detergent-soluble and -insoluble cell fractions, a more intense band was noted in the detergent-insoluble fractions (Fig. 7B, right panel).
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The amino acid sequence of N4WBP5A predicted a protein that contained two WW domain binding regions (Fig. 1C). WW domain binding regions have been shown to be important for protein-protein interactions (16, 17) and recently for the interaction between Nedd4 and N4WBP5 (19). To test whether the interaction between N4WBP5A and Nedd4 occurred via the WW domains of Nedd4, COS-7 cells transiently transfected with either GFP-N4WBP5A or control construct were lysed and incubated with the WW-1, WW-2, and WW-3 domains of Nedd4 coupled to glutathione S-transferase (GST). GFP-N4WBP5A was found to associate with all three WW domains of Nedd4 (Fig. 7C). Specificity of these interactions was suggested by the inability of GFP-N4WBP5A to associate with the E3 ligase catalytic Hect domain (Fig. 7C). Our results suggest that N4WBP5A associates with Nedd4 and that this interaction occurs via binding to the Nedd4 WW domains.
N4WBP5A and Nedd4 Co-localization—Given the detected association between N4WBP5A and Nedd4, we hypothesized that both proteins would co-localize to similar subcellular compartments within the cell. To test this hypothesis, we demonstrated that GFP-Nedd4 and RFP-N4WBP5A ectopically coexpressed in 293T cells co-localized to similar areas of the cell (Fig. 8A). To confirm co-localization, endogenous Nedd4 and N4WBP5A, like their tagged and overexpressed counterparts, were also found to localize in similar subcellular compartments (Fig. 8B). Taken together, our findings suggest that N4WBP5A and Nedd4 co-localize and associate within the cell.
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Cyclosporine-sensitive Induction of N4WBP5A mRNA and Protein in Human T
Lymphocytes—We generated an anti-peptide antisera to detect
endogenous N4WBP5A protein (Fig.
9). Whereas the predicted molecular mass of N4WBP5A is 27.1 kDa,
the antisera detected a somewhat slower migrating band at 
29 kDa. N4WBP5A
protein (Fig. 9B) and
mRNA (Fig. 10A,
left panel) were induced following stimulation of human PBL with anti-CD3
mAb plus anti-CD28 mAb or the calcium ionophore ionomycin, all in the presence
of the protein kinase C activator, PMA. Pretreatment of the cells for 0.5 h
with CsA prior to stimulation partially attenuated the stimulation-dependent
increase of N4WBP5A protein (Fig.
9B) and mRNA (Fig.
10B, left panel) expression. By contrast,
N4WBP5A protein levels were not affected by PMA stimulation alone or by
pretreatment of cells with CsA prior to PMA treatment
(Fig. 9B). Our data
suggest that N4WBP5A mRNA and protein expression are induced following T cell
activation, an induction pattern that is sensitive to inhibition by the
immunosuppressive agent CsA.
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Differential Regulation of N4WBP5A and N4WBP5 mRNA in Human T Lymphocytes—Although N4WBP5A shares a high degree of sequence homology with the Nedd4-binding protein N4WBP5, the genes that encode these respective proteins are localized to different chromosomes. To examine whether N4WBP5A and N4WBP5 were coordinately regulated in T cells, we employed RT-PCR analyses using RNA isolated from human PBL and primers specific to each transcript. N4WBP5A mRNA levels, which were undetectable in unstimulated human PBL, were modestly induced following a 2-h treatment of cells with PMA plus ionomycin and anti-CD3/CD28 plus PMA (Fig. 10A, left panel). A robust induction of N4WBP5A was noted following a 6-h treatment of cells under similar stimulation conditions; elevated levels were maintained over the subsequent 66 h examined (Fig. 10A, left panel). The induction profile of N4WBP5, however, was markedly different than that noted for N4WBP5A. N4WBP5 mRNA levels were detected in unstimulated cells and were minimally induced upon stimulation of cells with either PMA plus ionomycin or anti-CD3/CD28 plus PMA at all time points examined (Fig. 10A, right panel). Interestingly, pretreatment of the cells with CsA inhibited N4WBP5A and N4WBP5 mRNA induction at 4- and 8-h post-stimulation (Fig. 10B). Inhibition of both transcripts by CsA and FK506, but not rapamycin (Fig. 10 and data not shown), implicated a common mechanism of transcriptional regulation by the serine/threonine phosphatase, calcineurin. Following 24 h of stimulation the inhibitory effects of CsA on N4WBP5A and N4WBP5 mRNA levels was abrogated. Our findings reveal disparate kinetic induction profiles for N4WBP5A and N4WBP5 in human T cells but common calcineurin-mediated regulatory pathways that modulate the gene expression of both Nedd4-binding proteins.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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We found that N4WBP5A localized predominantly, but not exclusively, to the Golgi complex (Fig. 4). Overexpressed and endogenous N4WBP5A also localized to other cellular organelles, including the ER and mitochondria (Fig. 5 and data not shown); the subcellular localization of cytoplasmic endogenous N4WBP5A in T cells could not be further resolved (Fig. 6). Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that N4WBP5A has three putative transmembrane segments suggesting that N4WBP5A is membrane-localized, and consistent with this prediction, GFP-N4WBP5A was found predominantly in the detergent-insoluble pellet (Fig. 7B). Taken together, our data suggest that N4WBP5A is embedded within the membrane of the Golgi complex and other organelles and interacts with Nedd4. Our findings that Nedd4 and N4WBP5A co-localize within the cell (Fig. 8) and that an increase in the pool of insoluble Nedd4 is noted with N4WBP5A overexpression (Fig. 7A, right panel) are consistent with this model.
The N4WBP5A amino acid sequence analysis revealed two proline-rich WW domain binding regions (Fig. 1C) capable of binding Nedd4 (Fig. 7). We show that the interaction of N4WBP5A with Nedd4 (Fig. 7A) was mediated by the Nedd4 WW-1, WW-2, and WW-3 domains (Fig. 7C). While N4WBP5A and Nedd4 co-immunoprecipitate, it is possible that other proteins interact in a multiprotein complex. The N4WBP5A association with Nedd4 raises the compelling question as to whether N4WBP5A regulates the activity of Nedd4 (or other WW domain-containing proteins) or affects the ubiquitination and turnover of the Nedd4 substrate, ENaC. In parallel, we cannot rule out the possibility that N4WBP5A may itself be a target of Nedd4, flagged for ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. No function for Nedd4 has yet been identified in T lymphocytes. A murine Nedd4 family member, Itch, has been shown to be disrupted in non-agouti lethal mice (Itchy mice), resulting in abnormal immune responses and an epidermal inflammatory disorder (24, 25). Recently Itch was also shown to be involved in T lymphocyte regulation and implicated in Th2 differentiation (5). In addition to Itch, other WW-containing proteins and other E3 ubiquitin ligases (e.g. c-cbl, cbl-b, AIP-4, etc.) have been shown to be important in lymphocyte function (26). We are therefore currently investigating a potential association between N4WBP5A and these other molecules.
In the course of submitting the manuscript for this report, Konstas and coworkers (21) reported that overexpression of N4WBP5A in X. laevis oocytes results in an increase in the cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and prevents sodium feedback inhibition of ENaC. Importantly, they further demonstrated that endogenous N4WBP5A associates with Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 in a murine cortical duct cell line. Given the research interests of our laboratory, we have explored the role of N4WBP5A in T cells. In T lymphocytes N4WBP5A co-localizes with Nedd4; the one or more binding partners of Nedd4 are still unknown. We found further that N4WBP5A mRNA is induced following T cell engagement in a cyclosporine-sensitive manner (Fig. 10).
The Northern blot (Fig. 2) and tissue expression array (data not shown) did not detect N4WBP5A in peripheral blood, consistent with the RT-PCR analysis (Fig. 10). However, N4WBP5A was expressed as a single 4.4-kb transcript in brain and lung and as two transcripts (4.4 and 2.4 kb) in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and placenta (Fig. 2). It will be interesting to determine whether N4WBP5A mRNA is regulated by calcineurin in other tissues (e.g. brain and kidney) and, importantly, whether it plays a role in the toxicities (e.g. neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity) observed clinically with cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506) treatment.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Present address: Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., 5510 Nicholson
Lane, Kensington, MD 20895.
|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115. Tel.: 617-732-8990; E-mail: bbierer{at}partners.org.
1 The abbreviations used are: E1, ubiquitin-activating enzyme; E2, ubiquitin
carrier protein; E3, ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase; PBLs, peripheral
blood T lymphocytes; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; N4WBP, Nedd4
WW-domain-binding protein; ENaC, epithelial sodium channel; EST, expressed
sequence tag; CsA, cyclosporine; RT, reverse transcription; PBS,
phosphate-buffered saline; mAb, monoclonal antibody; GFP, green fluorescent
protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified
Eagle's medium; CMV, cytomegalovirus; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; DAPI,
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; ER, endoplasmic reticulum.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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