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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M306126200 on June 26, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 37, 35286-35291, September 12, 2003
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Presence of an Unusual GM2 Derivative, Taurine-conjugated GM2, in Tay-Sachs Brain*

Yu-Teh Li {ddagger} §, Karol Maskos ¶, Chau-Wen Chou ||, Richard B. Cole || and Su-Chen Li {ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, Coordinated Instrumentation Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, and ||Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148

Received for publication, June 10, 2003 , and in revised form, June 19, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a classical glycosphingolipid (GSL) storage disease. Although the genetic and biochemical bases for a massive cerebral accumulation of ganglioside GM2 in TSD have been well established, the mechanism for the neural dysfunction in TSD remains elusive. Upon analysis of GSLs from a variant B TS brain, we have detected a novel GSL that has not been previously revealed. We have isolated this GSL in pure form. Using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, the structure of this unusual GSL was established to be a taurine-conjugated GM2 (tauro-GM2) in which the carboxyl group of N-acetylneuraminic acid was amidated by taurine. Using a rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum, we also detected the presence of tauro-GM2 in three other small brain samples from one variant B and two variant O TSD patients. On the other hand, tauro-GM2 was not found in three normal human brain samples. The presence of tauro-GM2 in TS brains, but not in normal brains, indicates the possible association of this unusual GM2 derivative with the pathogenesis of TSD. Our findings point to taurine conjugation as a heretofore unelucidated mechanism for TS brain to cope with water-insoluble GM2.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)1 is a classical inborn lysosomal glycosphingolipid (GSL) storage disease characterized by massive cerebral accumulation of ganglioside GM2 due to the deficiency of either {beta}-hexosaminidase A or GM2-activator protein (1). Although the genetic mutations and biochemical basis of TSD have been well established (1, 2), the mechanism that leads to the neuropathological manifestations in TSD is still not fully understood (1). Based on the premise that GSLs specifically found in TS brain are associated with the pathogenesis of TSD, we carried out studies of GSLs in brain samples from patients with TSD. This report describes the detection and structural elucidation of a novel GM2 derivative in TS brain samples. By using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, the structure of this GM2 derivative isolated from a 75-g variant B TS brain sample was established to be tauro-GM2 in which the carboxyl group of Neu5Ac is amidated by taurine. We have also raised a rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum and immunologically detected the presence of tauro-GM2 in additional small brain samples (1–2 g) from one variant B and two variant O TSD patients. Under the same conditions, we did not detect the presence of tauro-GM2 in three normal human brain samples.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Isolation of an Unknown Compound (UC) from a Variant B TS Brain Sample—Crude GSL extract was prepared from the brain sample (75 g) of a variant B TS patient as described (3). The GSL extract was dissolved in 70 ml of chloroform/methanol/water (30/60/8, v/v/v) and applied onto a Q-Sepharose column (2.5 x 75 cm) that had been equilibrated with the same solvent. After washing the column with the same solvent, the gangliosides were eluted with a linear gradient of sodium acetate (4). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and 7-ml fractions were collected. A 20-µl aliquot of each fraction was spotted on a silica gel TLC plate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). For the TLC analysis of GSLs, the solvent system was chloroform/methanol/12 mM MgCl2 (50/40/10, v/v/v), and GSLs were revealed by diphenylamine-aniline-phosphoric acid (DPA) reagent (5). The elution profile is shown in Fig. 1A. Fractions 148–180 (containing the fast moving GSLs shown in Fig. 1A) were pooled, evaporated to dryness, exhaustively dialyzed against water, and lyophilized. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of chloroform/methanol (95/5, v/v) and applied onto an Iatrobeads (Iatron Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) column (1.5 x 90 cm) (6) previously equilibrated with chloroform. The column was eluted with chloroform/methanol/water (50/40/10, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, and 3-ml fractions were collected. A 10-µl aliquot of each fraction was spotted on a silica gel plate and analyzed by TLC as described above. Fractions 50–64 (containing UC as shown in Fig. 1B) were pooled, evaporated to dryness, and further purified by HPAC using a Mono Q HR 5/5 column with an Amersham Biosciences FPLC system (7) to obtain about 0.8 mg of pure UC.



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  		FIG. 1.
Isolation of an unknown compound from a variant B TS brain sample. A, TLC analysis showing the fractionation of the crude GSL extract prepared from a variant B TS brain sample by Q-Sepharose chromatography. B, TLC analysis showing the fractionation of the GSLs in the fractions 148–180 shown in A by high resolution silicic acid (Iatrobeads, Iatron Laboratory) chromatography. The detailed conditions are described under "Experimental Procedures."

 

Chemical Conjugation of GM2 with Taurine—GM2 (40 µmol) in 1 ml of dimethylformamide was successively mixed while stirring with taurine (80 µmol), diethyl phosphorocyanidate (50 µmol), and triethylamine (50 µmol), as described (8, 9). After stirring at room temperature for 5 h, the reaction was stopped by adding 5 ml of 0.1 M KCl, and the mixture was passed through a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Waters Associates, Marlborough, MA) (10). The cartridge was washed with water to remove unadsorbed materials. Tauro-GM2, together with the unreacted GM2 and other byproducts (see Fig. 2A, lane 2), were eluted from the cartridge by methanol and further purified by HPAC (7). By this procedure, we obtained {approx}6 µmol of pure tauro-GM2 (see Fig. 2B, lane 2).



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  		FIG. 2.
TLC analysis of chemically synthesized tauro-GM2 and UC. A, TLC analysis showing the chemical conjugation of GM2 with taurine (lane 2). Lanes 1 and 3 are GM2 and UC, respectively. B, comparison of the TLC mobility and the color response of GM2 and GM3 (shown in lanes 1 and 4) to the DPA reagent with that of the synthetic tauro-GM2 (lane 2) and UC (lane 3). The detailed conditions are described under "Experimental Procedures."

 

NMR Spectroscopy—The one-dimensional 1H, one-dimensional 13C, two-dimensional 1H–1H double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy (11, 12), total correlation spectroscopy (13, 14), ROESY (15, 16), 13C–1H HSQC (17–19), HMBC (20, 21), and 15N–1H HSQC (17–19) spectra were recorded in perdeuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) by using a Bruker Avance DRX 500 spectrometer operating at frequencies of 500.13 MHz (1H), 125.75 MHz (13C), and 50.68 MHz (15N). Standard pulse sequences with echo/antiecho time proportional phase incrementation gradient selection were used. The bipolar pulse pair longitudinal encode-decode pulse sequence was used to measure self-diffusion coefficients (22). The spectrometer was equipped with a 5-mm Bruker inverse triple-resonance probe with an xyz-gradient coil and a broad band observe double resonance probe with a z-axis gradient coil. The temperature of measurements was 298 K. Sample concentration ranged from 0.8 to 1.5 mg in 0.6 ml.

Mass Spectrometry—Mass spectrometry measurements were performed on a 7.0-tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (Daltonics Apex II) (Bruker, Billerica, MA) equipped with a nanoflow electrospray source. The nanospray "needles" (GlassTips), made of glass coated with conductive material (tip aperture = 4 µm), were purchased from New Objective (Woburn, MA). GM2 and UC were dissolved separately in methanol to reach a final concentration of 0.5–1 µg/µl. The needle was held at ground potential and positioned {approx}1 mm away from the capillary entrance ({approx}–1000 V) of the mass spectrometer. Sample solutions were sprayed directly into the capillary entrance at a flow rate of 40–100 nl/min. All mass spectra were obtained by using the Xmass V.5.01 program (Bruker) and external calibration.

Preparation of Rabbit Antiserum against Tauro-GM2—Production of rabbit antiserum against tauro-GM2 was carried out by the Core Facility of Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, according to the following protocol. Chemically synthesized tauro-GM2 (0.5 mg) and methylalbumin (0.5 mg) in 0.6 ml of water were emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant. One-half of this emulsion was injected into the front pads of an adult male New Zealand White rabbit (2.5 kg), and the remainder was injected into the back of the rabbit at 3 sites. The same procedure was repeated at 10, 25, and 39 days after the initial injection. The antiserum was harvested 2 weeks after the last injection. In parallel, the same protocol was used to immunize a rabbit with GM2. The Ouchterlony double-diffusion method (23) was used to detect the production of anti-tauro-GM2 antibody. Under these conditions, tauro-GM2, but not GM2, elicited the antibody production in the rabbit, indicating that tauro-GM2 is more immunogenic to rabbit than GM2. By the Ouchterlony double-diffusion method (23), the rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum did not cross-react with GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, and sulfatide (see Fig. 6).



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  		FIG. 6.
Immunological detection of tauro-GM2 in three TS brain samples. Monosialoganglioside fractions prepared from three normal brain samples (lane 1, 4-year-old male; lane 2, 3-year-old male; lane 3, 20-year-old female) and three TS brain samples (lane 4, variant O, 2-year-old male; lane 5, variant B, 5-year-old female; lane 6, variant O, 3-year-old male) were separated by TLC and chemically stained by DPA reagent (A) or immunostained with rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum (B). Approximately 3–5 µg of GSLs were spotted on the TLC plate. A and B were initially developed as a single plate. St, standard GM1, GM2, and GM3; TM2, chemically synthesized tauro-GM2. The detailed conditions are described under "Experimental Procedures."

 

TLC Immunostaining—The specific binding of rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 antibody to different gangliosides was carried out by overlaying the thin layer chromatograms with the rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum (1:20 dilution), followed by reacting with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (ICN Biochemicals, Irvine, CA). The antibody binding was revealed with a substrate solution containing 3 mg of 4-chloro-1-naphthol dissolved in 1 ml of methanol, 4 ml of 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, 75 mM NaCl, and 2 µlof30%H2O2 as described by Magnani et al. (24), except that the peroxidase-conjugated second antibody was used instead of radioiodinated second antibody and autoradiography.

Partial Purification of Gangliosides from Small Pathological Brain Samples—For the detection of the presence of tauro-GM2 in small pathological brain samples by TLC immunostaining, monosialogangliosides from 1 to 2 g of brain samples were prepared separately as described (3). Tauro-GM2 in the ganglioside mixture was subsequently enriched by HPAC (7).


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Detection and Isolation of a UC from a Variant B TS Brain Sample—Fig. 1A shows the fractionation of the crude GSL extract prepared from a variant B TS brain sample by Q-Sepharose chromatography (4). TLC analysis of the column fractions revealed that GM2, the major ganglioside, had eluted over a wide range of fractions (Fig. 1A, fractions 80–180). Although the front two-thirds of these fractions (Fig. 1A, fractions 80–147) contained mainly GM2, the latter fractions (Fig. 1A, fractions 148–180) contained 1–2 GSLs with TLC mobilities slightly faster than that of GM2. Because the TLC mobilities of these two fast moving GSLs were very close to those of GM3 (see Fig. 1A), and the level of GM3 had been reported to be also elevated in TS brains (25–29), we initially regarded them as a doublet of GM3. However, clostridial sialidase (Sigma) converted only about 30% of these fast moving bands to lactosylceramide, indicating that these bands contained a UC other than GM3. Furthermore, the fast moving bands gave a greenish-gray color in response to the DPA spray (see Fig. 2, A and B), which was distinct from the purple color typically given by sialoglycoconjugates such as gangliosides (5). Fractions 148–180 (containing UC, shown in Fig. 1A) were pooled and subsequently fractionated by high resolution silicic acid (Iatrobeads, Iatron Laboratory) chromatography (6). As shown in Fig. 1B, UC was well separated from GM2 by this procedure. The UC-containing fractions (Fig. 1B, fractions 50–64) were pooled and further purified by HPAC (7) to obtain the pure UC. Through these purification steps, we obtained about 0.8 mg of pure UC from 75 g of wet brain sample. Using the same procedure, we did not detect the presence of UC in a normal brain sample (100 g) from a 4-year-old boy. The pure UC migrated as a single band by TLC (see Fig. 2B, lane 3).

Structural Characterization of UC by NMR Spectroscopy— We have assigned the NMR chemical shifts of 1H, 13C, and 15N for the sugar chain of UC and GM2 isolated from TS brain (Table I). The 1H–1H double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy and total correlation spectroscopy spectra of UC revealed the proton relay signals corresponding to seven spin systems. The HMBC and ROESY two-dimensional NMR experiments supplied definitive structural information regarding the interconnection of the seven spin systems and provided an overall view of the structure. Analysis of HSQC and HMBC spectra showed that, as in the case of GM2, the ceramide (Cer) of UC contained two spin systems: the sphingenine and the fatty acyl amide. In addition to the four spin systems found in GM2 (Neu5Ac, Gal, GalNAc, and Glc), the sugar chain of UC contained a fifth spin system, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine). The assignment of the sugar sequence was based on the analysis of ROESY and HMBC. In the ROESY spectrum, the anomeric proton of {beta}-Glc (4.156 ppm; 3JHH = 7.8 Hz; 1JCH = 159 Hz) showed the cross-peak with the more upfield H1' proton (3.400 ppm) of the sphingenine in Cer moiety, indicating the presence of the Glc{beta}1->1'-Cer structure in UC. The anomeric proton of {beta}-Gal (4.302 ppm; 3JHH = 7.8 Hz; 1JCH = 160.5 Hz) shows the inter-residual nuclear Overhauser effect with the H4 proton (3.313 ppm) of {beta}-Glc; the anomeric proton of {beta}-GalNAc (4.435 ppm; 3JHH = 8.5 Hz; 1JCH = 160.5 Hz) "talks" to the H4 proton (3.854 ppm) of {beta}-Gal, indicating the presence of the GalNAc{beta}1->4Gal{beta}1->4Glc1->1'-Cer sequence. The {alpha}-(2->3)-ketosidic linkage between the Neu5Ac and the {beta}-Gal was confirmed by the chemical shift of the H3 protons (H3 equatorial, 2.637 ppm; H3 axial, 1.848 ppm) (30) and a strong inter-residual nuclear Overhauser effect between the H3 axial proton (1.848 ppm) of {alpha}-Neu5Ac and the H3 proton (3.898 ppm) of {beta}-Gal.


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  		TABLE I
1H, 13C, and 15N NMR chemical shifts of the sugar residues in UC, synthetic tauro-GM2, and GM2

NMR chemical shifts are on {delta} scale. 1H shifts relative to {delta}(Me2SO) = 2.500 ppm. 13C shifts relative to {delta}(Me2SO) = 39.51 ppm. 15N shifts relative to {delta}(liquid NH3) = 0.00 ppm. 1H chemical shifts for hydroxyl protons are shown in parentheses. The chemical structure of tauro-GM2 is shown in Fig. 5A.

 



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  		FIG. 5.
The chemical structure of tauro-GM2 (A) and an overlay of proton-detected 13C–1H HSQC spectra of the isolated (magenta) and the synthetic (cyan) tauro-GM2 (B). Arabic numerals refer to the protons of the residues designated by the Roman numerals, and the protons of Neu5Ac (N), taurine (T), and the sphingenine backbone in Cer (S).

 
GalNAc{beta}1->4Gal{beta}1->4Glc{beta}1->1'-Cer sequence was further confirmed by the following long range C–H correlations observed in the HMBC spectrum: (i) the H1 proton (4.156 ppm) of {beta}-Glc and C1' carbon (69.94 ppm) of sphingenine; (ii) the more upfield H1' proton (3.400 ppm) of sphingenine and the anomeric carbon (104.40 ppm) of {beta}-Glc; (iii) the H1 proton (4.302 ppm) of {beta}-Gal and C4 carbon (81.66 ppm) of {beta}-Glc; (iv) the H1 proton (4.435 ppm) of {beta}-GalNAc and C4 carbon (77.97 ppm) of {beta}-Gal; (v) the H4 proton (3.854 ppm) of {beta}-Gal and the anomeric carbon (103.55 ppm) of {beta}-GalNAc.

Several lines of evidence indicate the presence of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of Neu5Ac and a taurine residue in UC. In the HMBC spectrum (Fig. 3), we detected the two-bond correlation between the taurine amide proton (8.459 ppm) and the C1 carbon (168.55 ppm) of Neu5Ac and also the three-bond correlation between the more upfield aliphatic proton on C1 of taurine (3.342 ppm) and the C1 carbon (168.55 ppm) of Neu5Ac. In the ROESY spectrum, we see the following inter-residue interactions: taurine-NH/GalNAc-H1, taurine-NH/GalNAc-NH, taurine-NH/Neu5Ac-OH8, taurine-NH/Neu5Ac-H4, and taurine-H2/Neu5Ac-OH8. Diffusion coefficient measurements (22) provide additional evidence showing that taurine is a part of UC. The value of the translational diffusion coefficient of UC, calculated from the well separated signal (2.700 ppm) of C2 methylene protons of taurine, is identical to the value obtained for any other proton on the sugar chain (D = 1.05e – 10 m2/s). These results show that taurine is an integral part of the molecule and establish the structure of UC as tauro-GM2 (see Fig. 5A for the structure).



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  		FIG. 3.
Partial structure of tauro-GM2 showing the amide linkage between taurine (T) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu) (A) and sections of proton-detected 13C–1H HMBC spectrum of UC (B). The T-NH/Neu-C1 and T-H1b/Neu-C1 cross-peaks represent the interresidue long range correlations between the carbonyl atom of Neu5Ac and the amide proton and the more upfield aliphatic proton on C1 of taurine (the two arrows shown in A). The other three cross-peaks represent multiple bond interactions within the taurine molecule.

 

Analysis of UC by Electrospray Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)—Subsequently, we used mass spectrometry to ascertain the presence of a conjugated taurine in UC. By FT-ICR-MS, the protonated GM2 isolated from the variant B TS brain sample was detected at m/z 1384.801 (Fig. 4A, peak a), which corresponds to the calculated monoisotopic m/z 1384.832 for the GM2 containing octadecasphingenine and stearic acid. In addition, several peaks separated by 26 Da (representing an additional –CH=CH– moiety) or 28 Da (representing an additional –CH2–CH2– moiety) appeared in the mass spectrum, indicating the heterogeneity and the complexity of the ceramide moiety in GM2. The assignments for the major monoisotopic mass peaks shown in Fig. 4A (peaks b–f) are presented in the legend to this figure. On the other hand, the protonated molecule of UC was detected at m/z 1491.855 (Fig. 4B, peak a). This value corresponds to the calculated monoisotopic m/z 1491.836 for the protonated GM2 (containing octadecasphingenine and stearic acid) conjugated with one residue of taurine. The FT-ICR mass spectrum of UC also contained sodium adducts, sodium/proton substitutions, dimers, and peaks corresponding to heterogeneous varieties with different chain lengths of the long chain base and fatty acid (peaks b–h), analogous to the variation found in Fig. 4A for GM2. The assignments of these major monoisotopic mass peaks are presented in the legend to Fig. 4B. Thus, the FT-ICR-MS confirmed the conjugation of taurine to GM2 in UC.



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  		FIG. 4.
Electrospray FT-ICR mass spectrum of GM2 (A) and UC (B). Assignments of monoisotopic peaks (m/z) shown in A: a, 1384.801, [M + H]+; b, 1412.821, [M + (–CH2–CH2–) + H]+; c, 1434.799, [M + (–CH2–CH2–) + Na]+; d, 1440.842, [M + (–CH2–CH2–)2 + H]+; e, 1466.851, [M + (–CH=CH–) + (–CH2–CH2–)2 + H]+; f, 1488.862, [M + (–CH=CH–) + (–CH2–CH2–)2 + Na]+. Assignments of monoisotopic peaks (m/z) shown in B: a, 1491.855, [M + H]+; b, 1513.842, [M + Na]+, [2M + 2Na]2+; c, 1524.828, [2M + 3Na–H]2+; d, 1535.822, [M + 2Na–H]+, [2M + 4Na–2H]2+; e, 1549.840, [2M + (–CH2–CH2–) + 4Na–2H]2+; f, 1563.858, [M + (–CH2–CH2–) + 2Na–H]+; g, 1576.861, [2M + (–CH=CH–) + (–CH2–CH2–)2 + 4Na–2H]2+; h, 1590.871, [2M + (–CH=CH–) + (–CH2–CH2–)3 + 4Na–2H]2+.

 

Chemical Synthesis of Tauro-GM2—To obtain additional evidence that the structure of UC is tauro-GM2, we chemically conjugated the carboxyl group of Neu5Ac in GM2 with taurine using diethyl phosphorocyanidate as a coupling reagent in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst (8, 9) (see Fig. 2A, lane 2). As shown in Table I and Fig. 5B, the NMR chemical shifts of the sugar residues in the chemically synthesized tauro-GM2 were identical to those found in UC. Fig. 2B shows that the chemically synthesized tauro-GM2 and UC have the same TLC mobility and color response to the DPA reagent (5). The TLC mobility of tauro-GM2 is faster than GM2 but only slightly slower than GM3 (Fig. 2B).

Immunological Detection of the Presence of Tauro-GM2 in Small TS Brain Samples—Because other TS brain samples were available to us only in small quantities (1–2 g), we used a sensitive TLC immunostaining method for the detection of the presence of tauro-GM2 in these samples. As shown in Fig. 6B, the monosialoganglioside fraction obtained from one more variant B and two variant O TS patients also contained a GSL that interacted with the rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum. This GSL and the chemically synthesized tauro-GM2 shared the same TLC mobility and color response to the DPA spray (5). Under the same condition, we did not detect any GSL that interacted with the rabbit anti-tauro-GM2 serum in the corresponding fraction prepared from three normal human brain samples. From Fig. 6, one can also see that the anti-tauro-GM2 serum did not cross-react with GM1, GM2, GM3, or other gangliosides.

Taken together, we have used NMR spectroscopy, FT-ICR-MS, chemical synthesis, and TLC immunostaining to conclusively show the presence of tauro-GM2 in TS brain samples. Our results indicate that previous reports of the elevation of GM3 in TS brain samples (25–29), based primarily on TLC analysis, may instead be due to the presence of tauro-GM2, because the TLC mobility of tauro-GM2 is very close to that of GM3 (see Fig. 2B).

Taurine, one of the most abundant free amino acids found in the human central nervous system (31–33), has been shown to serve a wide variety of biological functions, including bile acid and xenobiotic conjugation, osmoregulation, and calcium modulation (34). Taurine conjugation is a well known mechanism in biological systems that facilitates the clearance of xenobiotics from the body by increasing their polarity and aqueous solubility (34). GM2 is very insoluble in water (35). The pKa of the carboxylic acid of Neu5Ac is 2.6 (36), whereas that of the sulfonic acid of taurine has been reported to be between 1 and 1.5 (37, 38). Thus, tauro-GM2 would be more polar and more water-soluble than GM2. The level of GM2 in a normal infant brain has been found to be around 19 nmol/g of wet tissue, whereas that in a TS brain could exceed 1000 nmol/g of wet tissue (39). Neural tissues may regard this massively elevated GM2 as a quasi-xenobiotic and employ taurine conjugation as a vehicle for its removal. However, the low pKa of taurine makes tauro-GM2 a potential surfactant that may exert an adverse effect on neural tissues. It is well known that the toxicity of a xenobiotic can be activated upon conjugation (40). Although enzymes for detoxication in the central nervous system have been studied extensively (41), the enzyme responsible for the taurine conjugation of GM2 has not yet been identified, and the possible pathophysiological effects of tauro-GM2 on the central nervous system remain to be elucidated. It should be pointed out that the taurine-conjugated Neu5Ac is a novel sialic acid derivative that has not been previously revealed. Tauro-GM2 represents an additional pathological product of TSD and should be taken into consideration in the future development of therapies for this dreadful disease.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant RO1-NS09626 (to Y. -T. L.), National Science Foundation MRI Grant 988269 (to Tulane Coordinated Instrumentation Facility), and the Louisiana Board of Regents' Health Excellence Fund Grant HEF(2001–06)-08 (to R. B. C.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112. Tel.: 504-584-2451; Fax: 504-584-2739; E-mail: yli1{at}tulane.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: TSD, Tay-Sachs disease; GSL, glycosphingolipid; UC, unknown compound; HPAC, high performance anion-exchange chromatography; HMBC, heteronuclear multiple bond connectivity; HSQC, 1H-detected hetero-nuclear single-quantum coherence; ROESY, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy; FT-ICR-MS, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry; DPA, diphenylamine-aniline-phosphoric acid; GM1, Gal{beta}1->3GalNAc{beta}1->4(Neu5Ac{alpha}2->3)Gal{beta}1->4Glc1->1'-Cer; GM2, GalNAc{beta}1->4(Neu5Ac{alpha}2->3)Gal{beta}1->4Glc{beta}1->1'-Cer; GM3, Neu5-Ac{alpha}2->3Gal{beta}1->4Glc{beta}1->1'-Cer; GD1a, Neu5Ac{alpha}2->3Gal{beta}1-> 3GalNAc{beta}1->4(Neu5Ac{alpha}2->3)Gal{beta}1->4Glc1->1'-Cer; taurine, 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank the late Dr. Emmanuel Shapira of the Hayward Genetics Center of Tulane University for providing us with pathological tissue samples and K. Anderson, H. Ashida, K. Johanson, J. D. Karam, and W. Wimley for critical reading of the manuscript. Tissue samples in part used in this study were provided by the University of Miami Brain and Tissue Bank for Developmental Disorders through NICHD, National Institutes of Health Contract NO1-HD-8-3284. The use of anonymous human autopsy tissue samples in this study has been approved by the Committee on Use of Human Subjects of Tulane University Health Sciences Center.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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