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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 40, 38593-38600, October 3, 2003
From the School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
Received for publication, February 3, 2002 , and in revised form, April 24, 2003.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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A variety of strategies are used by the cell to regulate RYR2 channel activity. It is anticipated that these regulatory strategies facilitate the fine control of E-C coupling, although evidence for this in live cells is rather limited. In vitro studies have shown that the binding of Ca2+ (2), Mg2+ (3), ATP (4), cADP ribose (5), calmodulin (6), and FKBP12.6 (7) affect channel activity, as does the binding of pharmacological agents such as the plant alkaloid ryanodine (which was originally used to identify the channel protein; Ref. 8). In addition the channel is phosphorylated on at least a single residue, and this phosphorylation alters channel behavior in vitro (7, 9).
In an effort to understand the regulatory role of RYR2 phosphorylation, research has focused on three aspects of the process. First, the identity of sites of phosphorylation in the receptor and kinases capable of using these sites; second, the functional consequence of site-specific phosphorylation in vitro; and third, the incidence and functional consequence of site-specific phosphorylation of the receptor in living cells. To date Ser-2809 (in the rabbit sequence (10) or the corresponding Ser-2808 in man (11)) has been identified as a site of phosphorylation on RYR2, which is used in vitro (7, 9). It has a counterpart in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor, Ser-2843, which is also phosphorylated in vitro (12). Other phosphorylation sites may exist in RYR2, but the identity of these await description. CaMKII was first identified as the kinase responsible for Ser-2809 phosphorylation (9), and more recently phosphorylation of this site by PKA has been described (7). It is likely that both of these observations are accurate, although this has not been demonstrated in a single study to date. Resolution of this issue is one of the objectives of the present study.
Phosphorylation of RYR2 by CaMKII or PKA is accompanied by significant changes in channel function in vitro. These changes include an increased open probability (Po) (7, 9), the abrogation of the inhibitory effects of CaM (9) and Mg2+ (3), heightened channel activity (Po) in response to step changes in Ca2+ (13), dissociation of regulatory factors (e.g. FKBP12.6), expression of subconductance states, and the expression of channel activity at diastolic Ca2+ concentrations (7). Furthermore, Ser-2809 phosphorylation appears elevated in clinical situations such as heart failure (14), and may contribute to the abnormal Ca2+ handling characteristics of cardiac muscle in these conditions.
Despite good evidence of increased channel activity upon RYR2 phosphorylation in vitro, the anticipated manifestation of this is not observed in single cells (15). Ca2+ spark frequency might be expected to increase with increased Po and with the expression of channel activity at diastolic Ca2+ concentrations (which accompany stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809; Ref. 7). However, Li et al. (15) found that spark frequency did not increase upon cAMP generation in animals lacking the regulatory protein phospholamban. These data suggest that spark frequency was not dependent upon ryanodine receptor phosphorylation status (which would be expected to rise upon generation of cAMP) but dependent upon SR Ca2+ load, which was most heavily influenced by the phosphorylation status of phospholamban.
In this study we have sought to develop tools for the study of ryanodine receptor phosphorylation in vitro and in living cells. Phosphorylation site-specific antibodies have proven to be invaluable tools in research to establish the role of phosphorylation of an individual protein in any particular cell biological event. Here we describe the production and characterization of a pair of antisera to the Ser-2809 phosphorylation site of RYR2. One of these antisera is specific for the phosphorylated form of the Ser-2809 epitope, the other is specific for the dephosphorylated form of the same. These antibodies have enabled us to establish that both CaMKII and PKA phosphorylate Ser-2809 to full stoichiometry in vitro. The study has also established that CaMKII phosphorylates RYR2 to a greater extent than PKA, consistent with the use of multiple phosphorylation sites on RYR2 by CaMKII.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-32P]ATP was obtained from ICN.
Preparation of Phospho-specific Antibodies—Phosphorylated and dephosphorylated RYR2 peptides comprising residues 2802–2812 inclusive were purified to homogeneity by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. It should be noted that Ser-2809 in rabbit corresponds to Ser-2808 in the human RYR2 sequence, but that the epitope sequence is identical in these two species. Peptides were conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin using carbodiimide in the case of phosphorylated peptide (17), or glutaraldehyde in the case of dephosphorylated peptide (18), and dialyzed extensively against phosphate-buffered saline. Adult New Zealand White rabbits were immunized with 
150 µg of keyhole limpet hemocyanin and attached peptide at 6 weekly intervals and immune serum collected 10 days after immunizations 2 and 3. Serum was prepared and stored at –70C. Two polyclonal antibodies are described herein: RYR2-PS2809 raised to the phosphorylated peptide and RYR2-2809deP raised to the dephosphorylated peptide.
Dephosphorylation Assay—Canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were prepared as described previously (19). SR vesicles were incubated at 37 °C in 50 mM histidine (pH 7.0), 5 mM MgSO4, 1 mM EGTA, and 50 (or 100) units/ml alkaline phosphatase for 1 h (20). SR vesicles were recovered by centrifugation at 27,000 x g for 60 min, washed in phosphate-buffered saline, and resuspended in buffer containing 10 mM imidazole HCl (pH 6.9), 0.29 M sucrose, and 3 mM NaN3. Protein concentration was determined by the standard BCA assay.
Phosphorylation Assays—Phosphorylation reactions were conducted at 37 °C in 40 µl of buffer containing 10 µg of dephosphorylated SR vesicles and 50 mM Histidine (pH 7.0), 5 mM MgSO4, 5 mM NaF, and 2 µM calyculin A. For phosphorylation by CaMKII (0.2 µg, unless otherwise stated), the buffer contained 0.1 mM CaCl2, 1.5 µg of calmodulin, and 1 µM PKA inhibitor H-89 or PKI (in separate experiments). For the control samples, Ca2+ (1 mM EGTA present), calmodulin and CaMKII were omitted from the assay medium. PKA (0.1 µg) phosphorylation was performed in the presence of 1 mM EGTA, 1 µM cAMP, and 1 µM CaMKII inhibitor, KN-93. cAMP and PKA were omitted in the buffer for the control samples. The phosphorylation reactions were initiated by the addition of 0.2 mM [-32P]ATP (0.1 µCi/nmol). After 1 min of incubation, the reactions were stopped by adding 10 µl of SDS sample buffer (5-strength) to the medium.
Immunoblot Analysis—SR proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE using 6 and 15% polyacrylamide gels as described by Laemmli (21). Following separation, proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes (Pall BioSupport, Portsmouth, UK) by semidry blotting, and nonspecific binding sites were blocked for 2–4 h at room temperature using 5% dried milk and Tris-buffered saline, (pH 7.4), 0.1% Tween 20. Membranes were probed overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies RYR2-PS2809 or RYR2-2809deP (1:5000) or Ser16 (PS-16) and Thr17 (PT-17) (1:5000) for the phosphorylated forms of phospholamban (18). A secondary peroxidase-labeled antibody (Jackson Immunochemicals) was used in combination with an enhanced chemiluminescent detection system (Supersignal West Pico Chemiluminescent, Pierce) to visualize the primary antibodies. Data were captured using a Fuji LAS-1000 Imaging System CCD camera (AIDA software for analysis). When both pentameric and monomeric forms of phospholamban were evident, the optical density of these two bands were summed.
Method of Stripping Membranes—Following immunoblot analysis, membranes were incubated at 55 °C in stripping buffer containing 62.5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.7), 2% SDS, and 0.1 M 
-mercaptoethanol for 30 min. Membranes were then washed in Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.4) 0.1% Tween 20 and 5% dried milk for 2–4 h at room temperature and probed overnight at 4 °C with another primary antibody.
Phosphoimaging and Data Analysis—The amount of 32P incorporation into the cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor was determined by phosphorimaging. Phosphorimage plates were exposed to PVDF membranes for 24 or 48 h, and densitometric analysis of the data was conducted using Fuji BAS-1000 scanner (AIDA software for analysis).
ELISA—Competitive ELISA experiments were performed by standard protocols (22) using o-phenylene diamine as the substrate for peroxidase-conjugated second antibodies (Jackson Immunochemicals). ELISA plates were coated with RYR2 peptides at 1 µg/well, and RYR1 and RYR2 peptides were used as competing agents as described in the relevant figure.
Statistics—All the values are expressed as mean ± S.D. for n experiments, and statistical significance was evaluated using the Student's t test for unpaired data.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Polyclonal antibodies able to discriminate between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated RYR2 peptides with high fidelity were produced (Fig. 1). Competitive ELISA experiments employing ELISA plates coated with the appropriate peptide and varying concentrations of peptide (phosphorylated or dephosphorylated) in solution were used to analyze the binding characteristics of the two antibodies. A peptide recognized by the antibody is a potent inhibitor of the interaction of antibody with the antigen immobilized on the ELISA plate. Whereas a peptide not recognized by the antibody is unable to affect interaction with immobilized antigen. Antibody2 RYR2-PS2809 recognized Ser-2809-phosphorylated RYR2 peptide, as the interaction of this antibody with immobilized antigen was inhibited by low concentrations of phospho-RYR2 peptide (IC50 = 10 nM). Low concentrations of dephosphorylated-RYR2 peptide had no effect on antibody binding to its antigen, but very high concentrations display some inhibitory potential (IC50 = 20.3 µM). The IC50 values for each of these peptides described a 2000-fold preference for phosphorylated RYR2 peptide in the case of antibody RYR2-PS2809. Peptides derived from the equivalent phosphorylation site in RYR1 (Ser-2843) were poorly recognized by the antibody (Fig. 1). Inhibition of antibody binding to antigen immobilized on the plate was only seen at high concentrations of phosphorylated RYR1 and dephosphorylated RYR1 peptide (IC50 9.6 and 64 µM, respectively).
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The opposite pattern of recognition was observed with antibody RYR2-2809deP, as would be anticipated. Comparison of IC50 values (dephosphorylated-RYR2 peptide 10 nM; phospho-RYR2 peptide 44.1 µM) identified a 4410-fold preference for dephosphorylated RYR2 peptide in the case of antibody RYR2-2809deP. RYR1 peptides were poorly recognized by the antibody and only demonstrated inhibitory characteristics at high concentration (IC50 12.3 and 41.5 µM for the dephosphorylated and phosphorylated RYR1 peptides, respectively).
The slope of the competition curve generated by inclusion of phosphorylated or dephosphorylated peptide with each antibody differed (Fig. 1). This is most noticeable in the case of antibody RYR2-2809deP, where the inhibition of binding of antibody to peptide immobilized on the plate displayed a shallow slope with respect to dephosphorylated RYR2 peptide concentration, but a steep slope with respect to phosphorylated RYR2 peptide concentration. This, we believe, is a function of the polyclonal nature of the antiserum generated. A number of different antibodies exist within the polyclonal serum, which possess a range of binding affinities for the peptide. In the case of RYR2-2809deP, the affinity of the antibodies for dephosphorylated RYR2 peptide has a broad range that centers around a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 10 nM, whereas the affinity displayed by this antibody for phosphorylated RYR2 peptide is more uniform, centered around a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 44 µM.
These experiments confirm that antibodies have been produced which are highly specific for the RYR2 phosphorylation site at Ser-2809 and interact with this site in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Antibodies of this quality have been described previously with other protein targets (18) and have proven invaluable in the description of the role of protein phosphorylation in cardiac cells.
Antipeptide Antibody Recognition of RYR2 Protein—Having observed peptide and phosphopeptide recognition by these antibodies, we next investigated whether they could interact with RYR2 protein in a phosphorylation dependent manner. Canine cardiac SR vesicles contain appreciable amounts of RYR2 protein; this was phosphorylated by incubation with CaMKII and subjected to Western blot analysis. Fig. 2 shows that RYR2 protein is present in the SR vesicle preparation (stained with monoclonal antibody 34C; Fig. 2, A (panel i) and B (panel i)), and the amount does not differ between control (lanes 1) and CaMKII (lanes 2)-treated samples. RYR2 is separated by electrophoresis into two major species as has been described previously (9). Fig. 2 also shows that antibody RYR2-PS2809 interacts with the RYR2 protein, as it stains a protein doublet of identical molecular weight to that detected by the RYR2 monoclonal antibody. No other proteins or phosphoproteins in cardiac SR were detected by this antibody (Fig. 2). The interaction of antibody RYR2-PS2809 with RYR2 was wholly dependent on the phosphorylation status of Ser-2809, as phosphorylated RYR2 peptide (Fig. 2A (panel iii)), but not dephosphorylated RYR2 peptide (Fig. 2A (panel iv)), inhibited immunorecognition of RYR2 on the blot. Having established that this antibody interacts with RYR2 only when Ser-2809 is phosphorylated, we can assume that the intensity of immunostaining achieved with this antibody reflects the phosphorylation status of Ser-2809 (as is the case for all other phosphorylation-specific antibodies). The detection of RYR2 in control samples by this antibody therefore shows that Ser-2809 phosphorylation is present prior to exposure to kinases, which must be due to the persistence of phosphorylation during the preparation of SR vesicles. This level of phosphorylation is increased upon exposure to CaMKII as seen by the increase in signal intensity with antibody RYR2-PS2809 in the CaMKII-treated sample compared with the control sample (Fig 2A (panels ii and iv).
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As would be expected the staining intensity pattern with the dephosphorylated antibody, RYR2-2809deP, was exactly the opposite of that seen with the phosphorylation antibody. It too recognized the RYR2 protein doublet exclusively, and the immunorecognition was lost upon addition of dephosphorylated-RYR2 peptide (Fig. 2B (panel iv)), but not upon addition of phosphorylated-RYR2 peptide (Fig. 2B (panel iii)). Finally the signal intensity was decreased somewhat (25–40%) upon CaMKII treatment of SR samples. These data confirm that both of these antibodies recognize RYR2 protein in a manner which is wholly dependent upon the phosphorylation status of Ser-2809; antibody RYR2-PS2809 is specific for Ser-2809 phosphorylated RYR2, and antibody RYR2-2809deP is specific for Ser-2809 dephosphorylated RYR2.
Which Kinases Phosphorylate Ser-2809?—Separate reports suggest that different kinases phosphorylate RYR2 on Ser-2809 (7, 9). It is likely that both reports are correct and that both kinases, CaMKII and PKA, phosphorylate this site in vitro. A degree of uncertainty surrounds this point, which could be dispelled by demonstration of the action of both kinases within a single study. This was addressed in the following experimental series. First, the basal phosphorylation status of RYR2 was minimized by phosphatase treatment in an effort to make subsequent kinase action clear. A reduction in immunorecognition by RYR2-PS2809 and an increase in staining by RYR2–2809deP provide evidence of near complete dephosphorylation of Ser-2809 of RYR2 by treatment of canine cardiac SR with alkaline phosphatase (50 or 100 units/ml) for 60 min (Fig. 3).
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A batch of dephosphorylated SR was produced by treatment with alkaline phosphatase (50units/ml) for 60 min followed by two centrifugation steps at 27,000 x g for 60 min and an intervening wash step (in phosphate-buffered saline) to harvest SR vesicles and remove the soluble phosphatase. The SR was then exposed to a purified protein kinase (CaMKII, PKA) in the presence of selective inhibitors of the other kinase. The site-specific phosphorylation of phospholamban (CaMKII, Thr-17; PKA, Ser-16; Ref. 18) was used to confirm that the exclusive activity of each kinase in turn was observed (Fig. 4). The dephosphorylation treatment removed most, but not all, phosphate from Ser-16 and Thr-17 (Fig. 4, B and C, samples C1 and C2). Subsequent Ser-16 phosphorylation of phospholamban in a radioactive assay was not observed upon CaMKII addition (remained at this base-line level, Fig. 4B, lanes 2–5) but in separate assays increased dramatically upon PKA addition (Fig. 4B, lanes 7–10). Conversely, Thr-17 phosphorylation was unresponsive to PKA addition (remained at base-line level, Fig. 4C, lanes 7–10) but increased substantially in the presence of CaMKII (Fig. 4C, lanes 2–5). These data confirm that the conditions used permit observation of the activity of individual kinases (CaMKII, PKA) exclusively.
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The phosphorylation status of RYR2 on Ser-2809 was then examined by Western blotting in these same samples (Fig. 5). Low levels of Ser-2809 phosphorylation were detected in control samples (no kinase added), but substantially greater Ser-2809 phosphorylation was detected following treatment with either purified CaMKII or purified PKA (Fig. 5A). Densitometric analysis confirmed that a statistically significant increase in Ser-2809 phosphorylation occurred upon addition of either CaMKII or PKA (Fig. 5C).
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We next sought to establish whether RYR2 was phosphorylated to the same extent by each of these kinases. This was most clearly investigated by measurement of the amount of unphosphorylated RYR2 following treatment with each kinase. As is evident in Fig. 5B PKA phosphorylated RYR2 to apparent stoichiometry on Ser-2809, as there was no detectable unphosphorylated protein remaining in the sample. CaMKII did not achieve this high level of phosphorylation in this experiment. These data suggest that Ser-2809 is predominantly a phosphorylation site for PKA, as this enzyme is able to catalyze the stoichiometric phosphorylation of this site. Marx et al. (7) suggested the same using a back phosphorylation strategy. However, in the present study, the amount of CaMKII and PKA employed in the experiment differed, which might contribute to the dissimilar magnitude of phosphorylation observed in each case. To explore this issue, canine cardiac SR was phosphorylated by comparable amounts of CaMKII (2 nmol/min of activity) and PKA (1 nmol/min of activity). This represents a substantial increase in CaMKII activity (but not total protien), as the specific activity of CaMKII used in the subsequent experiments was substantially greater than that used in the former. Under these conditions, Ser-2809 was phosphorylated to apparent stoichiometry by each kinase (Fig. 6), since the dephosphorylation-specific antibody was unable to detect any protein following kinase treatment. As such we conclude that Ser-2809 can be phosphorylated to full stoichiometry in vitro by either CaMKII or PKA.
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Is RYR2 Phosphorylated on Ser-2809 Exclusively?—A good case has been made for the existence of a single site for PKA phosphorylation on RYR2, as mutation of Ser-2809 resulted in the abolition of PKA catalyzed phosphorylation (7). Witcher et al. (9) suggest that Ser-2809 is the predominant phosphorylation site for CaMKII; however, others have observed that CaMKII phosphorylates RYR2 to a greater extent than PKA (24, 25), which either signifies multiple phosphorylation sites used by CaMKII or a higher stoichiometry of Ser-2809 phosphorylation (by CaMKII compared with PKA) in these studies. To address this, we examined the amount of 32P phosphorylation of RYR2 under conditions of stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 by PKA and CaMKII. Fig. 7B shows that stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 by PKA was accompanied by the incorporation of modest amounts of radioactive phosphate into the RYR2 polypeptide. Phosphorylation by CaMKII (Fig. 7A), however, resulted in the incorporation of far more 32P into RYR2. Densitometry was used to quantify the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into RYR2 catalyzed by either PKA or CaMKII. CaMKII catalyzed the incorporation of 5 units of 32P for each unit incorporated by PKA (Fig. 7C). If we accept that PKA phosphorylates a single site on RYR2 (7) and that stoichiometric phosphorylation of this site was achieved in this experiment (Fig. 6), then [32P]phosphate incorporation into RYR2 when a single site is completely phosphorylated is represented by 100 normalized densitometry units in Fig. 7C. CaMKII catalyzed the incorporation of five times this much radioactivity into RYR2, which can be understood in terms of stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 plus stoichiometric phosphorylation of a further four sites or stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 plus substoichiometic phosphorylation of more than four additional sites. Examination of the sequence of human RYR2 has identified 21 potential CaMKII phosphorylation sites (Fig. 8) and only a single PKA site (Ser-2808). A similar number of sites are observed in the rabbit RYR2 sequence.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Quality of Antibodies—Phosphorylation site-specific antibodies are proving to be a valuable resource in life science research, with in excess of 500 different antibodies in use today. The data of this study confirm our previous description (18) that highly specific anti-phospho-antibodies can be produced by the immunization of rabbits with short peptide sequences (10–12 residues), purified to homogeneity and conjugated to a carrier protein. The method of conjugation does not appear to be critical, as two different methods were used in this study (glutaraldehyde and carbodiimide), and both delivered high quality antisera. These antibodies report on the phosphorylation status of Ser-2809 of RYR2 faithfully and are unaffected by the phosphorylation status of other sites in the receptor protein. This fidelity arises from the molecular recognition between antibody and epitope in which the phosphorylation status of Ser-2809 is critical but not the only determinant of binding. The importance of other residues within the epitope was established by examining antibody recognition of the equivalent phosphorylation site in RYR1 (Ser-2843). The amino acid sequence of this RYR1 site (12) is very similar to the RYR2-2809 site (Fig. 9); however, the antibodies described in this study show clear discrimination between these sequences (Fig. 1). The binding of either antibody to the corresponding RYR1 sequence (phosphorylated or not, as appropriate) is 1000-fold weaker than binding to RYR2 sequence (Fig. 1). From this we can conclude that both antibodies interact with multiple residues in the epitope sequence and that the differences in sequence (between RYR2 and RYR1) reduce the affinity of interaction enormously. RYR2 does not contain any other potential phosphorylation site which resembles the Ser-2809 epitope more closely than does the RYR1–2843 sequence (see Fig. 9). As such, we can anticipate that the antibodies used in this study would fail to interact with other (potential) RYR2 phosphorylation sites and that staining observed with these antibodies is dependent upon Ser-2809 phosphorylation status exclusively.
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The pair of antibodies, one to the dephosphorylated (Ser-2809) receptor and the other to the phosphorylated (Ser-2809) receptor, were created in this study, as it was unclear from the literature which of the extremes of phosphorylation was going to be important in physiology and pathophysiology. At a technical level the complementary pair of antibodies has proven advantageous. They provide an internal check of experimental data, as the staining intensity observed with one antibody is the inverse of staining intensity of the other antibody. This approach was used previously in the first description of phosphorylation state-specific antibodies, which were raised to neuronal protein, G-substrate (26). Furthermore, the antibodies allow ready access to the stoichiometry of phosphorylation, as the amount of dephosphorylated protein was reduced to undetectable levels by PKA or CaMKII treatment of SR, suggesting that stoichiometric phosphorylation of RYR2 on Ser-2809 is achieved in vitro by either PKA or CaMKII. These new data support a previous description of stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 by PKA (7) and extend this significantly through the description of stoichiometric phosphorylation by either of two kinases.
Ser-2809 phosphorylation of RYR2 is accompanied by dissociation of a regulatory protein FKBP12.6 (7) and a substantial alteration in channel activity. The phosphorylation status of Ser-2809 has been suggested to act as the controlling switch in the binding and dissociation of FKBP12.6. The present work suggests that the molecular event of FKBP association (and subsequent dissociation) with RYR2 needs further investigation, since CaMKII would be expected to achieve stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809 and should therefore be able to affect FKBP12.6 binding. This was not observed in Marx et al. (7), which might be explained in one of the following ways: first, CaMKII phosphorylation of RYR2 might have been incomplete in the study of Marx et al. (7), thereby obscuring the subsequent effect on FKBP binding. Fig. 5 (of the present study) shows that substoichiometric phosphorylation of RYR2 is observed when suboptimal amounts of CaMKII are employed. Alternatively, since CaMKII phosphorylates a number of sites on RYR2 (details below), the binding of FKBP12.6 might be regulated by the phosphorylation status of multiple sites, such that dissociation occurs when Ser-2809 is phosphorylated exclusively, but not if Ser-2809 and another (to be identified) site are phosphorylated.
Phosphorylation of Ser-2809 (or the corresponding residue, Ser-2808, in human RYR2) appears elevated in heart failure (14, 27, 28). To date this has been attributed to PKA activity exclusively; however, the results of this study suggest that CaMKII would be capable of contributing to this event. Both kinases (PKA and CaMKII) are likely to be active in situations of -adrenergic drive (e.g. isoprenaline, heart failure) as has been shown with other SR substrates (29), and thus, it will be necessary to establish the contribution of each kinase to Ser-2809 phosphorylation in vivo and in isolated myocytes in response to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli.
Additional Phosphorylation Sites for CaMKII—In the original description of RYR2 phosphorylation, Witcher et al. (9) described a principal phosphorylation site on RYR2 (Ser-2809), which was heavily phosphorylated by CaMKII and partially phosphorylated by PKA. Marx et al. (7) concluded that this site was phosphorylated to stoichiometry by PKA, and we have demonstrated in this study that it can be phosphorylated to stoichiometry by either PKA or CaMKII. These two kinases, however, incorporate very different amounts of phosphate into the receptor, under conditions in which both achieve stoichiometric phosphorylation of Ser-2809. These data imply that CaMKII phosphorylates four sites in addition to Ser-2809 or greater than four additional sites if these additional sites are not phosphorylated to full stoichiometry. The primary sequence of RYR2 contains a large number of potential CaMKII phosphorylation sites, and it will be a priority to identify which of these are phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo.
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FOOTNOTES |
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To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 44-113-343-3167; E-mail: j.colyer{at}leeds.ac.uk.
1 The abbreviations used are: SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; CaMKII, calmodulin-dependent kinase II; PKA, protein kinase A; PKI, protein kinase inhibitor; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
2 Antibody as used here refers to a polyclonal antibody which is likely to contain multiple different immunoglobulins derived from distinct B-cells. These will display a range of binding affinities for antigen molecules.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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), RYR2P (•)) and dephosphorylated peptide (RYR1deP (
), RYR2deP (
)) at a range of concentrations 0.8 nM to 50 µM (A) or dephosphorylated RYR2 peptide (1 µg/well) and probed with RYR2–2809deP (1:500) in the presence of phosphorylated peptide (RYR1P (
