JBC Oz Biosciences

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M307270200 on August 11, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 43, 42692-42698, October 24, 2003
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
278/43/42692    most recent
M307270200v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kuge, O.
Right arrow Articles by Nishijima, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kuge, O.
Right arrow Articles by Nishijima, M.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Purification and Characterization of Chinese Hamster Phosphatidylserine Synthase 2*

Osamu Kuge{ddagger}§, Kazuhide Hasegawa¶, Tomoko Ohsawa{ddagger}, Kyoko Saito{ddagger}, and Masahiro Nishijima{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640 and Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Co., Ltd., 3-6-6, Asahimachi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-0023, Japan

Received for publication, July 8, 2003 , and in revised form, August 6, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) in mammalian cells is synthesized through the action of PtdSer synthase (PSS) 1 and 2, which catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively, to PtdSer. The PtdSer synthesis in intact cells and an isolated membrane fraction is inhibited by exogenous PtdSer, indicating that inhibition of PtdSer synthases by PtdSer is important for the regulation of PtdSer biosynthesis. In this study, to examine whether the inhibition occurs through the direct interaction of PtdSer with the synthases or is mediated by unidentified factor(s), we purified a FLAG and HA peptide-tagged form of Chinese hamster PSS 2 to near homogeneity. The purified enzyme, as well as the crude enzyme in a membrane fraction, was inhibited on the addition of PtdSer to the enzyme assay mixture. In contrast to PtdSer, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine did not significantly inhibit the purified enzyme. Furthermore, PtdSer-resistant PtdSer synthesis was observed on cell-free assaying of the membrane fraction prepared from a Chinese hamster ovary cell strain whose PtdSer synthesis in vivo is not inhibited by exogenous PtdSer. These results suggested that the interaction of PtdSer with PSS 2 or a very minor protein co-purified with PSS 2 was critical for the regulation of PSS 2 activity in intact cells.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)1 is an essential phospholipid for the growth of mammalian cells (1), comprising ~10% of the total phospholipids in various mammalian tissues and cultured cells. PtdSer is known to interact with various proteins, such as protein kinase C (2), myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (3), coagulation factor V (4), synaptotagmin (5), Raf-1 protein kinase (6), nitric oxide synthase (7), dynamin GTPase (8), and diacylglycerol kinase (9, 10). In the plasma membrane, PtdSer is localized almost exclusively in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer in various types of cells, but externalization of PtdSer to the outer leaflet is observed during apoptosis and after stimulation by various factors such as cytokines (11, 12), inflammatory reactions, and platelet activation (13-16). When externalized on the cell surface, PtdSer has been shown to act as a signal for the removal of damaged, aged, or apoptotic cells. Thus, PtdSer plays many important physiological roles, and therefore the synthesis, degradation, and intracellular localization of PtdSer appear to be strictly regulated.

PtdSer formation in mammalian cells occurs through the exchange of L-serine with the choline moiety of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) or the ethanolamine moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) (17, 18). The serine exchange in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is catalyzed by at least two enzymes, PtdSer synthase (PSS) 1 and 2 (17, 18), which are encoded by the pssA and pssB genes, respectively (19, 20). PSS 1 and 2 are responsible for the conversion of PtdCho and PtdEtn, respectively, to PtdSer.

The PtdSer biosynthesis in CHO-K1 cells is remarkably inhibited on the addition of PtdSer to the culture medium (21), indicating that feedback control is involved in the regulation of PtdSer biosynthesis. The activities of PtdSer synthases in the homogenates of CHO-K1 cells grown with and without exogenous PtdSer are essentially the same (21). Therefore, the cellular levels of PSS 1 and 2 appear to remain unchanged upon the addition of PtdSer. In addition, PtdSer inhibits PSS 1 and 2 in an isolated membrane fraction of CHO-K1 cells (22-24). These observations suggest that the inhibition of PtdSer synthases by PtdSer is critical for the feedback control of PtdSer biosynthesis.

A CHO cell mutant, named 29, whose PtdSer biosynthesis is highly resistant to inhibition by exogenous PtdSer, has been isolated from CHO-K1 cells (22). The mutant has been shown to carry a point mutation in the pssA gene, which results in the replacement of Arg-95 of the gene product PSS 1 by Lys (23). Transfection of CHO-K1 cells with the R95K mutant pssA cDNA, but not the wild-type pssA cDNA, induces PtdSer-resistant PtdSer biosynthesis (23). PtdSer synthesis in the isolated membrane fraction of the wild-type pssA-transfected cells is inhibited by exogenous PtdSer but that of the mutant pssA-transfected cells is resistant to inhibition (23). Like mutant 29 cells, the mutant pssA-transfected cells grown without exogenous PtdSer exhibit an ~2-fold increase in the cellular PtdSer level, whereas the wild-type pssA-transfected cells do not exhibit such a significant increase (23). These observations indicate that the inhibition of PSS 1 by PtdSer is critical for the maintenance of a normal PtdSer level in CHO-K1 cells and that Arg-95 of PSS 1 is an essential residue for the normal control of PSS 1 activity.

Chinese hamster PSS 1 and 2 are similar in sequence; there is 32% amino acid sequence identity between the two synthases (19, 20). PSS 2 has an arginine residue at position 97 that corresponds to Arg-95 of PSS 1, which was identified as a critical residue for the control of PSS 1 activity. PtdSer synthesis through PSS 2 is inhibited by exogenous PtdSer in intact cells and a cell-free system (24). Like R95K mutant PSS 1, R97K mutant PSS 2 is resistant to inhibition by exogenous PtdSer (24). In medium without exogenous PtdSer, overproduction of R97K mutant PSS 2 in CHO-K1 cells induces an ~4-fold elevation of the PtdSer biosynthetic rate and a 1.6-fold elevation of the cellular PtdSer level compared with those in CHO-K1 cells, although overproduction of wild-type PSS 2 does not induce such elevation (24). Thus, Arg-97 of PSS 2 is a critical residue for the regulation of PSS 2 activity.

Although the inhibition of PSS 1 and 2 by PtdSer seems to be crucial for the maintenance of a normal cellular PtdSer level, as described above, the precise mechanisms underlying the PtdSer-mediated inhibition of PtdSer synthases are currently unknown. Whether the inhibition occurs through direct interaction of PtdSer with the synthases or is mediated by unidentified factor(s) remains unresolved. To address this issue, the purification of a functional PtdSer synthase seems to be important. In this study, we purified a FLAG and HA peptide-tagged form of Chinese hamster PSS 2 to near homogeneity and then examined the effect of PtdSer on the purified enzyme activity.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials
Anti-FLAG M2 and anti-HA tag affinity gels, 3 x FLAG peptide, HA peptide, bovine brain PtdSer, egg yolk PtdCho, egg yolk PtdEtn, and bovine liver phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) were purchased from Sigma; asolectin was from Wako Pure Chemical Industries; sucrose monolaurate was from Dojindo Laboratories; and L-[U-14C]serine, [methyl-14C]choline, and [2-14C]ethanolamine were from Amersham Biosciences. An anti-PSS 2 N-terminal peptide antibody was raised by immunization of rabbits with a multiple antigen peptide corresponding to the 1-17 amino acid residues of Chinese hamster PSS 2. An anti-PSS 2 C-terminal peptide antibody was raised by immunization of rabbits with a multiple antigen peptide corresponding to the 458-474 amino acid residues of Chinese hamster PSS 2. Both antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography with antigen peptide-coupled matrices.

Plasmids and CHO Cell Strains
cDNA clones that, respectively, encoded the PSS 1 protein with a FLAG peptide tag inserted between the first Met and second Ala and PSS 2 having a FLAG peptide tag at the C terminus were constructed by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For construction of the PSS 1 fusion cDNA, a sense primer containing a SalI site, GTCGACGCCACCATGGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGGCGTCGTGCGTGGGGAGC, an antisense primer containing a NotI site, GCGGCCGCTCATTTCTTTCCAACTCCATTGGTG, and a template plasmid, pcDPSSA (19), were used for PCR. For construction of the PSS 2 fusion cDNA, a sense primer containing a SalI site, GTCGACGGCGCCATGCGGAGGGCC, an antisense primer containing a NotI site, GCGGCCGCTCACTTATCGTCGTCATCCTTGTAATCTGAGGCGGCTGAGGCCCC, and a template plasmid, pSPORT1/pssB (20), were used for PCR. The PCR products were cleaved with SalI and NotI and then ligated with pSVOKneo (25) cleaved with the same restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were designated pSV/F-pssA and pSV/F-pssB, respectively. Next, we constructed cDNA clones that, respectively, encoded the PSS 1 protein with HA and FLAG peptide tags inserted between the first Met and second Ala and PSS 2 having FLAG and HA peptide tags at the C terminus by PCR. For construction of the cDNA clone encoding the FLAG and HA double-tagged PSS 1, a sense primer containing a SalI site, ATAGTCGACGCCACCATGTACCCATATGACGTCCCGGACTACGCCGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAG, an antisense primer containing a NotI site, ATTAGCGGCCGCTCATTTCTTTCCAACTCC, and a template plasmid, pSV/F-pssA, were used for PCR. For construction of the cDNA clone encoding the FLAG and HA double-tagged PSS 2, a sense primer containing a SalI site, ATTGTCGACAGGCTGGGCGCCATGCGG, an antisense primer containing a NotI site, ATATGCGGCCGCTCAGGCGTAGTCCGGGACGTCATATGGGTACTTATCGTCGTCATCCTTGTAATC, and a template plasmid, pSV/F-pssB, were used for PCR. The PCR products were cleaved with SalI and NotI and then ligated with pSVOKneo (25) cleaved with the same restriction enzymes. The resultant plasmids were designated pSV/FH-pssA and pSV/FH-pssB, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the constructs were verified with an automated DNA sequencer (ABI PRISM 310; PerkinElmer Life Sciences).

PSA-3 cells (1), which are a PSS1-lacking mutant cell of CHO-K1, were transfected with pSV/FH-pssA or pSV/FH-pssB using Lipofect-AMINE Plus reagent (Invitrogen). After selection with G418 (400 µg/ml) (Invitrogen), several colonies resistant to the drug were purified, propagated, and assayed for PtdSer synthase activity. Among pSV/HF-pssA-transfected PSA-3 clones showing an increase in PtdSer synthase activity, one clone designated as PSA/FH-PSS1 was chosen for further biochemical analyses. Among pSV/FH-pssB-transfected PSA-3 clones showing an increase in PtdSer synthase activity, one clone designated as PSA/FH-PSS2 was chosen for further biochemical analyses.

Preparation of Membranes from CHO Cells
CHO cells (PSA/FH-PSS1 or -PSS2 cells) were cultivated in a spinner bottle containing 5 liters of Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, penicillin G (100 units/ml), streptomycin sulfate (100 µg/ml), and NaHCO3 (1.176 g/liter) under a 5% CO2 atmosphere of saturated humidity at 37 °C. Thereafter, all manipulations were performed at 4 °C or on ice. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (700 x g for 5 min), washed three times with 80 ml of phosphate-buffered saline, suspended in 22.5 ml of 0.25 M sucrose containing 10 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5) and 1 mM EDTA, and then homogenized with a Potter-Elvehjem Teflon homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 700 x g for 5 min, followed by centrifugation of the supernatant at 100,000 x g for 1 h. The resultant precipitate, as the intact membranes, was suspended in 0.25 M sucrose containing 10 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5) and 1 mM EDTA at ~10 mg of protein/ml and then stored at -70 °C until use.

Purification of PSS 2 Having FLAG and HA Double Tags
A stock suspension of asolectin (50 mg/ml in water) was prepared by sonication at room temperature. Hereafter, all manipulations were performed at 4 °C or on ice. The membrane suspension was centrifuged (100,000 x g for 1 h). The precipitated membranes were suspended at ~3 mg protein/ml in a buffer consisting of 3.5 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5), 0.07 mM L-serine, 14% (w/v) glycerol, 10 mg/ml asolectin, 150 mM NaCl, and 1.4% sucrose monolaurate, incubated for 15 min, and then centrifuged at 100,000 x g for 30 min. The supernatant was recovered as the solubilized membrane fraction. The solubilized membrane fraction (~2 ml) was incubated with 0.15 ml of anti-FLAG M2 affinity beads for 3 h with gentle shaking. The affinity beads had been equilibrated with buffer A consisting of 10 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5), 0.1 mM L-serine, 15% (w/v) glycerol, 2 mg/ml asolectin, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 0.2% sucrose monolaurate. The affinity beads incubated with the solubilized membrane fraction were precipitated by brief centrifugation and then washed five times with buffer A by centrifugation. The washed affinity beads were incubated for 1 h with 0.6 ml of buffer A containing 0.2 mg/ml of 3 x FLAG peptide to elute the proteins bound to the beads. After brief centrifugation, the supernatant was recovered and incubated with 0.15 ml of anti-HA tag affinity beads, which had been equilibrated with buffer A, for 3 h with gentle shaking. The anti-HA tag affinity beads were precipitated by brief centrifugation, washed five times with buffer A by centrifugation, and then incubated with 0.3 ml of buffer A containing 1 mg/ml HA peptide for 15 h to elute proteins bound to the beads. After centrifugation, the supernatant was stored at -70 °C as the purified enzyme fraction.

Assaying of PtdSer Synthase (Serine Base Exchange), Ethanolamine Base Exchange, and Choline Base Exchange Activities
Method 1—The enzyme source was incubated in 100 µl of a standard assay buffer (50 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5), 5 mg/ml asolectin, and 5 mM CaCl2) containing either 0.2 mM L-[U-14C]serine (10 µCi/µmol), 0.2 mM [2-14C]ethanolamine (10 µCi/µmol), or 0.2 mM [methyl-14C]choline (20 µCi/µmol), at 37 °C for 20 min. The reaction was started by adding the enzyme source. After stopping the reaction by adding 50 µl of 20 mM EDTA containing either 0.2 M L-serine, ethanolamine, or choline, lipids were extracted as described (26), and the radioactivity incorporated into lipids (the CHCl3 phase) was measured. The chloroform-soluble materials generated by the exchange with [U14C]serine, [2-14C]ethanolamine, and [methyl-14C]choline consist of ~80% PtdSer plus 20% PtdEtn, the decarboxylation product of PtdSer, more than 95% PtdEtn, and more than 95% PtdCho, respectively (27).

Method 2—When inhibition by exogenous phospholipid of the activity was examined, a lipid suspension stock (5 mg/ml in water) was prepared by sonication, and the enzyme source was preincubated with the lipid suspension in 90 µl of 56 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5) containing 5.6 mg/ml asolectin on ice for ~60 min. After the preincubation, the reaction was started by adding 10 µl of 50 mM CaCl2 containing 2 mM L-[U-14C]serine (10 µCi/µmol) or 2 mM [2-14C]ethanolamine (10 µCi/µmol). After stopping the reaction by adding 50 µl of 20 mM EDTA containing either 0.2 M L-serine or ethanolamine, lipids were extracted as described (26) and the radioactivity incorporated into lipids (the CHCl3 phase) was measured.

SDS-PAGE, Silver Staining, and Western Blotting
SDS-PAGE was carried out according to a modification of the method of Laemmli (28). Samples for SDS-PAGE were incubated in a SDS-sample buffer (0.1 M Tris/HCl (pH 6.8) containing 2% (w/v) SDS, 5% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol, 10% (w/v) glycerol, and 13 µg/ml bromphenol blue) at 37 °C for 1 h. Proteins separated on gels were stained with a silver staining kit (Amersham Biosciences). For Western blot analysis, proteins separated by SDS-PAGE were transferred to a cellulose nitrate membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20 and then incubated with the anti-PSS 2 N-terminal peptide antibody (1.2 µg/ml) or anti-PSS 2 C-terminal peptide antibody (0.2 µg/ml) in 2% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween 20. The proteins that cross-reacted with the antibodies were detected using a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:1000 dilution; Amersham Biosciences) and an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (Amersham Biosciences).

Preparation of Membranes from K1/R97K-pssB Cells
K1/R97K-pssB cells were cultivated in four 150-mm-diameter dishes containing 35 ml of Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum, penicillin G (100 units/ml), streptomycin sulfate (100 µg/ml), and NaHCO3 (1.176 g/liter) under a 5% CO2 atmosphere of saturated humidity at 37 °C. Thereafter, all manipulations were performed at 4 °C or on ice. Cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline and then harvested in phosphate-buffered saline with a rubber policeman. After centrifugation (700 x g for 5 min), the cells were suspended in 2 ml of 0.25 M sucrose containing 10 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5) and 1 mM EDTA and then homogenized with a Potter-Elvehjem Teflon homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 700 x g for 5 min, followed by centrifugation of the supernatant at 100,000 x g for 1 h. The resultant precipitate, as intact membranes, was suspended in 0.25 M sucrose containing 10 mM Hepes/NaOH (pH 7.5) and 1 mM EDTA at ~3 mg of protein/ml and then stored at -70 °C until use.

Protein Determination
Protein concentrations were determined with the Pierce BCA protein assay kit using bovine serum albumin as the standard.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Purification of a FLAG- and HA Peptide-tagged Form of Chinese Hamster PSS 2—To enable affinity purification of PtdSer synthase, we constructed plasmids that, respectively, encoded Chinese hamster PSS 1 and 2 having FLAG and HA peptide tags, designated FH-PSS1 and FH-PSS2, respectively. After transfection of a PSS 1-lacking mutant of CHO-K1 cells, PSA-3, with the plasmids, cell lines that stably produced FH-PSS1 and FH-PSS2 were isolated and named the PSA/FH-PSS1 and PSA/FH-PSS2 strains, respectively. Because FH-PSS1 and FH-PSS2, as well as the native forms of PSS 1 and 2, exhibited a membrane-bound property, a solubilization procedure was required for their purification. Therefore, we tested several detergents as to the solubilization effect and the effect on the PtdSer synthase activity in isolated membrane fractions of PSA/FH-PSS1 and PSA/FH-PSS2 cells. Among the detergents tested, sucrose monolaurate was the only one that was effective for the solubilization of the PtdSer synthase activity of PSA/FH-PSS1 and PSA/FH-PSS2 membranes in reasonable amounts. However, the PtdSer synthase activity of the PSA/FH-PSS1 membranes was much more unstable than that of the PSA/FH-PSS2 membranes in the presence of sucrose monolaurate, making the purification of FH-PSS1 difficult. Thus, we attempted to purify FH-PSS2 rather than FH-PSS1, using sucrose monolaurate as a solubilizing reagent.

Membranes prepared from PSA/FH-PSS2 cells were incubated with sucrose monolaurate. After centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 30 min, the supernatant was recovered as the solubilized membrane fraction. The total PtdSer synthase activity in the solubilized membrane fraction was 95% of that in the detergent-treated membrane (Table I). The solubilized membrane fraction was incubated with anti-FLAG antibody-coupled agarose beads. After extensive washing, the proteins bound to the beads were eluted with a buffer including 3 x FLAG peptide. This step was very effective for purification, leading to ~1,000-fold enrichment of PtdSer synthase activity with a ~20% recovery (Table I). The eluent was incubated further with anti-HA antibody-coupled agarose beads, and the proteins bound to the beads were eluted with a buffer including HA peptide. The fraction eluted from the anti-HA antibody beads was used as the purified FH-PSS2 for further characterization. The HA affinity purification step caused an ~2-fold decrease in the specific activity (Table I), probably due to partial inactivation of the enzyme, but was effective for the elimination of contaminating proteins as described below.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE I
Purification of PSS 2 having FLAG and HA peptide tags

Data shown are from one of two sets of experiments, in which similar results were obtained.

 

The protein patterns of the purified fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining. As shown in Fig. 1, the eluted fraction at the FLAG-affinity purification step gave ~15 visible protein bands, including a band of a major protein with an apparent molecular mass of ~55 kDa, similar to the calculated molecular mass of FH-PSS2, 57,082 Da. The final purified fraction gave the major 55-kDa protein band, three faintly visible protein bands at the positions of molecular masses of 100, 90, and 45 kDa, and two faintly visible protein doublet bands at the positions of molecular masses of 40 and 23 kDa (Fig. 1). However, when the elution buffer used for the affinity purification steps was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, the 40- and 23-kDa doublet bands were observed (Fig. 1, lane 6). Therefore, the doublet bands appeared to originate from the elution buffer; asolectin that was included in the elution buffer for enzyme stabilization was probably contaminated by the 40- and 23-kDa proteins. Thus, the successive FLAG and HA affinity purification yielded the major 55-kDa protein and three minor proteins of 100, 90, and 45 kDa.



View larger version (110K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1.
SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins obtained at different steps of FH-PSS2 purification. Proteins were separated on 5-20% gradient acrylamide gels and then stained with a silver staining kit. Lane 1, molecular mass standards; lane 2, solubilized membrane fraction (0.5 µl); lanes 3 and 4, flow-through fraction (0.5 µl) and eluted fraction (11 µl), respectively, on anti-FLAG M2 affinity chromatography; lane 5, eluted fraction on anti-HA tag affinity chromatography (18 µl); lane 6, elution buffer used for anti-HA tag affinity chromatography (18 µl).

 

Next, we analyzed the purified enzyme by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies raised against peptides that, respectively, corresponded to the N- and C-terminal 17-amino acid residues of Chinese hamster PSS 2. As shown in Fig. 2, the major 55-kDa protein cross-reacted with both antibodies. This, together with its apparent molecular mass, suggested that the 55-kDa protein was the FH-PSS2 protein. In addition to the 55-kDa protein, the minor 100-, 90-, and 45-kDa proteins also cross-reacted with the anti-N-terminal peptide antibody (Fig. 2), suggesting that the minor proteins were derivatives of the PSS 2 protein, such as degradation products, aggregates, or modified forms of the FH-PSS2 protein. In addition, it was shown that the 100-kDa protein, but not the 90- and 45-kDa proteins, cross-reacted with the anti-C-terminal peptide antibody (Fig. 2) (see "Discussion").



View larger version (37K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2.
Western blot analysis of purified FH-PSS2 with anti-PSS 2 N- and C-terminal peptide antibodies. Proteins in the purified FH-PSS2 fraction were separated by SDS-PAGE (5-20% gradient acrylamide gel) and analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-PSS 2 N-terminal peptide antibody (N) or an anti-PSS 2 C-terminal peptide antibody (C) as described under "Experimental Procedures."

 

Enzymatic Characterization of Purified FH-PSS2—The time course of PtdSer formation by the purified enzyme was almost linear for 60 min (Fig. 3A), and this PtdSer formation activity was proportional to the amount of the purified enzyme up to ~2 ng (Fig. 3B). Double reciprocal plots of PtdSer formation versus L-serine showed that the apparent Km for L-serine was 89 µM and that the apparent Vmax was 0.29 nmol of PtdSer/h/ng protein (Fig. 4). Under standard assay conditions, we used asolectin, a heterogeneous phospholipid mixture, as the phospholipid substrate source. When the activity of the purified enzyme was measured in the absence of exogenous asolectin, the activity was very low, as shown in Fig. 5. To examine which phospholipid is used as a substrate, the PtdSer formation was measured as a function of the asolectin, PtdEtn, PtdCho, PtdSer, and PtdIns concentrations (Fig. 5). Among the phospholipids examined, only PtdEtn and asolectin that contained PtdEtn functioned as effective phospholipid substrates (Fig. 5).



View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3.
PtdSer formation by the purified enzyme fraction. A, time course of the activity. Purified FH-PSS2 was incubated in the standard assay buffer containing L-[14C[serine at 37 °C for various periods according to "Method 1" described under "Experimental Procedures." The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was then measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations. B, protein dependence of the activity. Various amounts of purified FH-PSS2 were incubated in the standard assay buffer containing L-[14C]serine at 37 °C for 30 min according to "Method 1" described under "Experimental Procedures." The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was then measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 


View larger version (12K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 4.
L-Serine dependence of the purified enzyme activity. Purified FH-PSS2 was incubated in the standard assay buffer containing various concentrations of L-[14C]serine at 37 °C for 20 min, according to "Method 1" described under "Experimental Procedures." The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was then measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 


View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 5.
Effect of various potential phospholipid substrates on PtdSer formation by purified FH-PSS2. Purified FH-PSS2 was incubated at 37 °C for 20 min, according to "Method 1" described under "Experimental Procedures," in a buffer consisting of various phospholipids at the indicated concentrations, 50 mM Hepes/NaOH, 5 mM CaCl2, and 0.2 mM L-[14C]serine. The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was then measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." {blacksquare}, asolectin; •, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); {circ}, phosphatidylcholine (PC); {square}, phosphatidylinositol (PI); {blacktriangleup}, phosphatidylserine (PS). Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 

Our previous experiments involving CHO-K1 cells overproducing PSS 2 (20) suggested that, in a cell homogenate, PSS 2 was able to catalyze ethanolamine base exchange for PtdEtn formation as well as serine base exchange for PtdSer formation but unable to catalyze choline base exchange for PtdCho formation. To confirm this, the serine, ethanolamine, and choline base exchange activities of the purified enzyme were examined. As shown in Table II, the purified enzyme was able to effectively catalyze serine and ethanolamine base exchange but not choline base exchange, as was expected.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE II
Serine, ethanolamine, and choline base exchange activities of purified FH-PSS2

The activities were measured according to "Method 1" described under "Experimental Procedures." Values are mean ± S.D. of five (serine) and three (ethanolamine and choline) independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 

Inhibition of the Purified Enzyme by Exogenous PtdSer—PtdSer formation by the purified enzyme in the presence of asolectin was remarkably inhibited by exogenous PtdSer, as shown in Fig. 6. PtdEtn formation (ethanolamine base exchange) by the purified enzyme was also inhibited by exogenous PtdSer in a similar dose-dependent manner (Fig. 6). In contrast to PtdSer, PtdCho and PtdEtn did not significantly inhibit PtdSer formation by the purified enzyme, and PtdIns inhibited it partially (Fig. 7). Because the inhibition of the purified enzyme by exogenous PtdSer was examined under non-physiological conditions involving a detergent that was contained in the enzyme source, there was the possibility that the inhibition was not related to the inhibition of PtdSer synthesis in intact cells by exogenous PtdSer. To address this point, we took advantage of R97K-mutant PSS 2 (24). The R97K mutation renders PSS 2 resistant to inhibition by exogenous PtdSer (24), and the PtdSer synthesis in a CHO-K1 cell transformant, K1/R97K-pssB, that produces R97K-mutant PSS 2 is not inhibited by exogenous PtdSer (24). As shown in Fig. 8, the enzymatic formation of PtdSer by the solubilized membrane fraction prepared from K1/R97K-pssB cells was highly resistant to inhibition by exogenous PtdSer, although the formation by the crude solubilized membrane fraction prepared from PSA/FH-PSS2 cells producing FH-PSS2 was remarkably inhibited by exogenous PtdSer. These results supported that the inhibition of the purified enzyme by exogenous PtdSer was related to the PtdSer-mediated inhibition of PtdSer synthesis in intact cells.



View larger version (19K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 6.
Exogenous PtdSer inhibits PtdSer and PtdEtn synthesis by purified FH-PSS2. Purified FH-PSS2 was incubated according to "Method 2" described under "Experimental Procedures" in the assay buffer containing 0.2 mM L-[14C]serine {circ} or [14C[ethanolamine {blacktriangleup} at 37 °C for 20 min in the presence of PtdSer at the concentrations indicated. The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was then measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." The results are expressed as the percentages of activity measured without exogenous PtdSer. The specific activity of PtdSer and PtdEtn formation measured without exogenous PtdSer was 0.38 ± 0.02 and 0.72 ± 0.07 nmol/h/ng protein, respectively. Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 


View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 7.
Effects of various phospholipids on PtdSer formation by purified FH-PSS2. Purified FH-PSS2 was incubated according to "Method 2" described under "Experimental Procedures" in the assay buffer containing 0.2 mM L-[14C]serine at 37 °C for 20 min in the presence of various phospholipids (150 µg/ml). The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." PS, phosphatidylserine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PI, phosphatidylinositol. Note that all incubation mixtures contained 5 mg/ml asolectin. Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 


View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 8.
Effect of exogenous PtdSer on PtdSer formation by the solubilized membrane fraction prepared from K1/R97K-pssB or PSA/FH-pssB cells and purified FH-PSS2. The solubilized membrane fractions prepared from K1/R97K-pssB {blacktriangleup} and PSA/FH-pssB {circ} cells and purified FH-PSS2 • were incubated according to "Method 2" described under "Experimental Procedures" in the assay buffer containing 0.2 mM L-[14C]serine at 37 °C for 20 min in the presence of PtdSer at the concentrations indicated. The radioactivity incorporated into lipids was measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." Preparation of solubilized membrane fractions of K1/R97K-pssB and PSA/FH-pssB cells was performed by the same solubilization methods as those used for enzyme purification. The results are expressed as the percentages of activity measured without exogenous PtdSer. The specific PtdSer formation activities by the solubilized membrane fractions prepared from K1/R97K-pssB and PSA/FH-pssB cells, measured without exogenous PtdSer, were 0.056 ± 0.002 and 0.60 ± 0.02 µmol/h/mg protein, respectively. The specific PtdSer formation activity by purified FH-PSS2, measured without exogenous PtdSer, was 380 ± 20 µmol/h/mg protein. Values are mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments with duplicate determinations.

 


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Purification of enzymes is a crucial step for elucidating their catalytic and regulatory mechanisms. Suzuki and Kanfer (29) purified a PtdSer synthase, which is also known as the serine base exchange enzyme, from rat brain. The purified enzyme also catalyzes ethanolamine base exchange for PtdEtn formation and utilizes PtdEtn, but not PtdCho, as a phospholipid substrate. This substrate specificity of the purified enzyme implies that the purified enzyme is a rat ortholog of Chinese hamster PSS 2. However, the apparent molecular mass (100 kDa) of the purified enzyme determined by SDS-PAGE is about 2-fold larger than the calculated molecular mass of Chinese hamster PSS 2. Thus, it is uncertain whether the purified enzyme is rat PSS 2 or not.

In this study, we purified Chinese hamster PSS 2 tagged with FLAG and HA peptides (FH-PSS2) by successive affinity chromatography. The purification procedures were very effective for enrichment of PtdSer synthase activity and yielded a major 55-kDa protein and minor 100-, 90-, and 45-kDa proteins, all of which cross-reacted with the antibody raised against a PSS 2 N-terminal peptide. Furthermore, the major 55-kDa protein and minor 100-kDa protein also cross-reacted with the antibody raised against a PSS 2 C-terminal peptide. These results, together with the observation that the apparent molecular mass (55 kDa) of the major protein was similar to the calculated molecular mass of FH-PSS2, 57,082 Da, suggested that the 55-kDa protein was FH-PSS2. From the ability to react with the anti-N-terminal peptide antibody, the minor 100-, 90-, and 45-kDa proteins seemed to be derivatives of the PSS 2 protein. Because of its apparent molecular mass and inability to react with the anti-C-terminal-peptide antibody, the 45-kDa protein was probably a degradation product of FH-PSS2. The 100- and 90-kDa proteins might be aggregates of the 55- and/or 45-kDa proteins. Alternatively, FH-PSS2 might be associated with unknown protein(s), exhibiting apparent molecular masses of 100- and 90-kDa. Therefore, further investigation is required to determine whether PtdSer synthase 2 consists of only the PSS 2 protein encoded by the pssB gene or not. It was noteworthy that the 90- and 45-kDa proteins, which were not recognized by the anti-C-terminal peptide antibody, and therefore seemed to lack the C-terminal portion of FH-PSS2, were obtained through affinity purification using C-terminal FLAG and HA peptide tags. A possible explanation for this is that the FH-PSS2 protein exists as a multimeric form and the C-terminal-lacking protein that was associated with the full-length protein was obtained through affinity purification. Alternatively, after affinity purification small portions of purified proteins might be degraded to a C-terminal peptide-lacking form.

The purified FH-PSS2 was shown to catalyze serine and ethanolamine base exchange for PtdSer and PtdEtn formation, but not choline base exchange for PtdCho formation. In addition, the purified enzyme was shown to use PtdEtn, but not PtdCho, as a phospholipid substrate. These results were consistent with the PSS 2 substrate specificity that was suggested by experiments involving the crude enzyme or intact cells (1, 20, 30, 31). Thus, the substrate specificity of PSS 2 was directly confirmed using the purified enzyme.

The PtdSer-mediated inhibition of PSS 1 and 2 was shown to be critical for the maintenance of a normal cellular PtdSer level in CHO-K1 cells (22-24). However, it remained to be elucidated whether the inhibition occurs through direct interaction between PtdSer and PtdSer synthases or is mediated by unidentified factor(s). In this study, we showed that the purified FH-PSS2 was inhibited by exogenous PtdSer. In contrast to PtdSer, PtdCho and PtdEtn did not significantly inhibit the purified enzyme. PtdIns partially inhibited the purified enzyme. However, whether this partial inhibition is physiologically significant or not is unknown. To examine whether or not the inhibition of the purified enzyme by PtdSer was related to the inhibition of PtdSer synthesis in intact cells by exogenous PtdSer, we took advantage of the CHO strain K1/R97K-pssB, whose PtdSe synthesis in vivo is not inhibited by exogenous PtdSer, due to the production of PtdSer-resistant R97K-mutant PSS 2. PtdSer synthesis by the solubilized membrane fraction prepared from K1/R97K-pssB cells was shown to be highly resistant to inhibition by exogenous PtdSer, whereas PtdSer synthesis by the purified FH-PSS2 and the crude solubilized membrane fraction prepared from a CHO strain producing FH-PSS2 was strikingly inhibited by exogenous PtdSer. Thus, inhibition of the purified enzyme by PtdSer appeared to be related to the PtdSer-mediated inhibition of Ptdser synthesis observed in intact cells. These results, taken together, suggested that the interaction of PtdSer with PSS 2 or a very minor protein co-purified with PSS 2 was critical for the regulation of PSS 2 activity and thus for the control of PtdSer synthesis in intact cells.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by the Human Sciences Basic Research Project and Integrated Study Projects on Drug Innovation Science of the Japan Health Sciences Foundation, by special coordination funds for promoting science and technology from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, and by grants-in-aid for general scientific research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. Tel.: 81-92-642-2530; Fax: 81-92-642-2530; E-mail: kugescc{at}mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

1 The abbreviations used are: PtdSer, phosphatidylserine; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PtdCho, phosphatidylcholine; PtdEtn, phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns, phosphatidylinositol; PSS, PtdSer synthase; HA, hemagglutinin; FH, FLAG- and HA-tagged. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. Kentaro Hanada for helpful comments on the enzyme purification procedures.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5790-5794[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Nishizuka, Y. (1992) Science 258, 607-614[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Taniguchi, H., and Manenti, S. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9960-9996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Mann, K. G., Jenny, R. J., and Krishnaswamy, S. (1988) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 915-956[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Perin, M. S., Freid, V. A., Mignery, G. A., Jahn, R., and Südhof, T. C. (1990) Nature 345, 260-263[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Ghosh, S., Xie, W. Q., Quest, A. F., Mabrouk, G. M., Strum, J. C., and Bell, R. M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10000-10007[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Calderon, C., Huang, Z. H., Gage, D. A., Sotomayor, E. M., and Lopez, D. M. (1994) J. Exp. Med. 180, 945-958[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Tuma, P. L., Stachniak, M. C., and Collins, C. A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 17240-17246[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Kato, M., and Takenawa, T. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 794-800[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Yada, Y., Ozeki, T., Kanoh, H., and Nozawa, Y. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 19237-19243[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Ravanat, C., Archipoff, G., Beretz, A., Freund, G., Cazenave, J. P., and Freyssinet, J. M. (1992) Biochem. J. 282, 7-13
  12. Satta, N., Toti, F., Feageas, O., Bohbot, A., Dachary, P. J., Eschwege, V., Hedman, H., and Freyssinet, J. M. (1994) J. Immunol. 153, 3245-3255[Abstract]
  13. Bitbol, M., and Devaux, P. F. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85, 6783-6787[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Zwaal, R. F., Bevers, E. M., Comfurius, P., Rosing, J., Tilly, R. H., and Verhallen, P. F. (1989) Mol. Cell Biochem. 91, 23-31[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Thiagarajan, P., and Tait, J. F. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 17420-17423[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Basse, F., Gaffet, P., Rendu, F., and Bienvenue, A. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 2337-2344[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Kuge, O., and Nishijima, M. (1997) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1348, 151-156[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Kuge, O., and Nishijima, M. (2003) J. Biochem. 133, 397-403[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24184-24189[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Kuge, O., Saito, K., and Nishijima, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19133-19139[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Nishijima, M., Kuge, O., and Akamatsu, Y. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5784-5789[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Hasegawa, K., Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 19887-19892[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Kuge, O., Hasegawa, K., Saito, K., and Nishijima, M., (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 4199-4203[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Kuge, O., Saito, K., and Nishijima, M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 23844-23849[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Hanada, K., Hara, T., Nishijima, M., Kuge, O., Dickson, R. C., and Nagiec, M. M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32108-32114[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Saito, M., Bourque, E., and Kanfer, J. N. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 169, 304-317[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  27. Nishijima, M., Kuge, O., Maeda, M., Nakano, A., and Akamatsu, Y. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 7101-7108[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Nature 227, 680-685[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  29. Suzuki, T. T., and Kanfer, J. N. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 1394-1399[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5795-5798[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Saito, K., Nishijima, M., and Kuge, O. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17199-17205[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
J. E. Vance
Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically related aminophospholipids
J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 1377 - 1387.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
278/43/42692    most recent
M307270200v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kuge, O.
Right arrow Articles by Nishijima, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kuge, O.
Right arrow Articles by Nishijima, M.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.