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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 45, 44702-44707, November 7, 2003
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Identification of the Lipoprotein Initiating Domain of Apolipoprotein B*
From the
Departments of Pathology and ¶Internal Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1040
Received for publication, July 14, 2003 , and in revised form, August 25, 2003.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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We have explored the minimum sequence requirement for the initiation of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-mediated triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly. A series of apoB COOH-terminal truncation mutants, spanning a range from apoB34 (amino acid residues 1–1544 of apoB100) to apoB19 (residues 1–862) were transfected into COS cells with and without coexpression of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP). ApoB34, -25, -23, -21, -20.5, and -20.1 underwent efficient conversion to buoyant lipoproteins when coexpressed with MTP. ApoB19.5 (amino acids 1–884) also directed MTP-dependent particle assembly, although at reduced efficiency. When apoB19.5 was truncated by another 22 amino acids to form apoB19, MTP-dependent lipoprotein assembly was abolished. Analysis of the lipid stoichiometry of secreted lipoproteins revealed that all apoB truncation mutants formed spherical particles containing a hydrophobic core. Even highly truncated assembly-competent forms of apoB, such as apoB19.5 and 20.1, formed lipoproteins with surface:core lipid ratios of <1. We conclude that the translation of the first
884 amino acids of apoB completes a domain capable of initiating nascent lipoprotein assembly. The composition of lipids recruited into lipoproteins by this initiating domain is consistent with formation of small emulsion particles, perhaps by simultaneous desorption of both polar and neutral lipids from a saturated bilayer. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The hepatic assembly of very low density lipoprotein begins with the cotranslational conversion of a nascent apolipoprotein B (apoB)1 polypeptide chain to a precursor lipoprotein particle (1–3). The process by which apoB and its dedicated cofactor, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), initiates lipoprotein formation is unknown (4, 5). One of the most commonly cited mechanisms of assembly involves intercalation of apoB into the inner leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum, where it nucleates triglyceride (TG) droplet formation within the bilayer; the apoB-associated droplet ultimately buds from the inner leaflet of the bilayer into the ER lumen as a lipoprotein emulsion particle (6, 7). More recently, Segrest and colleagues (8, 9) used the sequence similarity between the NH2-terminal domain of apoB (
1 domain; Fig. 1) and vertebrate vitellogenin (VTG) to argue that initiation of lipoprotein formation progresses through a proteolipid intermediate that resembles the structure and lipid composition of lipovitellin (LV), the processed form of VTG. The LV monomer contains a funnel-shaped hydrophobic lipid-binding cavity, formed by a series of amphipathic antiparallel sheets that can accommodate the acyl chains of a phospholipid bilayer, which in turn can solubilize a small lens of TG (10). The LV component of the Xenopus laevis yolk system contains 37 molecules of phospholipid (PL) and 13 molecules of TG (11).
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Identification of the minimum size apoB translation product competent to direct particle assembly, as well as analysis of the number and types of lipids that are acquired during the initiation phase of assembly, could help elucidate the mechanism by which apoB directs this process. Previous studies with truncated forms of apoB suggest that the first 22–28% of the protein must be translated to achieve nascent lipoprotein assembly (8, 12, 13). However, no systematic attempt has been made to exactly map the structural boundary in apoB required to initiate lipoprotein assembly, nor has the lipid composition of particles assembled by such a truncation mutant been examined. In the present report we used fine truncation mapping to identify the initiating domain of apoB. We found that a narrow, 50-amino acid interval (amino acids 862–912), specifies the transition of apoB from a form that is only secreted as a polypeptide to a form competent to initiate lipoprotein assembly. Analysis of the lipid composition of particles formed by apoB mutants containing this domain suggests that simultaneous acquisition of both surface and core lipid components defines the mechanism by which apoB directs the early stage of very low density lipoprotein and chylomicron assembly.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Construction of His6-tagged ApoB Truncation Mutants—ApoB truncation mutants containing COOH-terminal His6 tags were generated by polymerase chain reaction as described previously (14). The amino acid coordinates of each truncation mutant are summarized in Fig. 1. All constructs were cloned into the expression vector, pCMV5 (15). The integrity of each construct was verified by DNA sequencing.
Transfection of COS-1 Cells and Analysis of ApoB Secretion—COS-1 cells were cultured as described (16), in 100-mm dishes and transiently transfected with the indicated apoB construct and either MTP large subunit (–MTP) or truncated human placental alkaline phosphatase (–MTP) at a mass ratio of 2:1 (6 µg of total DNA) using the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) (14). Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 100 µCi/ml [35S]Met/Cys (EasyTag Express protein labeling mix, PerkinElmer Life Sciences) in Met/Cys-deficient Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (ICN) for 3 h. To examine secretion efficiency of selected constructs, COS-1 cells in 150-mm dishes were transfected with 15 µg of apoB and MTP plasmids at the mass ratio described above. Twenty-four h after transfection, cells were trypsinized and plated in 35-mm dishes. Twenty-four h after plating, cells were metabolically radiolabeled for 10 min with 100 µCi/ml [35S]Met/Cys and chased with media containing an excess of cold amino acids for either 0 or 3 h (17). ApoB protein from media and cell lysates was immunoprecipitated with anti-apoB antibody (Roche Applied Science or Academy Biomedical, Houston, TX) and fractionated by SDS-PAGE (16–18). Dried gels were exposed to Bio-Max MS film in combination with a Bio-Max TranScreen-LE intensifying screen (Kodak) at –70 °C. Radioactive band intensities were quantified using a Amersham Biosciences 445 SI PhosphorImager.
Flotation and Density Gradient Analysis of Lipoproteins—COS-1 cells were transfected with the specified apoB truncation mutants and radiolabeled with [35S]Met/Cys for 4 h. After addition of protease inhibitors, media was adjusted to a density of 1.25 g/ml KBr in a final volume of 3 ml and transferred to TLA100.3 polyallomer Quick-Seal tubes (Beckman). The samples were centrifuged at 100,000 rpm in a TL-100 centrifuge for 18 h at 15 °C. The top 1- (d < 1.25 g/ml) and bottom 2-ml (d > 1.25 g/ml) fractions were recovered by tube slicing. ApoB was immunoprecipitated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. Density values for the truncated apoB mutants were obtained by transfecting two, 150-mm dishes of COS-1 cells with the indicated apoB construct and MTP, as described above. Media were pooled, concentrated, and the d < 1.25 g/ml lipoprotein fraction was obtained. The density of lipoproteins formed by the truncated apoB proteins was determined by isopycnic gradient centrifugation (18).
Metabolic Radiolabeling of ApoB and Associated Lipids and Purification of Lipoprotein Particles—COS-1 cells in 150-mm dishes were transfected, as described above, with MTP or alkaline phosphatase. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and then incubated for 20 min at 37 °C in Met/Cys-deficient Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Labeling was performed in media composed of four parts serum-free Met/Cys-deficient Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, one part serum-free complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, 0.5% fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (Sigma), 10 µCi/ml [3H]oleate, and 20 µCi/ml [35S]Met/Cys. The media from two dishes was combined and protease inhibitors were added (0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 10 µg/ml pepstatin). After centrifugation at 600 rpm for 5 min, the supernatant was removed and a 0.75-ml bed volume of nickel-nitrilotriacetic (NTA)-agarose resin (Qiagen) was added followed by incubation with slow inversion for 1.5 h at 4 °C. The slurry was applied to a 15-ml disposable polypropylene column (Bio-Rad). The column was washed 4 times with 10 ml of column buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8.0) containing 5 mM imidazole, followed by four, 10-ml washes with column buffer lacking imidazole. The apoB was eluted from the column with 0.75 ml of column buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. The elution step was repeated three times and the eluates were pooled and buffer exchanged into phosphate-buffered saline by centrifugal dialysis (Centricon 30, Millipore). Affinity purified material was adjusted to 1.25 g/ml of KBr and centrifuged in a TL100.3 rotor, as described above, to obtain a d < 1.25 g/ml lipoprotein fraction. Lipoprotein fractions were exchanged into phosphate-buffered saline by centrifugal dialysis.
Lipid Composition of Affinity Purified Lipoproteins—Lipids were extracted from affinity purified lipoproteins by the method of Bligh and Dyer (19). Samples were adjusted to 0.5 ml with phosphate-buffered saline and 1.88 ml of chloroform:methanol (1:2), 10 µl of a mixture of 5 mg/ml egg yolk lecithin, triolein, dioleoyl glycerol, and cholesteryl oleate (in chloroform) and 0.626 ml of chloroform was added, followed by vortexing. Samples were acidified with 0.626 ml of 0.05% sulfuric acid and vortexed again. After centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min at room temperature, the upper phases were removed by aspiration. The lower phases were dried at 45 °C under a stream of nitrogen, redissolved in 50 µl of chloroform, and applied to a polyester-backed silica gel TLC plate (PE SIL G, Whatman). Plates were first developed with chloroform: methanol:acetic acid:water (65:45:12:6) by running the solvent front 
up the length of the plate, then air-dried and finally developed with hexane:ether:acetic acid (80:20:1). Lipid standards were visualized by incubation in iodine vapor and areas containing phosphatidylcholine, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, and cholesteryl ester were cut and quantified by liquid scintillation counting. Control experiments, in which the entire length of the TLC plate was cut and counted, revealed that these were the only radiolabeled lipid species present above background. Radiolabeled lipid composition values were converted to particle composition, using the constants and computational techniques described Carraway et al. (20).
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Identification of the Initiating Domain of ApoB—A series of COOH-terminal His6-tagged truncation mutants were generated (Fig. 1) and expressed in COS cells with and without cotransfection of the 97-kDa MTP subunit. With the exception of apoB34, all tested apoB truncation mutants were secreted into media similarly with and without MTP coexpression (Fig. 2). However, density gradient analyses revealed that, in the absence of MTP coexpression, none of the apoB constructs were lipidated, as they were either absent from media (apoB34) or recovered exclusively in the d > 1.25 g/ml lipid-poor bottom (B) fraction (Fig. 3). Cotransfection with MTP converted apoB34 to a secreted form that floated in the d < 1.25 g/ml top (T) fraction (lane 31). About 30–50% of apoB20.1, -20.5, -21, -23, and -25 was recovered from media as buoyant lipoproteins when coexpressed with MTP (e.g. for apoB23 compare lanes 21 and 22 to 23 and 24). Based on these data, it appears that the MTP responsiveness of apoB secretion is lost upon truncation to apoB25 (Fig. 2). However, when lipoprotein formation was considered independently of apoB secretion (Fig. 3), a robust response to MTP was observed for forms of apoB as small as apoB20.1. ApoB19.5 also underwent MTP-dependent conversion to a lipoprotein form, although with reduced efficiency. Further truncation of apoB19.5 by 22 amino acids to form apoB19 completely abolished lipoprotein particle assembly (Fig. 3, lane 3).
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The secretion efficiency of selected assembly-competent apoB truncation mutants was examined. Metabolic radiolabeling analysis in transfected COS cells revealed that 20–25% of newly synthesized apoB20.1, -20.5, and -25 (10-min pulse) was secreted during a 3-h chase (Fig. 4). Although the secretion efficiencies of the exact sized constructs used in the present study have not been examined elsewhere, Yao et al. (12) showed that 30% of apoB18 and 25% of apoB23 produced during a 2-h radiolabeling period were secreted into media during a 3-h chase in stably transfected McA-RH7777 cells. Hence, the secretion efficiency in COS cells of constructs terminating near the initiating boundary of the apoB are similar to those observed previously in a hepatoma-derived cell line.
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Lipoproteins Formed by Truncated Forms of ApoB Display Discrete Density Profiles—The lipoproteins generated by the apoB truncation mutants were analyzed by isopycnic gradient centrifugation (18). As shown in Fig. 5, each form of apoB gave rise to a relatively discreet particle population that was recovered in 2–3 density fractions. As expected, the peak densities were inversely proportional to the length of the translation product. Furthermore, the density of apoB25 and -34 was similar to that observed in transfected hepatoma cells (12, 21), confirming that under the conditions used, neither MTP nor other factors are limiting in cotransfected COS cells. Even as the truncations approached the region where lipoprotein assembly is abolished, a homogenous set of particles was produced, suggesting that each construct underwent specific biosynthetic processing to yield a captured static intermediate in the lipoprotein assembly pathway. Although we observed a small amount of apoB19.5 that floated at d < 1.25 g/ml when coexpressed with MTP (Fig. 2), we were unable to recover a sufficient amount to perform density gradient analysis. However, based on the trend observed for the other constructs, we assume that its density is at or just below 1.25 g/ml.
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Analysis of Lipids Associated with Truncated Forms of ApoB—The TLC profiles of [3H]oleate-radiolabeled lipids associated with apoB34, -28.8, -25, -20.5, -20.1, and -19.5 are shown in Fig. 6. Of particular note is that use of COS cells with and without MTP cotransfection allows each construct to serve as its own control. In the absence of MTP coexpression, apoB constructs were associated with only trace amounts of lipid (open circles); however, cotransfection with MTP gave rise to reproducible compositional profiles that reflect the relative amounts and types of lipids associated with each protein. Initial inspection of the lipid profiles for each construct indicates that TG is the predominant lipid, and that even apoB19.5 fails to form a phospholipid-rich lipoprotein. For apoB20.1, -20.5, -25, -28.8, and -34, peak TG disintegrations/min ranged from 50,000 to 190,000, whereas phosphatidylcholine disintegrations/min ranged only from 30,000 to 70,000. Although the apoB19.5 values were much lower (phosphatidylcholine peak of 800 disintegrations/min and TG peak of 1,200 disintegrations/min), the values were clearly above the background control and the duplicate determinations were virtually identical. As the total purified apoB-containing lipoprotein fraction was analyzed for lipid content, the absolute value of lipid recovered from the TLC plates reflects the total number of lipid molecules recruited by each form of apoB, the relative abundance of lipids within the particle, and the different levels of apoB expresson. As only the relative composition of lipids associated with each particle is relevant for the current analyses (20), the lipid values were not adjusted for apoB content.
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Several criteria suggest that the lipids associated with each form of apoB reflect the composition of their respective lipoprotein particles as they emerge from the cell. First, none of the truncated apoB constructs expressed without MTP were capable of associating with sufficient lipid to form a buoyant particle (Fig. 3). Furthermore, when apoB20.5-containing lipoprotein particles generated from unlabeled cells were added to conditioned media containing [3H]oleate-radiolabeled apoB20.5, no radioactive lipid exchange was observed (data not shown). Finally, apoB20.5 particles added to COS cells undergoing radiolabeling with [3H]oleate for 24 h did not acquire more than background radiolabeled lipid (data not shown). Hence, we conclude that the lipids associated with each form of apoB analyzed in Fig. 6 are a reflection of intracellular processing events.
Utilizing the density of the secreted lipoproteins and their relative lipid:mass ratios, the number of lipid molecules per particle was calculated using the computational methods described by Carraway et al. (20). For all particles analyzed, phosphatidylcholine and TG were the predominant lipid species (Table I). Furthermore, in all of the particles, the number of surface lipids never exceeded core lipids, even for apoB19.5. Particle size and total volume increased proportionally with apoB length (Table II); however, the fractional volume occupied by the hydrophobic core lipids rose sharply between apoB19.5 and apoB20.5 (Fig. 7).
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) are plotted as a function of apoB length.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The mechanism by which apoB initiates lipoprotein particle assembly is unknown. To address this question, we mapped the minimum sized apoB translation product able to assemble buoyant lipoproteins. We found that expresson of the amino-terminal 884 amino acids of apoB (apoB19.5) resulted in MTP-dependent lipoprotein formation. Removal of 22 amino acids from this construct completely abolished assembly, whereas translation of an additional 28 amino acids to form apoB20.1 (amino acids 1–912) resulted in an assembly efficiency of
30–50%, a value approaching that observed for longer constructs, including apoB20.5, -21, -23, and -25 (Fig. 3). Hence, a narrow interval in the apoB polypeptide chain completes a structural and functional unit competent to achieve initial lipid acquisition during the cotranslational phase (first-step) of apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly (2, 22).
The present data demonstrate that MTP is required for the lipidation of all forms of COOH-terminal truncated apoB equal to or longer than apoB19.5. However, between apoB19.5 and apoB25, MTP-dependent assembly had little impact on apoB secretion (Figs. 2 and 3). The basis for the lipoprotein assembly-independent secretion of these truncated forms of apoB may lie in the nature of the amino-terminal 1 domain (Fig. 1) (9). This domain is enriched in intramolecular disulfide bonds (23), can fold independently of lipoprotein assembly (18, 24), and appears to display a loose association with the surface of mature lipoprotein particles (25). As a result, constructs containing primarily the 1 domain may achieve secretion-competence whether or not they undergo assembly with lipid. In contrast, the 1 domain of apoB (Fig. 1) (9), by virtue of its extended amphipathic -sheet structures, is specialized for the expansion of nascent apoB-containing lipoproteins and is believed to irreversibly associate with lipids (9, 26, 27). As the length of this domain increases beyond a critical threshold (i.e. translation beyond apoB25), the secretion of apoB becomes increasingly dependent upon its participation in the lipoprotein assembly process. Hence, in the absence of MTP, forms of apoB containing a sufficient length of the 1 domain may undergo aggregation and/or non-native interactions with intracellular membranes, ultimately resulting in intracellular retention and turnover (28, 29).
Lipid analysis of the apoB19.5-containing lipoproteins was consistent with small HDL3-like particles containing 25 molecules each of surface and core lipid (Fig. 6; Table I). This suggests that apoB-containing lipoproteins are initially formed as small, dense emulsion particles, with a surface:core lipid ratio of 
1, rather than as a phospholipid-rich LV-like intermediate, which would be expected to have a surface:core lipid ratio of 2–3 (11). The finding that even the smallest assembly-competent apoB forms small dense emulsion particles is partially consistent with a prevailing theory of lipoprotein assembly, in which apoB inserts itself into a saturated membrane surface and desorbs lipid as a preformed core-containing lipoprotein (6, 7). However, as generally advanced, this model of assembly predicts that particle desorption from the membrane occurs upon completion of translation (6, 30). For native forms of apoB, such as apoB100, the implication is that the 3000 lipid molecules required to form a first step low density lipoprotein-sized precursor particle are membrane-derived.
Our present data, as well as previous studies on the interfacial properties of the amino-terminal 1 domain of apoB, support a variation of the membrane intercalation model, which posits that the amino-terminal 20% of apoB recruits sufficient membrane lipid to form small primordial particles that thereupon desorb from the ER inner leaflet. Indeed, one of the hallmarks of the amino-terminal 1 domain of apoB (e.g. apoB17–20) is its capacity to interact spontaneously with lipid surfaces, including phospholipid vesicles (31, 32), emulsion particles (33), oil droplets (34), and the inner leaflet of ERderived microsomal vesicles (35). Thus, the observation that the extension of apoB19.5 to apoB20.5 is associated with a simultaneous, discontinuous rise in the mean apoB residue area and fractional particle lipid volume (Fig. 7), argues that with translation of only 931 residues, apoB can assume a conformation that can mediate membrane binding, robust lipid desorption, and assembly of a hydrophobic core-containing lipoprotein. Presumably, during synthesis of native apoB48 and apoB100, after the amino-terminal 19.5–20.1% of apoB is translated, the precursor emulsion particle remains tethered to the ER membrane via the nascent polypeptide chain, or perhaps by an interaction between apoB and membrane lipids, or with other ER proteins.
A novel alternative model of lipoprotein assembly proposed by Segrest and colleagues (8, 9, 39) is based on sequence conservation between apoB and VTG (36–38). In this model, initiation of particle assembly occurs when the 1 domain of apoB folds into a three-sided LV-like lipid binding cavity, or alternatively, forms two sides of a binding cavity that is completed upon heterodimerization with MTP. The hydrophobic interior of the cavity would stabilize the acyl chains of a discoidal PL-rich complex similar to the known composition of LV, which contains about 37 molecules of PL and 13 molecules of TG per LV monomer (11). Although it is possible that the methodologies used in the present study cannot trap such an LV-like intermediate, it is clear that the lipid composition of apoB19.5 and apoB20.1-containing lipoproteins is more consistent with emulsion particles (surface:core lipid ratio <1), than an LV-like particle, (PL:TG ratio of 2–3). In this regard, it is important to note that while the structure of VTG may provide clues to the mechanism of lipid acquisition by apoB, the mechanism by which VTG itself acquires lipid is unknown. One possibility is that VTG forms a hydrophobic binding cavity that is subsequently loaded with lipid; however, it is equally possible that VTG acquires lipid during translation by desorption from a membrane surface, as proposed for apoB. Hence, the lipid binding pocket and membrane desorption models of lipoprotein assembly may not be mutually exclusive.
Although many previous studies have examined the relationship between the length of apoB translated and the size of the particle generated (6, 12, 21, 30), few have determined the lipid composition of the precursor particles formed. In one study, Carraway et al. (20) examined the composition of particles produced by apoB29, -32.5, -37, and -41 in stably transfected C127 cells (a murine mammary tumor-derived cell line), and found that apoB29 and -32.5 were secreted with densities of 1.25 and 1.22 g/ml, and surface:core lipid ratios of 8 and 2.5, respectively. These values are clearly at odds with our observation that particles generated by truncation mutants as small as apoB19.5 and apoB20.1 contain sufficient TG to form neutral lipid cores. In part, this discrepancy may be because of the limiting expression of MTP in C127 cells, which may give rise to underlipidated particles, for although C127 cells were presumed to be devoid of MTP expression (27), we recently demonstrated that they express a low level of endogenous MTP (14). Indeed, in the COS cell system, the density of the particles generated were consistent with values reported previously for similar constructs expressed in rat (McA-RH7777) and human (HepG2) hepatoma cells (12, 21, 30).
The location of the functional boundary identified in the present work is in partial agreement with the predictions of Segrest et al. (8, 9) who proposed that discontinuous amino acid domains situated between amino acids 1 and 1000 are necessary to form a lipid pocket necessary for nascent lipoprotein formation. In their recent study, apoB22 (amino acids 1–1000) was secreted from stably transfected McA-RH7777 cells as a buoyant particle, whereas apoB20.5 was secreted in lipid poor form (39). However, our data showing that forms of apoB as small as apoB19.5 (amino acids 1–884), and certainly apoB20.1, respond to MTP by formation of a buoyant lipoprotein, suggests that the initiating domain of apoB is shorter than previously predicted. Our ability to discern a discreet initiating domain may be because of the finer truncation mapping performed across the initiating domain and the use of the COS cell system, which provides the capacity to control the key elements of the assembly mechanism (i.e. apoB and MTP).
In conclusion, we have found that the amino-terminal 19.5–20.1% of apoB constitutes a discreet functional unit, which is capable of responding to MTP to direct the assembly of homogenously sized apoB-containing lipoproteins. The lipid composition of these nascent lipoproteins is consistent with small, dense emulsion-like particles, which suggests that the initiation of particle assembly involves simultaneous desorption of both surface and core lipids from the ER membrane. The identification of a relatively small and discreet structural unit, which is capable of performing all of the steps required to initiate particle assembly, has important implications for the design of structural and functional studies to fully elucidate the nature of the lipoprotein assembly mechanism. Head to head comparisons of apoB truncation mutants terminating on either side of the initiating boundary, including examination of the conformational and interfacial properties that accompany the completion of the initiating domain, may reveal the mechanism by which apoB functions to achieve nascent lipoprotein assembly.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants HL49373 (to G. S. S. and J. S. P.), HL54176 (to J. S. P), and HL30897 (to R. B. W.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 336-716-3282; Fax: 336-716-6279; E-mail: gshelnes{at}wfubmc.edu.
1 The abbreviations used are: apoB, apolipoprotein B; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LV, lipovitellin; MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; PL, phospholipid; TG, triglyceride; VTG, vitellogenin; Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid.
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