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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 46, 46029-46034, November 14, 2003

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PACSIN3 Binds ADAM12/Meltrin and Up-regulates Ectodomain Shedding of Heparin-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor^*

Seiji Mori, Motonari Tanaka, Daisuke Nanba, Eiji Nishiwaki¶, Hiroshi Ishiguro¶, Shigeki Higashiyama||, and Nariaki Matsuura

From the Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Allied Health Science, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, and the ^¶Carna Biosciences Inc., Kobe 650-8543, Japan

Received for publication, June 17, 2003 , and in revised form, August 18, 2003.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12/meltrin ) is a key enzyme implicated in the ectodomain shedding of membrane-anchored heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (proHB-EGF)-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. However, the activation mechanisms of ADAM12 are obscure. To determine how ADAM12 is activated, we screened proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 using a yeast two-hybrid system and identified a protein called PACSIN3 that contains a Src homology 3 domain. An analysis of interactions between ADAM12 and PACSIN3 using glutathione S-transferase fusion protein revealed that a proline-rich region (amino acid residues 829-840) of ADAM12 was required to bind PACSIN3. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization analyses of ADAM12 and PACSIN3 proteins also revealed their interaction in mammalian cells expressing both of them. The overexpression of PACSIN3 in HT1080 cells enhanced 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced proHB-EGF shedding. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous PACSIN3 by small interfering RNA in HT1080 cells significantly attenuated the shedding of proHB-EGF induced by TPA and angiotensin II. Our data indicate that PACSIN3 has a novel function as an up-regulator in the signaling of proHB-EGF shedding induced by TPA and angiotensin II.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)¹ by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists is a critical element in various responses of diverse cell types including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, astrocytes, and smooth muscle cells (1, 2). A novel mechanistic concept of the EGFR transactivation-signaling pathway involves the proteolytic release of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) at the surface of cells stimulated with GPCR agonists (3). HB-EGF is a member of the EGF family that directly binds EGFR and thereby enhances its phosphorylation, resulting in cell growth and differentiation (4). Like other members of the EGF family, HB-EGF is synthesized as a membrane-anchored form (proHB-EGF) and then proteolytically processed to become a bioactive soluble form, a process that is called ectodomain shedding. The ectodomain shedding of proHB-EGF is an important post-translational modification that converts a tethered insoluble juxtacrine growth factor into a soluble ligand leading to the autocrine or paracrine activation of EGFR.

Studies of GPCR mitogenic signaling have proven that EGFR transactivation is dependent on HB-EGF in smooth muscle cells (2), cardiac endothelial cells (5), and cardiomyocytes (6), as well as in various pathological processes such as cardiac hypertrophy (6), chronic active gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori (7), and cystic fibrosis (8).

Growing evidence points to a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) as key enzymes of proHB-EGF shedding in EGFR transactivation signaling. All ADAMs have an extracellular portion with a metalloprotease domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail, and several ADAMs have metalloprotease activity. Lemjabbar and Basbaum (8) described that stimulation of platelet-activating factor receptor transactivated EGFR through the shedding of proHB-EGF by ADAM10 in the human epithelial cell line HM3. Yan et al. (9) demonstrated that stimulation with the bombesin receptor transactivated EGFRs via the ADAM10-dependent cleavage of proHB-EGF in COS-7 cells. We also identified ADAM12 as a specific enzyme that catalyzes proHB-EGF shedding in EGFR transactivation by GPCR agonists, such as phenylephrine, endothelin-1, and angiotensin II causing cardiac hypertrophy (6). Izumi et al. (10) showed that ADAM9 is involved in TPA-induced shedding of HB-EGF in Vero-H cells when protein kinase C is activated. However, Weskamp et al. (11) found that TPA-stimulated shedding of HB-EGF is unaffected in embryonic fibroblasts derived from mice lacking ADAM9. Moreover, Kurisaki et al. (12) discovered that TPA-induced proHB-EGF shedding is completely abrogated in embryonic fibroblasts derived from mice lacking ADAM12, arguing against an essential role for ADAM9 in proHB-EGF shedding.

These reports indicate that the ectodomain shedding of EGFR ligands, especially of proHB-EGF, is central to GPCR and EGFR communication. However, the underlying mechanisms of the ligand shedding-dependent EGFR transactivation pathway are largely unknown. Thus, elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of ADAMs is essential to understand the ligand shedding-dependent EGFR transactivation pathway. The present study focuses on ADAM12, which is involved in TPA or angiotensin II induced HB-EGF shedding and EGFR transactivation. ADAM12 has several Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-binding motifs, (R/K)XXPXXP or PXXPX(R/K) (13) in its cytoplasmic tails, indicating that ADAM12 probably interacts with signaling molecules containing SH3 domains. Therefore, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening to identify proteins that bind ADAM12 cytoplasmic tails. We found that a protein containing an SH3 domain called PACSIN3 is required for the proHB-EGF shedding induced by TPA and angiotensin II.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Expression Vectors and Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)—The yeast expression plasmid encoding the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to the human ADAM12 cytoplasmic domain was constructed by inserting ADAM12 cytoplasmic domain complementary DNA (cDNA) into EcoRI and SalI sites in the multiple cloning sites of the pBTM116 vector (Clontech). We similarly constructed yeast expression plasmids encoding GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to human ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15, ADAM17, and ADAM19 cytoplasmic domains. We prepared an adenovirus carrying a gene encoding FLAG epitope-tagged ADAM12 as described (6). ADAM12 full-length was cloned into the pEGFP-N1 vector (Clontech). The cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 and its truncated regions were cloned into the pGEX4T-1 vector (Amersham Biosciences). PACSIN3 full-length and truncated (SH3, 1-362 amino acids) cDNAs isolated from a human heart cDNA library by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were introduced below the hemagglutinin (HA) sequence into BamHI and NotI sites among the multiple cloning sites of the pcDNA3.1 mammalian expression vector (Invitrogen). PACSIN3 full-length cDNA was also cloned into the pGEX4T-1 vector. The siRNA duplexes were chemically synthesized and purified by Dharmacon Research Inc. The PACSIN3 target sequence 5'-AAGAGGCTGAAGGAGGTTGAG-3' was selected for PACSIN3 knockdown. This sequence was not substantially similar to any other sequence in the NCBI data base. Scramble siRNA directed against 5'-GCGCGCUUUGUAGGAUUCG-3' was the negative control. No mammalian mRNAs contained this sequence in the NCBI data base.

Yeast Two-hybrid Screening—Yeast strain L40 containing pBTM116-ADAM12-Cyto was selected on synthetic complete medium lacking tryptophan. A human heart cDNA library in pACT2 was introduced into the transformant, and then yeast cells were plated onto synthetic complete medium lacking tryptophan, leucine, and histidine in the presence of 3.5 mM 3-aminotriazole. We assayed the -galactosidase activity of transformants grown on the dropout plates at 30 °C for 3-7 days. Library plasmid DNA was recovered by transformation into Escherichia coli HB101 cells and sequenced.

Cell Culture and Transfection—HT1080 cells were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids and 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C in 5% CO₂. HT1080 cells stably expressing one of HA-tagged PACSIN3 (HA-PACSIN3), HA-tagged PACSIN3-SH3 (HA-PACSIN3-SH3), alkaline phosphatase (AP)-tagged proHB-EGF (proHB-EGF-AP) (14), or both proHB-EGF-AP and angiotensin type I (AT1) receptor were also maintained under the same conditions except for the presence of 200 µg/ml hygromycin B. Cells at 80-90% confluence were transfected with mammalian expression vectors using LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions or infected with adenovirus at 50 multiplicity of infection and then incubated for 40 h.

Preparation of Cell Extracts—Cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline and lysed in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 120 mM NaCl, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 10 mM leupeptin, 1.5 mM pepstatin, 1 mM aprotinin, and 50 mM sodium fluoride (lysis buffer). After centrifugation for 15 min at 12,000 rpm, the supernatant was collected as cell extract.

Pull-down Assay with Immobilized Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Fusion Proteins—We separated GST and GST-fusion proteins using SDS-PAGE and stained them with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The proteins were immobilized onto glutathione-Sepharose and exposed to pull-down FLAG-tagged ADAM12 (FLAG-ADAM12) from cell lysates. Cell lysates were incubated with either GST or GST fusion proteins on the resin in 500 µl of the lysis buffer described above with gentle agitation at 4 °C for 4 h. After extensive washing with lysis buffer, bound proteins were released by boiling in SDS-sample buffer, separated by SDS-PAGE, and then immunoblotted.

Immunoprecipitation—The HT1080/HA-PACSIN3 cell lysates were incubated for 2 h with an anti-HA polyclonal antibody (Y11) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Protein G-Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 4 h. The immunoprecipitates were collected by centrifugation, washed five times with lysis buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted.

Immunoblot Analysis—Resolved proteins were transferred onto an Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore) and immunoblotted against the following primary antibodies: anti-HA monoclonal antibody (12CA5) (Roche Applied Science), anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (M2) (Sigma), or anti-PACSIN3 polyclonal antibody raised against GST fusion protein. The secondary antibody was either horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit antibody (Promega). The immunoreactive proteins were visualized using the ECL detection system (Amersham Biosciences).

Confocal Microscopy—HT1080/HA-PACSIN3 and HT1080/HA-PACSIN3-SH3 cells were transiently transfected with pEGFP-ADAM12. Thereafter, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized using 0.1% Nonidet P-40, and stained with anti-HA monoclonal antibody followed by goat Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA). Fluorescent images were acquired at the resolution of 512 x 512 using a Bio-Rad Radiance 2000 confocal device fitted on a Nikon Eclipse E-600 microscope with a 100 x/1.4 PlanAPO oil-immersion objective. Red and green signals were collected sequentially to avoid bleed through.

Assay of ProHB-EGF-AP Shedding—Cells at 80-90% confluence were transfected with 0.8 µg of siRNA (per well of 24-well plates) and incubated for 40 h. The cells were then incubated for 60 min at 37 °C with 50 nM TPA or 100 nM angiotensin II. Aliquots (100 µl) of conditioned media were transferred to 96-well plates, and AP activity was measured as described previously (14).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Identification of Binding Proteins That Interact with ADAM12 by Yeast Two-hybrid Screening—To identify proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12, 3.0 x 10⁶ clones of a human heart cDNA library were screened using the yeast two-hybrid system and the ADAM12 cytoplasmic domain as bait. Thirteen positive clones were obtained and sequenced. A homology search in GenBank^TM cDNA data bases using the BLAST program revealed that two of the isolated clones overlap with the carboxyl-terminal region of PACSIN3 cDNA. PACSIN3 full-length cDNA was cloned by PCR from a human heart cDNA library, and interaction between PACSIN3 and the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 in yeast cells was confirmed by growth under nutritional selection and by -galactosidase production (Fig. 1A). The domain structure of PACSIN3 has a Fes/CIP4 homology domain in the amino-terminal region, followed by a coiled coil domain and a SH3 domain at the carboxy-terminal region (Fig. 1B) (15).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Interaction of PACSIN3 with cytoplasmic tails of ADAM12 in yeast two-hybrid system. A, yeast strain L40 was co-transformed with prey plasmid pACT2-PACSIN3 together with bait plasmid encoding ADAM12 cytoplasmic domain or control plasmid pBTM116. Bait-prey interactions were assayed in co-transformed yeast by measuring growth without histidine or -galactosidase production. B, schematic representation of PACSIN3. a.a., amino acid.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Interaction of ADAM12 with PACSIN3. A, binding of ADAM12 to PACSIN3 in vitro. Extracts prepared from HT1080 cells infected with adenovirus vector encoding FLAG-ADAM12 were incubated with either GST or GST-fused PACSIN3 immobilized onto glutathione-conjugated resin. Proteins bound to the resin were separated by SDS-PAGE and either immunoblotted or stained with CBB. Left, immunoblotting using anti-FLAG antibody. Arrow, FLAG-ADAM12. Right, Purified GST and GST-PACSIN3 stained with CBB. B, association of ADAM12 with PACSIN3 in HT1080 cells. HT1080/HA-PACSIN3 cells were infected with or without adenovirus vector encoding FLAG-ADAM12 and HT1080/HA infected with adenovirus vector encoding FLAG-ADAM12 were immunoprecipitated using anti-HA antibody (middle panel). Co-immunoprecipitated ADAM12 was detected by immunoblotting using anti-FLAG antibody (top panel). Lower panel, FLAG-ADAM12 in cell lysates detected by anti-FLAG antibody.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Deletion analysis of ADAM12 cytoplasmic domain. A, schematic representation of ADAM12 and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutants. Four proline-rich regions that bind SH3 domain in the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12 are indicated as P1 to P4. Pro, prodomain; MP, metalloprotease-like domain; DI, disintegrin-like domain; CR, cysteine-rich domain; EGF, EGF-like repeat domain; TM, transmembrane domain; CT, cytoplasmic domain. B, PACSIN3 binding to deletion mutants. Extracts prepared from HT1080 cells transfected with HA-PACSIN3 were incubated with either GST or with GST fusion proteins immobilized onto glutathione resin. Bound PACSIN3 was detected by immunoblotting using anti-HA antibody. Arrowhead, PACSIN3. C, GST or GST fusion proteins separated by SDS-PAGE stained with CBB.

View larger version (85K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Co-localization of ADAM12 and PACSIN3. HT1080 cells co-expressing ADAM12-EGFP and either HA-PACSIN3 (A-C) or HA-PACSIN3-SH3 (D-F) were imaged for EGFP fluorescence (A, D) and anti-HA antibody combined with Cy3-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (B, E). C and F, merged images. Arrows, ADAM12-EGFP co-localized with HA-PACSIN3 at the plasma membrane. The white bar in D represents 20 µm.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Effect of PACSIN3 overexpression on proHB-EGF ectodomain shedding. AP activity in conditioned media of HT1080/HB-AP, HT1080/HB-AP/HA-PACSIN3, or HT1080/HB-AP/HA-PACSIN3-SH3 cells was measured after incubation with 50 nM TPA (A) or 100 nM angiotensin II (B) for 60 min at 37 °C. Values were normalized using proHB-EGF-AP expression level. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Knockdown of PACSIN3 by siRNA. A, immunoblot analysis. HT1080 cell lysates were immunoblotted using anti-PACSIN3 antibody. B and C, effect of PACSIN3 knockdown on shedding of proHB-EGF induced by 50 nM TPA (B) and 100 nM angiotensin II (C). AP activity in conditioned medium of HT1080/HB-AP or HT1080/HB-AP/AT1 cells transfected with siRNA was measured after incubation with 50 nM TPA or 100 nM angiotensin II for 60 min at 37 °C, respectively. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). **, p < 0.01 for scramble versus siRNA with TPA or angiotensin II.

Specificity of PACSIN3 Binding to ADAMs—We studied the specificity of ADAMs for PACSIN3 association. Fig. 7 shows the binding affinity of the cytoplasmic domains of various ADAM proteins for PACSIN3 determined by the yeast two-hybrid system. The cytoplasmic domains of ADAMs 9, 10, 12, 15, and 19 interacted with PACSIN3 but not those of ADAM17 both in yeast growth (Fig. 7A) and -galactosidase assays (Fig. 7B).

View larger version (43K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Interaction of PACSIN3 with cytoplasmic tails of several ADAMs. Yeast strain L40 was co-transformed with prey plasmid pACT2-PACSIN3 together with bait plasmids encoding cytoplasmic domains of ADAMs or control plasmid pBTM116. Co-transformed yeasts were assayed for bait-prey interactions by determining growth without histidine (A) or -galactosidase production (B).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

ADAM12 interacts with signaling molecules containing an SH3 domain such as Src and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and the binding sites for these proteins are located in P2, and in P2 or P4 of the ADAM12 cytoplasmic tail, respectively (17-19). Binding assays using a series of truncated mutants mapped the PACSIN3-binding sites to P1 and P2 in ADAM12 cytoplasmic tail. These findings suggest that the PACSIN3-binding sites are shared by several proteins containing SH3 domains, although whether the binding of these proteins to ADAM12 cytoplasmic tail is exclusive remains unknown.

Microscopy revealed that HA-PACSIN3 was diffused throughout the cytoplasm and partially localized in the plasma membrane where some endogenous ADAM12 also resides. On the other hand, ADAM12-EGFP was intracellularly distributed in a vesicle-like manner, consistent with other reports indicating that exogenous ADAM12 is localized mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi networks, and partially in the plasma membrane (20, 21). HA-PACSIN3 co-localized with ADAM12-EGFP in the plasma membrane, suggesting that PACSIN3 associates with correctly transported ADAM12 in the plasma membrane. Our findings are also supported by the notion that mutant PACSIN3-SH3 do not co-localize with wild type ADAM12, and previously reported ADAM13 binds to and co-localize with PACSIN2 (22).

We demonstrated that PACSIN3 knockdown by siRNA in HT1080 cells partially attenuated the shedding of proHB-EGF induced by TPA and angiotensin II. Thus, PACSIN3 seems necessary, but alone is insufficient, to regulate the signaling pathway of the ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF induced by both TPA and by angiotensin II. In addition, PACSIN-like molecules might be involved in regulating the ectodomain shedding of proHB-EGF induced by TPA and angiotensin II. We also question whether PACSIN3 regulates the ectodomain shedding of proHB-EGF induced by other GPCR.

PACSIN3 can interact with the cytoplasmic tails of ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15, and ADAM19 as well as with those of ADAM12 (Fig. 7), suggesting that PACSIN3 widely regulates ADAM-dependent post-translational modification. The physiological significance of interactions between PACSIN3 and these ADAMs, however, remains obscure.

We postulated that PACSIN3 plays a physiological role as a binding partner of ADAM12 in the signaling pathway of proHB-EGF shedding induced by GPCR agonists. Further analyses will clarify the signaling pathway from GPCRs to the processing of proHB-EGF leading to EGFR transactivation.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by Takeda Science Foundation (to S. H.), The Sagawa Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research (to N. M.), and Grants-in-aid for Scientific Research (No. 13216057, No. 13670139 (to S. H.) and No. 14657308 (to N. M.)) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. Tel.: 81-89-960-5253; Fax: 81-89-960-5256; E-mail: shigeki{at}m.ehime-u.ac.jp.

¹ The abbreviations used are: EGFR, EGF receptor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; SH3, Src homology 3; siRNA, small interfering RNA; HA, hemagglutinin; AP, alkaline phosphatase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; CBB, Coomassie Brilliant Blue; ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloprotease.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We acknowledge R. Ikeda and M. Uragami for technical assistance.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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