Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M308089200 on September 8, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 48, 47508-47515, November 28, 2003
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
278/48/47508    most recent
M308089200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rauch, J.
Right arrow Articles by Behar, S. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rauch, J.
Right arrow Articles by Behar, S. M.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Structural Features of the Acyl Chain Determine Self-phospholipid Antigen Recognition by a CD1d-restricted Invariant NKT (iNKT) Cell*

Joyce Rauch{ddagger}, Jenny Gumperz§, Cheryl Robinson{ddagger}, Markus Sköld§, Chris Roy§, David C. Young¶, Michel Lafleur||, D. Branch Moody§, Michael B. Brenner§, Catherine E. Costello¶, and Samuel M. Behar§**

From the {ddagger}Division of Rheumatology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada, the §Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, The Mass Spectrometry Resource, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, and the ||Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada

Received for publication, July 24, 2003 , and in revised form, September 3, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Little is known about the antigen specificity of CD1d-restricted T cells, except that they frequently recognize CD1d-expressing antigen-presenting cells in the absence of exogenous antigen. We previously demonstrated that the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma was broadly reactive with CD1d-transfected cell lines and recognized the polar lipid fraction of a tumor cell extract. In the present study, the antigen recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma was purified to homogeneity and identified as palmitoyl-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1 PE). The 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma recognized synthetic 16:0-18:1[cis] PE, confirming that this phospholipid is antigenic. Recognition correlated with the degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains. Using a panel of synthetic PEs, the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma was shown to be activated by PEs that contained at least one unsaturated acyl chain. The configuration of the double bonds was important, as the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma recognized unsaturated acyl chains in the cis, but not the trans, configuration. PEs with multiple double bonds were recognized better than those with a single double bond, and increasing acyl chain unsaturation correlated with increased binding of PE to CD1d. These data illustrate the potential importance of the acyl chain structure for phospholipid antigen binding to CD1d.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The CD1 proteins are {beta}2-microglobulin-associated antigen-presenting molecules that present lipid antigens to T cells. CD1d-restricted T cells can be divided into two subsets based on their T cell receptors (TCR)1: one that uses a diverse TCR repertoire and a second that uses an invariant TCR{alpha} chain (V{alpha}14-J{alpha}281) paired with a limited number of TCR{beta} chains (V{beta}2, -7, -8). Both subsets can coexpress cell surface markers associated with NK cells, such as the NK1.1 antigen, and hence are referred to as NKT cells. The second subset of NKT cells will be referred to as invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. It is this subset that has been implicated in a variety of pathological processes, and activation of iNKT cells promotes host rejection of tumors, ameliorates autoimmune disease, and enhances immunity to certain infectious diseases (1–9). In some cases, the beneficial effects of iNKT cells appear to be mediated by other cell types, and this finding has led to the concept that CD1d-restricted iNKT cells function as immunoregulatory T cells (10).

In many of these studies, iNKT cells were activated with the synthetic antigen {alpha}-galactosylceramide ({alpha}GalCer), an antigen originally isolated from marine sponges and rarely detected in mammalian cells or bacteria (11). Most human and mouse iNKT cells recognize {alpha}GalCer when presented by CD1d, and undergo activation characterized by rapid cytokine production and enhanced cytotoxic activity (11–13). Although {alpha}GalCer has been extremely useful in elucidating the biology of iNKT cells, little is known about the naturally occurring antigens that are recognized by iNKT cells. To understand how iNKT cells participate in immunity, the physiological antigens recognized by the iNKT cell TCR require identification. Many of the first CD1d-restricted NKT cells studied were self-reactive, and recognized both human and murine CD1d in the absence of exogenously added antigen (14–16). Several naturally occurring antigens potentially recognized by iNKT cells have since been identified. These include peptides, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PI-containing compounds, and other phospholipids (17–19).

We have previously characterized a panel of CD1d-restricted T cells and T cell hybridomas (both invariant and diverse) that recognize CD1d-transfected cell lines in the absence of exogenously added antigen (14). However, these CD1d-restricted NKT cells are antigen-dependent and some have been shown to recognize endogenous cellular lipid antigens (17). Using an in vitro assay that was developed for the purpose of antigen discovery, the antigen recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma was partially purified from RMA-S tumor cells and characterized as a polar lipid (14, 17). We have now purified the antigen to homogeneity and identified the antigen as palmitoyl-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)). We show that unsaturation of acyl chains is important for recognition and suggest that this is likely because of its effect on lipid packing and the ability of the lipid tails to load into the CD1d binding groove.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials—Unless stated otherwise, all chemicals were obtained commercially and used without further purification. Dicaproyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-6:0 PE), dicapryloyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-8:0 PE), dicapryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-10:0 PE), dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-12:0 PE), dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-14:0 PE), dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-16:0 PE), distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-18:0 PE), dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-16:1[cis] PE), dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-18:1[cis] PE), dielaidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-18:[trans] PE), dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-18:2[cis] PE), dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (di-18:3[cis] PE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1[cis] PE), and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0–18:1[cis] PE) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids. The number and conformation of the double bonds in the different acyl chains are the following: palmitoleoyl is cis-9-hexadecenoyl; oleoyl is cis-9-octadecenoyl; elaidoyl is trans-9-octadecenoyl; linoleoyl is cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl; and linolenoyl is all cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoyl. Naturally occurring phospholipids were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL). Phospholipid stock solutions were prepared in chloroform (CHCl3) and stored at –70 °C. Phospholipid suspensions were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) as follows. Phospholipid in CHCl3, or an equivalent amount of CHCl3 (CHCl3 control), was dried down in a round-bottomed glass tube under nitrogen gas. Me2SO was added to the lipid film, and the sample was then vortexed vigorously and redissolved at 30–40 °C (unless otherwise specified) for 20 min in a sonicator bath. Phospholipid concentrations were determined by the method of Bartlett (20).

Cells and Cell Lines—The CD1d-restricted 24.8 iNKT cell clone and the 24.8.A iNKT hybridoma, both of which express a TCR encoded by the invariant TCR{alpha} (V{alpha}14-J{alpha}281) and V{beta}8.2 genes, have been previously described (14, 17). The RMA-S cell line was derived from the RBL-5 T cell lymphoma and has a defective transporter associated with antigen processing-2 (TAP2) gene, which disrupts its MHC class I processing pathway (21). It also expresses low levels of endogenous CD1d and does not express cell surface MHC class II protein.

Fractionation of Lipids—As previously described, total cellular lipid was isolated from RMA-S cells and fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids, by sequential elution of the lipid from a silica column using solvents of increasing polarity (17). The strategy used to purify and identify the antigen was selected based on our initial observation that the relevant antigen was enriched in the phospholipid-containing methanol fraction (17). The methanol-eluted fraction was separated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) using 500 µm silica gel-coated plates (Scientific Adsorbants, Inc, Atlanta, GA). The first dimension was resolved with 60:35:6 chloroform/methanol/water, and the second dimension was run in 40:25:3:6 chloroform/acetic acid/methanol/water. Areas containing lipids were detected using water mist, scraped, and eluted with 2:1 CHCl3/methanol to extract lipids. Certain low abundance lipids were detected with iodine vapor and then extracted in the same way. Eluted lipids were assayed for stimulation of T cells and highly bioactive fractions were used to determine the structure of the antigen by mass spectrometry.

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Antigens—Structural analysis was performed on lipid fractions capable of stimulating the 24.8.A iNKT hybridoma. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry experiments were performed on a Quattro II triple quadrupole (Micromass) mass spectrometer to acquire both single stage (MS) and tandem (MS/MS) data at unit mass resolution. Accurate mass determinations were performed using an IonSpec Ultima Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with a 7T actively shielded superconducting magnet, also using electrospray ionization.

Plate-bound mCD1d Hybridoma Stimulation Assay for T Cell Recognition of Phospholipids—Purification of the mCD1d fusion protein was as previously described (17). The plate-bound mCD1d fusion protein hybridoma stimulation assay was performed as previously described (17), with the exception that protein G-coated plates (Pierce) were used in place of protein A-coated plates. This assay will be referred to hereafter as the plate-bound CD1 assay. Briefly, phospholipid antigens diluted in PBS were added to the wells of a protein G-coated plate, followed by mCD1d fusion protein (0.5-1.0 µg/well in PBS). Following incubation of the plates for 24 h at 37 °C, the plates were washed with PBS and medium. 24.8.A iNKT hybridoma cells were added to the coated wells at a concentration of 1 x 105 cells/well in a total volume of 150 µl/well. Assays were performed using 3 replicate wells and repeated a minimum of twice. Controls included wells coated with anti-CD3 (positive) or PBS (negative). In some experiments, anti-CD1d (19G11), anti-MHC I (M1/42.3.9.8.HLK), or anti-MHC II (M5/114.15.2) blocking monoclonal antibody was included at a concentration of 20 µg/ml. The coefficient of variation between replicate wells was generally <10%.

Competitive mCD1d Phospholipid Binding Assay—A competitive phospholipid binding assay was developed to evaluate the ability of phospholipids to compete with biotinylated di-18:0 PE bound to streptavidin-coated plates for binding to mCD1d. The concentrations of biotinylated di-18:0 PE and mCD1d used in this assay were selected to fall on the linear portion of their binding curve. Immulon-2 (Dynatech, Chantilly, VA) plates were coated for ~16 h at 4 °C with 5 µg/ml streptavidin (ICN, Irvine, CA) in 0.015 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6. The coated plates were washed 3 times with PBS and then blocked with PBS containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON) and 0.05% Tween 20 for 1 h at 25 °C. Following three washes with PBS, 30 µl of biotinylated di-18:0 PE (Northern Lipids, Vancouver, BC), diluted to 50 µg/ml in 0.01 M Tris-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (TBS), was added to the blocked steptavidin-coated wells and incubated for 1 h at 25 °C. Competitive binding samples for the assay were prepared by incubating 30 µl of phospholipid competitors, diluted from the Me2SO stock solution into TBS containing 0.1% ovalbumin (assay buffer), with 20 µl of purified mCD1d (approximate final concentration of 4 µg/ml). The samples were incubated in borosilicate glass tubes for 16 h at 37 °C. 50 µl of the competitor/CD1 solution were added in duplicate to the blocked streptavidin-coated plates, and incubated for 4 h at 25 °C. The plates were washed four times with PBS. Bound mCD1d was detected by the addition of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated human-absorbed goat anti-mouse IgG (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Birmingham, AL), diluted at 1:1000 in PBS containing 0.4% bovine serum albumin, and incubation for 16 h at 4 °C. A colored reaction was developed by adding p-nitrophenol phosphate substrate (Sigma) and developing for ~20 min at 37 °C. The OD405 was read in an ELISA reader (Titertek Multiskan MCC/340, Flow Systems, Huntsville, AL). The coefficient of variation between replicate wells was generally <10%.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Purification and Identification of Palmitoyl-oleoyl PE as the RMA-S Antigen Recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT Cell Hybridoma—Previous studies had shown that the iNKT cell hybridoma 24.8.A was most potently stimulated by the phospholipid-enriched methanol fraction of RMA-S cellular lipids (17). To determine the identity of the natural antigens, the methanol fraction was further fractionated by two-dimensional TLC, which yielded 20 distinct lipid species (data not shown). Ten spots were visualized based on the exclusion of a fine water mist (spots 1–10), and a further ten spots were visualized using iodine vapor (spots 11–20). The silica corresponding to each spot was scraped and the lipids eluted with CHCl3/methanol. The ability of each of these fractions to stimulate the 24.8.A NKT cell hybridoma was tested using the plate-bound CD1 assay. One of the fractions (fraction 7) strongly stimulated the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma to produce IL-2 in the plate-bound CD1d assay, similar to the original methanol fraction (Fig. 1). Plate-bound CD1d alone, in the presence of PBS, showed little or no reactivity.



View larger version (10K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1.
Bioactivity of methanol soluble lipids separated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Fraction 7, isolated by thin layer chromatography from the methanol (MeOH) fraction of RMA-S cellular lipids, was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma using the plate-bound CD1d assay. Fraction 7, the original MeOH fraction, or PBS, were diluted serially and incubated with plate-bound CD1d. The presence of IL-2 was determined by ELISA and the data represent the mean absorbance (405 nm) detected in 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma supernatants from three replicate wells. Error bars show S.D.

 
To determine the identity of the reactive lipid, fraction 7 was analyzed by negative ion mass spectrometry. It contained a single isotopic cluster with the nominal mass per unit charge of m/z 716. The accurate mass m/z 716.5233 was determined (calc. m/z 716.5236 for the C39H75NO8P– anion). Deuterium exchange experiments indicated that two exchangeable protons were present (data not shown). Both of these findings are consistent with the structure of palmitoyl-oleoyl PE. Further structural analysis of this anion by collision-induced decomposition (CID) MS/MS revealed fragments at m/z 255 and m/z 281, consistent with the presence of 16:0 and 18:1 acyl chains (Fig. 2a). At slightly higher energy, fragmentation of the glycerol backbone or the glycerophosphate bond resulted in fragments at m/z 196 [C3H5OPO4CH2CH2NH2]– and m/z 140 [HPO4CH2CH2NH2], which are characteristic of PEs (Fig. 2b) (22). Comparison of the MS/MS data to data in the literature for the two possible isomers, where carboxylate anion were preferentially generated from the sn-2 position during low energy CID of PEs, indicates that the 18:1 acyl group is located at the sn-2 position, although a mixture with lower levels of the other isomer cannot be ruled out (22). 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1[cis] PE) is postulated as the most probable structure (Fig. 2c).



View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2.
Mass spectrometry of bioactive fraction 7. a, analysis of the m/z 716 parent ion by CID tandem mass spectrometry produced two major fragments, m/z 255 and m/z 281, consistent with the presence of 16:0 and 18:1 acyl chains. b, at higher energy, additional fragments were observed at m/z 140 and m/z 196, which were consistent with the presence of the phosphoethanolamine moiety (see text for detail). c, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. The schematic diagram of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1[cis] PE) with its two acyl chains (one 16:0 and one 18:1[cis]) and polar phosphoethanolamine headgroup. The arrows correspond to fragments observed in the CID mass spectra. The structure of the acyl chains and the position of the double bond represent the typical form of 16:0–18:1 PE, and were not deduced by MS analysis.

 
To confirm that 16:0–18:1[cis] PE was an antigen recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, synthetic 16:0–18:1[cis]PE was obtained and evaluated in the plate-bound CD1 assay. Synthetic 16:0–18:1[cis] PE was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma and its recognition was completely blocked by antibodies specific for CD1d (Fig. 3). Antibodies specific for MHC I or MHC II did not block antigen recognition. These data indicate that PE is an endogenous self-lipid antigen that can be presented by CD1d to the self-reactive 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.



View larger version (20K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3.
Recognition of synthetic palmitoyl-oleoyl PE by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. Synthetic palmitoyl-oleoyl PE (16:0–18: 1[cis] PE) was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma and its recognition was specifically blocked by antibodies to CD1d, but not by antibodies to MHC I or MHC II. The 16:0–18:1[cis] PE was diluted serially and incubated with plate-bound CD1d in the presence of antibody. The data represent the mean pg/ml of IL-2 detected in 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma supernatants from three replicate wells. Error bars show S.D.

 
The 24.8.A iNKT Cell Hybridoma Recognizes Microbial, Mammalian, and Plant PEs—Once it was confirmed that PE was an endogenous antigen recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, we systematically examined reactivity to naturally occurring PEs. These included PE from the bacterium, Escherichia coli. We were particularly interested in bacterial PE, as many species of bacteria modify the acyl chains of their phospholipids through cyclopropanation and cis -> trans isomerization. These modifications are not commonly reported in eukaryotic cells and can affect recognition of lipid antigens by CD1-restricted iNKT cells (23, 24). Plant PE was recognized most strongly, followed by bovine brain PE and egg PE, heart PE, and liver PE (Fig. 4). PE from E. coli was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, but not better than PEs from plant or animal sources. The degree of recognition of E. coli PE was similar to that of liver PE. In general, we found that most sources of natural PEs were well recognized, and the degree of recognition correlated with the percentage of 18:1 + 18:2 + 18:3 acyl chains for the PEs for which this information is known (Fig. 4). For example, plant PE was the most potent activator of the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma and has 73.2% of its acyl chains (18:1, 18:2, and 18:3) unsaturated. In contrast, liver PE was the least potent activator and contained only 14.7% unsaturated 18-carbon acyl chains. This observation led us to more carefully examine the role of the acyl chains in recognition of antigen by the 24.8.A hybridoma using a panel of synthetic PE.



View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 4.
The 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma recognizes microbial, mammalian, and plant PE. Naturally occurring PEs, including PE from E. coli, mammalian tissue, and plants were all recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. Phospholipids (PL), or the CHCl3 control, were diluted serially in PBS and incubated with plate-bound CD1d. The data represent the mean pg/ml IL-2 detected in 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma supernatants from three replicate wells. Plant PE was recognized most strongly, followed by bovine brain and egg PEs, heart PE, and liver PE and E. coli PE. The degree of recognition correlated with the percentage of 18:1 + 18:2 + 18:3 acyl chains for the PEs (indicated in parentheses for each source of lipid) for which this information is known.

 
Fatty Acyl Chain Unsaturation Is Critical for Recognition of PE—The paradigm for binding of lipid antigens to CD1 is that the acyl chains are buried deep in the hydrophobic cleft formed by the CD1 {alpha}1 and {alpha}3 domains, leaving the polar head group exposed on the surface of the molecule, a model confirmed by the crystal structure of murine CD1d, human CD1a, and human CD1b (25–29). Furthermore, alteration of the polar head group of the lipid antigen or the polar amino acid residues in the TCR{beta} CDR3 region both have a dramatic effect on TCR-dependent recognition of the antigen (24, 30). However, changes in the structure of acyl chains can also affect T cell recognition and lipid antigen processing (31, 32). The plate-bound CD1d assay detects the recognition of PE by the 24.8.A T iNKT cell hybridoma independently of antigen processing. As the lipid antigen is not processed and recognition depends only on the direct binding of the phospholipid to the CD1d fusion protein, we were able to determine the effect of different acyl chains on recognition of PE by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.

To determine the effect of length and saturation of the fatty acyl chains on recognition of PE by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, we first examined a series of synthetic saturated 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines (Fig. 5b). Although the chain length varied between 6 and 18 carbons, none of the saturated diacyl PEs was recognized, with the exception of di-12:0 PE. As the PE purified from RMA-S cells (i.e. 16:0–18:1 PE) contained one monounsaturated acyl chain, we next examined whether PEs containing unsaturated acyl chains were better recognized than those containing saturated acyl chains. We first evaluated PEs containing acyl chains with a single double bond. Both di-16:1[cis] PE and di-18:1[cis] PE were recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, while PEs with saturated acyl chains of the same length (di-16:0 and di-18:0, respectively) were not (Fig. 5c). Furthermore, the introduction of a second double bond conferred greater recognition upon the PE, as shown by di-18:2[cis] PE (Fig. 5d). The introduction of a third double bond in each acyl chain, however, as in di-18:3[cis] PE, did not improve upon the recognition observed with di-18: 2[cis] PE. Since the RMA-S cell-derived antigen, 16:0–18:1 PE, contained mixed fatty acyl chains, we next investigated the reactivity of synthetic PEs with two different fatty acyl chains. Although di-16:0 PE and di-18:0 PE were not recognized, 16:0–18:1[cis] PE and 18:0–18:1[cis] PE were both well recognized, demonstrating that the presence of a single acyl chain containing one double bond can confer recognition (Fig. 5e).



View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 5.
Fine specificity of the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. Phospholipids (PL), or the CHCl3 control, were diluted serially in PBS and incubated with plate-bound CD1d. All phospholipids shown are synthetic forms of PE. 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma cells (105/well) were incubated for 18–24 h in the CD1d/phospholipid-coated wells. The data represent the mean pg/ml IL-2 detected in 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma supernatants from three replicate wells and are representative of two independent experiments. a, structure of synthetic 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines: 1) di-18:0 PE; 2) di-18:1[trans] PE; 3) di-18:1[cis] PE; and 4) di-18:2[cis] PE. b, a series of synthetic 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamines with saturated (di-n:0) acyl chains were examined for their recognition by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. c, synthetic PEs containing acyl chains with a single double bond (monounsaturated) were recognized significantly better than PEs with saturated acyl chains of the same length. For example, neither di-18:0 PE nor di-16:0 PE were recognized; in contrast, both di-18:1[cis] PE and di-16:1[cis] PE activated the 24.8 A iNKT cell hybridoma. d, the introduction of double bonds into the acyl chains modulates antigen recgonition by the 24.8 A iNKT cell hybridoma. For acyl chains containing 18 carbons, the sequential introduction of double bonds conferred recognition upon the PE. In this series, di-18:1[cis] PE was recgonized best. Introduction of a third double bond (di-18:3[cis] PE) in each acyl chain did not improve activation of the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. e, a single double bond in one of the two acyl chains is sufficient to confer recognition. Synthetic PEs containing mixed acyl chains were recognized if one chain was monounsaturated. For example, (16:0-18:1[cis]) PE and (18:0-18:1[cis]) PE were recognized, but di-16:0 PE and di-18:0 PE were not. f, the stereochemistry of the double bond affects recognition. The cis, but not the trans, isomer of di-18:1 PE was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.

 
Interestingly, the stereochemistry of the double bond had a great impact upon recognition by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. We evaluated two different isomers of di-18:1 PE, di-18: 1[cis] PE (cis isomer) and di-18:1[trans] PE (trans isomer). Chemically, these two forms differ only in the stereochemistry of the single double bond in the acyl chains, either cis or trans. However, structurally, these isomers take on very different forms in aqueous suspension at 37 °C: di-18:1[cis] PE is in the hexagonal HII phase, while di-18:1[trans] PE is in the lamellar phase (33). We found that di-18:1[cis] PE was well recognized, while di-18:1[trans] PE was not recognized (Fig. 5f). The structures for di-18:0 PE, di-18:1[trans] PE, di-18:1[cis] PE, and di-18:2[cis] PE are shown in Fig. 5a. The 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma recognized structures with one or more double bonds in one or both acyl chains, but only if the double bonds were in the cis configuration.

The Phase Behavior of the Phospholipid Correlates with Its Ability to Stimulate the 24.8.A iNKT Cell Hybridoma—As the temperature is gradually raised, the macromolecular structures that phospholipids form in aqueous buffer become increasingly disordered. Each phospholipid has a characteristic temperature for the transition from the gel to the liquid crystalline state (Tm). In the liquid crystalline state, diacyl phospholipids like PE usually adopt two structures: the lamellar (bilayer) phase or the inverted hexagonal (HII) (nonbilayer) phase (34). For each phospholipid, there is also a characteristic temperature for the transition from the lamellar to HII phase (Th). We noted an association between recognition of a given PE species and its transition temperature (Tm), likely as a result of the state or phase that the phospholipid assumes at a given temperature. Only species of PE with Tm less than 37 °C, which are likely to be in a fluid state (either lamellar or hexagonal phase depending on Th), were able to activate the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma in the plate-bound CD1d assay (Table I). In contrast, synthetic PEs with a Tm greater than 37 °C, such as di-14:0 PE, di-16:0 PE, and di-18:0 PE, did not activate the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. The clearest example of an association between antigenicity and transition temperature was observed with di-18:1[cis] PE and di-18:1[trans] PE. In physiological buffer, the Tm and Th of di-18:1[cis] PE are –16 °C and 7–12 °C, respectively, while the Tm and Th of di-18:1[trans] PE are 38 °C and 60–63 °C (33). Consequently, at 37 °C, the cis isomer of di-18:1 PE will be in the hexagonal phase, while the trans isomer will likely be in the gel phase.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE I
Transition temperatures of synthetic PEs

 
In contrast with unsaturated PEs, PEs containing long saturated acyl chains, such as di-14:0 PE, di-16:0 PE, di-18:0 PE, and di-20:0 PE, have relatively high transition temperatures (Tm = 50–80 °C and Th >= 100 °C, in water), making it probable that they will all be in the gel phase in our assay buffer at 37 °C. However, di-12:0 PE, with shorter saturated acyl chains, has a Tm of 17 °C and Th of 43–44 °C in aqueous solution. Therefore, it would certainly be in the liquid crystalline phase and may even adopt the hexagonal (HII) phase in our system, as the presence of salt or Me2SO can under certain circumstances decrease transition temperatures. This may explain why di-12:0 PE was reactive, while the other saturated PEs (with acyl chains >12 carbons long) were not recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. The lack of recognition of PEs with saturated acyl chains <12 carbons long (e.g. di-6:0, di-8:0, and di-10:0) (Fig. 5), which would be expected to be in the liquid crystalline phase at 37 °C, suggests that acyl chains of >10 carbons are required for recognition of saturated diacyl PEs.

Fatty Acyl Chain Unsaturation Is Critical for Binding of the PE to mCD1d—To address whether phospholipid recognition by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma reflected differences in the binding of lipids to mCD1d, di-18:n PEs of increasing unsaturation were evaluated in a competitive binding assay. We assessed the ability of each phospholipid to competitively inhibit the binding of mCD1d to biotinylated di-18:0 PE bound to streptavidin-coated wells. As shown in Fig. 6, both di-18:2[cis] and di-18:3[cis] PE inhibited the binding of mCD1d to biotinylated di-18:0 PE. However, di-18:3[cis] PE showed much greater competition of binding of biotinylated PE than di-18: 2[cis] PE, suggesting a higher affinity of binding for this lipid to mCD1d. In contrast, neither di-18:1[cis] nor di-18:1[trans] were able to inhibit this binding. This was also the case for di-18:0 PE and the CHCl3 control. These data demonstrate that PEs with a higher degree of unsaturation (i.e. >= 2 double bonds) competitively inhibited the binding of biotinylated di-18:0 PE to mCD1d, while monounsaturated di-18:1[cis] PE or saturated di-18:0 did not inhibit binding in this assay.



View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 6.
Binding specificity of mCD1d for unsaturated PE. Phospholipids (PL), or the CHCl3 control, in Me2SO were diluted serially in assay buffer and incubated with mCD1d. The samples were then added to biotinylated di-18:0 PE bound to streptavidin-coated plates and mCD1d binding was detected with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG. All phospholipids shown are synthetic forms of PE. The data represent the mean OD405 values of duplicates and are representative of two independent experiments.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Little if anything is known about the natural antigens recognized by CD1d-restricted iNKT cells. We have previously characterized the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma and shown that it recognizes a polar lipid of RMA-S cells (17). In the present study, we have purified the antigen to homogeneity and identified it to be palmitoyl-oleoyl PE (16:0–18:1 PE) by mass spectrometry. Synthetic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (16:0–18:1[cis] PE) was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma in a plate-bound CD1d assay, and this recognition was specifically blocked by anti-CD1d monoclonal antibodies. The 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma also recognized natural PEs of other cellular origins, including E. coli, mammalian tissues, and plant (soybean). The strength of recognition correlated with the degree of unsaturation of the PEs, with plant PE being the most potent activator, but all of the natural PEs were recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.

To better understand how the structure of the acyl chains can influence recognition of PE, a panel of synthetic PEs was analyzed. We focused primarily on synthetic PEs that contain 16- and 18-carbon acyl chains, since these were the chains found in the native antigen and are more commonly represented in mammalian phospholipids. We determined that di-16:1[cis] PE and di-18:1[cis] PE were recognized but not di-16:0 PE and di-18:0 PE. These findings demonstrate, first, that the 18:1[cis], and not the 16:0, acyl chain is likely responsible for recognition of 16:0–18:1[cis] PE by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. Second, these data suggest that monounsaturated, but not saturated, forms of the 16- and 18-carbon acyl chains are recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.

To demonstrate definitively that the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma shows preferential recognition of unsaturated, but not saturated, acyl chains, we then evaluated two series of synthetic PEs: 1) PEs with saturated acyl chains of different lengths (from 6 to 18 carbons) and 2) PEs with increasing degrees of unsaturation in acyl chains of one length (18 carbons). The results were striking. Of the seven saturated PEs tested, only one (di-12:0 PE) was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. On the other hand, increasing unsaturation in the di-18 PE series resulted in strong recognition by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, with maximal recognition of di-18:2[cis] PE (two double bonds in each acyl chain). Synthetic di-18 PEs with mixed fatty acyl chains were also recognized, as long as one acyl chain was unsaturated (e.g. 18:0–18:1[cis]). The structural configuration of the unsaturated acyl chain was important, however, as di-18:1[cis] PE was recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, while di-18:1[trans] PE was not. These two structures differ only in the configuration of the double bond at the C9 (ninth carbon) position in the acyl chains (Fig. 5a). The cis and trans configuration of double bonds and degree of unsaturation relate closely to the transition temperatures of the phospholipid. It is noteworthy that there is an association between transition temperature (Tm) and the ability of PEs to activate the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma. Our findings indicate that PEs likely to be in the liquid crystalline phase at 37 °C are recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, while those in the gel phase at this temperature are not recognized. The adoption of the liquid crystalline phase (either lamellar or hexagonal [HII]) and greater acyl chain fluidity may favor the interaction of the acyl chains with the CD1d protein, facilitating the loading of the lipid into the antigen-binding pocket. Similarly, unsaturation in the cis configuration results in looser packing of acyl chains, while the trans configuration exhibits tighter packing of acyl chains. Most eukaryotic membrane phospholipids bear unsaturations in the cis configuration, and the membranes are in the liquid crystalline (as opposed to the gel) phase at physiological temperatures. However, some bacteria produce trans isomers when subjected to certain environmental stress (e.g. heat); these isomers exhibit tighter packing of the acyl chains and higher transition temperatures (23).

To ascertain whether T cell recognition of unsaturated PE was due to better binding of unsaturated forms of PE to mCD1d, we determined the ability of unsaturated and saturated di-18:n PEs to competitively inhibit the binding of biotinylated di-18:0 PE to mCD1d. Fatty acid unsaturation was found to have an important effect on this interaction, and the ability of the PE to inhibit the binding increased with increasing fatty acyl chain unsaturation (di-18:3[cis] > di-18:2[cis] > di-18:1[cis]). These findings are consistent with our T cell recognition data. However, there are two minor discrepancies, both of which we believe can be explained. First, although both di-18:2[cis] and di-18:3[cis] PE were recognized by the 24.8.A T cell hybridoma, recognition by di-18:2[cis] PE was actually better than that of di-18:3[cis] PE. These data contrast with the finding that di-18:3[cis] PE bound to mCD1d better than di-18: 2[cis] PE, and suggests that binding of the phospholipid to mCD1d may not be the only factor involved in its recognition by a T cell. Second, while di-18:1[cis] was recognized by the 24.8.A hybridoma, this phospholipid did not inhibit the binding of biotinylated di-18:0 PE to mCD1d. The latter can be explained by the differences between biotinylated and nonbiotinylated PEs. The biotinylated headgroup on the phospholipid is very large and bulky, resulting in different packing of the lipid and interdigitation of the fatty acyl chains, which is not seen in nonbiotinylated phospholipids of similar fatty acyl chain composition (LIPIDAT databases, www.lipidat.chemistry.ohiostate.edu). For this reason, the structure and phase that biotinylated di-18:0 PE assumes is very different from that of nonbiotinylated di-18:0 PE. It appears likely that biotinylated di-18:0 PE binds with greater affinity to mCD1d than nonbiotinylated di-18:0 PE and di-18:1[cis] PE, thereby resulting in no competition by either of these phospholipids in our binding assay. It is noteworthy that Naidenko et al. demonstrated that biotinylated dipalmitoyl (di-16:0) PE binds to CD1d protein, using surface plasmon resonance (35). Although the biotinylated di-16:0 PE had a slower rate of association and dissociation than biotinylated {alpha}GalCer, its KD (0.2 µM) did not differ greatly from that of {alpha}GalCer (0.34 µM). The effect of the biotin moiety on the affinity of di-16:0 PE for CD1d was not addressed in that study. We were also able to demonstrate binding of biotinylated di-16:0 PE to mCD1d (data not shown), despite the inability of nonbiotinylated di-16:0 PE to activate the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma.

De Silva et al. (36) have proposed that cellular phospholipids, such as PI, play a chaperone-like role during the assembly of CD1d molecules in vivo (36). They demonstrated that cellular lipids associate with CD1d early in the secretory pathway and do not require glycosylation, and suggest that other lipids may be exchanged with these natural ligands later within the recycling compartment for presentation on the cell membrane. Interestingly, cellular lipids labeled with [3H]ethanolamine have been found to be selectively bound by soluble murine CD1d1 molecules (18). The acyl chains of the phospholipid portion of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) isolated from mouse CD1d1 were stearic (18:0) and arachidonic (20:4) acid, respectively (18). Similar to the natural PE ligand isolated in the present study, one acyl chain was saturated (stearic acid) and the other was unsaturated. It is possible that unsaturated and saturated acyl chains differ in their ability to load into the CD1d antigen-binding site. The endogenous lipids of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane are relatively unsaturated and the isolated PE component (~30% of microsomal phospholipid) prefers the hexagonal (HII) phase at physiological temperatures (37). Relatively minor perturbations of the ER membrane could result in local nonbilayer (e.g. hexagonal [HII] phase) structures (34). As the assembly of CD1d1 with cellular phospholipids has recently been shown to occur in the ER (36), unsaturated forms of PE or other lipids may play an, as yet, undefined role in this assembly.

The recognition of ubiquitous phospholipids is consistent with the broad specificity of the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma, which recognizes CD1d-transfected cell lines of diverse origins, as well as murine splenocytes and thymocytes (17). Thus, the 24.8.A hybridoma represents one pole of a spectrum of antigen specificities reported for CD1d-restricted iNKT cells, as it fails to recognize {alpha}GalCer and is instead specific for phospholipids. iNKT cells that recognize {alpha}GalCer, but are not autoreactive, represent the other end of the spectrum (17). In between are iNKT cells that recognize {alpha}GalCer and are autoreactive, and some of these recognize phospholipids, albeit weakly (13, 17, 38–40). These various patterns of recognition highlight a potential role for the TCR{beta} CDR3 region in determining the antigen specificity of iNKT cells (14).

Although the in vivo relevance of the endogenous antigen recognized by the 24.8.A iNKT cell hybridoma remains unclear, it is interesting to speculate that ubiquitous phospholipid antigens may play a role in selecting the CD1d-restricted T cell repertoire. In addition, iNKT cell recognition of weakly cross-reactive self-lipid antigens presented by CD1d may be responsible for the activated/memory phenotype observed for iNKT cells (41, 42). Although NKT cell activation is likely initiated by a high affinity interaction between the TCR and CD1d/lipid complex, preferential binding of certain acyl chains to CD1d may contribute to the selective displacement of endogenous self-lipids by antigenic lipids as they are loaded in the endosome (43).

Taken together, our data indicate that the effect of unsaturation on T cell recognition of PE is due to differences in the ability of PEs of differing degrees of unsaturation to bind to mCD1d. Increasing fatty acid unsaturation appears to directly correlate with the ability of PE to bind to mCD1d. It is not yet clear whether fatty acid unsaturation plays a similar role in the binding of the other phospholipids to mCD1d, but data from our laboratories suggest that this is likely a feature of other phospholipids.2 Our data are consistent with the possibility that PEs containing unsaturated acyl chains load more efficiently than PEs with saturated acyl chains, resulting in a higher affinity complex with CD1d. It is not yet clear whether this is related to a particular phase requirement, but it seems virtually certain that the antigenic lipids will be in the fluid phase in vivo. An alternative hypothesis is that unsaturated acyl chains may induce a conformational change in the CD1d protein that is recognized by the 24.8.A TCR. Finally, the third possibility is that phospholipids with unsaturated acyl chains bind in a different manner than saturated phospholipids, (e.g. a different portion of the phospholipid is presented to the TCR). These considerations are important and lack of attention to acyl chain saturation may explain discrepant findings regarding CD1d-restricted T cell recognition of phospholipids in the current literature (17, 36, 44).


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by operating grants from the Arthritis Society of Canada (to J. R.), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to J. R.), a Schering Traveling Fellowship from the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation (to J. R.), the American College of Rheumatology Research and Education Foundation (to D. B. M.), NIAID, National Institutes of Health Grant R01-AI49313, the Arthritis Foundation (to S. M. B.), and the National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health (to C. E. C.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Rm. 516, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115. Tel.: 617-525-1033; Fax: 617-525-1010; E-mail: sbehar{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: TCR, T cell receptor; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; iNKT, invariant NKT; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; CID, collision-induced decomposition; MS, mass spectrometry. Back

2 S. M. Behar, C. Robinson, and J. Ranch, unpublished data. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Rebecca Subang for expert technical assistance (J. R.); Dr. Andrew Janoff for helpful discussions regarding phospholipid structure; and Dr. Jerrold Levine, Dr. Angela Rico de Souza, and Jean-Sébastien Palerme for critical review of the manuscript.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Wang, B., Geng, Y. B., and Wang, C. R. (2001) J. Exp. Med. 194, 313–320[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Miyamoto, K., Miyake, S., and Yamamura, T. (2001) Nature 413, 531–534[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Cui, J., Shin, T., Kawano, T., Sato, H., Kondo, E., Toura, I., Kaneko, Y., Koseki, H., Kanno, M., and Taniguchi, M. (1997) Science 278, 1623–1626[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Kawano, T., Cui, J., Koezuka, Y., Toura, I., Kaneko, Y., Sato, H., Kondo, E., Harada, M., Koseki, H., Nakayama, T., Tanaka, Y., and Taniguchi, M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 5690–5693[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Kawano, T., Nakayama, T., Kamada, N., Kaneko, Y., Harada, M., Ogura, N., Akutsu, Y., Motohashi, S., Iizasa, T., Endo, H., Fujisawa, T., Shinkai, H., and Taniguchi, M. (1999) Cancer Res. 59, 5102–5105[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Wilson, S. B., Kent, S. C., Patton, K. T., Orban, T., Jackson, R. A., Exley, M., Porcelli, S., Schatz, D. A., Atkinson, M. A., Balk, S. P., Strominger, J. L., and Hafler, D. A. (1998) Nature 391, 177–181[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Kakimi, K., Guidotti, L. G., Koezuka, Y., and Chisari, F. V. (2000) J. Exp. Med. 192, 921–930[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, G., de Oliveira, C., Tomaska, M., Hong, S., Bruna-Romero, O., Nakayama, T., Taniguchi, M., Bendelac, A., Van Kaer, L., Koezuka, Y., and Tsuji, M. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 8461–8466[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Exley, M. A., Bigley, N. J., Cheng, O., Tahir, S. M., Smiley, S. T., Carter, Q. L., Stills, H. F., Grusby, M. J., Koezuka, Y., Taniguchi, M., and Balk, S. P. (2001) J. Leukoc. Biol. 69, 713–718[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Taniguchi, M., Harada, M., Kojo, S., Nakayama, T., and Wakao, H. (2003) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 483–513[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  11. Kawano, T., Cui, J., Koezuka, Y., Toura, I., Kaneko, Y., Motoki, K., Ueno, H., Nakagawa, R., Sato, H., Kondo, E., Koseki, H., and Taniguchi, M. (1997) Science 278, 1626–1629[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Burdin, N., Brossay, L., Koezuka, Y., Smiley, S. T., Grusby, M. J., Gui, M., Taniguchi, M., Hayakawa, K., and Kronenberg, M. (1998) J. Immunol. 161, 3271–3281[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Spada, F. M., Koezuka, Y., and Porcelli, S. A. (1998) J. Exp. Med. 188, 1529–1534[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Behar, S. M., Podrebarac, T. A., Roy, C. J., Wang, C. R., and Brenner, M. B. (1999) J. Immunol. 162, 161–167[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Bendelac, A., Lantz, O., Quimby, M. E., Yewdell, J. W., Bennink, J. R., and Brutkiewicz, R. R. (1995) Science 268, 863–865[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Cardell, S., Tangri, S., Chan, S., Kronenberg, M., Benoist, C., and Mathis, D. (1995) J. Exp. Med. 182, 993–1004[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Gumperz, J. E., Roy, C., Makowska, A., Lum, D., Sugita, M., Podrebarac, T., Koezuka, Y., Porcelli, S. A., Cardell, S., Brenner, M. B., and Behar, S. M. (2000) Immunity 12, 211–221[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Joyce, S., Woods, A. S., Yewdell, J. W., Bennink, J. R., De Silva, A. D., Boesteanu, A., Balk, S. P., Cotter, R. J., and Brutkiewicz, R. R. (1998) Science 279, 1541–1544[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Castano, A. R., Tangri, S., Miller, J. E., Holcombe, H. R., Jackson, M. R., Huse, W. D., Kronenberg, M., and Peterson, P. A. (1995) Science 269, 223–226[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Bartlett C. R. (1959) J. Biol. Chem. 243, 466–468
  21. Ljunggren, H. G., Ohlen, C., Hoglund, P., Franksson, L., and Karre, K. (1991) Int. J. Cancer Suppl. 6, 38–44[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  22. Smith, P. B., Snyder, A. P., and Harden, C. S. (1995) Anal. Chem. 67, 1824–1830[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  23. Cronan, J. E., Jr. (2002) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5, 202–205[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  24. Grant, E. P., Beckman, E. M., Behar, S. M., Degano, M., Frederique, D., Besra, G. S., Wilson, I. A., Porcelli, S. A., Furlong, S. T., and Brenner, M. B. (2002) J. Immunol. 168, 3933–3940[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Beckman, E. M., Porcelli, S. A., Morita, C. T., Behar, S. M., Furlong, S. T., and Brenner, M. B. (1994) Nature 372, 691–694[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Zajonc, D. M., Elsliger, M. A., Teyton, L., and Wilson, I. A. (2003) Nat. Immunol. 4, 808–815[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  27. Porcelli, S. A., and Brenner, M. B. (1997) Curr. Biol. 7, R508–11[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Zeng, Z., Castaño, A. R., Segelke, B. W., Stura, E. A., Peterson, P. A., and Wilson, I. A. (1997) Science 277, 339–345[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Gadola, S. D., Dulphy, N., Salio, M., and Cerundolo, V. (2002) J. Immunol. 168, 5514–5520[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Moody, D. B., Reinhold, B. B., Guy, M. R., Beckman, E. M., Frederique, D. E., Furlong, S. T., Ye, S., Reinhold, V. N., Sieling, P. A., Modlin, R. L., Besra, G. S., and Porcelli, S. A. (1997) Science 278, 283–286[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Moody, D. B., Briken, V., Cheng, T. Y., Roura-Mir, C., Guy, M. R., Geho, D. H., Tykocinski, M. L., Besra, G. S., and Porcelli, S. A. (2002) Nat. Immunol. 3, 435–442[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  32. Niazi, K., Chiu, M., Mendoza, R., Degano, M., Khurana, S., Moody, D., Melian, A., Wilson, I., Kronenberg, M., Porcelli, S., and Modlin, R. (2001) J. Immunol. 166, 2562–2570[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Tilcock, C. P. S., and Cullis, P. R. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 684, 212–218[CrossRef]
  34. Cullis, P. R., Hope, M. J., de Kruijff, B., Verkleij, A. J., and Tilcock, C. P. S. (1985) in Phospholipids and Cellular Regulation (Kuo, J. F., ed) pp. 1–59, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
  35. Naidenko, O. V., Maher, J. K., Ernst, W. A., Sakai, T., Modlin, R. L., and Kronenberg, M. (1999) J. Exp. Med. 190, 1069–1080[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. De Silva, A. D., Park, J. J., Matsuki, N., Stanic, A. K., Brutkiewicz, R. R., Medof, M. E., and Joyce, S. (2002) J. Immunol. 168, 723–733[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Moody, D. B., Guy, M. R., Grant, E., Cheng, T. Y., Brenner, M. B., Besra, G. S., and Porcelli, S. A. (2000) J. Exp. Med. 192, 965–976[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Exley, M., Garcia, J., Balk, S. P., and Porcelli, S. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186, 109–120[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Park, S. H., Roark, J. H., and Bendelac, A. (1998) J. Immunol. 160, 3128–3134[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Park, S. H., Weiss, A., Benlagha, K., Kyin, T., Teyton, L., and Bendelac, A. (2001) J. Exp. Med. 193, 893–904[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Der Vliet, H. J., Nishi, N., de Gruijl, T. D., Von Blomberg, B. M., Van Den Eertwegh, A. J., Pinedo, H. M., Giaccone, G., and Scheper, R. J. (2000) Blood 95, 2440–2442[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. D'Andrea, A., Goux, D., De Lalla, C., Koezuka, Y., Montagna, D., Moretta, A., Dellabona, P., Casorati, G., and Abrignani, S. (2000) Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1544–1550[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  43. Cantu, C., III, Benlagha, K., Savage, P. B., Bendelac, A., and Teyton, L. (2003) J. Immunol. 170, 4673–4682[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  44. Schofield, L., McConville, M. J., Hansen, D., Campbell, A. S., Fraser-Reid, B., Grusby, M. J., and Tachado, S. D. (1999) Science 283, 225–229[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. Guiard, A. Collmann, L. F. Garcia-Alles, L. Mourey, T. Brando, L. Mori, M. Gilleron, J. Prandi, G. De Libero, and G. Puzo
Fatty Acyl Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Sulfoglycolipid Govern T Cell Response
J. Immunol., June 1, 2009; 182(11): 7030 - 7037.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. M. Fletcher, M. A. Jordan, S. L. Snelgrove, R. M. Slattery, F. D. Dufour, K. Kyparissoudis, G. S. Besra, D. I. Godfrey, and A. G. Baxter
Congenic Analysis of the NKT Cell Control Gene Nkt2 Implicates the Peroxisomal Protein Pxmp4
J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3400 - 3412.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
D. H. Chang, H. Deng, P. Matthews, J. Krasovsky, G. Ragupathi, R. Spisek, A. Mazumder, D. H. Vesole, S. Jagannath, and M. V. Dhodapkar
Inflammation-associated lysophospholipids as ligands for CD1d-restricted T cells in human cancer
Blood, August 15, 2008; 112(4): 1308 - 1316.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. D. Silk, M. Salio, B. G. Reddy, D. Shepherd, U. Gileadi, J. Brown, S. H. Masri, P. Polzella, G. Ritter, G. S. Besra, et al.
Cutting Edge: Nonglycosidic CD1d Lipid Ligands Activate Human and Murine Invariant NKT Cells
J. Immunol., May 15, 2008; 180(10): 6452 - 6456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Sakuishi, S. Oki, M. Araki, S. A. Porcelli, S. Miyake, and T. Yamamura
Invariant NKT Cells Biased for IL-5 Production Act as Crucial Regulators of Inflammation
J. Immunol., September 15, 2007; 179(6): 3452 - 3462.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
C. McCarthy, D. Shepherd, S. Fleire, V. S. Stronge, M. Koch, P. A. Illarionov, G. Bossi, M. Salio, G. Denkberg, F. Reddington, et al.
The length of lipids bound to human CD1d molecules modulates the affinity of NKT cell TCR and the threshold of NKT cell activation
J. Exp. Med., May 14, 2007; 204(5): 1131 - 1144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
S. K. Dougan, P. Rava, M. M. Hussain, and R. S. Blumberg
MTP regulated by an alternate promoter is essential for NKT cell development
J. Exp. Med., March 19, 2007; 204(3): 533 - 545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
A. M. Russano, G. Bassotti, E. Agea, O. Bistoni, A. Mazzocchi, A. Morelli, S. A. Porcelli, and F. Spinozzi
CD1-Restricted Recognition of Exogenous and Self-Lipid Antigens by Duodenal {gamma}{delta}+ T Lymphocytes
J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3620 - 3626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
P. A. VanderLaan, C. A. Reardon, Y. Sagiv, L. Blachowicz, J. Lukens, M. Nissenbaum, C.-R. Wang, and G. S. Getz
Characterization of the Natural Killer T-Cell Response in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Atherosclerosis
Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2007; 170(3): 1100 - 1107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Paduraru, L. Spiridon, W. Yuan, G. Bricard, X. Valencia, S. A. Porcelli, P. A. Illarionov, G. S. Besra, S. M. Petrescu, A.-J. Petrescu, et al.
An N-Linked Glycan Modulates the Interaction between the CD1d Heavy Chain and beta2-Microglobulin
J. Biol. Chem., December 29, 2006; 281(52): 40369 - 40378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nutr Clin PractHome page
G. P. Zaloga, K. A. Harvey, W. Stillwell, and R. Siddiqui
Trans Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease
Nutr Clin Pract, October 1, 2006; 21(5): 505 - 512.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
R. R. Brutkiewicz
CD1d Ligands: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
J. Immunol., July 15, 2006; 177(2): 769 - 775.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 GlycobiologyHome page
D. C. Young and D. B. Moody
T-cell recognition of glycolipids presented by CD1 proteins
Glycobiology, July 1, 2006; 16(7): 103R - 112R.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
L. Kjer-Nielsen, N. A. Borg, D. G. Pellicci, T. Beddoe, L. Kostenko, C. S. Clements, N. A. Williamson, M. J. Smyth, G. S. Besra, H. H. Reid, et al.
A structural basis for selection and cross-species reactivity of the semi-invariant NKT cell receptor in CD1d/glycolipid recognition
J. Exp. Med., March 20, 2006; 203(3): 661 - 673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
N. Y. Crowe, J. M. Coquet, S. P. Berzins, K. Kyparissoudis, R. Keating, D. G. Pellicci, Y. Hayakawa, D. I. Godfrey, and M. J. Smyth
Differential antitumor immunity mediated by NKT cell subsets in vivo
J. Exp. Med., November 7, 2005; 202(9): 1279 - 1288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Skold, X. Xiong, P. A. Illarionov, G. S. Besra, and S. M. Behar
Interplay of Cytokines and Microbial Signals in Regulation of CD1d Expression and NKT Cell Activation
J. Immunol., September 15, 2005; 175(6): 3584 - 3593.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
S. K. Dougan, A. Salas, P. Rava, A. Agyemang, A. Kaser, J. Morrison, A. Khurana, M. Kronenberg, C. Johnson, M. Exley, et al.
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein lipidation and control of CD1d on antigen-presenting cells
J. Exp. Med., August 15, 2005; 202(4): 529 - 539.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JEMHome page
E. Agea, A. Russano, O. Bistoni, R. Mannucci, I. Nicoletti, L. Corazzi, A. D. Postle, G. De Libero, S. A. Porcelli, and F. Spinozzi
Human CD1-restricted T cell recognition of lipids from pollens
J. Exp. Med., July 18, 2005; 202(2): 295 - 308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
B. Giabbai, S. Sidobre, M. D. M. Crispin, Y. Sanchez-Ruiz, A. Bachi, M. Kronenberg, I. A. Wilson, and M. Degano
Crystal Structure of Mouse CD1d Bound to the Self Ligand Phosphatidylcholine: A Molecular Basis for NKT Cell Activation
J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 977 - 984.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. S. Bezbradica, A. K. Stanic, N. Matsuki, H. Bour-Jordan, J. A. Bluestone, J. W. Thomas, D. Unutmaz, L. Van Kaer, and S. Joyce
Distinct Roles of Dendritic Cells and B Cells in Va14Ja18 Natural T Cell Activation In Vivo
J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4696 - 4705.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Roura-Mir, M. Catalfamo, T.-Y. Cheng, E. Marqusee, G. S. Besra, D. Jaraquemada, and D. B. Moody
CD1a and CD1c Activate Intrathyroidal T Cells during Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3773 - 3780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. Wu, G.-W. Xing, M. A. Poles, A. Horowitz, Y. Kinjo, B. Sullivan, V. Bodmer-Narkevitch, O. Plettenburg, M. Kronenberg, M. Tsuji, et al.
Bacterial glycolipids and analogs as antigens for CD1d-restricted NKT cells
PNAS, February 1, 2005; 102(5): 1351 - 1356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
I. Van Rhijn, D. C. Young, J. S. Im, S. B. Levery, P. A. Illarionov, G. S. Besra, S. A. Porcelli, J. Gumperz, T.-Y. Cheng, and D. B. Moody
CD1d-restricted T cell activation by nonlipidic small molecules
PNAS, September 14, 2004; 101(37): 13578 - 13583.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
J. E. Gumperz
CD1d-restricted "NKT" cells and myeloid IL-12 production: an immunological crossroads leading to promotion or suppression of effective anti-tumor immune responses?
J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 76(2): 307 - 313.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Campos-Martin, M. Gomez del Moral, B. Gozalbo-Lopez, J. Suela, and E. Martinez-Naves
Expression of Human CD1d Molecules Protects Target Cells from NK Cell-Mediated Cytolysis
J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7297 - 7305.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
278/48/47508    most recent
M308089200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rauch, J.
Right arrow Articles by Behar, S. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rauch, J.
Right arrow Articles by Behar, S. M.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement