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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 51, 50863-50871, December 19, 2003
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¶
From the
Department of Physiology and the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
Received for publication, July 7, 2003 , and in revised form, September 15, 2003.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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30% associated with membranes (12). Immunofluorescence microscopy data co-localize a subset of membrane-bound PIKfyve with late-endosome markers consistent with a plausible role of PIKfyve in the function of this compartment. The first indication for such a role came from cell studies utilizing PIKfyve point mutants deficient in the lipid kinase activity (13, 14). Expression of these mutants in different cell types was found to induce a dramatic dominant-negative effect in the form of a progressive accumulation of dilated cytoplasmic vacuoles of endocytic origin indicating the role of PIKfyve in maintaining endosome membrane homeostasis. Recent ultrastructural studies identify the swollen compartment as MVBs, which, in addition to a significant gain of limiting membranes, display a lower number of internal vesicles (9). Ectopic expression of active PIKfyve at higher levels or cytoplasmic microinjection of the PIKfyve lipid product, PtdIns 3,5-P2, restores the normal cell morphology (13, 14). Together, these results specify the important role of PIKfyve PtdIns 3,5-P2-generating activity and yet-to-be identified PtdIns 3,5-P2 downstream effectors in MVB biogenesis and function.
Besides the C-terminally positioned catalytic domain, the PIKfyve molecule harbors three other evolutionarily conserved modules: a FYVE finger that interacts specifically with PtdIns 3-P, a DEP domain, found in other proteins important in membrane association, and a chaperonin domain, homologous to the TCP-1 complex that associates with and facilitates the folding of newly synthesized actin and tubulin (10). While the FYVE finger domain was found to function as a major determinant for the PtdIns 3-P-dependent PIKfyve localization to late endosome membranes (15), the significance of the other two conserved domains in PIKfyve function is still unknown. With the premise that the latter two domains serve to interact with yet-to-be identified proteins relevant to the role of PIKfyve in maintaining MVB morphology and function, we have initiated yeast two-hybrid screens using the individual chaperonin and DEP domains as baits. Here we report the identification of p40 transport factor as a binding protein for the PIKfyve chaperonin domain. p40 has been discovered previously in a search for proteins interacting with Rab9, a GTPase localized on late endosomes and facilitating late endosome-to-Golgi transport of MPR (16). Through selective binding to the GTP-loaded Rab9, p40 promotes the in vitro transport of MPR from late endosomes to TGN (16). Because anti-p40 antibodies, but not the p40-depleted cytosols, inhibit this transport step, Pfeffer and collaborators (16) suggest the membrane-associated p40 is the active species that, together with the active Rab9, functions in the return of MPR to TGN. Here we demonstrate that PIKfyve chaperonin domain associates with p40 and that p40 membrane association is strictly dependent on PIKfyve enzymatic activity. Because p40 was found to be an in vitro substrate for the PIKfyve protein kinase activity, we speculate that p40-PIKfyve interaction and the subsequent PIKfyve-catalyzed p40 phosphorylation anchors p40 to discrete membranes facilitating late endosome-to-TGN transport.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Antibodies—Anti-PIKfyve antibodies (R7069) were characterized earlier (19, 20). Monoclonal anti-GFP and anti-phosphoserine-specific (1C8) antibodies were from Clontech and Calbiochem, respectively. The polyclonal antibodies were from the following sources: anti-HA and anti-GST, gifts by Mike Czech; anti-p40, a gift by Susan Pfeffer; and anti-IRAP, a gift by Paul Pilch.
Plasmids for Yeast Two-hybrid System—Three baits encompassing the evolutionarily conserved domains of the PIKfyve protein were inserted in-frame with the LexA into pNLexNLS for yeast two-hybrid screening. The first one constituted the FYVE finger plus the DEP domain of PIKfyve (residues 99-473) and was generated by subcloning the EcoRI fragment of the pGEX-1-PIKfyveL (99-473) vector into the EcoRI digest of pNLexNLS. The second bait corresponded to the DEP domain consensus sequence in PIKfyve (residues 384-445) and was generated by PCR (sense primer 5'-CCCGGAATTCGATCACCGTTAC and antisense primer 5'-CCCGGGATCCTTACAACGCATATTC) designed with the appropriate restriction sites for subcloning into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of pNLexNLS. The third construct encompassed the chaperonin-like (Ch) domain consensus sequence in PIKfyve (residues 616-868) and was generated by two consecutive subclonings into pGEX-3X and pNLexNSL vectors. Specifically, first, the 2-kbp EcoRV fragment (nucleotides 1983-3919) released from pBluescript II SK(+)PIKfyveWT cDNA was blunt-ligated into the SmaI site of pGEX-3X. After confirmation of the correct orientation, the BamHI fragment (0.76 kbp) of the above vector was released and subcloned into the BamHI-digested pNLexNLS. The correct organization and sequence of all constructs were confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion and DNA sequencing.
Other Constructs—Generation of pCMV5-HA-PIKfyveSWT and pCMV5-HA-PIKfyveS
560-12231 was described elsewhere (20). Recombinant adenoviruses, expressing HA-PIKfyveSWT were produced as described elsewhere (13). Full-length human p40 was generated in BglII/HindIII restriction sites of pEGFP-C2 (Clontech) using pQE31-p40 cDNA (a kind gift by Dr. Susan Pfeffer) and the following strategy. First, the N-terminal DNA fragment (from the ATG initiation codon up to the HindIII site) was obtained by PCR using BglII-flanked sense primer (5-CGCAGATCTCCATGAAGCCAAC), HindIII-flanked antisense primer (5'-GAGAAGCTTCTGTTTGG) and pQE31-p40 cDNA as a template. The PCR product (180 bp) was digested with BglII/HindIII and then ligated together with the HindIII fragment of pQE31-p40 (1 kbp) into BglII/HindIII-digested pEGFP-C2. The PCR-amplified sequence and the correct orientation of the construct were verified by sequencing and restriction endonuclease mapping.
Full-length p40 fused in-frame with GST was generated by first amplifying the coding sequence of p40 by PCR using primers with added EcoRI or XhoI restriction sites: sense 5'-CGGCGAATTCATGAAGCAAC-3' and antisense 5'-CAGCCTCGAGTTAGTCCACTAC-3', with the restriction sites underlined. The PCR product was digested with HindIII, and the resulting two fragments of 180 bp (nt 150-329 of p40 sequence GI:5032014) and 968 bp (nt 329-1297) were subsequently cut with EcoRI and XhoI, respectively, and ligated into the EcoRI/XhoI digest of pGEX5X-1 (Amersham Biosciences). Two C-terminal GST fusion peptides, residues 133-372, and 264-372, were also generated in pGEX5X-1 vector. For the first C-terminal peptide, the EcoRI/XhoI fragment (encompassing nt 546-1297) derived from clone YA#19 (isolated in the two-hybrid screen here, see below) was inserted into the corresponding digest of pGEX5X-1. For the second one, the PstI/SalI fragment (encompassing nt 941-1297) from pEGFP-p40 was subcloned initially into the corresponding digest of pBluescript II SK+ and then released by SmaI/XhoI digest for subcloning into SmaI/XhoI sites of pGEX5X-1. An N-terminal GST fusion peptide of p40 (residues 1-264) was generated by first subcloning the BglII/PstI fragment of pEGFP-p40 (nt 150-941) into pCMV5. The EcoRI/SalI fragment of the pCMV5-p40 construct was then ligated into EcoRI/SalI digest of pGEX4T-2 (Amersham Biosciences). The organization of the constructs was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digest and sequencing.
Yeast Two-hybrid Screening—Interaction mating version of two-hybrid screen was performed following already published procedures (21). Briefly, the bait cDNA in pNLex (NLS) vector was transformed in RFY 309 (MATa) strain. The suitability of the bait was determined by interaction mating of the transformed MATa with a MAT
strain (RFY231) pretransformed with human HeLa cell cDNA library (22) or only with the empty library vector pJG4-5. The positives for interaction, as a result of the activation of the LEU2 reporter gene, showed galactose-dependent growth on plates without leucine. Due to its low background, i.e. low activation of the LEU2 reporter by itself, the PIKfyve-chaperonin (PIKfyve-Ch) domain bait was selected for further screening. To avoid the characterization of repetitive cDNA isolates, candidate clones were amplified by PCR using primers based on the sequence adjacent to the multiple cloning site of pJG4-5. The PCR products were digested with HaeIII, and the restriction patterns were compared after agarose gel separation. The candidates with different patterns were further studied by cross-mating assay with PIKfyve-Ch bait and several unrelated baits. The clones confirmed as true positives, i.e. selectively interacting with the PIKfyve-Ch bait and being dependent on galactose but not glucose for growth without leucine, were further characterized by sequencing.
GST Protein Production and Purification—All GST fusion proteins were produced in transformed XA-90 Escherichia coli strain. Bacteria were grown for 1.5 h and then stimulated with 0.1 mM isopropyl-1-thio-
-D-galactopyranoside for an additional 6 h. The cells were lysed with 1 mg/ml lysozyme in a buffer containing 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Cell lysates were treated with DNase (0.1 mg/ml) in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2. Purification of the GST fusion proteins was achieved on GSH-agarose beads (Sigma) as described previously (15). In some experiments, the GST proteins were eluted from the beads and dialyzed against 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. The concentration and quality of the purified proteins, bound to or eluted from the beads, were determined electrophoretically by the intensity of the Coomassie Blue-stained protein bands versus bovine serum albumin standard (Pierce).
Transient Co-transfection and Subcellular Fractionation—HEK293 cell stable lines inducibly expressing PIKfyveWT of PIKfyveK1831E, seeded at 750,000 cells/100-mm plates were co-transfected with pEGFP-p40 cDNA using LipofectAMINE as a transfection reagent. 24-40 h post-transfection, cells were rinsed in homogenization "HES++ buffer" (20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, supplemented with 1x protease inhibitor mixture (1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 µg/ml leupeptin, 5 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, and 1 mM benzamidine) and 1x phosphatase inhibitor mixture (25 mM -glycerophosphate, 10 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 50 mM NaF, and 2 mM NaVO3) at room temperature and then scraped in the same buffer at 4 °C. Cells were then homogenized in a motor-driven Teflon/glass homogenizer with 15 strokes at 1700 rpm. Homogenates were subjected to subcellular fractionation following published protocols established for 3T3-L1 adipocytes (12) with modifications. Briefly, homogenates were first centrifuged at 9,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C (Sorval Instrument Division, SS-34 rotor) to obtain the low speed pellet (LSP). The supernatant was then centrifuged in a TLA 100.3 rotor (Beckman Instruments Inc.) at 4 °C for 24 min at 200,000 x g to separate the high speed pellet (HSP) from the fraction of the soluble proteins (referred to herein as cytosol). Pellets were resuspended in "HES++ buffer" to a protein concentration of 2 mg/ml (bicinchoninic protein assay kit, Pierce, Rockford, IL). Fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Cytosolic fractions were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-HA or anti-PIKfyve antibodies as described below.
In some experiments cultured cells were fractionated into total membrane and cytosol. In this case, cells were homogenized as above and then fractionated by two sequential centrifugations at 800 x g for 3 min to eliminate the nuclear pellet and then at 200,000 x g for 20 min in a TLA 100.3 rotor, to obtain the total membrane and cytosolic fractions. Total membrane pellets were resuspended as above, and the fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting or immunoprecipitation.
Equilibrium Centrifugation in Self-formed Iodixanol Gradient—A total membrane fraction prepared from HEK293 cell stable lines inducibly expressing PIKfyveWT and resuspended in "HES++ buffer" were mixed with iodixanol (OptiPrep; Sigma) in a polyallomer Quick-Seal centrifuge tube to 30% iodixanol and 128 mM sucrose concentration as described previously (12). A self-generating gradient was performed by centrifugation to equilibrium for 4 h as specified previously (12). Fractions ( 0.37 ml) were collected from the bottom of the tube and were analyzed for protein concentration and by immunoblotting with antibodies indicated in the legend to Fig. 6.
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Immunoblotting and Immunoprecipitation—Immunoblotting with the indicated polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies was performed subsequent to protein separation by SDS-PAGE and electrotransfer onto nitrocellulose membranes as previously described (19). A chemiluminescence kit (Pierce) was used to detect the horseradish-peroxidase-bound secondary antibodies. Protein levels on the blots were quantified with a laser densitometer (Molecular Dynamics) by area integration scanning. Several exposures of each blot were quantified to assure that the chemiluminescence exposures were within the linear range of the film.
PIKfyve proteins were immunoprecipitated from radioimmune precipitation assay buffer lysates of COS-7 cells transiently transfected with indicated PIKfyve constructs or from lysates of HEK293 cells infected with adenovirus encoding HA-PIKfyveWT using anti-HA or anti-PIKfyve antibodies as described previously (11). In some experiments PIKfyve proteins were immunoprecipitated from cytosols of a HEK293 cell line stably transfected with HA-PIKfyveWT. Control immunoprecipitates with preimmune serum or anti-HA immunoprecipitates from control non-transfected or non-infected cells were run in parallel. Immunoprecipitation was carried out for 16 h at 4 °C with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B added in the final 1.5 h of incubation. Immunoprecipitates were washed with radioimmune precipitation assay buffer or cytosol-washing buffer plus 1x protease inhibitor mixture and then solubilized in sample buffer. Proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE and detected by immunoblotting as described above.
p40 in Vitro Phosphorylation—The ability of PIKfyve to phosphorylate p40 was tested in vitro using PIKfyve immunopurified from HEK293 cells infected with adenovirus encoding PIKfyveWT following a published protocol (11). Briefly, anti-PIKfyve or preimmune precipitates, immobilized on protein A-Sepharose were washed three times in radioimmune precipitation assay buffer supplemented with 1x protease inhibitor mixture and then three times with 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4. Washed beads were preincubated with the purified GST-p40 fusion protein or GST alone, each at 800 µg/ml for 10 min at 25 °C. The reaction was initiated by addition of the ATP/ion mix composed of [
-32P]ATP (5 µCi) 25 µM ATP, 5 mM MnCl2, and 25 mM MgCl2 in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and continued for 15 min at 25 °C. The supernatants were removed. The beads were washed three times with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, supplemented with 50 mM NaF and 10 mM Na4P2O7, then boiled in sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes and analyzed by autoradiography and immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.
Liposome Binding Assay—A possible specific interaction of p40 with PtdIns 5-P and PtdIns 3,5-P2 was examined exactly as described previously (15) using GST-p40 (5 µg) immobilized on GSH-agarose beads and PtdIns 5-P-enriched or PtdIns 3,5-P2-enriched liposomes. GST protein (5 µg) was used as a control.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Pull-down and Immunoprecipitation Experiments Confirm PIKfyve-p40 Interaction—All the p40 clones isolated from our screening lacked the initial N-terminal part of the full-length molecule. The latter was generated by PCR amplification of the N-terminal amino acid segment using the full-length human p40 (16) as a template as described under "Experimental Procedures." To confirm the interaction of p40 with PIKfyve, a GST-conjugated peptide corresponding to full-length human p40 was used in pull-down experiments. Western blot analysis, illustrated in Fig. 1A, reveals that a substantial fraction of the immunoreactive PIKfyveWT binds to GST-p40 following incubation of bacterially produced purified GST-p40 with cytosols derived from COS cells infected with adenovirus encoding HA-PIKfyveWT. Control pull-down experiments with GST protein immobilized on GSH beads or GSH beads alone showed undetectable immunoreactive bands with electrophoretic properties of HA-PIKfyve (Fig. 1A). The interaction of PIKfyveWT with p40 was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation experiments in a HEK293 stable cell line inducibly expressing HA-PIKfyveWT and transiently co-transfected with pEGFP-p40 cDNA (Fig. 1B). Western blot analysis with anti-GFP antibodies detected a small fraction of GFP-p40 only in the HA-immunoprecipitates of doxycycline-induced PIKfyveWT-expressing cells but not in the anti-HA-immunoprecipitates derived from non-induced HEK293 cells that did not express HA-PIKfyve (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, to confirm that p40-PIKfyve interaction proceeds via the PIKfyve chaperonin domain, a PIKfyve chaperonin-deletion mutant was transiently expressed in COS-7 cells and the isolated cytosol used in pull-down experiments. As illustrated in Fig. 2, Western blot analysis failed to immunodetect HA-PIKfyveCh following incubation of purified GST-p40 protein with cytosols from HA-PIKfyveCh-transfected cells. In contrast, a parallel incubation of GST-p40 affinity beads with cytosols derived from COS-7 cells transiently transfected with HA-PIKfyveWT demonstrated a clear-cut band of immunoreactive PIKfyveWT (Fig. 2), in agreement with the pull-down experiments using cytosols enriched in PIKfyveWT by adenoviral expression as shown in Fig. 1A. It should be emphasized that a lack of immunoreactive HA-PIKfyveCh in GST-p40 beads was observed despite the substantially higher transfection efficiency and protein expression levels of HA-PIKfyveCh versus HA-PIKfyveWT in the transiently transfected cells. This is evidenced here by immunoblotting the anti-HA immunoprecipitates derived from the transfected cells with anti-HA antibodies (Fig. 2). Together these results demonstrate that p40 interacts with PIKfyve and this interaction requires the PIKfyve chaperonin domain.
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50 residues in length, known as a kelch repeat domain (16). Kelch repeats are found in proteins that participate in many aspects of cell function (23). They are predicted to form a four-stranded -sheet corresponding to a single blade of a propeller-like barrel structure. This type of structure is thought to contain multiple protein-protein contact sites. To define the portion of the p40 protein that interacts with PIKfyve we generated several p40-truncation mutants as GST fusions and expressed them in E. coli (Fig. 3A). Purified p40 peptide fragments, depicted in the schematic diagram in Fig. 3B, were then used to pull-down PIKfyveWT under conditions similar to those described in Fig. 1A. A p40 C-terminal peptide fragment, expressing residues 133-372, which retains at least three out of the six kelch repeats, was found to bind PIKfyve equally as well as the full-length p40 (Fig. 3B). In contrast, a GST construct, in which two additional kelch repeats positioned downstream were eliminated, GST-p40 (264-372), failed to pull-down PIKfyve (Fig. 3B). Similarly, a GST-p40-N-terminal peptide fragment comprising the first four kelch repeats did not interact with PIKfyve (Fig. 3B). These results indicate that PIKfyve interaction requires a C-terminal portion of p40, whereas the N-terminal part of the p40 molecule seems to be less important. Thus, the first two kelch repeats seem to not affect the binding to PIKfyve, as evidenced here by both the pull-down experiments and the two yeast hybrid analysis, where all of the p40 clones were without the first one or two kelch repeats.
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30% associated with membranes (16). We have confirmed a similar partitioning of the endogenous p40 between the total membrane and cytosolic fractions derived from both COS-7 (40% membrane-associated) and HEK293 cells (30% membrane-associated) by Western blotting with anti-p40 antibodies (Fig. 4A). To further characterize the localization of p40 in the context of PIKfyve distribution, we used HEK293 cells inducibly expressing PIKfyveWT. PIKfyveWT partitioned at a ratio of 1:1 between the cytosol and total membrane fractions (not shown). Differential centrifugation of cell homogenates combined with Western blotting of the fraction proteins revealed that, similarly to our previous observations with endogenous PIKfyve in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (12), the majority of the membrane-bound PIKfyveWT pool in the HEK293 stable line is recovered predominantly in the high speed pellet (HSP; 200,000 x g), whereas the low speed pellet (LSP; 9,000 x g) composed of plasma membranes, nuclei, mitochondria, and possibly other heavier elements as ER, contains a minor fraction of PIKfyveWT (not shown). To examine whether a subfraction of membrane-bound p40 pool partitions together with PIKfyveWT in HSP, we performed Western blotting of these fractions using anti-p40 antibodies. This analysis revealed that a substantial portion equal to 20-25% of the total membrane-bound p40 is recovered in HSP (Fig. 4B, lanes 1 and 2 versus lanes 4 and 5).
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Unlike in the cytosolic fraction, the anti-p40 antibodies cross-react with multiple proteins in the membrane fractions as evidenced here by the detection of numerous nonspecific bands on the immunoblot presented in Fig. 4B. Therefore, we sought to confirm the p40 membrane dissociation phenomenon observed in the presence of inactive PIKfyveK1831E by a complementary approach. We co-transfected HEK293 cells stably expressing PIKfyveWT or PIKfyveK1831E with pEGFP-p40 and performed a similar subcellular fractionation of the cell homogenates. As shown in Fig. 4C, Western blot analyses of the cytosolic and HSP fractions with either anti-p40 or anti-GFP antibodies demonstrated substantially lower amounts of EGFP-p40 associated with the membranes derived from PIKfyveK1831E-expressing versus the PIKfyveWT-expressing cells (Fig. 4C, lane 3 versus 4). This diminution was observed at similar levels of GFP-p40 expression in the cytosols of the two stable cell lines (Fig. 4C, lane 1 versus 2) consistent with the specific PIKfyveK1831E-dependent decrease of membrane-associated EGFP-p40. Together, these results demonstrate, first, that a subfraction of membrane-bound p40 co-fractionates with PIKfyve in HSP and second, that expression of enzymatically inactive PIKfyveK1831E induces p40 release from the HSP membrane fraction, consistent with the idea that PIKfyve enzymatic activity plays a role in p40 membrane attachment.
p40 Is Phosphorylated in Vitro by PIKfyve but Does Not Interact with the PIKfyve Lipid Products—PIKfyve is a dual specificity kinase, both activities being eliminated in the PIKfyveK1831E mutant. Therefore, either one of its enzymatic activities could have played a role in the predicted PIKfyve-dependent p40 membrane tethering. p40 protein sequence displays two clusters of basic residues positioned prior to the first kelch repeat (12KPRK15 and 46KRGK49). Because basic pockets of this type are found to interact with acidic phospholipids, we first examined whether the two PIKfyve lipid products, PtdIns 5-P or PtdIns 3,5-P2, could interact specifically with purified GST-p40 fusion protein immobilized on GSH beads. The GST-p40 lipid interaction was tested in a reaction constituted of liposome enriched in PtdIns 3,5-P2 (2%) or PtdIns 5-P (2%), and the observed binding was compared with that obtained for the control GST protein. The conditions of the liposome binding assay were similar to those we used previously to document a specific binding between PtdIns 3-P and the FYVE finger peptide fragment of PIKfyve (15). Data from a repeated implementation of the liposome binding assay demonstrated no specific binding of GST-p40 protein to either the PtdIns 3,5-P2- or PtdIns 5-P-enriched liposomes (data not shown).
We next tested whether p40 could be a plausible substrate of the PIKfyve protein kinase activity. In these experiments we used immunopurified PIKfyve immobilized on protein A-Sepharose beads as an enzyme source, purified GST-p40 as a substrate, and [-32P]ATP as a phosphate donor and applied in vitro phosphorylation conditions that previously demonstrated a selective transphosphorylation activity of PIKfyve for exogenously added histone (11). We were able to make two important observations from the in vitro phosphorylation assay. First, as illustrated in Fig. 5B, a fraction of the exogenously added GST-p40 was immunodetected by anti-GST antibodies only in the PIKfyve immunoprecipitates but not in immunoprecipitates with the preimmune serum in agreement with our pull-down or co-immunoprecipitation experiments presented above. Second, and more importantly, the GST-p40 detected in PIKfyve immunoprecipitates was found to be specifically phosphorylated as evidenced by the appearance of a radioactive band upon autoradiography of the SDS-PAGE-resolved phosphorylation reaction (Fig. 5A). Thus, a selective detection of [32P]radioactive band with the migration properties of GST-p40 was seen only when GST-p40 was added as an exogenous substrate to anti-PIKfyve immunoprecipitates but not to preimmune immunoprecipitates. In agreement with our previous studies (11) control experiments with GST alone failed to detect PIKfyve-dependent GST phosphorylation under these conditions (Fig. 5C). Together these results demonstrate PIKfyve-catalyzed in vitro phosphorylation of GST-p40 and are consistent with the idea that p40 is a plausible endogenous substrate of the PIKfyve protein kinase activity.
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Because the data presented in Figs. 4 and 5 predicted a PIKfyve-catalyzed phosphorylation for membrane-associated p40, we next assessed whether phosphorylated forms of p40 could be detected in the gradient fractions. We performed immunoblotting of the SDS-PAGE-resolved fraction protein with an anti-phosphoserine-specific antibody, because PIKfyve protein kinase has been previously shown to phosphorylate seryl residues (11). A strong chemiluminescent signal was observed with the anti-phosphoserine antibody that aligned exactly with the p40 band, detected upon stripping and reprobing the same membrane with anti-p40 antibodies (Fig. 6B). These results are consistent with the notion that a subfraction of p40 co-fractionating with PIKfyve is phosphorylated on seryl residues.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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An important point of the current study is the quantitative aspect of p40-PIKfyve interaction and the intracellular place of this association. Our co-immunoprecipitation using cytosols from doubly transfected cells documented 1% of the GFP-p40 populations in PIKfyve immunoprecipitates, indicating that only a small fraction of p40 might be engaged in PIKfyve interaction that takes place in cytosol. This conclusion is in agreement with the data from the gel filtration analysis of K562 cytosols, identifying monomeric p40 soluble forms (16). Therefore, the functional association is likely to take place on membranes, consistent with the prediction of the membrane-bound p40 being the active species in stimulating late endosome-to-TGN transport of MPR (16). In line with this notion we found a substantial overlap (20-35%) between the sedimentation profiles of membrane-bound forms of PIKfyveWT and p40 by both subcellular fractionation and equilibrium sedimentation in iodixanol density gradients in a HEK293 stable cell line expressing PIKfyveWT (Fig. 6A, and not shown).
The physiological significance of PIKfyve-p40 interaction and the predicted PIKfyve-catalyzed p40 phosphorylation for membrane tethering are currently unknown. However, several lines of evidence suggest that this interaction may be necessary in the late endosome-to-TGN transport. First, expression of dominant-negative kinase-deficient PIKfyveK1831E mutant is associated with a dramatic MVB enlargement (9). Because the transport to lysosomes through the biosynthetic or endocytic pathway remains largely intact under these conditions (9), the gain of MVB membrane is consistent with a block in the retrograde transport to TGN. Furthermore, PIKfyve is found to co-localize with MPR (12), predicting a yet-to-be identified functional relationship. Finally, p40 has been found to promote the return of MPR from the prelysosomal compartment to TGN, a step that requires in addition Rab9, TIP47, and mapmodulin (24-26). Because the same domain of p40 shown to bind Rab9-GTP interacts with PIKfyve (Ref. 16 and this study) we suggest that membrane-bound PIKfyve through the chaperonin domain recruits p40, whereby subsequent PIKfyve-catalyzed serine phosphorylation tethers phospho-p40 to membranes, releasing it from the complex with PIKfyve to promote the interaction with Rab9 and the late endosome-to-TGN transport. Future work should be able to test whether this hypothesis is correct and to elucidate other molecular interactions relevant for late endosome-to-TGN transport in mammalian cells.
There are no obvious homologs of p40 and Rab9 in S. cerevisiae. However, genetic studies in yeast have identified a subset of other gene products assembled in a complex termed the retromer complex, which retrieves proteins selectively from prevacuolar compartment and transports them to the Golgi (27). Although the operation of a similar molecular mechanism in mammalian cells has yet to be elucidated, it should be emphasized that recent studies support the conclusion for multiple and distinct pathways between endosomes and the Golgi complex in mammals that most likely use different machinery for cargo selection and vesicle formation (28). It is essential to note, however, that the yeast retromer complex requires a specific endosomal pool of PtdIns 3-P, produced by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Vps34, for its recruitment (29). Although the role of the yeast PIKfyve ortholog, Fab1p, in this process has not yet been demonstrated, phenotypes in Fab1p-defective mutants, characterized by enormously enlarged vacuoles, could be explained, at least in part, with an arrest of the retrograde transport to earlier compartments (30, 31). Our data evolve the concept that PIKfyve uses its chaperonin domain and protein kinase activity to assemble and tether complexes relevant to late endosome-to-TGN transport. Whether such a mechanism is conserved in evolution remains to be seen.
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FOOTNOTES |
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¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201. Tel.: 313-577-5674; Fax: 313-577-5494; E-mail: ashishev{at}med.wayne.edu.
1 The abbreviations used are: MVB, multivesicular body; PtdIns, phosphatidylinositol; Ch, chaperonin; P, phosphate; P2, bisphosphate; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GSH, glutathione; TGN, trans-Golgi network; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; MPR, mannose 6-phosphate receptor; HSP, high speed pellet; LSP, low speed pellet; IRAP, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase; nt, nucleotide(s); CMV, cytomegalovirus; HA, hemagglutinin.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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