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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 51, 51654-51663, December 19, 2003

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Elevated Intracellular Calcium Triggers Recruitment of the Receptor Cross-talk Accessory Protein Calcyon to the Plasma Membrane^*

Mohammad Kutub Ali and Clare Bergson

From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912

Received for publication, June 3, 2003 , and in revised form, September 22, 2003.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Calcyon is called a "cross-talk accessory protein" because the mechanism by which it enables the typically G_s-linked D1 dopamine receptor to stimulate intracellular calcium release depends on a priming step involving heterologous G_q-linked G-protein-coupled receptor activation. The details of how priming facilitates the D1R calcium response have yet to be precisely elucidated. The present work shows that calcyon is constitutively localized both in vesicular and plasma membrane compartments within HEK293 cells. In addition, surface biotinylation and luminescence assays revealed that priming stimulates a 2-fold increase in the levels of calcyon expressed on the cell surface and that subsequent D1R activation produces further accumulation of the protein in the plasma membrane. The effects of priming and D1R agonists were blocked by nocodazole implicating microtubules in the delivery of calcyon-containing vesicles to the cell surface. Accumulation of calcyon in the plasma membrane correlated well with increased intracellular calcium levels as thapsigargin mimicked, and 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane abrogated, the effects of priming. KN-62, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) also blocked the effects of priming and D1R agonists. Furthermore, expression of constitutively active forms of the kinase bypassed the requirement for priming indicating that CaMKII is a key effector in the Ca²⁺ and microtubule-dependent delivery of calcyon to the cell surface.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The D1-like class of dopamine (DA)¹ receptors (D1R and D5R subtypes) belong to the superfamily of seven transmembrane domain, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which regulate various biological functions, including movement, endocrine function, and memory processes by G-protein-coupled intracellular signaling pathways (1). In addition to the heterotrimeric G-proteins, signaling via D1Rs appears to be regulated by direct association with other proteins called dopamine receptor interacting proteins (DRIPs). Currently identified DRIPs for the D1R include adenosine (2) and NMDA (3) receptors, as well as a group of non-receptor proteins like calcyon (4), DriP78 (5), and neurofilament-M (6). Both DriP78 and neurofilament-M regulate the levels of D1Rs expressed on the cell surface, but by different mechanisms. For example, neurofilament-M hinders agonist promoted internalization of D1Rs, whereas DriP78 regulates the processing of newly synthesized D1Rs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Calcyon is a predicted single transmembrane protein that is widely distributed in brain (7) and is abundant in D1R-positive neurons and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (4). Interaction with calcyon has been shown to enhance the signaling capabilities of D1Rs. Specifically, calcyon enables typically G_s-linked D1Rs to elicit robust intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) release by a mechanism that requires that heterologous G_q-linked GPCRs have first been activated in a step called priming (4). Recent evidence from cells in primary culture revealed that endogenous D1 and D5Rs can stimulate [Ca²⁺]_i release in hippocampal and cortical neurons via a priming-dependent mechanism similar is that described for heterologous cells (8). However, details as to the role of G_q-linked GPCR activation in priming the D1R Ca²⁺ response in either native or heterologous systems are incomplete. Similarly, although the role of calcyon in potentiating D1R-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i release is well documented, the mechanism by which this is accomplished has yet to be fully elucidated.

Several recent studies suggest that the specificity and sensitivity of IP₃-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i release is influenced by the spatial proximity of receptors and IP₃ signaling "microdomains" (9–11). Although agonists appear to stabilize the D1R-calcyon protein complex (4), it is not known whether the spatial arrangement of calcyon and D1Rs is an important aspect of D1R-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i release. The present study was conducted to better understand how the subcellular distribution of calcyon is regulated during priming and D1R activation. We find that calcyon is constitutively incorporated into the plasma membrane. Levels of cell surface-localized calcyon, however, are significantly increased by heterologous G_q-linked GPCR activation (priming) and subsequent D1/D5 agonist stimulation. Furthermore, intact microtubules and CaMKII activity were required for the agonist-evoked recruitment of calcyon to the plasma membrane. These results provide support for the idea that agonist-dependent trafficking of calcyon-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane may be important for potentiating D1R-stimulated [Ca²⁺]_i release.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Cell Culture, DNA Constructs, and Reagents
Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing D1R (D1 HEK293 cells) were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 250 µg/ml G148, whereas HEK293 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% FBS (4). Cells were transfected when 50% confluent with the plasmid constructs as specified and processed 18–24 h later. Plasmids used in this study include pCI vector expressing the full-length human calcyon cDNA (pCI-calcyon); pCMV-Tag2C vector expressing FLAG epitope-tagged human calcyon (pFLAG-calcyon), or D1R (pFLAG-D1R) cDNAs. For some experiments, D1 HEK293 cells were co-transfected with FLAG-calcyon and a plasmid encoding one of two constitutively active forms of CaM kinase II (CaMKII) designated pRSV-CaMKIIca_1–290 and pRSV-CaMKII_T286D (12, 13). Agonists were applied in HBS containing 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 2.5 mM KCl, 4 mM CaCl₂, and 2 mM MgCl₂, pH 7.4, or HEPES-MEM containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, in MEM. Carbachol, SKF81297-HBr, dopamine, and nocodazole were purchased from Sigma. ATP was obtained from Roche Applied Sciences. KN-62, bisindolylmaleimide I, bisindolylmaleimide V, and jasplikinolide were purchased from Calbiochem, and 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) and thapsigargin were obtained from Tocris.

Sucrose Density Gradient Subcellular Fractionation—D1 HEK293 cells were grown on 100-mm dishes and transfected using Effectene (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's recommendations with 2 µgof pCI-calcyon DNA per dish. 20–24 h after transfection, cells were washed twice with PBS and harvested in ice-cold 10 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.4, containing 10% sucrose and EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture (Roche Applied Science) with a rubber policeman. Homogenates were prepared in an ice-cold Dounce homogenizer (size B) by applying 15 strokes. Unbroken cells and nuclei were removed by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C, and supernatants were layered on top of a discontinuous step sucrose gradient with the steps from top to bottom containing, respectively, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% sucrose in 10 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.4. Gradients were centrifuged at 28,000 rpm in a Beckman SW41 Ti rotor overnight at 4 °C. Five equal 1.5-ml fractions were collected from the interfaces between 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, and 50–60% ranges of sucrose. After dilution with 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, each fraction was centrifuged again in the SW41 Ti rotor at 40,000 rpm for 2 h. The pellets were dissolved in SDS-PAGE loading buffer without mercaptoethanol or bromphenol blue, and protein concentrations were determined using the BCA Protein Assay kit (Pierce). 50 µg from each fraction was separated on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (14). Type 3 IP₃ receptors, D1R, Na⁺/K⁺ATPase -1, and calcyon were detected using anti-IP₃R3 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:2000) (BD Biosciences), anti-D1R rat monoclonal antibody (1:2000) (Sigma), anti-Na⁺/K⁺ATPase -1 rabbit polyclonal antibodies (1:2000) (Upstate Biotechnology), and anti-calcyon affinity-purified rabbit antibodies (1:2000) (4), respectively. Membranes were blocked overnight at 4 °C in blocking solution containing 10% nonfat dry milk, 5% normal goat serum, in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST) and then incubated with affinity-purified rabbit calcyon antibody diluted 1:2000. The membranes were subsequently washed three times, each for 20 min with PBST, and incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary IgG (Jackson Immunoresearch) (1:2000) for 1 h at room temperature. Following three washes with PBST, antibody reactive bands were detected using an ECLplus kit (Amersham Biosciences).

Labeling of Cell Surface Proteins with N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide Esters of Biotin
Non-cleavable Biotin Studies—20–24 h after transfection, HEK293, or D1 HEK293 cells were washed twice with HBS pre-warmed to 37 °C and exposed to agonist(s) for times as specified under "Results." Cells were immediately transferred to ice after agonist treatment and washed twice with ice-cold PBS. Cell surface proteins were biotinylated using 0.5 mg/ml cell-impermeant, non-cleavable sulfo-NHS-Biotin (Pierce) in PBS for 30 min at 4 °C. Unreacted biotin was quenched and removed by three washes of ice-cold PBS supplemented with 10 mM glycine. The cells were then washed with ice-cold PBS, harvested in 1.5 ml of ice-cold PBS with a rubber policeman, and collected by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 5 min. Cell pellets were dissolved in a minimum volume of mild lysis solution (Cytosignal) containing protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science).

Cleavable Biotin Studies—18–20 h after transfection, D1 HEK293 cells were washed three times with ice-cold PBS, and incubated at 4 °C for 30 min with 0.5 mg/ml cell-impermeant, cleavable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin (Pierce) in PBS. Unreacted biotin was quenched with three washes of ice-cold PBS supplemented with 10 mM glycine followed by two washes with HBS pre-warmed to 37 °C. Biotinylated cells were incubated at 37 °C in HBS for 5 min and then treated with agonists for times specified in the results, then immediately placed on ice, and washed twice with ice-cold PBS. The remaining cell surface biotin was removed by two washes with glutathione strip buffer (containing 50 mM glutathione, 75 mM NaCl, 75 mM NaOH, and 10% FBS) each for 20 min at 4 °C. Residual glutathione was quenched with two washes at 4 °C, each for 15 min, with iodoacetamide buffer (50 mM iodoacetamide, 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS). The cells were then washed three times with ice-cold PBS and harvested in 1.5 ml of ice-cold PBS with a rubber policeman. Cell pellets were collected by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 5 min and dissolved in mild lysis buffer (Cytosignal) supplemented with protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science).

Cell lysates of the cleavable and non-cleavable biotinylated samples were sonicated for 5 s, and then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C. Supernatants were collected, and protein concentrations were determined. Samples were then diluted with lysis buffer to give equivalent protein concentrations in all samples. Streptavidin slurry (100 µl) was added to samples containing 500 µg of protein in 150 µl and nutated for 2 h at 4 °C. Streptavidin-bound biotinylated proteins were washed twice with 300 µl of mild lysis solution followed by two washes with 300 µl of 1.5 M guanidine HCl, and two additional washes with 300 µl of mild lysis solution (15). Proteins were eluted with 50 µl of SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Alternatively, samples containing 1200 µg of protein were nutated overnight at 4 °C with 10 µl of calcyon antiserum (4) and then nutated for 2 h at room temperature after addition of 30 µl of protein A/G-agarose. The protein complexes were washed three times with mild lysis solution (300 µl) and eluted in SDS-PAGE sample buffer. Eluted proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and electroblotted to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and processed as described above. For proteins immunoprecipitated with the calcyon antiserum, blocked membranes were incubated directly with HRP-conjugated streptavidin (Bio-Rad) (1:2000) for 1 h, and biotinylated proteins were visualized by ECL after washing three times with PBST.

Immunocytochemistry—HEK293 or D1 HEK293 cells were grown on coverslips, transfected as described above, and processed for immunocytochemistry 20–24 h later. For unpermeabilized conditions, cells were washed three times with MEM media containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (25 mM HEPES-MEM), then blocked with 25 mM HEPES-MEM containing 20% normal goat serum (25 mM HEPES-MEM, 20% NGS) at 4 °C for 20 min. Cells were incubated with mouse anti-FLAG M2 antibody (Sigma) (1:1000) diluted in blocking solution for 1 h at 4 °C and washed three times each for 20 min with ice cold 25 mM HEPES-MEM. The cells were then fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, washed three times with PBS, and blocked again for another 5 min, prior to incubation with Alexa 488-conjugated anti-mouse antibody (1:1000) for 30 min at room temperature. For permeabilized conditions, the cells were washed three times with PBS prior to fixation for 20 min with 2% paraformaldehyde at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS. After incubation in blocking solution (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, containing 3% nonfat dry milk, 50 mM CaCl₂, 5% NGS, and 0.1% Triton X-100) for 15 min, cells were incubated with primary antibodies (FLAG M2 (Sigma), golgin-97 (Molecular Probes)) or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) vital dye, DiIC₁₆ (Molecular Probes) diluted according to the manufacturer's suggestion in blocking solution for 45 min at room temperature. After four washes with PBS each for 20 min, the cells were blocked again for 5 min and then incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody in blocking solution for 30 min. Both the nonpermeabilized and permeabilized samples were then washed at least six times with PBS each for 20 min, followed by three additional washes with PBST. Coverslips were mounted in Prolong Antifade (Molecular Probes). Antibody labeling was viewed using a Zeiss Axiovert LSM510 META confocal microscope and documented using LSM510 software.

Luminescence Assays—D1293 and HEK293 cell lines were plated on 60-mm dishes and transfected at 40% confluence with either pFLAG-calcyon (0.4 µg), or both pFLAG-calcyon (0.2 µg) and pRSV-CaMKIIca_1–290 (0.2 µg), pRSV-CaMKII_T286D (0.2 µg), or pRSV vector (0.2 µg) as indicated. 20–24 h later, the cells were washed three times with PBS and stimulated with drugs in 2.0 ml of HBS at 37 °C. After treatment, the media was replaced with ice-cold blocking solution (PBS containing 25% NGS) and incubated for 10 min. Cells were subsequently incubated with mouse anti-FLAG M2 antibody (diluted 1:1000 in blocking solution) for 1 h at 4 °C and then carefully washed three times with ice-cold PBS, each for 5 min prior to fixation for 20 min with 4% paraformaldehyde containing 4% sucrose in PBS. After washing with PBS, the cells were incubated with HRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibodies for 1 h at 37 °C and then washed six times with PBST, each for 5 min. After the final wash, the volume was adjusted to 2.0 ml with PBST, and 100 µl of ECL solution was added. The samples were incubated for 10 min at room temperature to allow light emission rates to plateau. The luminescence was then determined using a TD-20/20 luminometer (Turner Systems) (16, 17). The values shown for luminescence intensity represent the average of two to four independent transfection experiments with each experiment including three to five replicates per treatment group. Controls included untransfected cells incubated with primary and secondary antibodies, and transfected cells incubated with secondary antibody only. The luminescence of both controls was negligible, whereas the values of the FLAG-calcyon transfected D1 HEK293 cells in HBS averaged 3000 absolute luminescence units. Luminescence data, reported as the mean ± S.E., were standardized relative to the absolute luminescence values determined for FLAG-calcyon in the D1 HEK293 HBS samples (defined as 100% basal cell surface calcyon) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post test with 95% confidence intervals using GraphPad Prism version 4.00 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Subcellular Localization of Calcyon—Sucrose density gradient fractionation was performed to obtain information on the subcellular distribution of calcyon (Fig. 1). Three bands with molecular masses of 24, 28, and 35 kDa were detected in lysates of pCI-calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells immunoblotted with calcyon antibodies. Calcyon is a predicted 217-residue single transmembrane-containing protein, therefore, the variety of molecular sizes detected likely correspond to core, immature, and mature calcyon proteins during different stages of biosynthesis. Previous studies suggest that the 28- and 24-kDa bands correspond to N-linked glycosylated calcyon and unmodified core calcyon, respectively (4), whereas the post-translation modifications involved in synthesis of the 35-kDa species have yet to be elucidated. Enrichment of the 28- and 35-kDa forms of calcyon was detected in gradient fractions two and three, whereas only the 28-kDa band could be detected in fractions four and five. The 1 subunit of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, an integral plasma membrane protein, was concentrated in fractions one and two with reduced amounts detectable in fractions three and four. In contrast, type III IP₃ receptors, which are primarily expressed in vesicular stores but have also been detected in the plasma membrane (15), were much more abundant in fractions three to five compared with fractions one and two. Given the differential distribution of IP₃ receptors and Na⁺ pumps across gradient fractions, plasma membrane proteins appeared to be enriched in fractions one and two, and vesicular proteins concentrated in fractions three to five. Therefore, the profile of calcyon in the gradient was consistent both with a vesicular and a plasma membrane protein. As expected, D1Rs were also enriched in plasma membrane protein-containing fractions, but more concentrated in fraction two where calcyon also seemed most abundant.

View larger version (84K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Sucrose density gradients indicate that calcyon is distributed in vesicle- and plasma membrane-containing fractions of pCI-calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells. 50 µg of protein was loaded per lane of the SDS containing 7.5% (IP3 receptor), 10% (Na+/K+ ATPase and D1R), or 15% (calcyon) polyacrylamide gels, and immunoblotted. Blots were probed with antibodies against the Na+/K+ ATPase 1 subunit, D1R, type III IP3 receptor, or calcyon. Similar results were obtained in two independent experiments. Protein bands were detected using the appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies followed by ECL. The positions of molecular weight markers are shown to the left of the blots.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Calcyon co-localizes in the plasma membrane, ER, and Golgi apparatus by confocal immunofluorescence analysis. Distribution of calcyon (A, D, and G) and FLAG tagged D1R (B), ER vital dye (E), or golgin-97 (H) in (A–C) HEK293 cells co-transfected with pCI-calcyon and pFLAG-D1R, or in (D–I) D1 HEK293 cells transfected with pCI-calcyon. Merged images (C, F, and I) show an overlap in the distribution of calcyon with D1Rs (C), ER (F), and Golgi (I) indicating localization of calcyon in various subcellular compartments, including the plasma membrane, ER and Golgi apparatus, respectively. Calcyon proteins were detected with affinity-purified rabbit calcyon antibody; FLAG-D1Rs with anti-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody; ER with DiIC16 and Golgi with golgin-97. Primary antibodies were visualized with either Alexa 568 or Alexa 488 anti-mouse and anti-rabbit antibodies. Bar = 10 µm.

View larger version (79K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Cell surface levels of calcyon are regulated by priming and D1R agonists. A and B, immunoblots of lysates and streptavidin-agarose-bound material obtained from non-cleavable sulfo-NHS-biotinylation of pCI-calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells. Blots were probed with calcyon (A) and ERK42 (B) antibodies. C, streptavidin-HRP detection of biotinylated proteins in pCI-calcyon transfected or untransfected HEK293 and D1 HEK293 cells immunoprecipitated with calcyon antiserum. Prior to labeling with non-cleavable sulfo-NHS-biotin, transfected D1 HEK293 cells were treated with carbachol (CCL) for 5 min followed by SKF81297 (SKF) for 10 min, or incubated in HBS for 15 min. D, calcyon antibody-immunoreactive bands in streptavidin-agarose-bound material precipitated from pCI-calcyon transfected D1 HEK293 cells. Surface proteins were biotinylated after treatment with either ATP (50 µM) for 15 min, DA (10 µM) for 10 min, or ATP for 5 min followed by DA for 10 min. E, increased calcyon surface biotinylation with agonist stimulation. Samples were treated with CCL for 5 min before addition of SKF for the times indicated. For comparison, cells were incubated in HBS for 35 min before exposure to sulfo-NHS-biotin and precipitation with streptavidin HRP. Similar results were obtained in at least two independent repetitions of each of the experiments shown.

We next examined whether the expression of calcyon on the cell surface may be dynamically regulated by priming and D1R agonists. In these experiments, transfected cells were pretreated with the G_q-linked muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol for 5 min, and subsequently treated with a D1/D5 receptor agonist SKF81297 for 10 min before biotinylation. This combination of agonists produced a striking increase in the intensity of the 28- and 35-kDa calcyon immunoreactive bands detected in the streptavidin-bound material compared with similarly processed samples from untreated cells incubated in HBS for an equivalent period of time (Fig. 3C). Priming with the G_q-linked purinergic receptor agonist ATP for 5 min followed by treatment with DA for 10 min also produced a visible increase in levels of streptavidin-precipitated calcyon (Fig. 3D). In contrast, treatment with DA or ATP alone resulted in either a slight decrease or increase in the 35-kDa calcyon band, respectively, but both agonists had little effect on the intensity of the 28-kDa band. Collectively, these results confirm that some fraction of calcyon is constitutively localized in the plasma membrane and strongly indicate that levels of surface localized calcyon are modulated by priming and D1R stimulation.

The effect of agonist stimulation on levels of calcyon localized in the plasma membrane was examined in a time-course experiment. Calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells were exposed to SKF 81297 alone for 2, 5, or 15 min or to the D1 agonist for similar times after pretreatment with the priming agent carbachol for 5 min. Immunoblotting of streptavidin-bound fractions with calcyon antibodies revealed a visible increase in the 35-kDa band after 2 min of treatment with SKF81297 following priming with carbachol (Fig. 3E). Although the intensity of the 35-kDa band increased with time of carbachol and SKF treatment compared with samples from cells incubated in HBS for 35 min, more variation was detected in the strength of the 28-kDa band. In contrast, treatment of SKF81297 alone also resulted in a temporary increase in the intensity of the calcyon immunoreactive bands, but the magnitude was less and not sustained compared with the combined treatment with carbachol and SKF81297.

Surface D1Rs are known to internalize following agonist stimulation (18). We therefore examined whether priming and/or D1R stimulation also results in internalization of plasma membrane-localized calcyon. In these experiments, surface proteins were labeled with a cleavable, cell-impermeant biotin compound (sulfo-NHS-S-S-biotin), agonists were applied, and residual surface-bound biotin was stripped prior to lysis. D1Rs were detected in streptavidin-bound material precipitated from samples treated with SKF81297 or DA reflecting the ability of the D1 agonists to stimulate receptor internalization (18). The receptors also internalized under conditions that lead to [Ca²⁺]_i release as strong D1R-immunoreactive bands were detected in samples from cells primed with either carbachol or ATP and subsequently stimulated with D1R agonist (Fig. 4A). In contrast, much weaker D1R bands were detected in the samples from cells treated with priming agent or HBS only. Similar results were obtained for calcyon as immunoreactive bands were detected in the streptavidin-bound material precipitated from samples stimulated with D1 agonist, or priming agent plus D1 agonist, but not from samples treated with priming agent alone. However, the levels of calcyon detected seemed quite reduced compared with those seen in the non-cleavable biotinylation studies. Cleavable and non-cleavable biotinylated transfected cell samples were therefore treated and immunoprecipitated with calcyon antiserum in parallel to more directly compare the relative levels of surface localized and internalized calcyon. As shown in Fig. 4B, streptavidin-HRP bands migrating at 24, 28, and 35 kDa could be detected in the non-cleavable biotinylated pCI-calcyon-transfected HEK293 and D1 HEK293 samples. Equivalent bands were not detectable in lanes loaded with samples from cells biotinylated with the cleavable compound. This difference would suggest that the percentage of presumably biotinylated internalized calcyon was relatively low compared with the total amount of surface calcyon.

View larger version (48K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Association of calcyon with internalized D1Rs. A, D1 monoclonal antibody and calcyon antibody detection of streptavidin-agarose-bound material precipitated from pCI-calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells labeled with cleavable sulfo-NHS-S-S-biotin before treatment either with priming agents, carbachol (CCL) or ATP, for 15 min, D1 agonists, SKF81297 (SKF), or dopamine (DA), for 10 min, or priming agent for 5 min followed by D1 agonist for 10 min as indicated. The calcyon blot was exposed to film for 30 min, whereas a 1-min exposure of the blots shown in Fig. 3 was sufficient. B, streptavidin-HRP detection of non-cleavable sulfo-NHS-biotin and cleavable sulfo-NHS-S-S-biotin labeled proteins were immunoprecipitated with calcyon antiserum from pCI-calcyon-transfected HEK293 and D1 HEK293 cells. Prior to labeling with sulfo-NHS-biotin, or after labeling with sulfo-NHS-S-S-biotin, transfected D1 HEK293 cells were treated with carbachol for 5 min followed by SKF81297 for 10 min, or incubated in HBS for 15 min. Similar results were obtained in at least two independent repetitions of each of the experiments shown.

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Priming and D1 DA receptor stimulation synergistically increase levels of surface calcyon. A–C, confocal immunofluorescent (upper panels) and merged bright field and immunofluorescent (lower panels) visualization of plasma membrane localized calcyon in FLAG-calcyon transfected D1 HEK293 cells. Fluorescent images (A–C) were scanned with the argon laser, with the settings for the pinhole, detector gain, amplifier offset, and amplifier gain fixed to 90.1, 756,–0.1, and 1.4, respectively. A, the FLAG epitope was detected under non-permeabilized conditions using FLAG-M2 and Alexa 488-conjugated anti-mouse antibodies. No staining was detectable either in untransfected D1 HEK293 cells or in transfected cells if the FLAG antibody was omitted (data not shown). B and C, basal levels of surface calcyon were blocked by incubating non-permeabilized cells initially labeled with FLAG-M2 antibodies with unconjugated anti-mouse antibodies. After blocking, cells were incubated in HBS (B) or agonist (C) prior to visualization of surface-localized FLAG-calcyon with the FLAG-M2 and Alexa 488 antibodies (A). A striking increase in recruitment of FLAG-calcyon to the cell surface could be detected in blocked cells after stimulation with carbachol (CCL) for 5 min followed by the D1R agonist, SKF81297 (SKF) for 10 min. Bar = 10 µm. D, effect of carbachol (CCL) and SKF81297 (SKF) treatment on the levels of surface FLAG epitope in transfected HEK293 and D1 HEK293 cells determined by luminescence assay. E, ATP and DA treatments regulate increase surface FLAG-calcyon levels in transfected D1 HEK293 cells. F, time-course comparison of the effects CCL and/or SKF81297 treatments on the expression of FLAG-calcyon at the surface of D1 HEK293 cells. The bars and error bars show the means ± S.E. of two to three independent experiments performed in triplicate. The luminescence values of FLAG-calcyon surface expression detected in D1 HEK293 HBS control samples defined basal levels. The asterisks indicate significantly different from basal levels, or indicate significant differences between the samples highlighted by the brackets (* and ** denote p < 0.01, and <0.001, respectively). p values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer post test.

Involvement of Microtubules in the Plasma Membrane Localization of Calcyon—A large body of evidence indicates that the cytoskeleton plays a role in vesicle movement during post-Golgi sorting processes (19, 20). Therefore, we investigated whether microtubules or actin play a role in the agonist-regulated recruitment of calcyon to the plasma membrane. FLAG-calcyon-expressing D1 HEK293 cells were pretreated with nocodazole, an agent that depolymerizes microtubules, or jasplikinolide, an agent that polymerizes actin. Nocodazole entirely blocked priming, and D1 agonists evoked increases in surface levels of the FLAG epitope. There was also a significant reduction in the agonist-stimulated recruitment of calcyon to the cell surface in jasplikinolide-treated compared with control cells (p < 0.001) (Fig. 6A). In addition, nocodazole pretreatment reduced basal levels of surface FLAG calcyon indicating that intact microtubules are important both for the constitutive and agonist-regulated trafficking of calcyon to the plasma membrane (Fig. 6A).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. The cytoskeleton, [Ca2+]i, and CaMKII regulate calcyon trafficking to the plasma membrane. D1 HEK293 cells were transfected with FLAG-calcyon, and levels of surface FLAG were determined by luminescence. A, transfected cells were pretreated for 1 h with 1 µM jasplikinolide (JP) to polymerize actin, or for 30 min with 10 µM nocodazole (NZL) to destabilize microtubules prior to the sequential addition of carbachol (CCL) for 5 min and SKF81297 (SKF) for 10 min. B, IP3-mediated [Ca2+]i release was blocked by pretreatment of cells with 50 µM 2-APB for 30 min, prior to addition of either CCL or ATP for 5 min. Release of Ca2+ from stores was promoted by treatment of cells with 1 µM thapsigargin (TG) for 10 min, prior to addition of either CCL for 15 min, or CCL for 5 min and SKF for 10 min. C, comparison of the effects of inhibiting the Ca2+-regulated kinases, PKC, and CaM kinases on agonist promoted accumulation of FLAG-calcyon at the plasma membrane. FLAG-calcyon-transfected D1 HEK293 cells were pretreated with either the CaMK inhibitor KN-62 (20 µM) for 30 min, or either the active (Bis I) or inactive (Bis V) form of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (1 µM) for 30 min. D, effect of expressing either of two constitutively active forms of CaMKII, CaMKIIca1–290, and CaMKIIT286D on surface FLAG-calcyon levels in D1 HEK293 cells. "Vector" control cells were co-transfected with pRSV, the parent vector for the CaMKII constructs, and FLAG-calcyon. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that the levels of FLAG-calcyon were equivalent in the vector-, CaMKIIca1–290-, and CaMKIIT286D-transfected cells (data not shown). In addition, cells were treated with either CCL for 15 min, or CCL for 5 min and SKF for 10 min prior to analysis as indicated. The bars and error bars show the means ± S.E. of two to three independent experiments performed in triplicate. The luminescence values of FLAG-calcyon surface expression in D1 HEK293 HBS control samples were defined as basal levels. The asterisks indicate significantly different from basal levels, or indicate significant differences between the samples highlighted by the brackets (ns, *, and ** denote p > 0.05, p < 0.01, and p <0.001, unless indicated otherwise). p values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer post test.

Thapsigargin mimicked the effects of priming. That is, levels of surface calcyon in thapsigargin-treated cells were not significantly different from control cells treated with the priming agents, ATP or carbachol (p > 0.05) (Fig. 6B). Also, in contrast to control cells, priming did not stimulate recruitment of significantly higher levels of calcyon to the cells surface of the thapsigargin treated cells (p > 0.05). However, priming followed by D1 receptor agonist significantly increased levels of surface calcyon compared with thapsigargin-only-treated cells (p < 0.001). Taken together the thapsigargin and 2-APB studies indicate that elevated [Ca²⁺]_i is crucial for triggering accumulation of calcyon at the plasma membrane. However, these data also suggest that independent, D1R agonist-activated processes can further stimulate trafficking of calcyon to the cell surface.

The Role of CaM Kinase Activation in Calcyon Transport to Plasma Membranes—Several studies have implicated Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in Ca²⁺-regulated fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane during exocytosis (23, 24). Consistent with a role for CaMKII in trafficking calcyon to the cell surface, pretreatment of transfected D1 HEK293 cells with the CaMK inhibitor KN-62 completely blocked the ability of carbachol and SKF81297 to stimulate an increase in levels of surface FLAG-calcyon. In contrast, pretreatment with bisindolylmaleimide I (Bis I), an inhibitor of the Ca²⁺ and phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC), but not the inactive enantiomer Bis V, exerted a comparatively modest inhibitory effect on the ability of priming and D1 agonists to increase surface levels of calcyon. Collectively, these studies with inhibitors of Ca²⁺-regulated kinases suggested that CaMK activation is important for agonist-regulated insertion of calcyon in the plasma membrane.

Because KN-62 inhibits CaMK types I and IV as well as II, we examined whether expression of either of two different constitutively active forms of CaMKII could regulate the surface expression of calcyon (12, 13). Although the point mutant CaMKII_T286D seemed more effective, coexpression of FLAG calcyon with either CaMKII_T286D or CaMKIIca_1–290, a constitutively active form resulting from truncation of the kinase, produced significant increases in levels of surface calcyon compared with untreated controls (p < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively) (Fig. 6D). In addition, levels of surface calcyon in either the CaMKIIca_1–290 or the CaMKII_T286D co-transfected cells treated with priming agent and D1R agonist were not significantly different from similarly treated control cells co-transfected with empty vector (p > 0.05) (Fig. 6D). Nevertheless carbachol treatment of both the CaMKII_T286D (p < 0.05)- and CaMKIIca_1–290 (p < 0.01)-transfected cells produced a small, but significant increase in the levels of surface calcyon compared with untreated counterparts. In light of the ability of KN-62 to reduce basal and to block agonist-stimulated accumulation of calcyon at the cell surface, these studies confirm that CaMKII plays a prominent role but that CaMKII-independent factors also influence the levels of calcyon recruited to the cell surface by agonists.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
It is increasingly evident that subcellular location is a critical determinant of specificity and efficiency in GPCR signaling. For example, the ability of the G_q-linked mGluR1 and bradykinin receptors to potently activate intracellular [Ca²⁺]_i release requires the formation of microdomains in the plasma membrane where receptors, effectors, and associated scaffolding and accessory signaling proteins are organized in close proximity (9–11). Here, we explored the dynamics of the plasma membrane distribution of calcyon to gain insight into the mechanism whereby this signaling accessory protein potentiates the ability of D1R to stimulate [Ca²⁺]_i release. A key finding in the present study is that G_q/11-linked GPCR activation (priming) accelerates delivery of calcyon to the cell surface. A similar effect of G_q/ll-linked GPCR stimulation is observed for NMDA receptors where increased receptor trafficking potentiates NMDA channel activity (25). Therefore, the priming-dependent accumulation of calcyon at the cell surface reported here may provide insights into similar aspects of the D1R Ca²⁺ response.

Evidence from various experimental approaches, including subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, surface biotinylation, and luminescence assays, confirmed that a fraction of the total pool of calcyon constitutively localizes to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, both the biotinylation and luminescence studies indicated significantly higher levels of calcyon expressed on the surface of D1 HEK293 compared with HEK293 cells (p < 0.001). These results suggest that both constitutive, D1R-independent as well as D1R-dependent mechanisms regulate the localization of calcyon in the plasma membrane. Because calcyon physically associates with D1Rs, and the receptors are predominantly localized in the plasma membrane, it seems likely that protein/protein interactions play a part in the D1R-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, previous studies showed that formation of the calcyon-D1R complex is enhanced under conditions that lead to [Ca²⁺]_i release (4). Because elevated [Ca²⁺]_i was also recently shown to increase surface expression of D1Rs in neostriatal neurons (26), it seems likely that agonist-regulated accumulation in the plasma membrane plays a role in the formation of the D1R-calcyon complex.

The vast majority of D1Rs undergo dynamin-dependent endocytosis following agonist stimulation (18). Using cleavable biotin to examine endocytosis, we found that in contrast to D1Rs much less surface calcyon internalized following D1 agonist treatment. An explanation for this difference is the possibility that non-biotinylated, vesicular calcyon co-precipitated with internalized biotinylated D1Rs. The ability to detect internalized biotinylated D1Rs following treatment with D1 agonist alone or in combination with priming agents is consistent with this interpretation. It is also possible that the calcyon-D1R complex dissociates upon D1 agonist stimulation such that D1Rs internalize but calcyon remains localized in the plasma membrane. Consistent with this idea, priming combined with D1 agonist treatment produced a sustained accumulation of calcyon at the cell surface. Furthermore, the inability to detect biotinylated calcyon by immunoprecipitation of the cleavable biotinylated samples may reflect the possibility that internalized calcyon is rapidly degraded, or perhaps that only a minimal fraction of surface calcyon actually undergoes endocytosis. Future studies will need to establish whether calcyon and D1Rs undergo different postendocytic sorting. Specifically, because little is known about functional domains in calcyon or those of two closely related proteins P19 (NEEP21) and P21, it will be of interest to determine whether the calcyon localizes to early endosomes in neurons similar to P19 (27).

Numerous factors, including [Ca²⁺]_i, CaMKII, and cytoskeletal proteins regulate the post-Golgi sorting of transmembrane proteins during trafficking of vesicles to the plasma membrane (20). Increased [Ca²⁺]_i can promote the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane in secretory cells such as neurons and endocrine cells (19, 28–30) as well as non-secretory types of cells like HEK293 cells (21). We observed that trafficking of calcyon to the plasma membranes of HEK293 and D1 HEK293 cells correlated well with elevated [Ca²⁺]_i. Indeed, application of carbachol or ATP, agonists of G_q-linked GPCRs that promote the release of [Ca²⁺]_i via IP₃, or of thapsigargin, which inhibits ER Ca²⁺-ATPases, doubled the levels of surface calcyon within 10 min compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, application of 2-APB, an inhibitor of IP₃ receptors, abrogated the ability of G_q-linked GPCRs to activate accumulation of calcyon on the cell surface consistent with the idea that the agonist-dependent recruitment of calcyon containing vesicles to the plasma membrane involves elevated [Ca²⁺]_i levels. Given these observations, it seems possible that the additional increase in surface calcyon detected following subsequent D1R activation may also depend on release of [Ca²⁺]_i, because fura-2-imaging studies suggest that D1 agonists produce a rise in [Ca²⁺]_i (4).

A widely held view is that vesicles travel along microtubules during post-Golgi sorting processes (19, 20). Actin, on the other hand, is thought to act as a molecular barrier such that depolymerized actin yields vesicles access to plasma membranes (31). We find that disruption of microtubules with nocodazole blocked accumulation of calcyon in plasma membranes suggesting that intact microtubules are necessary for the activity-dependent trafficking of vesicular calcyon to the plasma membrane. In contrast, the actin-stabilizing agent, jasplakinolide only partially inhibited the agonist-stimulated increase in surface calcyon. These observations are consistent with the idea that actin plays a minor role in the calcyon transport to the plasma membrane and are in good agreement with earlier findings showing that application of either jasplakinolide or the actin-depolymerizing agent cytochalasin D produces no significant change in plasma membrane exocytosis (32).

Agonist-stimulated recruitment of calcyon to the plasma membrane of D1 HEK293 cells was attenuated by inhibitors of Ca²⁺-regulated kinases. The inability of the PKC inhibitor Bis I to completely block trafficking of vesicular calcyon to the plasma membrane may be partly due to the failure of this PKC inhibitor to completely block G_q agonist-dependent [Ca²⁺]_i release (8). In contrast, KN-62, an inhibitor of CaMK I, II, and IV, abrogated the response. The CaMKII isoform has been shown to regulate the outward transport of vesicles and subsequent fusion with plasma membranes (33) by a mechanism that may involve phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (34). Consistent with a specific role for CaMKII in the delivery of calcyon to the cell surface, there was no significant difference between agonist evoked levels of surface calcyon in vector-transfected cells and the basal levels present in cells co-transfected with the T286D constitutively active form of CaMKII (p > 0.05). The relatively reduced ability of CaMKIIca_1–290 to promote the surface expression of calcyon may be attributed to differences in subcellular distribution, because CaMKIIca_1–290 is abundant in the nucleus (12) and CaMKII_T286D predominantly cytoplasmic. Taken together these results strongly suggest that the agonist-stimulated trafficking of vesicular calcyon to plasma membranes depends on CaMKII activity and availability.

In neurons, calcyon is localized in dendrites and spines (4) where both CaMKII and microtubules have been implicated in a vesicular trafficking process called Ca²⁺-evoked dendritic exocytosis (CEDE) (23, 35) due to the ability of nocodazole and KN-62 to block CEDE. More recent studies suggest that either overexpression of constitutively active CaMKII, high frequency stimulation, or opening of NMDA receptor Ca²⁺ channels increases delivery of AMPA glutamate receptors to dendritic spines (36, 37). Given the parallels between the mechanisms regulating CEDE and AMPA receptor surface expression with those observed here for calcyon, it will be important in future studies to determine whether the plasma membrane localization of calcyon in dendrites and spines is influenced by neuronal activity in an analogous manner.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grants MH63271 and MH44866. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912; E-mail: cbergson{at}mail.mcg.edu.

¹ The abbreviations used are: DA, dopamine; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; DRIP, dopamine receptor interacting protein; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; IP₃, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; CaMK, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; FBS, fetal bovine serum; 2-APB, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; NGS, nerve growth factor; ANOVA, analysis of variance; Bis, bisindolylmaleimide; PKC, protein kinase C; CEDE, Ca²⁺-evoked dendritic exocytosis; HBS, HEPES-buffered saline; NHS, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We gratefully acknowledge the generosity of our colleagues: L. Redmond, Ph.D., Medical College of Georgia, for the constitutively active CaMKII plasmids; R. Hall, Ph.D., Emory University, for the luminescence assay protocol. We also thank R. Levenson, Ph.D. (Penn State College of Medicine) and L. Redmond for their comments on the manuscript and Shaun Opperman, B.S., for expert technical assistance.

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