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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M305614200 on October 15, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, Issue 52, 52401-52405, December 26, 2003
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The Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2 (SFRP2) Gene Is a Target of the Pax2 Transcription Factor*

Patrick D. Brophy{ddagger}§, Katherine M. Lang¶, and Gregory R. Dressler¶||

From the {ddagger}Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109

Received for publication, May 28, 2003 , and in revised form, September 23, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Despite their essential role in vertebrate development, the function of Pax proteins in gene regulation is not well understood. To identify potential genes regulated by the Pax2 protein, we screened embryonic kidney cells transformed with Pax2-expressing retroviruses for genes activated in response to Pax2 expression. In this system, the gene encoding the secreted frizzled related protein, Sfrp2, was strongly activated in all Pax2b-expressing cells. This activation of Sfrp2 expression correlated with changes in chromatin structure at the Sfrp2 locus, particularly in and around regions of Pax2 binding. Although the amount of Pax2-dependent transactivation was low in transient assays, the data suggests that local alterations of chromatin structure by Pax proteins can greatly enhance expression when presented in the right cellular context.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The vertebrate Pax genes encode transcription factors that specify correct embryonic patterning and cellular differentiation in a broad array of structures (1). The Pax2 gene is essential for early kidney development, optic stalk fusion, and ear development in both mouse (2) and man (3). The role of Pax2 has been studied extensively in the developing kidney, where it regulates the earliest phase of epithelial cell morphogenesis within the intermediate mesoderm. The Pax2, Pax8, and lim1 transcription factors mark the intermediate mesoderm and the first epithelium, the nephric duct, which is derived from the intermediate mesoderm (4). Pax2 is also found in the metanephric mesenchymal cells adjacent to the posterior nephric duct, where it regulates expression of the gdnf gene to provide a guidance cue for the ureteric bud diverticulum as it invades the mesenchyme (5). Within the mesenchyme, Pax2 is required for cells to respond to inductive signals emanating from the invading ureteric bud (5). These inductive signals promote changes in cell adhesion of the mesenchyme, epithelial polarization, and tubule formation. The mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition characteristic in the developing nephron requires extensive cell and tissue remodeling. These processes are mediated, in part, by secreted signaling molecules such as Wnts (6–8), Bone morphogenetic proteins (9–12), and fibroblast growth factors (13–15). Pax continues to be expressed during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and in a proliferating population of primitive epithelia until the maturation of the nephron nears completion. Although there is little Pax2 expression in mature renal epithelia, reactivation of Pax2 is prominent in a variety of disease states, such as cystic disease (16, 17) and urogenital cancers (18–21), where proliferation or de-differentiation occur.

Despite its essential role in development and disease, there are few genes known to be directly regulated by Pax2. Early in the metanephric mesenchyme, Pax2 can activate the gdnf (5) and WT1 (22, 23) genes by direct interactions with the cis-acting regulatory sequences. The Pax2 protein contains a DNA-binding domain, an octapeptide domain with repressor activity, and a transactivation domain that can be phosphorylated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 (24, 25). Phosphorylation of the trans-activation domain results in increased Pax2 activation potential, yet the mechanism of activation remains to be characterized. Consistent with Pax2 phosphorylation by JNK, phenotypic analyses with JNK1/JNK2 double-mutant embryos suggest that JNK activity modifies a late function of Pax2 in the developing eye and kidney (26). Furthermore, modification of Pax2 activity by JNK is attenuated by the Groucho 4 protein, which is able to completely suppress Pax2 transactivation ability (27). These lines of investigation suggest multiple functions of Pax2 that may be determined in part by different sets of positively and negatively regulated target genes.

Both in the developing kidney and nervous system, Pax2 protein activity plays an essential role in cellular differentiation, cell survival, and tissue remodeling. These events must be mediated by many other proteins, whose activity may be positively or negatively regulated by Pax2. To try and identify potential genes downstream of the Pax2 protein, we developed cell lines from immortalized mouse kidney mesenchyme that were Pax2-negative and introduced the Pax2 protein. These cells were used in a differential screen for genes up-regulated in response to the Pax2 protein. One of the most prominent genes activated in response to Pax2 encodes the secreted frizzled related protein, Sfrp2. The Sfrp proteins can negatively regulate signaling through sequestration of the Wnt ligands in the extra cellular space (7, 28, 29). Sfrp2 is expressed in the early polarized epithelial vesicle, in a subset of Pax2-expressing epithelia. In Pax2-expressing cells, the Sfrp2 locus exhibits changes in DNaseI hypersensitivity and association with the nuclear matrix. These data suggest that Sfrp2 is a target of the Pax2 transcription factor, late in epithelial cell polarization.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture—Conditionally immortalized E11 mouse metanephric mesenchyme cells, derived from the ImmortoMouseTM, were a gift of L. Holzman (University of Michigan). The cell lines contain a temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen gene under the control of the {gamma}-interferon response element and were cultured at 32 °C with 100 units/ml of {gamma}-interferon in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum plus 1% penicillin/streptomycin. The clonally derived 46m cell line expresses low levels of WT-1 but tested negative for Pax2 expression. Line 46m was subsequently transformed with Pax2b, and Pax2a-expressing retroviruses containing the neomycin resistance gene and clonally derived cell lines were established. These cell lines were examined for Pax2 expression by Western and Northern blotting. Multiple clonal cell lines transformed with the Pax2b-expressing retrovirus were shown to express Pax2 by both Western and Northern analysis. A single clonal line (28Pax2) was utilized for the differential screen.

Subtractive Hybridization—The parental cell line 46m and the Pax2b positive clonal line 28Pax2 were expanded, and RNA was isolated with TRIzol (Invitrogen). Polyadenylated mRNA was selected by two rounds of oligo-dT selection, and the integrity of the A+ RNA was tested by Northern blotting and hybridization was tested with a {beta}-actin probe. 2 µg of poly-A+ RNA was used to make double-stranded cDNAs from the 46m and 28Pax2 cell lines. The double-stranded cDNAs were used for suppressive subtractive hybridization with the PCR-Select cDNA subtraction kit (Clontech, BD Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's protocols. Both a forward subtraction (28Pax2 minus 46m) and a reverse subtraction (46m minus 28Pax2) were performed, and the total subtracted inserts were cloned as a library into the pCR2.1 T/A vector (Clontech). Both the forward- and reverse-subtracted libraries were spotted onto grids, and replica colony lifts were probed with probes corresponding to the total forward- and reverse-subtracted inserts. Individual clones were isolated from the 28Pax2 forward-subtracted library if they hybridized to the 28Pax2 forward-subtracted probe but not to the 46m reverse-subtracted probe. Such positive clones were candidates for genes activated in response to Pax2b and were used as probes for Northern blots of the original RNAs from the panel of Pax2-transformed cell lines.

Northern Blotting—Total RNA from cell lines was prepared using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's instructions. Cell lines used for analysis included clone 46m Cells and Pax2 retrovirally transformed cells (designated clones 5, 8, 12, 13, 24, 26, 27, 28). Each 100-mm plate contained 1 x 107 cells. Once RNA was isolated and resuspended in Rnase-free water, an A260 was obtained for each sample to determine yield. An aliquot of 10 µg of total RNA was electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel containing formaldehyde, blotted onto a Hybond-N membrane (overnight), and probed with a fragment from the Sfrp2 cDNA. The probe was labeled with [32P]dCTP via the random prime reaction. Blots were pre-hybridized with 5 ml of Rapid-hyb (Amersham Biosciences), and 5 x 106 cpm of the radiolabeled probe was added. After 4 h at 65 °C, blots were washed in 2x SSC, 1% SDS twice, and 0.2x SSC, 0.1% SDS once at 65 °C each.

Protein/DNA Pull-down Assay and Electrophoretic Mobility Shifts— The Pax2-paired domain (Pax2-PD), amino acids 1–170, was fused to a poly-histidine expression vector (pRSET, Invitrogen) and purified by metal affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. The denatured-paired domain protein was dialyzed stepwise in decreasing amounts of urea and finally into Z buffer (25 mm HEPES, pH 7.8, 20% glycerol, 12.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 M KCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol). Genomic SFRP2 fragments were isolated from the plasmid backbone and digested with either HpaII or TaqI. Approximately 0.1 mg of the total digests were end-labeled with [32P]dCTP and the Klenow fill-in reaction. The binding reaction contained 10,000 dpm of labeled DNA, 5–10 ng of Pax2-PD protein in 25 µl of Z buffer, 1 µg of sonicated salmon sperm DNA, and 1 µg of dIdC in a total volume of 50 µl. As a specific competitor, 100 ng of an H2A double-stranded, unlabeled oligomer (30) was added to duplicate reactions. Affinity beads were prewashed sequentially with 0.5x Z buffer, 0.5x Z buffer, and 1 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, and 0.5x Z buffer. The binding reaction was incubated at room temperature for 30 min, then 20 ml of prewashed nickel-affinity beads (Qiagen) were added, and the reaction was rotated for an additional 30 min. After binding, the beads were washed 3 times with 0.5x Z buffer, and the DNA was eluted in 20 ml of 1 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris, pH 8, and 1 mM EDTA at 65 °C for 10 min. The eluted DNA was run on 4% neutral acrylamide gels with total input DNA as a marker.

To confirm binding of Pax2 to the candidate fragments, DNA fragments were isolated from a 1.5% agarose gel after digestion with restriction enzymes, subcloned, sequenced, and used for electrophoretic mobility shift experiments, as described. Binding reactions were performed in a total volume of 10 µl for 30 min at room temperature and contained increasing amounts of purified Pax2 PD (1–170 amino acids) protein and 100 ng poly (dI-dC) labeled probe (10,000 dpm). Free DNA and DNA/protein complexes were resolved at room temperature on 4% or 6% neutral polyacrylamide gels in 0.5x Tris-borate-EDTA at 120 V.

Nuclear Matrix Isolation and DNaseI Hypersensitive Site Mapping— Nuclear Matrix isolation was a modified version of that described by (32). Briefly, nuclei from 46m and 28Pax2 cells were isolated according to Phelps and Dressler (30) and were subsequently digested in digestion buffer (100 mM NaCl, 25 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM CaCl2, 0.25 mM spermidine) with 100 µg/ml of Rnase-free DNaseI. After a 3-h incubation at 4 °C, CuCl2 was added to a final concentration of 1 mM; after a 10-min incubation at 4 °C, the nuclear matrix was extracted with an equal volume of 4 M NaCl, 20 mM EDTA, 40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, centrifuged and washed (in 2 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5), then centrifuged and digested in 0.1 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8, 1% SDS, and 0.5 mg/ml protease K. Samples were digested with RNase for 1 h at 37 °C. DNA was phenol chloroform extracted, precipitated with ethanol, and quantified by optical density at 260 nm. Approximately 50 ng of isolated matrix-associated DNA was radio-labeled by the random prime method and used to probe a Southern blot of digested Sfrp2 genomic DNAs.

For mapping DNaseI hypersensitive sites, nuclei were resuspended in PBS with 10 mM MgCl2 and aliquoted into equal amounts on ice. After addition of increasing concentrations of Rnase-free DNase I (Roche Applied Science), samples were digested for 10 min. at 37 °C and then terminated by the addition of three volumes of DNA extraction buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 8, 100 mM NaCl, 1% SDS). Protease-K was added to 0.5 mg/ml, and samples were digested overnight. After extraction with phenol:chloroform (1:1) and ethanol precipitation, 5 mg of DNA were cut with HindIII, run on 0.7% agarose gels, and Southern blotted to Genescreen nylon membranes (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). For the Sfrp2 locus, a 300-bp probe corresponding to the 5' end of the 9-kb HindIII fragment was labeled by random priming.

CAT Assays—NIH 3T3 cells were plated at 500,000 cells per 60-mm dish, cultured in DMEM + 10% fetal calf serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37 °C, and transfected the following day with FuGENETM (Roche Applied Science), according to the manufacturer's protocol. For each 60-mm dish, 6 µl of FuGENETM were used per 3 µg of DNA, which contained 0.5 µg of reporter plasmid and 0.2 µg of cytomegalovirus-{beta}-galactosidase for standardization. After a 2-h exposure to the FuGENETM/DNA in DMEM (serum free), DMEM + 10% fetal calf serum was added to double the volume. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were scraped into PBS, spun down, and resuspended in 0.3 ml of 0.25 M Tris (pH 7.6). Cells were lysed with three freeze/thaw cycles. Debris was pelleted, and 50 µl of lysate was assayed for {beta}-galactosidase activity. Equivalent amounts of {beta}-galactosidase units were then used for the acetylation reactions as described (31). Spots were cut out of the thin layer chromatography plate, and scintillation was counted. Counts were standardized for background. Each transfection was performed a minimum of three times.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
To identify potential target genes activated by the Pax2 transcription factor, we developed a panel of immortalized cell lines derived from metanephric mesenchyme of E11 ImmortoMouseTM embryos. The cell lines carried a temperature-sensitive SV40 Tag under the control of a {gamma}-interferon-inducible promoter and were cultured at 32 °C. Individual clonal lines were screened for the expression of Pax2, WT1, and Wnt4 (data not show) by Northern blotting. The cells were fibroblastic in morphology and did not express detectable levels of Pax2. The parental cell line 46m was chosen as it expressed very low levels of the metanephric mesenchyme marker WT1, was still mesenchymal in character, but did not express Pax2 or Sfrp2. Both Pax2b and Pax2a were introduced into the 46m cells by retroviral infection, and clonally derived cell lines were selected with G418 and expanded. Individual cells were assayed for the expression of Pax2a or Pax2b by Western blotting (Fig. 1A).



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  		FIG. 1.
Analysis of Pax2-expressing clonal cell lines. A, total protein lysates from parental 46m cells and from clonal lines were analyzed by Western blotting for Pax2 protein levels. Cell lines 5, 8, 25, 26, 27, and 28 express the 392-amino acid Pax2b isoform, whereas lines 12 and 13 express the 415-amino acid Pax2a isoform. B, Northern blot of total RNA from embryonic kidney (EK) parental 46m cells and Pax2-expressing lines probed with an SFRP2 specific probe and reprobed with a {beta}-actin control, as indicated.

 
To identify possible Pax2 target genes activated in the Pax2-expressing clones, a suppressive-subtractive hybridization strategy was utilized. Polyadenylated RNA from the parental cells 46m and the Pax2b transformant 28Pax2 were used to make subtracted libraries. The libraries were spotted onto replica grids and screened with probes made from the original forward-(28Pax2 minus 46m) and reverse-(46m minus 28Pax2) subtracted cDNAs. Only clones from the forward-subtracted library that also hybridized with the forward-subtracted probe but not with the reverse probe were analyzed further by Northern blotting to total RNAs from the original panel of Pax2-transformed cell lines. One of the most abundant clones in the forward-subtracted library contained a partial sequence derived from the Sfrp2 gene. Using this sequence tag as a probe, Northern blotting revealed dramatic activation of the Sfrp2 mRNA in mesenchymal-derived cells expressing the Pax2b isoform (Fig. 1B). Strikingly, the parental 46m cell line and cells expressing Pax2a did not show increased levels of Sfrp2 mRNA, whereas all of the Pax2b transformants exhibited increased Sfrp2 mRNA levels, and most of them exhibited it to a very high degree.

The mouse Sfrp2 genomic locus was cloned from a BAC library, and the structure of the gene was determined (Fig. 2A). The mRNA is encoded in three exons spanning about 8 kb. To localize potential regulatory regions within the Sfrp2 genomic locus, we utilized DNaseI hypersensitive site mapping using the parental 46m cells and the Pax2-expressing clonal lines 28Pax2 and 8Pax2 (Fig. 2B). Two hypersensitive sites were mapped, one of which was present in all cell lines (site I) and a second that was prominent only in the Pax2-expressing cells (site II). Site II is located just upstream of the presumed transcription start site, based upon available cDNA sequence data.



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  		FIG. 2.
A, schematic of the Sfrp2 genomic locus show three exons (white boxes), the coding region (gray boxes), the position of two DNaseI hypersensitive sites, and the position of the Pax2 binding sites (black boxes). For orientation, the 5' HindIII (H) site is labeled nucleotide 1. Other restriction sites are: P, PstI; Xb, XbaI; X, XhoI, and B, BamHI. The probe used for hypersensitive site mapping is indicated. B, DNaseI hypersensitive site-mapping experiment using nuclei from 46m, 28Pax2, and 8Pax2 cells. DNA was isolated from nuclei after treatment with increasing amounts of DNaseI. DNA was digested with HindIII and analyzed by Southern blotting using a HindIII-PstI probe corresponding to the 5' Sfrp2 locus outlined above. Note the appearance of a DNaseI hypersensitive region (site II) in the 28Pax2 and 8Pax2 cells, which maps ~2.6–2.8 kb downstream from the HindIII site.

 
To further examine the ability of Pax2 to bind directly to and regulate the Sfrp2 locus, we screened two overlapping Sfrp2 genomic clones spanning more than 13 kb for Pax2-binding sites by using a novel protein/DNA pull-down assay (Fig. 3A). Total plasmid DNAs from either a 9-kb HindIII or a 12-kB XbaI fragment were digested with frequent cutting restriction endonucleases (HpaII or TaqI) and end-labeled with32P. The DNA mixture was incubated with a recombinant Pax2-paired domain fused to a polyhistidine tag and the protein/DNA complexes were pulled down with Ni-affinity agarose. Unlabeled competitor DNAs from the high affinity Pax2-binding sequence H2A were added to test for specificity. In all cases, the pulled down fragments were competed out with an excess of unlabeled H2A Pax2-binding sequence. The Pax2-paired domain specifically bound strongly to two fragments in the HpaII digests and one fragment in the TaqI digest (Fig. 3). These fragments were subcloned, sequenced, and analyzed further by electrophoretic mobility shift experiments (Fig. 3B). Two fragments mapped within the potential regulatory region upstream of the Sfrp2 translation initiation site. Both fragments bound recombinant Pax2 protein in the region spanning -411 to -210, mapping around the DNaseI hypersensitive site II that is prominent only in the 28Pax2 cells. These data suggest that Pax2 binding results in a change in local chromatin structure that alters the sensitivity of the Sfrp2 locus to DNaseI.



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  		FIG. 3.
Identification of Pax2 binding sites within the Sfrp2 locus. A, DNA/protein pull-down experiments. A 9-kb HindIII or a 12-kb XbaI fragment were digested with the indicated four cutters and end labeled. These fragments had significant overlap (Fig. 1A). After incubation with poly-His-tagged Pax2-paired domain, the DNA/protein complexes were pulled down with Ni-affinity beads, and the DNA was eluted and analyzed on a 4% neutral acrylamide gel. Total input is indicated (DNA); binding reactions were done with (+) or without (-) an excess of a cold Pax2 competitor DNA-binding site. Arrows indicate fragments that were able to bind to the Pax2-paired domain. B, confirmation of Pax2-binding sites by electrophoretic motility shift experiments. Isolated fragments corresponding to the position of the published sequence are as indicated. Increasing amounts (0, 1, 5 µl) of diluted Pax2-PD protein was used. Note shifted species in the fragment -411 to -210 (PBS-A) and +13 to +125 (PNS-B).

 
To address changes in the regulatory region of the Sfrp2 locus, we examined the ability of genomic DNA to associate with the nuclear matrix. Changes in nuclear matrix attachment have been correlated with the activation of specific chromatin domains during development (32). Such rearrangements can impact both chromatin replication and transcription of specific loci. To assess rearrangements in matrix attachments, matrix-associated DNA was isolated from 46m and Pax2 cells and used as a probe for Southern blots containing fragments of the Sfrp2 locus (Fig. 4). Using the 9-kb HindIII sfrp2 fragment, only the matrix-associated DNA from 28Pax2 cells hybridized (Fig. 4A). Similar results were obtained with 27Pax2 cells, which exhibited hybridization to multiple bands of the genomic Sfrp2 clones digested with different enzymes (Fig. 4B). At no time did the matrix-associated DNAs from the parental 46m cells hybridize to clones spanning the sfrp2 locus. As a control for equal labeling, a GAPDH BAC genomic clone or total genomic mouse DNA were used. The GAPDH BAC clone also contained some repetitive elements and was labeled equally well with both 46m and 28Pax2 probes.



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  		FIG. 4.
Nuclear matrix-associated DNA from Pax2-expressing cells and control 46m cells. A, the left panel shows an ethidium-stained gel of the genomic clones blotted to membranes. A GAPDH BAC was used as a positive control (lane 1). The 9-kb HindIII fragment from the Sfrp2 locus was cut with Sau3A (lane 2). The digests were run on a 1% agarose gel and Southern blotted with subsequent probing by32P-labeled matrix-associated DNA. The labeled DNA was purified from either 28Pax2 or 46m cells as indicated. Note the specific bands hybridized by the 28Pax2 probe in the 9.0 HindIII fragment (arrows). The 46m probe did not hybridize to the Sfrp2 locus despite an equal number of counts and equal labeling, as judged by the GAPDH hybridization pattern. B, similar experiment as in A using nuclear matrix-associated DNAs from the 27Pax2 clonal line. The digests were run on a 2% metaphor agarose gel as follows: lane 1, GAPDH; lane 2, 9.0 HindIII cut with HpaII; lane 3, 9.0 HindIII cut with Sau3A; lane 4, 12.0 Xba cut with HpaII; lane 5, 12.0 Xba cut with Sau3A. Note multiple bands mapping to the sfrp2 locus hybridize with the 27Pax2 DNAs but not with the 46m DNAs.

 
The ability of Pax2 to activate the Sfrp2 promoter region was examined in a heterologous system using transient transfections (Fig. 5). The plasmid p2.8PX-CAT fused a 2.8-kb PstI-XhoI upstream of the CAT reporter gene. Transfection into HEK293 or NIH3T3 cells together with increasing amounts of a Pax2 expression plasmid reveals an ability of Pax2 to transactivate directly this promoter region. Activation of reporter gene expression was 2-fold in the presence of Pax2b protein. Although this was not as robust as other Pax2-responsive elements described, the activation was statistically significant and reproducible.



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  		FIG. 5.
A, schematic of the Sfrp2 locus and the reporter construct 2.8 PX Sfrp2-CAT is shown. B, transactivation assays of the reporter 2.8 PX Sfrp2-CAT in transfected 3T3 cells show increased activity with Pax2 co-transfection. Fold activation was calculated relative to the basal level of reporter gene expression. Data were standardized with a {beta}-galactosidase reporter plasmid. Data is presented as average values for activation. Bars, 1 S.D. from the mean.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The Pax family of transcription factors are essential regulators of embryonic development. Despite the pleiotropic effects of Pax mutations and their association with human disease, relatively few target genes have been described. The data presented in this report suggest that the potential Wnt antagonist, Sfrp2, is a downstream target of the Pax2 protein in embryonic renal cells. Up-regulation of Sfrp2 was observed in clonally derived cells from conditionally transformed metanephric mesenchyme that expressed the Pax2b but not the Pax2a protein. Furthermore, this finding was accompanied by changes in the chromatin organization of the Sfrp2 locus. Pax2 protein can bind to Sfrp2 upstream regulatory elements that map near the DNaseI hypersensitive site that is unique to the Pax2-expressing cells.

Although Pax2 is expressed in metanephric mesenchyme, even prior to induction, high levels persist in mesenchymal aggregates and in polarized epithelial vesicles. Expression of Sfrp2 is found in polarized epithelial vesicles (7, 33, 34), overlapping both the Wnt4 and Pax2 expression domains. This would suggest that Pax2 is necessary but not sufficient to activate Sfrp2 in vivo. The cells utilized for the screen seem particularly primed to activate Sfrp2 in response to Pax2 expression. Sfrp2 mRNA is dramatically induced to very high levels from nearly undetectable amounts in the parental cell line. However, transient expression with the Sfrp2 upstream regulatory region that contains two Pax2 binding sites only generates a 2-fold response in NIH3T3 or HEK293 cells, suggesting that the conditionally transformed mesenchymal cells must have other factors that increase the Pax2-dependent response of the endogenous Sfrp2 promoter.

Reciprocal inductive interactions between the mesenchyme and epithelia of the developing kidney promote both branching morphogenesis and polarization of the mesenchyme to form tubular epithelia. Although there is some debate regarding the initial inductive signals that promote mesenchyme aggregation, Wnt4 is essential for propagating these inductive signals, such that the early aggregates form polarized epithelia. Although Sfrp2 expression requires Wnt4 (7), paradoxically the protein can bind to Wnt4 to potentially limit its activity. In the hindbrain and in somitic mesoderm (29), Sfrp2 clearly limits Wnt activity, whereas in the kidney, the role of Sfrp2 may involve derepression of another Wnt antagonist, Sfrp1 (35). How positive and negative regulators of Wnt signaling act to promote epithelial cell polarization and tissue remodeling remains to be determined.

The data presented here indicate that Pax2 may act to alter the local chromatin structure of the Sfrp2 locus such that it is amenable to activation, perhaps by other factors found in the newly polarized renal epithelia. Pax2 is essential for regulating the responses to induction during early kidney development and for specifying the renal epithelial cell lineage. Similar to the role of HNF3 in the liver (36), one potential role for Pax2 in the renal cell lineage may be to alter local chromatin structure so that genes are accessible to other factors, some of which may be expressed at later stages.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grants DK54740 and DK54723 and a Polycystic Kidney Disease Foundation grant-in-aid (to G. R. D.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisementTM in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

§ A recipient of the American Society of Nephrology Gottschalk Award and supported in part by a fellowship from the Polycystic Kidney Research Foundation. Back

|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology, Univ. of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Tel.: 734-764-6490; E-mail: dressler{at}umich.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank L. Holzman for the original 46m cells.



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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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