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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M308609200 on October 21, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 1, 231-237, January 2, 2004
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The Ku Antigen-Recombination Signal-binding Protein J{kappa} Complex Binds to the Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B p50 Promoter and Acts as a Positive Regulator of p50 Expression in Human Gastric Cancer Cells*

Joo Weon Lim, Hyeyoung Kim{ddagger}, and Kyung Hwan Kim

From the Department of Pharmacology and the Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea

Received for publication, August 5, 2003 , and in revised form, October 16, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The p50 subunit of NF-{kappa}B is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of genes. Previously, we showed that the expression of Ku antigen, a DNA repair protein, is mediated by NF-{kappa}B in gastric cancer AGS cells (Lim, J. W., Kim, H., and Kim, K. H. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46093–46100). In this study, we report that the inhibition of Ku activity reduced both p50 expression and nuclear NF-{kappa}B activity in AGS cells. A co-immunoprecipitation experiment demonstrated that Ku antigen interacted with recombination signal-binding protein J{kappa} (RBP-J{kappa}), a DNA-binding protein. Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and p50 were found to bind to the DNA region containing the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter. Supershift and competition experiments demonstrated that Ku antigen and RBP-J{kappa} bound sequence-specifically to downstream elements of {kappa}B at GCTTC and TGGGGG. mRNA expression and de novo synthesis of p50 were inhibited in cells transfected with the mutant gene expression constructs for I{kappa}B{alpha}, Ku80, and RBP-J{kappa}. A reporter assay demonstrated that p50 transcription was positively mediated by NF-{kappa}B, Ku antigen, and RBP-J{kappa} and that the binding elements for these proteins were required for optimal p50 expression. The interaction of Ku antigen with RBP-J{kappa} and NF-{kappa}B p50 may act as a positive regulator of p50 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
NF-{kappa}B is a transcription factor that regulates a wide variety of the genes that respond to immune or inflammatory signals (1). NF-{kappa}B is a member of the Rel family, which includes p50 (NF-{kappa}B1), p52 (NF-{kappa}B2), RelA (p65), and c-Rel and RelB (2). In resting cells, NF-{kappa}B is localized in the cytoplasm as a hetero- or homodimer, which is noncovalently associated with cytoplasmic inhibitory proteins, including I{kappa}B{alpha}. Upon stimulation by a variety of pathogenic inducers such as viruses, mitogens, bacteria, and inflammatory cytokines, I{kappa}B{alpha} is degraded in the cytoplasm, allowing the NF-{kappa}B complex to migrate into the nucleus and to bind to a DNA recognition site in the regulatory regions of the target genes (3). Some stimuli, including phorbol ester, tumor necrosis factor, and platelet-activating factor, induce p50 mRNA expression (4, 5). p50 expression in leukemia cells and in lung and skin cancer tissues is higher than that in their normal counterparts, suggesting that its expression may be related to tumor or cancer development (6–9). It has been reported that p50 induction is partially mediated by members of the NF-{kappa}B family by binding the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter (10, 11). However, comparatively little is known about the factors and signal transduction pathways that contribute to the regulation of p50 expression.

Recombination signal-binding protein J{kappa} (RBP-J{kappa})1 is a DNA-binding protein that participates in the control of both cytokine and NF-{kappa}B p52 protein expression (12–16). Several genes known to be repressed or activated by RBP-J{kappa} possess a {kappa}B element containing overlapping NF-{kappa}B- and RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements in their promoter regions (12–16). Therefore, there is a possibility of interplay between NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa} for binding to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter. Ku antigen, a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80, is the regulatory DNA-binding region of DNA-dependent protein kinase, which has been implicated in several nuclear processes, including DNA double strand break repair and V(D)J recombination (17–19). Ku antigen possess a strong affinity for DNA ends and for peculiar DNA structures such as nicks, gaps, and hairpins (20–23) in a sequence-specific manner (24–29). Putative Ku antigen-specific binding elements have been located in variety of genes such as c-myc, collagen III, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (24–29), and Ku antigen has been suggested to be involved in the positive or negative regulation of these genes. Moreover, Um et al. (30) showed that the overexpression of Ku antigen increases nuclear NF-{kappa}B activity in Rat-1 fibroblasts. Therefore, NF-{kappa}B subunit expression and NF-{kappa}B activity might be regulated by the Ku antigen expression level in certain cells.

Here, we show that Ku antigen regulates the expression of the NF-{kappa}B p50 subunit and interacts with RBP-J{kappa}. Our results also show that Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B p50 are associated with the DNA region that contains the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter and that these proteins positively regulate p50 expression. Thus, we propose that the interaction of Ku antigen with RBP-J{kappa} and NF-{kappa}B p50 acts as a positive regulator of p50 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture and Stable Transfection—Human gastric cancer AGS cells (adenocarcinoma, CRL1739, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Ku dominant-negative cells (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7) and pcN-3 cells, as described previously (31), were derived from AGS cells stably transfected with a Ku80 mutant gene containing a C-terminal Ku80 fragment (amino acids 427–732) and with a control pcDNA3 expression vector (Invitrogen). KuDN-2, KuDN-7, and pcN-3 cells were cultured in medium containing 200 µg/ml G418. Cytoplasmic, nuclear, and whole cell extracts were prepared as described (31). Protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford assay (Bio-Rad).

Western Blot Analysis—Western blot analysis was performed as previously described (31). Whole cell extract (50 µg of protein/lane) was subjected to 8% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Biosciences) by electroblotting. After blocking non-specific binding with 5% nonfat dry milk, membranes were incubated with anti-Ku70 (1:1000; sc-1487), anti-Ku80 (1:500; sc-1484), anti-p50 (1:500; sc-1190), anti-p65 (1:1000; sc-372), anti-RBP-J{kappa} (1:1000; sc-8213), and anti-actin (1:1000; sc-1615) antibodies (all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) overnight at 4 °C. The immunoreactive proteins were visualized using donkey anti-goat secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, followed by enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences). Actin was used as a loading control. p50 and p105 were detected simultaneously using anti-p50 antibody.

Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR Analysis—p50 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR analysis using the {beta}-actin housekeeping gene as an internal control. Total RNA isolated from the cells was reverse-transcribed into cDNA and used for PCR with human primers specific for p50 and {beta}-actin. The sequences of the p50 primers used were 5'-ATTTCAACCACAGATGGCACTG-3' (forward primer) and 5'-ATCCTCACAGTGTTTTCCCACC-3' (reverse primer), giving a 271-bp PCR product (32). The {beta}-actin primers were ACCAACTGGGACGACATGGAG (forward primer) and GTGAGGATCTTCATGAGGTAGTC (reverse primer), giving a 349-bp PCR product (33). After co-amplifying p50 and {beta}-actin using these primers by 22–24 cycles, the PCR products were separated on 1.5% agarose gels containing 0.5 µg/ml ethidium bromide and visualized by UV transillumination. PCR products were qualified by computer-associated densitometry. For the reverse transcriptase negative control, reverse transcriptase was not treated to the reaction mixture, following the procedure described for the other samples of wild-type cells or of cells transiently transfected with pcDNA; Ku dominant-negative genes; wild-type RBP-J{kappa}; or mutant genes for RBP-J{kappa}, I{kappa}B{alpha}, and Ku80 (see Figs. 1B and 8B).



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  		FIG. 1.
p50, p65, and RBP-J{kappa} expression in AGS cells transfected with the Ku80 mutant gene. A, whole cell extracts were prepared from wild-type cells and from cells stably transfected with the control vector (pcN-3 cells) or the Ku80 mutant gene (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells). The p50, p105, p65, and RBP-J{kappa} protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Actin was used as the loading control. p50 and p105 were detected simultaneously with anti-p50 antibody. B, total RNAs were extracted from the cells, and p50 mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR analysis using the {beta}-actin housekeeping gene as an mRNA control. For the reverse transcriptase negative control (RT (–)), reverse transcriptase was not treated to the reaction mixture, following the procedure described for the other samples of wild-type cells or of cells transiently transfected with pcDNA or Ku dominant-negative genes.

 



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  		FIG. 8.
De novo synthesis and mRNA levels of p50 in AGS cells transiently transfected with wild-type RBP-J{kappa} or mutant genes for I{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80. A, wild-type cells or cells transiently transfected with constructs (i.e. control pcDNA vector; wild-type (wt) RBP-J{kappa}; or mutant genes (mt) for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80) were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine, and p50 was immunoprecipitated with anti-p50 antibody. The autoradiograph shown is representative of four separate experiments. The level of p50 synthesized de novo in pcDNA cells was considered to be 100%. B, total RNAs were extracted from the cells, and p50 mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR analysis. The RT-PCR p50 products were analyzed on ethidium bromide-stained gels and quantitated versus the {beta}-actin housekeeping gene. For the reverse transcriptase negative control (RT (–)), reverse transcriptase was not treated to the reaction mixture, following the procedure described for the other samples of wild-type cells or of cells transiently transfected with pcDNA; wild-type RBP-J{kappa}; or mutant genes for RBP-J{kappa}, I{kappa}B{alpha}, and Ku80. The level of pcDNA was considered to be 100%. Each bar represents the mean ± S.D. of four separate experiments.

 
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)—EMSA was carried out following the method Kim et al. (34) with a slight modification. Cytoplasmic (4 µg of protein) or nuclear extracts (2 µg of protein) were incubated with 0.01 pmol of 32P-labeled double-stranded p50 oligonucleotide in 20 µl of EMSA buffer (10 mM Hepes, pH 7.9, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 60 mM KCl, 7% glycerol, and 2 µg of poly(dI-dC)). For preparation of each 32P-labeled double-stranded oligonucleotide, each oligonucleotide containing a different binding element was annealed and radiolabeled with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (see Fig. 3, 6, 7, and 9). To determine NF-{kappa}B activity, EMSA was performed using a commercially available NF-{kappa}B oligonucleotide containing the consensus NF-{kappa}B-binding element (Promega) (see Fig. 2). After 30 min of incubation, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a standard 6% nondenatured polyacrylamide gel in 0.25x Tris borate/EDTA buffer. Following electrophoresis, the gel was dried and exposed using intensifying screens to radiography film at –80 °C. For the competition experiment, nuclear extracts were preincubated with 20–40-fold molar excesses of unlabeled competitors for 20 min prior to adding the radio-labeled oligonucleotide. For the supershift experiment, nuclear extracts were preincubated with 1 µg of polyclonal antibody on ice for 30 min prior to adding the radiolabeled oligonucleotide.



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  		FIG. 3.
Binding activity of p50 in AGS cells transfected with the Ku80 mutant gene. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared from wild-type cells and from cells stably transfected with the control vector (pcN-3 cells) or the Ku80 mutant gene (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells). The binding activity p50 of was determined using a p50 oligonucleotide probe. For the supershift experiment, nuclear extracts were preincubated for 30 min with the indicated antibody (specific for p50, p65, RBP-J{kappa}, Ku70, or Ku80) and subjected to EMSA. Control represents the p50 activity in the nuclear extract preincubated without antibody. The arrow indicates a p50 band.

 



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  		FIG. 6.
Competition experiment with proteins binding to the p50 promoter. Nuclear extracts of wild-type cells were preincubated for 20 min with 20–40-fold molar excesses of unlabeled competitors and analyzed by EMSA using 32P-labeled p50 oligonucleotides. The arrow indicates a p50 band.

 



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  		FIG. 7.
Supershift experiment with proteins binding to the p50 promoter. Nuclear extracts of wild-type cells were preincubated for 30 min with the indicated antibody (specific for p50, p65, RBP-J{kappa}, Ku70, or Ku80) and analyzed by EMSA with 32P-labeled p50mt1, p50mt2, p50mt3, and p50mt4 probes. Control represents the p50 activity in the nuclear extract preincubated without antibody. The arrow indicates a p50 band.

 



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  		FIG. 9.
Binding activity of p50 in AGS cells transiently transfected with wild-type RBP-J{kappa} or mutant genes for I{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared from wild-type cells or from cells transiently transfected with the constructs (i.e. control pcDNA vector; wild-type (wt) RBP-J{kappa}; or mutant genes (mt) for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80). The binding activity of p50 was determined using a 32P-labeled p50 oligonucleotide probe. The arrow indicates a p50 band.

 



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  		FIG. 2.
NF-{kappa}B activity in AGS cells transfected with the Ku80 mutant gene. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were prepared from wild-type cells and from cells stably transfected with the control vector (pcN-3 cells) or the Ku80 mutant gene (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells). NF-{kappa}B activity was determined using a commercial NF-{kappa}B probe. For the supershift experiment, nuclear extracts were preincubated with anti-p50 or anti-p65 antibody and subjected to EMSA. Control represents the NF-{kappa}B activity in the nuclear extract preincubated without antibody. The arrow indicates an NF-{kappa}B band.

 
Co-immunoprecipitation—Wild-type AGS cells, Ku dominant-negative cells (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7), and pcN-3 cells were lysed in 1 ml of radioimmune precipitation assay buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.25% Nonidet P-40, and 0.5% sodium deoxycholate) and centrifuged at 15,000 x g for 20 min. Polyclonal antibody and protein G-agarose were added to the cleared supernatant, and the mixture was incubated overnight at 4 °C. The protein G-antibody-antigen complex was then collected by washing three times with ice-cold radioimmune precipitation assay buffer. The final pellet was resuspended in 50 µl of SDS sample buffer and boiled for 5 min. This preparation was then subjected to Western blot analysis.

Plasmid Construction—DNA coding for the full-length human RBP3 isoform was isolated by PCR and inserted into the pcDNA3 vector (wild-type RBP-J{kappa}). Oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis for RBP mutant construction was carried out by a PCR-based modified method (35) using oligonucleotide CATCTCGGACTGTGGCCGCGGCTCCTTCTGATT, which introduced a unique NotI site (mutant RBP-J{kappa}). The wild-type reporter plasmid pHNwt was constructed by sub-cloning a 1.2-kb HindIII-NcoI fragment of the NF-{kappa}B p105 promoter (positions –677 to +513) into the HindIII site of the luciferase vector pGL2-basic (Promega) (10). Mutant pHN plasmids (viz. pHNmt1, pHNmt2, pHNmt3, pHNmt4, and pHNmt13) were generated by oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis using p50mt1, p50mt2, p50mt3, p50mt4, and p50mt13 oligonucleotides, respectively.

Transient Transfection and Luciferase Assay—AGS cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 1.5 x 105 cells/well in 2 ml of complete medium, cultured overnight, and transiently transfected with 2 µg of each construct (wild-type RBP-J{kappa} or mutant genes for RBP-J{kappa}, I{kappa}B{alpha}, and Ku80) using N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium salts (Roche Applied Science) for 48 h. Wild-type RBP-J{kappa} and mutant RBP-J{kappa} were prepared as described above under "Plasmid Construction." The I{kappa}B{alpha} mutant gene is an I{kappa}B{alpha} gene mutated at serines 32 and 36 to inhibit NF-{kappa}B activation (31), and the Ku80 mutant gene contains a C-terminal Ku80 fragment (amino acids 427–732). pcDNA cells were transiently transfected with a control pcDNA3 expression vector. Whole cell, nuclear, and cytoplasmic extracts were isolated and used in the experiment on the de novo synthesis of p50 and in EMSA for NF-{kappa}B activity. For luciferase assay, cells were cotransfected with the Renilla luciferase expression plasmid pRL-SV40 (50 ng of DNA/well) as a control to determine transfection efficiency and interassay variability. Whole cell extracts prepared from the cells were assessed for firefly and Renilla luciferase activities using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Firefly luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity in whole cell extracts.

De Novo Synthesis and Immunoprecipitation—Wild-type cells or cells transiently transfected with each construct (pcDNA; wild-type RBP-J{kappa}; or mutant genes for RBP-J{kappa}, I{kappa}B{alpha}, and Ku80) were preincubated in methionine- and cysteine-free RPMI 1640 medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum for 30 min and then pulsed with [35S]methionine (120 µCi/ml) for 5 h. The cells were lysed in radioimmune precipitation assay buffer and precleared with IgG. 200 µg of whole cell extracts were incubated with anti-p50 antibody and protein G-agarose overnight at 4 °C. The protein G-antibody-antigen complex was collected after washing whole cell extracts three times with ice-cold radioimmune precipitation assay buffer. The proteins were fractionated by 8% SDS-PAGE, and the dried gel was exposed to x-ray film at –80 °C. The level of p50 synthesized de novo in pcDNA cells was considered to be 100%.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Ku-dependent DNA Binding Activity Is Associated with p50 Expression and Nuclear NF-{kappa}B Activity—The C-terminal Ku80 fragment (amino acids 427–732) is known to interact with Ku70, but the heterodimer formed by Ku70 and the C-terminal Ku80 fragment was found to be unable to bind double-stranded DNA, which reduces Ku-dependent DNA binding activity (36–39). Our previous study showed that AGS cells stably transfected with the Ku80 mutant gene containing the C-terminal Ku80 fragment (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells) have lower Ku-dependent DNA binding activity than cells transfected with a control pcDNA3 vector (pcN-3 cells) (31). Here, we show that the protein levels of p50/p105 in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells were lower than those in pcN-3 and wild-type cells, whereas the p65 and RBP-J{kappa} protein levels in these cells remained unchanged (Fig. 1A). The protein levels of p50 and p105 were detected simultaneously using anti-p50 antibody. The p50 mRNA levels were lower in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells than in pcN-3 and wild-type cells (Fig. 1B), whereas p50 and {beta}-actin mRNA levels were not detected in the reverse transcriptase negative control. To determine NF-{kappa}B activity in these cells, we performed EMSA using a commercial NF-{kappa}B oligonucleotide containing a consensus NF-{kappa}B-binding element. Nuclear NF-{kappa}B activities in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells were lower than those in pcN-3 and wild-type cells (Fig. 2, fifth through eighth lanes). A supershift experiment using the nuclear extract showed that the NF-{kappa}B band was supershifted by anti-p50 (but not anti-p65) antibody (Fig. 2, tenth and eleventh lanes). These results suggest that the major NF-{kappa}B band in the nuclear extract is a p50 homodimer and that Ku antigen activity may be associated with p50 expression and nuclear NF-{kappa}B activity in AGS cells. In cytoplasmic extracts, a significant reduction in the NF-{kappa}B band (indicated by an arrow) was shown in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells versus wild-type and pcN-3 cells (Fig. 2, first through fourth lanes). The NF-{kappa}B band was identified as a p50 homodimer. The upper band of a p50 homodimer was attributed to a p65/p50 heterodimer, which has previously been reported to bind to the NF-{kappa}B oligonucleotide (10, 11). The highest band was attributed to an unknown protein bound to the NF-{kappa}B oligonucleotide, which requires further investigation.

Ku Antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B p50 Bind to the {kappa}B Element in the p50 Promoter—The {kappa}B element in the human NF-{kappa}B p50 promoter is critical for p50 expression in cells in response to tumor necrosis factor and phorbol ester. Moreover, deletion of this element leads to a decrease in basal promoter activity in unstimulated cells (10, 40). Thus, we examined whether {kappa}B element binding activity in the p50 promoter is associated with Ku antigen activity using wild-type AGS cells, Ku dominant-negative cells (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7), and pcN-3 cells. {kappa}B element binding activities in the p50 promoter in both cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts of KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells were lower than those in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts of pcN-3 and wild-type cells (Fig. 3, left panel) as monitored by EMSA using the 32P-labeled p50 oligonucleotide containing the {kappa}B element of the p50 promoter located at positions –80 to –50 (10). This result suggests that Ku antigen activity is associated with {kappa}B element binding activity in the p50 promoter. The upper band (which bound to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter) in the cytoplasmic extracts was considered to be a p65/p50 heterodimer (Fig. 3, left panel, first through fourth lanes). Binding of the p65/p50 heterodimer to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter has been previously reported (10, 11). To confirm the binding of Ku antigen and RBP-J{kappa} to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter, we performed a supershift experiment in which anti-p50, anti-p65, anti-RBP-J{kappa}, anti-Ku70, and anti-Ku80 antibodies were used to shift the specific complex. The p50 band was found to be supershifted by anti-p50, anti-RBP-J{kappa}, anti-Ku70, and anti-Ku80 antibodies, but not by anti-p65 antibody (Fig. 3, right panel). Therefore, the NF-{kappa}B p50 homodimer, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen were found to be able to bind to the p50 oligonucleotide containing the {kappa}B element.

Ku Antigen Interacts with RBP-J{kappa}—RBP-J{kappa} is known to mediate gene expression by physically associating with several proteins, e.g. SMART (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors), histone deacetylase-1, and SHARP (SMRT/histone deacetylase-1-associated repressor protein) (41, 42). We investigated the possibility of p50 expression induction due to direct binding between RBP-J{kappa} and Ku antigen using a co-immunoprecipitation study. Whole cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-Ku70 or anti-Ku80 antibody, and then immunoprecipitates were subjected to Western blotting with anti-RBP-J{kappa} antibody (Fig. 4). RBP-J{kappa} was detected in the anti-Ku70 and anti-Ku80 immunoprecipitates, but the amount of RBP-J{kappa} that co-immunoprecipitated with Ku70 and Ku80 was lower in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells than in pcN-3 and wild-type cells. Using a different approach, Ku70 and Ku80 were detected in anti-RBP-J{kappa} immunoprecipitates, and the amounts co-immunoprecipitated by RBP-J{kappa} were found to be lower in KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells than in pcN-3 and wild-type cells. These results suggest that Ku antigen directly interacts with RBP-J{kappa} and that the C-terminal Ku80 fragment produced by the Ku80 mutant gene inhibits Ku antigen/RBP-J{kappa} association.



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  		FIG. 4.
Interaction of Ku antigen with RBP-J{kappa} in AGS cells transfected with the Ku80 mutant gene. Whole cell extracts were prepared from wild-type cells and from cells stably transfected with the control vector (pcN-3 cells) or the Ku80 mutant gene (KuDN-2 and KuDN-7 cells) and were immunoprecipitated (IP) with the indicated antibody (specific for RBP-J{kappa}, Ku70, or Ku80). The immunoprecipitates were analyzed with the indicated polyclonal antibody (specific for RBP-J{kappa}, Ku70, or Ku80) by Western blot analysis (WB).

 
p50 Promoter Region Contains Sequences That Interact with the Ku Antigen-RBP-J{kappa} Complex and NF-{kappa}B p50 —To further investigate whether Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B p50 bind to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter, three oligonucleotides containing the binding elements for Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B were constructed and used as competitors (Fig. 5). The Ig-{kappa}B and m8 oligonucleotides contain the consensus binding elements for NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa}, respectively (43, 44). The Ku antigen oligonucleotide was used to determine Ku-dependent DNA binding activity because Ku antigen specifically binds this oligonucleotide (31, 34). EMSA of nuclear extracts using the 32P-labeled p50 oligonucleotide as a probe showed that the p50 band was completely competed by the unlabeled Ig-{kappa}B, m8, and Ku antigen oligonucleotides (Fig. 6), suggesting that Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B p50 were all involved in the complex DNA-protein interaction. Thus, we introduced a site-specific mutation into the p50 oligonucleotide to locate the potential binding elements for these proteins. The NF-{kappa}B-binding element site of p50 is known to be GGGGGGCTTCCC (10). The putative RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements in the p50 promoter overlapping the NF-{kappa}B-binding site are TGGGGG and TCCCTA, representing RBP-J{kappa}(1) and RBP-J{kappa}(2), respectively (Fig. 5). The mutant oligonucleotides corresponding to the RBP-J{kappa}(1) and RBP-J{kappa}(2) binding elements were named p50mt1 and p50mt2, respectively. The double mutant oligonucleotide for both NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa}(1) was named p50mt3, whereas that for both NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa}(2) was named p50mt4. The p50 band was found to be competed by the unlabeled p50mt1, p50mt2, p50mt3, and p50mt4 oligonucleotides (Fig. 6). Therefore, we performed supershift experiments using the mutant oligonucleotides as probes. Representative results are shown in Fig. 7. RBP-J{kappa} was found to bind to the RBP-J{kappa}(1) binding element, but not to the RBP-J{kappa}(2) binding element, as supershifted bands were observed with anti-RBP-J{kappa} antibody in EMSA using the p50mt2 and p50mt4 oligonucleotides as probes, but not when the p50mt1 and p50mt3 oligonucleotides were used, indicating that RBP-J{kappa} binds to the 5'-flanking sequence of the {kappa}B element (TGGGGG) in the p50 promoter, which overlaps with the p50-binding element. RBP-J{kappa} is known to bind to an essential core consensus DNA sequence, TGGGAA (46). However, the RBP-J{kappa}-binding element RBP-J{kappa}(1) in the p50 promoter has a poor consensus sequence, TGGGGG. Recently, the promoter regions in a number of other genes were found to contain slightly modified RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements (47). Therefore, RBP-J{kappa}-binding sequences are not strict, and variant RBP-J{kappa} binding could occur. We found that RBP-J{kappa} DNA binding activity was reduced by inhibiting Ku antigen DNA binding activity, suggesting that the association between Ku and RBP-J{kappa} may contribute to RBP-J{kappa} binding to this poor consensus sequence in the p50 promoter. Additionally, NF-{kappa}B binding to the NF-{kappa}B-binding element (GGGGGGCTTCCC) as indicated by supershifts was induced by anti-p50 antibody in EMSA using the p50mt1 and p50mt2 oligonucleotides as probes, but not when the p50mt3 and p50mt4 oligonucleotides were used (Fig. 7), which is consistent with previously reported results (10). Anti-p65 antibody did not supershift the p50 band in EMSA when mutant oligonucleotide probes were used, suggesting that NF-{kappa}B in the nuclear protein of AGS cells exists as a p50 homodimer. Therefore, the NF-{kappa}B p50 homodimer and RBP-J{kappa} bind to the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter. However, the p50 band was competed with the Ku antigen oligonucleotide and was supershifted by anti-Ku70 and anti-Ku80 antibodies in supershift experiments using the p50mt1, p50mt2, p50mt3, and p50mt4 oligonucleotide probes (Figs. 6 and 7). These results suggest that Ku antigen may not bind to the NF-{kappa}B- and RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements, but to another DNA region in the p50 promoter. To determine the Ku antigen-binding element, we introduced various nucleotide changes into the 5'-flanking region of the p50mt3 oligonucleotide as the competitor, as shown as Fig. 5. The p50 band was competed by the p50mt6, p50mt7, p50mt8, p50mt9, and p50mt10 oligonucleotides, but not by the p50mt5, p50mt11, and p50mt12 oligonucleotides (Fig. 6). Therefore, the binding element for Ku antigen in the p50 promoter is GCTTC. Additionally, the p50mt13 oligonucleotide, which contains the unmutated NF-{kappa}B- and RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements and the mutated Ku antigen-binding element in the p50 oligonucleotide, competed with the p50 band, suggesting that Ku antigen does not bind to the p50 promoter without NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa} binding to this region.



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  		FIG. 5.
Sequences of oligonucleotides used as probes and/or competitors. Upper, the Ig-{kappa}B and m8 oligonucleotides are consensus NF-{kappa}B- and RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements, respectively. The Ku antigen oligonucleotide is the Ku antigen-binding element used as the Ku probe. Lower, the p50 promoter region (located at positions –80 to –50) contains NF-{kappa}B- and putative RBP-J{kappa}-binding elements, RBP-J{kappa}(1) and RBP-J{kappa}(2), indicated by the boxes. The mutated bases are represented by lowercase letters.

 
Ku Antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, and NF-{kappa}B p50 Positively Regulate p50 Expression and Promoter Activity—To investigate whether RBP-J{kappa} regulates p50 expression, AGS cells were transiently transfected with constructs coding for wild-type RBP-J{kappa} or its dominant-negative mutant gene (mutant RBP-J{kappa}), which does not show RBP-J{kappa} activity, but which nevertheless binds to DNA (48). We also transfected the cells with constructs coding for the Ku80 and I{kappa}B{alpha} mutant genes, which were reported to inhibit NF-{kappa}B activation and Ku DNA binding activity (49). After transfection, de novo protein synthesis and the mRNA expression of p50 were determined. To examine the level of p50 synthesized de novo, cells were transfected with these constructs and then subjected to pulse labeling with [35S]methionine. Levels of labeled p50 protein in whole cell extracts were quantified by immunoprecipitating with anti-p50 antibody, SDS-PAGE, and autoradiography. Transfection with mutant genes for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80 decreased the de novo synthesis of p50 (Fig. 8A). Additionally, p50 mRNA levels were reduced in the cells transfected with these constructs (Fig. 8B). These results suggest that NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen positively regulate p50 expression. However, p50 expression was reduced in cells overexpressing wild-type RBP-J{kappa} even though this reduction in the level of synthesis and the mRNA level of p50 were less than those in cells transfected with mutant genes for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80 (Fig. 8, A and B). As shown in Figs. 1, 4, and 8, wild-type gastric cancer AGS cells expressed high levels of NF-{kappa}B (p65 and p50), RBP-J{kappa}, Ku70, and Ku80. Therefore, the uncontrolled expression of RBP-J{kappa} may disrupt the proper stoichiometry of NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen, resulting in reduced p50 expression. Further study should be performed on p50 expression in untransformed gastric epithelial cells containing low levels of constitutive NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen. Transfection with mutant genes for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80 significantly decreased p50-specific DNA binding activity versus cells transfected with the control pcDNA3 vector (Fig. 9). To determine whether these proteins also regulate p50 transcription, the pHNwt luciferase construct containing the wild-type p50 promoter was transiently cotransfected with constructs expressing wild-type RBP-J{kappa} and the mutant genes for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80. The coexpression of the constructs expressing mutant genes for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80 resulted in a significant repression of pHNwt luciferase activity (Fig. 10A). These results show that NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen positively regulated p50 transcription. Similar to reduced p50 expression in cells overexpressing wild-type RBP-J{kappa} shown in Fig. 8, the coexpression of the construct expressing wild-type RBP-J{kappa} also repressed pHNwt luciferase activity. Repression of p50 transcription by coexpression with the construct expressing wild-type RBP-J{kappa} may be explained by possible interference with complex formation between NF-{kappa}B, Ku antigen, and RBP-J{kappa} in gastric cancer AGS cells containing high levels of constitutive RBP-J{kappa}. To investigate the functional role of each DNA-binding element in p50 gene transcription, luciferase reporter constructs containing mutations within these binding elements were constructed and transfected into AGS cells. The pHNmt1, pHNmt4, and pHNmt13 luciferase reporter constructs contained mutated DNA-binding elements for RBP-J{kappa}, NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa}, respectively. The pHNmt3 luciferase reporter construct contained mutated DNA-binding elements for both NF-{kappa}B and RBP-J{kappa}. However, the pHNmt2 reporter construct did not contain mutated DNA-binding elements for these proteins. pHNwt and pHNmt2, carrying NF-{kappa}B-, RBP-J{kappa}-, and Ku antigen-binding elements, were transcribed (Fig. 10B). In contrast, the pHNmt1, pHNmt3, pHNmt4, and pHNmt13 reporter constructs were less transcribed than the pHNwt reporter construct (Fig. 10B). These results demonstrate that NF-{kappa}B-, RBP-J{kappa}-, and Ku antigen-binding elements are required for full p50 expression.



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  		FIG. 10.
Luciferase activity of AGS cells transiently transfected with mutated binding elements in the p50 promoter. A, AGS cells were transiently transfected with pRL-SV40 as a control vector, the pHNwt luciferase construct, and the expression constructs (i.e. wild-type (wt) RBP-J{kappa} or mutant genes (mt) for I{kappa}B{alpha}, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku80). B, cells were transiently transfected with pRL-SV40 as a control vector and the luciferase construct of the p50 promoter unmutated (pHNwt) or mutated (pHNmt) by oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis using the mutant oligonucleotide. Mutant pHN plasmids (viz. pHNmt1, pHNmt2, pHNmt3, pHNmt4, and pHNmt13) were generated by oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis using the p50mt1, p50mt2, p50mt3, p50mt4, and p50mt13 oligonucleotides, respectively. Luciferase activity was measured after 48 h, and the results were normalized with respect to Renilla luciferase activity. The data are shown as the mean ± S.D. of four separate experiments.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
NF-{kappa}B activity is known to be induced by the overexpression of Ku antigen in Rat-1 fibroblasts (30), suggesting that the expression of NF-{kappa}B subunits may be related to Ku antigen activity. In this study, the inhibition of Ku antigen activity by transfection with a C-terminal Ku80 expression gene was found to suppress the expression of p50 (but not of p65) in gastric cancer AGS cells. Transfection of the C-terminal Ku80 expression gene was also found to reduce nuclear NF-{kappa}B activity. We then investigated whether RBP-J{kappa} is involved in p50 expression because p50 expression is mediated by the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter and whether RBP-J{kappa} binds to several {kappa}B elements in the NF-{kappa}B p50 promoter and then regulates gene expression. RBP-J{kappa} associates with several proteins, including SMART, histone deacetylase-1 and SHARP, and regulates their gene expression (41, 42). Our findings demonstrate a novel role of Ku antigen as a RBP-J{kappa}-interacting protein. Furthermore, RBP-J{kappa} was found to bind to the 5'-flanking sequence of the {kappa}B element (TGGGGG) in the p50 promoter, which overlaps with the p50-binding site. RBP-J{kappa} has been shown previously to bind to an essential core consensus DNA sequence, TGGGAA (46). However, the p50 promoter has a poor consensus sequence (i.e. TGGGGG) to which RBP-J{kappa} nevertheless binds as determined by supershift experiments. Promoter regions in a number of other genes also contain slightly modified RBP-J{kappa}-binding sites. For example, RBP-J{kappa} binds to a poor consensus sequence (GCTGAGAT) in the cyclin D1 promoter (47). Therefore, the RBP-J{kappa}-binding sequence is not strict, and variant RBP-J{kappa} binding could occur. In this study, RBP-J{kappa} DNA binding activity was reduced by inhibition of Ku antigen activity. This result suggests that association between Ku antigen and RBP-J{kappa} contributes to RBP-J{kappa} binding to this poor consensus sequence. In this study, we found that Ku antigen bound specifically downstream of the {kappa}B element in the p50 promoter. A competition experiment with mutant oligonucleotides identified the Ku antigen-binding sequence, GGTTC. The Ku antigen-binding sequence identified in this study resembles the NRE1 sequence previously reported as a Ku antigen-binding sequence (48). Because the core consensus Ku antigen-binding sequence has not been defined, further study should be performed to identify the Ku antigen-binding sequence. RT-PCR analysis and the de novo synthesis of p50 showed that p50 expression was reduced by inhibiting the DNA binding activities of NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen. Reporter gene studies also demonstrated that p50 transcription was suppressed by inhibiting the DNA binding activities of NF-{kappa}B, RBP-J{kappa}, and Ku antigen or by mutating these protein-binding sites. These results suggest that Ku antigen, RBP-J{kappa}, or NF-{kappa}B positively regulates p50 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells. However, the overexpression of wild-type RBP-J{kappa} or of the mutant gene of RBP-J{kappa} reduced the expression and transcription of p50 and its DNA binding activity. Therefore, the stoichiometric expression of RBP-J{kappa} is critical for optimal p50 expression. In conclusion, we found that Ku antigen acts as a regulator of transcription by interacting with RBP-J{kappa} and the NF-{kappa}B p50 homodimer to up-regulate p50 expression in gastric cancer AGS cells.

Mounting evidence shows that p50 expression is related to the tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis of certain types of cells (6–9) and that p50 and Ku antigen are involved in cell growth and proliferation (31, 45, 49–51). Previously, we showed that gastric cell hyperproliferation associated with carcinogenesis might be associated with both the cellular and nuclear up-regulation of Ku70 and Ku80 via a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanism mediated by NF-{kappa}B activation in gastric cancer AGS cells (31). We infer that Ku antigen and NF-{kappa}B, induced by signals associated with cell growth and proliferation, may up-regulate p50 expression and nuclear NF-{kappa}B activity. Further study should be undertaken to determine whether Ku antigen activity and p50 expression are pivotal in the molecular regulation of cell growth and proliferation.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by grants from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (to H. K.) and from the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. Tel.: 82-2-361-5232; Fax: 82-2-313-1894; E-mail: kim626{at}yumc.yonsei.ac.kr.

1 The abbreviations used are: RBP-J{kappa}, recombination signal-binding protein J{kappa}; RT, reverse transcription; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Back



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