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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M311951200 on December 11, 2003

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 10, 8723-8731, March 5, 2004
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Annexin A2 Is a Novel RNA-binding Protein

Nolan R. Filipenko{ddagger}, Travis J. MacLeod, Chang-Soon Yoon, and David M. Waisman§

From the Cancer Biology Research Group, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada

Received for publication, October 31, 2003 , and in revised form, December 4, 2003.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a Ca2+-binding protein that is up-regulated in virally transformed cell lines and in human tumors. Here, we show that ANXA2 binds directly to both ribonucleotide homopolymers and human c-myc RNA. ANXA2 was shown to bind specifically to poly(G) with high affinity (Kd = 60 nM) and not to poly(A), poly(C), or poly(U). The binding of ANXA2 to poly(G) required Ca2+ (A50% = 10 µM). The presence of RNA in the immunoprecipitates of ANXA2 isolated from HeLa cells established that ANXA2 formed a ribonucleoprotein complex in vivo. Sucrose gradient analysis showed that ANXA2 associates with ribonucleoprotein complexes and not with polyribosomes. Reverse transcriptase-PCR identified c-myc mRNA as a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex formed by ANXA2 in vivo, and binding studies confirmed a direct interaction between ANXA2 and c-myc mRNA. Transfection of LNCaP cells with the ANXA2 gene resulted in the up-regulation of c-Myc protein. These findings identify ANXA2 as a Ca2+-dependent RNA-binding protein that interacts with the mRNA of the nuclear oncogene, c-myc.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The annexins are a family of more than 160 unique annexin proteins that are present in more than 65 different species ranging from fungi and protists to plants and higher vertebrates (1). ANXA21 consists of an amino-terminal domain (ATD), which comprises the first 30 amino acid residues of the protein and the carboxyl core domain (CCD) composed of the remaining residues. The CCD of ANXA2 contains sites for binding Ca2+, phospholipid, F-actin and heparin (2, 3). The ATD contains regulatory phosphorylation sites for both protein kinase C (Ser-25) and Src (Tyr-23). In fact, the first substrate discovered for Src was identified as a 36-kDa protein (ANXA2) that was phosphorylated upon transformation of cells with the Rous sarcoma virus (4). Subsequently, it was demonstrated that only about 10% of total cellular ANXA2 was phosphorylated in cells transformed by RSV (4, 5).

ANXA2 exists as three major species: a monomer, a heterodimer, or a heterotetramer (AIIt) (3). The heterodimer is composed of a single subunit of ANXA2 bound to a subunit of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (6). The heterotetramer, on the other hand, comprises two subunits of ANXA2 linked together by a dimer of S100A10 (also referred to as p11), a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins (7–10). The relative amounts of heterotetrameric versus monomeric ANXA2 are variable depending on the cell or tissue examined and range from 100% heterotetrameric ANXA2 in intestinal epithelium to about 50% monomeric ANXA2 monomer in cultured fibroblasts (8, 11). ANXA2 consists of two functional domains. The aminoterminal regulatory domain (ATD) contains the amino-terminal 30 amino acid residues and incorporates two phosphorylation sites at Tyr-23 and Ser-25. In addition to the phosphorylation sites, the ATD also contains the site for interaction with the S100A10 dimer. The remaining CCD, encompassing residues 31–338, comprises the binding sites for Ca2+, phospholipid, heparin, and F-actin (reviewed by Refs. 1–3). The crystal structure of an amino-terminally truncated form of ANXA2 has been reported (12). The protein is planar and curved with opposing convex and concave sides. The convex side faces the biological membrane and contains the Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding sites. The concave side faces the cytosol and contains both the amino and carboxyl termini.

A multitude of intracellular functions have been suggested for ANXA2, including roles as a mediator of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis (13–16) or endocytosis (17–19) as well as a role in modulating sarcolemmal phospholipid raft organization during smooth muscle cell contraction (20, 21) and regulation of ion channels (22). Since an ANXA2 knockout mouse has not been developed, it is not clear whether these reported in vitro functions represent actual physiological functions of the protein. Nevertheless, knowledge of these putative functions of ANXA2 has not provided clues as to the role that ANXA2 may play in vivo.

The expression of ANXA2 is induced in various transformed cells, including v-src-, v-H-ras-, v-mos-, or SV40-transformed cells (23). Furthermore, the ANXA2 gene is growth-regulated, and its expression is stimulated by growth factors such as insulin, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor (24). Up-regulated ANXA2 has also been reported in human hepatocellular carcinoma (25), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (26), high grade glioma (27), gastric carcinoma (28), and acute promyelocytic leukemia (29). Since overexpression of the ANXA2 gene is commonly observed in both virally transformed cell lines and human tumors, it has been suspected that this up-regulated level of ANXA2 might link ANXA2 to a key step in cellular transformation. However, without a detailed knowledge of its intracellular role, it is difficult to envision the role that up-regulation of ANXA2 expression would have on cellular transformation.

Typically, ANXA2 has been reported to display two distinct intracellular distributions, with the majority of the protein localized to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and a secondary diffuse cytoplasmic distribution (30). The first indication that ANXA2 might interact with RNA was a report that utilized subcellular fractionation to show that a significant portion of ANXA2 was associated with ribonucleoprotein particles in cytoplasmic extracts of both normal and transformed cells. It was also shown that ANXA2 immunoprecipitated from UV-irradiated cultured cells associated with RNA and formed a RNA-ANXA2 cross-linked ribonucleoprotein complex. These authors also showed by biochemical fractionation experiments that about 10–15% of the total cellular ANXA2 was associated with the nucleus (31). Ensuing studies showed that ANXA2 could bind to deoxyribonucleic acid structures such as Z-DNA (32) or Alu subsequences (33). Other studies have identified nuclear ANXA2 in immunoblots of nuclei and as part of a primer recognition complex that stimulates DNA polymerase {alpha} activity (6, 34). ANXA2 was also shown to localize with cytoskeleton-associated mRNA subpopulations (35). Most recently, it was shown that ANXA2 possessed a nuclear export sequence, and it was proposed that ANXA2 readily enters the nucleus but is rapidly exported (36).

In the present report, we have examined HeLa cell extracts for the presence of ANXA2-binding proteins. Surprisingly, we found that several RNA-associated proteins bound to an ANXA2 affinity column, and this association was blocked by pretreatment with RNase A. We also show that in the presence of Ca2+, ANXA2 binds to ribonucleic homopolymers with a high affinity for poly(G) and in a salt-resistant manner. Subsequently, we show that ANXA2 is an RNA-binding protein that forms a messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particle. We identify c-myc RNA as a component of the ANXA2-ribonucleoprotein complex and show that ANXA2 binds directly to c-myc mRNA. Last, the expression of ANXA2 in a cell line normally devoid of this protein results in an increase in both ANXA2 and c-Myc protein. Overall, these studies identify ANXA2 as a novel RNA-binding protein that may regulate the translation of c-myc RNA.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Lines, DNA Vectors, and Cell Lysis—HeLa, LNCaP, and 293 HEK cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and were grown at 37 °C in 5% CO2 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) and 1% antibiotic (Invitrogen). The cDNA for ANXA2 and S100A10 were PCR-amplified and ligated into pcDNA3.1/neomycin (pcDNA-S100A10) or pcDNA 3.1/Hygro (pcDNA-ANXA2) (Invitrogen). The c-myc vector (pBluescript) was a generous gift from Dr. Robert Orlowski (Chapel Hill, NC).

LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) was used as outlined in the manufacturer's instructions to transfect 10-cm2 dishes of the human prostrate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP, with the pcDNA 3.1 vectors, pcDNA-S100A10 and pcDNA-ANXA2. Stably transfected cells were selected with 7.5 µg/ml neomycin and 5 µg/ml hygromycin, respectively. Clonal cell lines were selected by ANXA2 and S100A10 protein expression.

For detergent based lysis, cells were lysed with Nonidet P-40 buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40) supplemented with protease inhibitors and clarified by centrifugation at 12, 000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Where indicated, cells were hypotonically lysed by resuspending cells (from one 10-cm2 dish) in 1 ml of hypotonic lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 25 mM NaCl plus protease inhibitors) and drawing the solution through a 27-gauge needle five times, followed by 25 strokes in a Dounce homogenizer. After incubating on ice for 10 min, a postnuclear supernatant was obtained by clarifying the cell lysate for 10 min at 8,000 x g. Soluble protein fractions were quantitated by BCA assay (Pierce).

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis—HeLa cell lysate (500 µg in 0.5 ml of Nonidet P-40 buffer) was precleared with 1 µg of either nonimmune mouse or rabbit IgG and 20 µl of protein G-PLUS beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) for 1 h at 4 °C. ANXA2 (a kind gift from Tony Hunter, La Jolla, CA) or ANXA5 (FL-319; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) antibody (1 µg) were then added to the precleared lysate, and the reactions were rocked for 1 h at 4 °C, followed by the addition of Protein G-PLUS beads (20 µl/reaction) for an additional 1 h. The immune complexes were washed three times and either boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer for Western blot analysis or extracted with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (PCI 25:24:1) for RNA isolation.

For Western blot analysis, proteins in sample buffer were resolved on SDS-PAGE, transferred to 0.2-µm nitrocellulose membranes, immunostained, and visualized using SuperSignal chemiluminescent substrate (Pierce). Primary antibodies (1:1000 dilution) were obtained from the following sources: Becton Dickinson/Transduction Laboratories (annexin A2 and S100A10), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (annexin A5 (FL-319)), and Cell Signaling Technology (S6 ribosomal protein).

Immune Complex RNA Extraction, RNA Labeling, and RT-PCR— The ANXA2 or ANXA5 immune complexes were washed three times with RNase-free Nonidet P-40 buffer and diluted to a final volume of 200 µl with diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water. The beads were extracted with one volume of PCI and treated with 2 units of DNase I for 30 min at 37 °C. The DNase-treated RNA was then extracted with one volume of PCI, followed by ethanol precipitation using linear polyacrylamide (Sigma) as a nucleic acid carrier. The precipitated RNA was diluted to 20 µl with diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water and stored at –80 °C.

The bound RNA was labeled using RNA ligase and cytidine 3',5'-bis(phosphate) (pCp; 5'-32P-labeled; PerkinElmer Life Sciences) as previously described (37). Briefly, 8 µl of the extracted RNA was mixed with 40 units of RNasin, 2 µl of Me2SO, 50 µCi of pCp, and 2 µl of RNA ligase in a final volume of 20 µl and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C, followed by PCI extraction and ethanol precipitation as described above. Incorporation of the pCp label was assessed quantitatively by scintillation counting of trichloroacetic acid precipitates. Qualitative analysis of incorporation was assessed by electrophoresis of 2 µl of labeled RNA on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel. The gel was dried under vacuum, and the labeled RNA was visualized by autoradiography.

RT-PCR analysis of the bound RNA was carried out using the One-Step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen). To detect the 275-nucleotide segment at the 3'-end of the c-myc mRNA as described previously (38), the following primers were used: forward, 5'-GGCGAACACACAACGTCTTGGAG-3'; reverse, 5'-GCTCAGGACATTTCTGTTAGAAG-3'.

Sucrose Gradient Analysis of Cell Lysates—Linear sucrose gradient was performed essentially as described (39). Postnuclear supernatants from hypotonically lysed cells were sedimented in a 15–50% (w/v) sucrose gradient (sucrose solutions made in hypotonic lysis buffer adjusted to 100 mM NaCl) by centrifugation for 2 h at 37,000 rpm in a Beckman SW41 rotor. After centrifugation, samples were fractionated into 1-ml fractions by top displacement using a gradient fractionator (Buchler). For Western blot analysis, 20 µl of each gradient fraction was boiled for 5 min with SDS-PAGE sample buffer and analyzed as described previously.

Homoribopolymer Binding Assay—Binding of cell lysates to homoribopolymers was carried out essentially as described previously with a few modifications (40). Cell lysate (100 µg in 0.5 ml of Nonidet P-40 buffer) was incubated with a 25-µl packed volume of homoribopolymer beads (Sigma) and rotated for 30 min at 4 °C. The beads were washed three times with Nonidet P-40 buffer, boiled in 25 µl of SDS-PAGE sample buffer, and probed for ANXA2 by Western blot as described above. For purified ANXA2 binding to homoribopolymer beads, 1 µg of ANXA2 was added to 25 µl of packed homoribopolymer beads in 0.5 ml of TBS. Protein binding analysis was carried out as described above either by Western blot or by staining with Coomassie Blue where indicated.

Annexin-conjugated Affinity Matrices—Purified ANXA2 and ANXA5 (10 mg each at 1 mg/ml) were coupled to 5-ml aliquots of CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B matrix according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Amersham Biosciences). An unconjugated, control matrix was produced by incubating 5 ml of swollen gel with 10 ml of 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. For the isolation of ANXA2 and ANXA5 protein binding partners, 10 mg of Nonidet P-40-soluble cell lysate (2 mg/ml) was first rotated with 2 ml of the Tris-blocked matrix in the presence of either 1 mM CaCl2 or 5 mM EGTA for 2 h at 4 °C. This precleared lysate (5 mg) was then rotated with 1 ml of either the ANXA2 or ANXA5 affinity matrix for 2 h at 4 °C. The matrices were washed three times with 10 ml of Nonidet P-40 buffer, and the bound proteins were boiled for 10 min in SDS-PAGE sample buffer (0.5 ml for blocked matrix, 0.25 ml for annexin matrices). Aliquots of the eluted proteins (200 µl/lane) were resolved on 8% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Blue.

To assess the contribution of either cellular RNA or DNA in binding of the proteins to the ANXA2 affinity matrix, the cell lysates were preincubated at 37 °C with either 200 units/ml RNasin (Promega), 50 units/ml DNase I (Ambion), or 500 µg/ml RNase A (Qiagen) for 30 min. After the incubation, the cell lysates were rotated in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 with the Tris-blocked matrix followed by incubation with the ANXA2 affinity column. Bound proteins were analyzed as described above.

Protein Identification by In-gel Tryptic Digestion and Mass Spectrometry—Stained bands were excised, and an automated in-gel tryptic digestion was performed on a Mass Prep Station (Micromass, UK). The gel pieces were destained, reduced (dithiothreitol), alkylated (iodo-acetamide), and digested with trypsin (Promega sequencing grade modified), and the resulting peptides were extracted from the gel and analyzed via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was performed on a CapLC (Waters) high pressure liquid chromatograph and a Q-ToF-2 (Micromass) Mass Spectrometer, using a Picofrit C18 reversed-phase capillary column (New Objectives). Proteins were identified from the mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry data using MASCOT (Matrix Science, UK) and searching the NCBI data base.

Expression and Purification of Recombinant ANXA2—The galactose-inducible Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector (pYeDP60) as well as the vector containing the cDNA for ANXA2 (pYeDP60-ANXA2) were kindly supplied by Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin (INSERM, Paris, France) and have been described previously (41). The cDNA of the S100A10 protein was PCR-amplified and inserted into the pYeDP60 vector, followed by the transformation of the vectors into the protease-deficient S. cerevisiae strain FKY282 (kindly supplied by Francois Kepes, Genopole, Envy, France). The growth and induction of the yeast cultures was done as described previously (41), with only slight modifications. Prior to purification, 1-liter cultures of annexin II- and S100A10-expressing yeast were mixed, resulting in the isolation of 1-mg quantities each of ANXA2 and ANXA2 heterotetramer using the purification detailed previously. The isolated proteins were purified further using gel permeation chromatography equilibrated in 40 mM Tris-HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EGTA, and 0.1 mM dithiothreitol. Proteins were aliquoted and stored at –80 °C.

Ultraviolet Cross-linking Assay—Full-length (1.8 kb) c-myc message was transcribed and labeled in vitro with T7 polymerase (Stratagene) with [32P]UTP. 32P-Labeled RNA probes were synthesized by in vitro transcription with the RiboProbe® system (Promega). 32P-Labeled c-myc mRNA (1.77 x 108 cpm/µg) was incubated with 1.5 µg of purified recombinant AIIt with or without unlabeled c-myc RNA, positive control template RNA, and homoribopolymers (poly(G) and poly(C)). The RNA-protein mixture binding reaction was carried out in a 20-µl reaction mixture containing 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, 5% glycerol, and 2 µg of yeast tRNA. The mixtures were incubated at 30 °C for 30 min, after which they were irradiated with UV on ice for 12 bursts of 30 s with a UV Stratalinker (Stratagene). RNAs were digested with 1 µl of RNase A (10 mg/ml) at 37 °C for 15 min and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE.

Surface Plasmon Resonance—ANXA2 heterotetramer was coupled to a CM5 sensor chip in a BIAcore 3000 instrument (BIAcore, Uppsala, Sweden) using the manufacturer's amine-coupling kit. Homoribopolymer-binding assays were conducted in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2 at 25 °C and a flow rate of 30 µl/min. A nonderivitized flow cell was used as a control for the contribution of the bulk refractive index to the surface plasmon resonance signal. After each injection, the surface was regenerated with an injection of 2 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl. An approximate equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) was obtained by measuring the equilibrium resonance units (Req) at several poly(G) concentrations (10 nM to 1 µM) at equilibrium. Binding data were analyzed by Scatchard analysis using the BIAevaluation software according to the following relationship: Req/C = KaRmax – KaReq, where Rmax is the resonance signal at saturation, C is the concentration of free analyte, and Ka is the equilibrium association constant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
ANXA2 Forms a Ribonucleoprotein Complex—As a first step in elucidation of the possible physiological function(s) of ANXA2, we attempted to isolate intracellular proteins that interacted with ANXA2. In order to isolate these binding partners, we utilized CNBr-activated Sepharose matrices conjugated with ANXA2 or a blocked, unconconjugated resin (resin control). Annexin A5 (ANXA5), which has considerable sequence and structural similarity to ANXA2, was also conjugated to the matrix as a specificity control.

Cell lysates prepared from either HeLa or 293 HEK cells were first precleared with unconjugated Sepharose matrix, followed by application to either the ANXA2 or ANXA5 matrices. These cell types were chosen because of their differing levels of endogenous ANXA2; HeLa cells have an abundance of endogenous ANXA2, whereas 293 HEK cells have substantially less ANXA2 by comparison (data not shown). Since the annexins are known to require Ca2+ to bind to cellular targets, the cell lysates were incubated with the affinity matrix in the presence or absence of Ca2+. Upon completion of the binding reactions, the proteins bound to the matrices were removed by boiling in SDS-PAGE sample buffer, followed by separation on 8% polyacrylamide gels. We observed that several cellular proteins associated with the ANXA2 matrix (Fig. 1A, lane 3). These cellular proteins did not associate with the control matrix or the ANXA5 affinity matrix, and the association of these proteins with the ANXA2 matrix required Ca2+. It is interesting to note that nearly identical results were obtained using 293 HEK cell lysate as starting material (data not shown). This suggests that the bound material does not require high levels of ANXA2 expression; nor does it appear to bind to ANXA2 stoichiometrically.



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  		FIG. 1.
Identification of ANXA2 binding partners. A, Nonidet P-40-soluble cell lysates from HeLa cells (5 mg of total protein) were applied to an unconjugated Sepharose 4B control matrix in the presence of either 1 mM Ca2+ or 5 mM EGTA for 2 h. The unbound material was then applied to an ANXA2- or an ANXA5-Sepharose 4B matrix in the presence of either 1 mM Ca2+ or 5 mM EGTA. After a 2-h incubation, all matrices were washed extensively and boiled for 5 min in SDS-PAGE sample buffer, followed by Coomassie Blue staining of the proteins resolved on polyacrylamide gels. (Note that nearly identical data was obtained using 293 HEK cell lysates as starting material.) B, Nonidet P-40 soluble cell lysates from HeLa cells (5 mg of total protein) were pretreated with either RNase A (500 µg/ml), RNase inhibitor (200 units/ml), or DNase I (50 units/ml) for 30 min at 37 °C. The treated lysates were then applied to an unconjugated Sepharose 4B control matrix in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+ for 2 h. The unbound material was then applied to an ANXA2 Sepharose 4B matrix in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+. After a 2-h incubation, the matrices were washed and analyzed as in A.

 
Having established that ANXA2 binds to a number of distinct cellular proteins in a specific and Ca2+-dependent manner, the bands were excised and digested, and the fragments were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A portion of the mass spectrometry results is shown in Table I. Surprisingly, we noticed that many of the proteins identified as specific ANXA2-binding proteins were either ribosomal proteins or proteins that are known to interact with cellular RNA. For example, the major proteins that bound to the ANXA2 affinity column included poly(A)-binding protein-1 (42), ribosomal protein L4 (43), ribosomal protein P0 (44), ribosomal protein S3a (45) and ribosomal protein S4 (46). This finding suggested that either RNA or RNA-binding proteins were interacting with ANXA2.


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  		TABLE I
Proteins bound to Annexin A2 Affinity Matrix

Protein bands were excised from Coomassie Blue-stained polyacrylamide gels and digested with trypsin, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the protein fragments.

 
To differentiate between these two possibilities, the ANXA2 affinity matrix binding experiments were repeated with cell lysates pretreated with RNase A, RNasin (an RNase inhibitor), or DNase I. As shown in Fig. 1B, the association between ANXA2 and the cellular proteins was abolished by pretreatment with RNase A. In contrast, the pretreatment of the cellular extracts with either DNase I or RNasin did not affect the profile of cellular proteins bound to the ANXA2 affinity matrix. These results therefore indicate that ANXA2 assembles with cellular proteins to form a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and that intact RNA is required for the interaction of ANXA2 with its cellular binding partners.

ANXA2 Binds RNA in Vitro—The possible interaction of ANXA2 with RNA was tested by incubating HeLa cell lysates with agarose-conjugated RNA homopolymers. This assay system has been typically used to characterize the RNA binding properties of many other RNA-binding proteins (40, 47, 48). HeLa cell lysates were incubated with the RNA homopolymers, and bound proteins were eluted and analyzed by Western blot using an ANXA2 monoclonal antibody. We observed that endogenous ANXA2 bound selectively to poly(G)-agarose (Fig. 2A) and that this interaction was dependent on Ca2+ (half-maximal at ~10 µM (Fig. 2B)). Furthermore, when the bound proteins were analyzed with a monoclonal antibody to S100A10, the Western blot confirmed the presence of the S100A10 binding partner (data not shown), suggesting that some of the ANXA2 bound to poly(G) was complexed to S100A10 as the heterotetramer. Thus, the interaction of ANXA2 with its S100A10 binding partner did not block its ability to interact with poly(G).



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  		FIG. 2.
RNA binding properties of ANXA2. For A–E, Nonidet P-40-soluble lysate from HeLa cells (100 µg/lane) were incubated with 25 µl of the indicated homoribopolymer beads for 30 min (for (D and E), the Ca2+ concentration used was 100 µM). The beads were washed three times with Nonidet P-40 buffer, boiled in sample buffer, and analyzed by Western blot analysis for ANXA2 binding. F, the eluted proteins were analyzed by Coomassie Blue staining of the polyacrylamide gels. A, ANXA2 binds specifically to poly(G) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. HeLa cell lysates were left either untreated or incubated with 100 µM Ca2+ or 5 mM EGTA prior to the addition of the indicated homoribopolymers. B, the Ca2+ requirement for poly(G) binding to ANXA2 was analyzed by incubating HeLa lysates with the indicated concentrations of Ca2+ prior to the addition of the poly(G) beads. C, heparin does not inhibit the interaction between ANXA2 and poly(G). Cell lysates were treated as in A, except heparin (1 mg/ml) was added either during the wash steps ("wash only") or during both the binding reaction and the wash steps ("incubation and wash"). D, ANXA2 binds to poly(G) in a salt-resistant manner. The concentration of salt in the HeLa cell lysate was adjusted as indicated prior to the addition to the poly(G) beads. After the 30-min incubation period, the beads were washed with Nonidet P-40 buffer containing the indicated concentration of salt. E, ANXA2 binding to poly(G) was assessed in the presence of the indicated amounts of yeast tRNA. The tRNA was present during both the binding reaction in addition to the wash steps.

 
We subsequently used a battery of binding conditions to characterize the interaction of HeLa cell lysate ANXA2 with poly(G). The binding of the endogenous ANXA2 to poly(G) was stable in 1 mg/ml heparin and in NaCl concentrations up to 0.25 M (Fig. 2, C and D, respectively). Furthermore, ANXA2 bound to poly(G) in the presence of as high as 1 mg/ml yeast tRNA as a competitor (Fig. 2E).

In order to visualize the endogenous proteins that bound to the poly(G)-agarose, the poly(G)-binding protein fraction obtained from HeLa cell lysates was also analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining. We found that a 35-kDa protein was the predominant poly(G)-binding protein in these lysates. Mass spectrometry identified this protein band as ANXA2, confirming that ANXA2 was the major poly(G)-binding protein in the HeLa cell extracts (Fig. 3).



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  		FIG. 3.
ANXA2 is the major poly(G)-binding protein in HeLa cells. HeLa cell lysate (250 µg) containing 100 µM Ca2+ was added to agarose beads and rotated for 2 h. The unbound material was then added to poly(C)-agarose for 2 h, followed by the addition of the unbound material to poly(G)-agarose for an additional 2 h. The matrices were washed and then eluted with 5 mM EGTA. After elution with EGTA (labeled "EGTA"), the matrices were boiled with SDS-PAGE sample buffer (labeled "boil"), followed by analysis of all fractions on Coomassie Blue-stained polyacrylamide gels. The eluted protein migrating at ~35 kDa in the poly(G)-agarose EGTA elution (labeled with an asterisk) was identified by mass spectrometry as ANXA2.

 
The formation of ANXA2-containing RNP complexes suggested that either ANXA2 directly interacts with RNA or interacted via other RNA-bound protein(s). To distinguish between these possibilities, purified ANXA2 was assayed for intrinsic RNA binding activity using the agarose-immobilized RNA homopolymers. We used the heterotetrameric form of ANXA2 for these analyses, since it is the prevalent form of the protein in most cell types. As shown in Fig. 4A, recombinant heterotetrameric ANXA2 showed specific binding to poly(G) with very little binding to poly(A), poly(C), or poly(U). Similar results were observed with the monomeric form of ANXA2 (data not shown). We also assessed the specificity of the poly(G)-agarose binding by performing competition assays with unconjugated homoribopolymers. ANXA2 was incubated with the poly(G) beads in the presence of a molar excess of free competitor homoribopolymers. We observed that the binding of ANXA2 to the poly(G) beads was blocked by the free poly(G) but not by free poly(A), poly(C), or poly(U) (Fig. 4B). Similarly to the interaction of endogenous HeLa cell ANXA2 with poly(G) (Fig. 2), the binding of recombinant ANXA2 to poly(G) was not blocked by yeast tRNA (Fig. 4C) or heparin and was stable in the presence of physiological NaCl concentrations (data not shown).



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  		FIG. 4.
Purified ANXA2 has intrinsic poly(G) binding activity. A–C, 1 µg of indicated purified protein was incubated with 25 µl of homoribopolymer beads for 30 min in 0.5 ml of TBS containing 100 µM Ca2+ (TBS-Ca2+). The beads were washed three times with TBS-Ca2+, boiled in sample buffer, and analyzed by Western blot analysis for ANXA2 binding. A, ANXA2 binds specifically to poly(G). The indicated homoribopolymer beads were incubated with purified ANXA2 heterotetramer in the presence of 100 µM Ca2+. B, unconjugated poly(G) inhibits the binding of ANXA2 to poly(G) beads. The binding of ANXA2 heterotetramer to poly(G) beads was assessed in the presence of a 50-fold molar excess of unconjugated poly(A), poly(C), poly(G), or poly(U). C, ANXA2 binding to poly(G) was assessed in the presence of the indicated amounts of yeast tRNA. The tRNA was present during both the binding reaction and the wash steps. D, immobilized ANXA2 binds specifically to poly(G). Unconjugated homoribopolymers (1 µM) were injected over a CM5 biosensor chip conjugated with purified ANXA2 heterotetramer in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+.

 
In addition to the competition experiment described above, the interaction of unconjugated poly(G) homopolymers with the ANXA2 heterotetramer was further characterized using two distinct methods. First, ANXA2 was conjugated to a biosensor chip, and the binding to the RNA homopolymers was examined by surface plasmon resonance. Of the four homoribopolymers examined, ANXA2 bound only to poly(G). These experiments further established that ANXA2 bound selectively and with high affinity (Kd of 60 nM) to poly(G) (Fig. 4D). Additionally, only the binding of poly(G) resulted in a substantial conformational change in ANXA2 as assessed by circular dichroism (data not shown), providing further evidence of the specificity of poly(G) binding.

Monomeric ANXA2 Harbors the RNA-binding Site within the ANXA2 Heterotetramer—The previous data established that poly(G) and ANXA2 form a specific and tight complex. It was unclear whether both subunits of ANXA2 heterotetramer contribute to poly(G) binding. Shown in Fig. 5A, ANXA2 binds to poly(G) whether it is complexed as the heterotetramer or as a monomer. In contrast, the purified S100A10 subunit does not bind the homoribopolymers.



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  		FIG. 5.
Characterization of the binding of poly(G) to ANXA2. A, S100A10 is not responsible for the poly(G) binding activity of ANXA2 heterotetramer. 1 µg of the indicated purified protein was incubated with 25 µl of homoribopolymer beads for 30 min in 0.5 ml of TBS containing 100 µM Ca2+ (TBS-Ca2+). Either ANXA2 heterotetramer, ANXA2 monomer or S100A10 were incubated with poly(G) beads in the presence of EGTA (5 mM) or Ca2+ (100 µM). Scatchard analysis of the poly(G) binding estimated the Kd to be ~60 nM. B, the carboxyl-terminal core of ANXA2 retains RNA binding activity. Partially proteolyzed ANXA2 (1 µg) was incubated with poly(G) beads in the presence of 100 µM Ca2+ or 5 mM EGTA. St., the partially proteolyzed ANXA2 used for binding studies. C, RNA binding activity is specific to ANXA2. A pool of annexins A1–A7 (10 µg) was incubated with either poly(G) beads or double-stranded DNA-agarose in the presence of either 100 µM Ca2+ or5mM EGTA. St., the pool of complete annexins A1–A7 used for binding studies. B and C, the bound proteins were analyzed by Coomassie Blue staining of polyacrylamide gels.

 
ANXA2 monomer consists of an ATD, which comprises the first 30 amino acid residues of the protein, and a CCD composed of the remaining residues (49). The ATD is released from the molecule by proteolysis. Having established that the ANXA2 monomer contains the RNA-binding site, the RNA binding activity of the CCD fragment was compared with the intact ANXA2 monomer to crudely map the region of ANXA2 responsible for binding to poly(G). As is shown in Fig. 5B, both the intact monomer and the CCD fragment were precipitated by poly(G) beads, demonstrating that the poly(G) binding site is found within the CCD of ANXA2. This was unexpected, since it suggested that the CCD, which is highly conserved among the annexins, contained a key RNA-binding motif that was unique to ANXA2. Incubation of a tissue annexin fraction containing annexins A1–A7 (50) with poly(G)-agarose resulted in the selective binding of only a single annexin, which was confirmed by Western blot to be ANXA2 (Fig. 5C). Additionally, a double-stranded DNA agarose resin did not interact with any of the annexins in the tissue fraction (Fig. 5C). These data established that the RNA binding activity of ANXA2 was probably not a property shared by other members of the annexin family of proteins; nor was general nucleic acid binding activity a common function of the annexin family.

ANXA2 Forms an RNP in Vivo—To determine whether ANXA2 interacted with RNA in vivo, we immunoprecipitated ANXA2 from HeLa cell lysates and analyzed the content of the immunoprecipitate. As a control, immunoprecipitates of ANXA5 were also examined. The specificity of the antibodies was confirmed by Western blot (Fig. 6A). The RNA was then isolated from the immunoprecipitates and labeled by the pCp method (37). As shown in Fig. 6B, the ANXA2 immunoprecipitate isolated from HeLa cell lysate was labeled with pCp and therefore contained RNA, whereas the ANXA5 immunoprecipitate was not labeled. As an additional control, immunoprecipitates were prepared using nonimmune mouse IgG. We found that these immunoprecipitates did not contain significant amounts of RNA, suggesting that neither the antibodies alone nor the agarose beads used for the precipitation were responsible for the coprecipitation of RNA with ANXA2.



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  		FIG. 6.
ANXA2 is part of a ribonucleoprotein complex in vivo. A, ANXA2 and ANXA5 can be specifically immunoprecipitated from HeLa cells. HeLa cell lysate (500 µg) was incubated for 1 h with 1 µg of antibody followed by the addition of protein G-PLUS-agarose for 1 h. Immune complexes were resolved by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunostaining using antibodies specific for ANXA2 and ANXA5. B, ANXA2 co-immunoprecipitates with RNA in HeLa cells. Immunoprecipitation was performed as in A in addition to a nonimmune mouse IgG control (mIgG). Immune complexes were washed, and the bound RNA was extracted and 3'-labeled with [32P]pCp. Results were quantitated by scintillation counting or by agarose gel electrophoresis (inset).

 
To further investigate the possibility that ANXA2 formed RNP complexes in vivo, we fractionated HeLa cell lysates on linear sucrose gradients and analyzed the ANXA2 distribution by Western blot. As a control for these experiments, ribosomal protein S6 was used as a marker for free ribosomes and polyribosomes. The location of the free (cytosolic) protein fraction was monitored by assaying for tyrosine phosphatase activity using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate (data not shown). As shown in Fig. 7A, ANXA2 cosedimented with the RNPs in the upper fractions of the gradient. In contrast, pretreatment of the HeLa lysate with RNase A resulted in the appearance of ANXA2 in the free protein fraction. This result showed that ANXA2 formed an RNP complex and that RNA was critical for the formation of this complex.



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  		FIG. 7.
Characterization of the interaction of ANXA2 with RNA. A, ANXA2 binds to RNA in vivo. Hypotonically lysed HeLa cells were fractionated through a linear sucrose gradient either in the presence of an RNase inhibitor (top panels) or RNase A (bottom panels). Each gradient was collected in 10 fractions, and an aliquot (20 µl/lane) of each fraction was analyzed by Western blot for ANXA2 and, as a control, ribosomal protein S6 (rS6). B, ANXA2 can be immunoprecipitated from sucrose gradient fractions. A 100-µl aliquot (pooled from the second and third fractions from the RNase-inhibited gradient in A) were diluted to 1 ml with TBS and immunoprecipitated as in Fig. 6A for ANXA2. Nonimmune mouse IgG was used as an antibody control. C, ANXA2 co-immunoprecipitates with c-myc mRNA. Bound RNA was extracted from the immunoprecipitations performed in B, followed by RT-PCR analysis for c-myc mRNA. Marker was 100 bp (New England Biolabs).

 
Identification of c-myc mRNA as a Component of the mRNP—The ANXA2-RNP complex resolved on the sucrose gradient was pooled and immunoprecipitated with the ANXA2 antibody (Fig. 7B). RNA was isolated from the immunoprecipitate and subjected to RT-PCR. Since c-Myc expression is necessary for Src transformation (51) and ANXA2 is elevated in Src-transformed cells, we explored the possibility that ANXA2 might play a role in the regulation of c-myc mRNA. As shown in Fig. 7C, we detected the presence of c-myc mRNA in the RNA isolated from the ANXA2 immunoprecipitates. In contrast, we did not detect glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in the immunoprecipitates (data not shown). Our inability to detect glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA indicated that ANXA2 is not a general, nonspecific RNA-binding protein but binds to a distinct subset of cellular mRNAs. These results establish that ANXA2 is part of an mRNP complex in vivo that contains c-myc mRNA and possibly other RNA transcripts.

ANXA2 Binds to c-myc mRNA—The presence of c-myc RNA in the ANXA2-ribonucleoprotein complex could be due to the direct interaction of ANXA2 with c-myc mRNA or due to the indirect interaction of ANXA2 with a c-myc-binding component of this complex. To distinguish between these possibilities, we performed a UV-cross-linking assay with purified ANXA2 and 32P-labeled full-length c-myc mRNA. As shown in Fig. 8A, ANXA2 binds directly to c-myc mRNA. Furthermore, the interaction between ANXA2 and c-myc RNA was blocked by either poly(G) homoribopolymer or unlabeled c-myc mRNA but not by poly(C) homoribopolymer. In addition, the interaction between ANXA2 and c-myc mRNA was Ca2+-dependent (Fig. 9B). To further examine the specificity of the interaction of c-myc mRNA with ANXA2, we transcribed an irrelevant RNA (pGEM Express positive control template) and observed that this RNA did not compete with the c-myc transcript for binding to ANXA2 (Fig. 9B, lane 3). Therefore, these data establish that the interaction between ANXA2 and c-myc mRNA is direct, specific, and Ca2+-dependent.



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  		FIG. 8.
Purified recombinant ANXA2 binds to c-myc RNA. Full-length (1.8-kb) c-myc RNA labeled with [32P]UTP (1.77 x 108 cpm/µg) was incubated with purified ANXA2 heterotetramer (1.5 µg). After UV irradiation, samples were treated with RNase A and resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE. The arrow depicts the position of cross-linked ANXA2. A, effects of homoribopolymers on c-myc binding. Lanes 3 and 4, homoribopolymers (poly(G) and poly(C)) were included in the binding mixture at 0.1 µg/µl. Lane 5 contained nonradiolabeled c-myc transcript (0.25 µg/µl) as a competitor. B, calcium dependence of c-myc binding. Lanes 1 and 2 show the binding in the presence of either 1 mM CaCl2 or 5 mM EGTA. Lane 3 contained nonradiolabeled "irrelevant" transcript as a competitor.

 



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  		FIG. 9.
Expression of ANXA2 increases cellular levels of c-Myc protein. Comparison of the ANXA2 (A), S100A10 (A), and c-Myc protein levels (B) in prostate cell lines DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP. The levels of c-Myc protein were monitored by immunoblot analysis. Expression of ANXA2 correlates with up-regulation of c-Myc protein. LNCaP cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-ANXA2 and pcDNA3.1-S100A10 by using LipofectAMINE 2000 Reagent (Invitrogen) and stable transfectants were cloned, and clonal cell lines were propagated. Two clonal cell lines, selected for their ANXA2 and S100A10 levels, and control cells were analyzed by immunoblotting for cellular levels of ANXA2 (C), S100A10, and c-Myc (D). Tubulin immunoreactivity is provided as a loading control.

 
Expression of ANXA2 Increases c-Myc Protein Levels—The predominant form of ANXA2 in cultured cells is complexed to its S100A10 binding partner as a heterotetramer. Previous studies have established that although ANXA2 is a prominent protein in human prostate cell lines such as DU-145 and PC-3, ANXA2 and its S100A10 binding partner are not present in the human prostate, LNCaP cell line (52). We examined the c-Myc protein levels in these three prostate cell lines. As shown in Fig. 9A, the human prostatic cell line, LNCaP, is devoid of ANXA2 and also has low expression of c-Myc protein compared with the DU-145 and PC-3 cell lines (Fig. 9B). To further explore the relationship between ANXA2 and c-Myc, we transfected the LNCaP cells with the gene for both ANXA2 and its S100A10 binding partner. Stable transfectants were cloned, and cell lines expressing both ANXA2 and S100A10 were selected. Two permanent cell lines, expressing both proteins, were then further characterized. As shown in Fig. 9, LNCaP clonal cell lines expressing ANXA2 (Fig. 9C) have significantly up-regulated levels of c-Myc protein compared with the control cells (Fig. 9D).


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
In the current report, we establish that ANXA2 is a unique RNA-binding protein. The absence of the well established RNA-binding domains from the sequence of ANXA2 as well as the selectivity of the protein for poly(G) homoribopolymers implies that ANXA2 possesses a unique RNA-binding domain. We also demonstrate that the binding of poly(G) homoribopolymer to ANXA2 is totally dependent on Ca2+. Thus, our report is the first demonstration of a Ca2+-dependent RNA-binding protein. This observation further establishes that ANXA2 is a unique RNA-binding protein.

Approximately six distinct RNA-binding motifs have been identified (reviewed in Ref. 53). These include the RNP motif, the arginine-rich motif, the RGG box, the KH motif, the double-stranded RNA-binding motif, and the zinc finger-knuckle motif. The absence of these structures from ANXA2 implies that the RNA-binding domain of this protein is unique among the RNA-binding proteins. Since of the seven annexins tested for RNA binding activity, only ANXA2 bound to RNA (Fig. 5C), it is likely that the presence of an RNA-binding domain in ANXA2 is unique to the annexin family of proteins. Direct binding studies have shown that ANXA2 is a low affinity Ca2+-binding protein that binds Ca2+ with a Kd of about 0.5 mM. However, as shown in Fig. 2B, the interaction of the protein with RNA occurred with a Kd (Ca2+) of about 10 µM. This suggests that the interaction of ANXA2 with RNA induces a conformational change resulting in a change in the architecture of the Ca2+-binding sites from low affinity to higher affinity Ca2+-binding sites. Our observation of a Ca2+-dependent conformational change in ANXA2 upon RNA binding, as measured by circular dichroism (data not shown), is consistent with this suggestion. Although we were unable to determine the exact RNA-binding site of ANXA2, we did determine that the RNA-binding domain of ANXA2 is located in the carboxyl domain of the protein.

c-Myc is a multifunctional nuclear phosphoprotein that can promote cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation. c-Myc regulates these activities at the molecular level by functioning as a regulator of gene transcription, activating or repressing specific target genes. The half-life of c-myc mRNA is regulated when cells change their growth rates or differentiate. Two regions within c-myc mRNA determine its short half-life; one is in the 3'-untranslated region, and the other is in the coding region. A cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein, the coding region determinant-binding protein, binds to the c-myc coding region in vitro and shields it from endonuclease digestion and thereby prolongs the mRNA half-life (54). The 5'-untranslated region may also play a role in the translation regulation of c-myc, since the interaction of the cap binding protein, eIF4E, with this region relieves the translation repression imposed on the c-myc mRNA by its structured 5'-untranslated region (55). In this work, we have used an immunoprecipitation-RT-PCR technique to show that ANXA2 forms a RNP complex in HeLa cells, and we identify one species of mRNA in this complex as c-myc mRNA (Fig. 7C). Furthermore, we show that ANXA2 binds directly to c-myc mRNA (Fig. 8). Although the exact binding site on c-myc mRNA was not identified in our report, it was observed that the interaction of ANXA2 with c-myc mRNA results in the up-regulation of c-Myc protein (Fig. 9), suggesting that the binding of ANXA2 to c-myc mRNA may have an important physiological role in the regulation of c-myc mRNA.

In general, the RNA-binding proteins serve a number of functions including regulating mRNA stability and the rate and efficiency of mRNA translation. In addition, the RNA-binding proteins can participate in the specific targeting of mRNA in the cytoplasm (reviewed in Ref. 56). Considering that ANXA2 forms a RNP complex in vivo and does not associate with ribosomal subunits or polyribosomes (Fig. 7A), it is likely that ANXA2 does not directly interfere with the translational machinery but rather directly interacts with mRNA resulting in the formation of a mRNP complex. Therefore, our observation that ANXA2 expression results in the up-regulation of c-Myc protein presents the possibility that ANXA2 may affect c-myc mRNA stability or transport.

Our studies demonstrating that the transfection of LNCaP cells with the ANXA2 gene results in the expression of ANXA2 protein and an enhanced expression of c-Myc protein are compatible with a model in which ANXA2 plays a role in the regulation of c-myc mRNA during cellular transformation. Interestingly, c-myc is up-regulated in many forms of cancer including pancreatic carcinoma (57, 58), acute promyelocytic leukemia (59), and glioma (60). Similarly, the overexpression of the ANXA2 gene is commonly observed in both virally transformed cell lines and human tumors. For example, the expression of ANXA2 is induced in various transformed cells, including v-src-, v-H-ras-, v-mos-, or SV40-transformed cells (23). Furthermore, the ANXA2 gene is growth-regulated, and its expression is stimulated by growth factors such as insulin, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor (24). Up-regulated ANXA2 has also been reported in human hepatocellular carcinoma (25), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (26), high grade glioma (27), gastric carcinoma (28), and acute promyelocytic leukemia (29). Whether or not ANXA2 plays a role in the regulation of c-myc during these events will require further studies. It is also interesting to note that the Ca2+-dependent regulation of c-myc has been reported in HL-60 cells (61). Therefore, the up-regulation of ANXA2 or its activation by changes in Ca2+ have the potential to play a role in the regulation of c-myc.

In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ANXA2 is a novel RNA-binding protein that binds directly to c-myc mRNA and up-regulates c-Myc protein. Hypothetically, these data provide a possible link between the Ca2+ second messenger system and the regulation of c-myc mRNA.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant RO1CA 78639 and grants from the Alberta Heart and Stroke Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

{ddagger} Supported by studentships from the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research and the Alberta Cancer Board. Back

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Depts. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. Tel.: 403-220-3022; Fax: 403-283-4841; E-mail: waisman{at}ucalgary.ca.

1 The abbreviations used are: ANXA2, annexin A2; ATD, aminoterminal domain; CCD, carboxyl core domain; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; mRNP, messenger ribonucleoprotein; RT, reverse transcriptase; pCp, cytidine 3',5'-bis(phosphate); TBS, Tris-buffered saline. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We are grateful to Lorne Burke and Paul Semchuk (Alberta Peptide Institute, University of Alberta) for extremely efficient mass spectrometry analysis. We also thank Tara Beattie and Ivan Babic for helpful discussions throughout the preparation of the manuscript. Additionally, we acknowledge Tony Hunter (Scripps Institute, La Jolla, CA) for the anti-annexin II antibody and Robert Orlowski (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC) for the c-myc vector. We are also extremely grateful to both Jesus Ayala-Sanmartin (INSERM, Paris, France) and Francois Kepes (Evry, France) for supplying materials for expression of ANXA2 and S100A10 in S. cerevisiae.



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