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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 18, 18361-18369, April 30, 2004

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Release of Intact and Fragmented Osteocalcin Molecules from Bone Matrix during Bone Resorption in Vitro^*

Kaisa K. Ivaska, Teuvo A. Hentunen, Jukka Vääräniemi, Hannele Ylipahkala, Kim Pettersson¶, and H. Kalervo Väänänen

From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, and the ^¶Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland

Received for publication, December 31, 2003 , and in revised form, February 12, 2004.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Osteocalcin detected from serum samples is considered a specific marker of osteoblast activity and bone formation rate. However, osteocalcin embedded in bone matrix must also be released during bone resorption. To understand the contribution of each type of bone cell in circulating osteocalcin levels, we used immunoassays detecting different molecular forms of osteocalcin to monitor bone resorption in vitro. Osteoclasts were obtained from rat long bones and cultured on bovine bone slices using osteocalcin-depleted fetal bovine serum. In addition, human osteoclasts differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used. Both rat and human osteoclasts released osteocalcin from bovine bone into medium. The amount of osteocalcin increased in the presence of parathyroid hormone, a stimulator of resorption, and decreased in the presence of bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of resorption. The amount of osteocalcin in the medium correlated with a well characterized marker of bone resorption, the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (r > 0.9, p < 0.0001). The heterogeneity of released osteocalcin was determined using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and several molecular forms of osteocalcin, including intact molecule, were identified in the culture medium. In conclusion, osteocalcin is released from the bone matrix during bone resorption as intact molecules and fragments. In addition to the conventional use as a marker of bone formation, osteocalcin can be used as a marker of bone resorption in vitro. Furthermore, bone matrix-derived osteocalcin may contribute to circulating osteocalcin levels, suggesting that serum osteocalcin should be considered as a marker of bone turnover rather than bone formation.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Osteocalcin (OC)¹ is a 6-kDa noncollagenous protein produced by osteoblasts (1), osteocytes (2), and odontoblasts (3). Osteocalcin messenger RNA has also been detected in tissues other than bone, but it appears to be processed properly only in the bone microenvironment (4, 5). The structure of osteocalcin is characterized by three glutamic acid residues, which undergo a vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. The -carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla) provide osteocalcin with the ability to bind bone hydroxyapatite with a high affinity (6, 7). Osteocalcin is the second most abundant protein in the bone matrix, and it is highly conserved among all vertebrate species (8). The biological function of osteocalcin is probably related to the regulation of bone turnover and/or mineralization (9, 10).

The expression of osteocalcin is a marker of late osteoblast differentiation and is induced only after the expression of other osteoblastic markers such as alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen (11, 12). Newly synthesized osteocalcin is mostly (60–90%) adsorbed to the bone hydroxyapatite via the Gla residues, but a part of it leaks into the circulation where it can be detected (13, 14). Although osteoblasts synthesize only intact osteocalcin (15), osteocalcin may further undergo intracellular processing or be degraded after secretion, leading to the generation of smaller fragments. Only intact molecules are able to bind to the bone hydroxyapatite, and osteocalcin fragments lose their binding ability probably because of an altered conformation and subsequent loss of affinity for bone mineral (6, 16). Circulating osteocalcin has been widely used in clinical investigations as a marker of bone formation (17), whereas protein expression has served as an index of osteoblastic phenotype and bone formation in vitro (11).

Earlier studies have suggested that circulating osteocalcin originates exclusively from biosynthesis in osteoblasts and not from the breakdown of bone matrix (14, 18–20). However, later studies on patients with different metabolic bone diseases have suggested that not all of osteocalcin fragments are derived from the metabolism of osteocalcin in the circulation or peripheral organs but also from osteocalcin embedded in bone (21–23). Thus, part of osteocalcin found in the blood may also originate from the resorption process, when osteocalcin embedded in the bone matrix is released during bone degradation (Fig. 1). During bone resorption, osteoclasts secrete protons into the space between the bone surface and cells using vacuolar type H⁺ATPase, and the acidification results in the dissolution of inorganic mineral. Organic bone matrix degradation is mediated by proteolytic enzymes, primarily cathepsin K, and the released material is endocytosed for further degradation in transcytotic vesicles in the resorbing osteoclast. Eventually, the degraded material is excreted into the extracellular space via a functional secretory domain (24, 25). Because osteocalcin is rather susceptible to proteolysis in vitro (16, 26), acids and proteases may also attack osteocalcin during bone degradation. Although the secretion of osteocalcin from osteoblasts has been widely studied, the release of osteocalcin molecules from the bone matrix and their potential contribution to the circulating osteocalcin pool has been discussed (27–29) but not clearly documented. If such a contribution exists, the circulating osteocalcin should rather be considered an indicator of bone turnover and not merely a marker of bone formation.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Possible sources of osteocalcin in circulation. The newly synthesized osteocalcin (biosynthetic OC) is partly incorporated into the matrix and partly released into the circulation. Osteocalcin embedded in bone matrix is released during bone resorption (resorptive OC), but it is not precisely known how extensively osteocalcin is degraded during the resorption process. Osteocytes express osteocalcin, but their contribution to the circulating levels of osteocalcin is unknown.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Reagents—-Modified minimum essential medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1 M HEPES solution, and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) were purchased from Invitrogen. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor was purchased from R & D Systems, and the receptor activator of nuclear factor B ligand (RANKL) and tumor necrosis factor were from Peprotech. Dexamethasone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), bafilomycin A1 (BafA1, an inhibitor for vacuolar type H⁺ATPase), trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-[4-guanidino]butane (E64, an inhibitor for cysteine proteases), Hoechst 33258, and leukocyte acid phosphatase kit 387-A were purchased from Sigma. Calcium was determined with Calcium Roche/Hitachi reagents from Roche Applied Science. Streptavidin-coated microtitration plates, Assay® buffer, Delfia® wash solution, Delfia® enhancement solution, and Victor² Multilabel Counter were from PerkinElmer Life Sciences, and synthetic human osteocalcin (residues 1–49 with Gla at positions 17, 21, and 24) was purchased from Advanced Chemtech (Louisville, KY). The monoclonal antibodies (MAb) for osteocalcin have been described in detail previously (30). Briefly, MAb 3G8 requires the full-length molecule for recognition, MAb 8H12 binds to residues in region 7–19 and MAbs 2H9 and 3H8 have an epitope on the residues spanning positions 20–43. In addition, MAb 3H8 favors the Gla-containing forms of osteocalcin. The MAbs were raised either against bovine osteocalcin (3G8 and 3H8) or the fusion protein of glutathione S-transferase and human osteocalcin (8H12 and 2H9). The Alexa 647-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody, TRITC-labeled phalloidin, and succimidyl ester of carboxyfluorescein were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR).

Osteocalcin Immunoassays—MAb 3G8 or 8H12 were used as biotinylated capture antibodies and MAb 2H9 or 3H8 as europium-labeled tracer antibodies resulting in three different two-site combinations: 3G8/2H9 (I-OC, for intact OC), 8H12/2H9 (M-OC, for the majority of OC), and 8H12/3H8 (T-OC, for total OC). The antibodies were biotinylated with 50-fold molar excesses of biotin-isothiocyanate and labeled with 200-fold molar excesses of europium(III) chelate as described previously (30). Synthetic human osteocalcin 1–49 was used as a calibrator. Samples or calibrators (10 µl of each) were added to the wells of streptavidin-coated plates. A mixture containing 100 ng of bio-MAb and 100 ng of Eu-MAb in 50 µl of Assay® buffer containing 5 mmol/liter EDTA was added to each well. After2hof shaking at room temperature (22 °C), the plates were washed six times with Delfia® wash solution, and 200 µl of Delfia® enhancement solution was added to each well. After 30 min of shaking, time-resolved fluorescence was measured using the Victor Multilabel Counter. The calibration curve covered a range from 0.4 to 59 ng/ml. Analytical detection limits were defined as the concentration corresponding to the mean value + 3 S.D. of 12 determinations of the zero calibrator and were set for the I-OC, M-OC, and T-OC assays as 0.02, 0.06, and 0.50 ng/ml, respectively. The withinassay and between-assay coefficient of variations (CVs) were determined using a control sample prepared from FBS and were found to be less than 10% (n = 12).

Osteoclast Cultures—A mixed rodent bone cell population was cultured on bovine bone slices as described in detail previously (31) and originally introduced by Boyde et al. (32) and Chambers et al. (33). Briefly, osteoclasts were mechanically isolated from the long bones of 1-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and allowed to attach to devitalized slices of bovine cortical bone (thickness, 0.15 mm) for 30 min, after which the nonadherent cells were washed away. The osteoclasts were cultured on 24-well plates in -modified minimum essential medium (1 ml/well) supplemented with 10% osteocalcin-depleted FBS, 20 mM HEPES, and 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin for 3–5 days at +37 °C and 5% CO₂. Controls consisting either of bone slices alone or mixed bone cell population plated on glass coverslips were included in each experiment. PTH (10 nM), BafA1 (3 nM), and E64 (50 µM) were added at the beginning of the culture when indicated, and medium samples (30–50 µl/well) were collected daily and stored at –20 °C until analyzed. Human osteoclasts were induced to differentiate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells as published elsewhere (34). Briefly, mononuclear cells were isolated from human peripheral blood using the Ficoll-Paque^TM technique (Amersham Biotech). The cells were washed four times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 1,000,000 cells/bone slice were allowed to adhere for 2 h. The nonadherent cells were washed away, and the monocytes adhered on the bone were cultured in -modified minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% regular FBS, 20 mM HEPES, antibiotics, 10 ng/ml of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, 20 ng/ml of RANKL, 10 ng/ml of tumor necrosis factor , and 10^–8 M dexamethasone for 12 days. Half of the medium was replaced with fresh medium containing 2-fold concentrations of cytokines every 4 days. Additionally, to study the release of the inorganic matrix in the absence of osteoclasts, some bovine bone slices were exposed to 0.6 M HCl at +4 °C for 24 h.

Osteocalcin-depleted Fetal Bovine Serum—The FBS used in the rat osteoclast cultures was depleted of bovine osteocalcin prior to use. Equal amounts of MAbs 8H12, 2H9, and 3H8 (1 mg of MAb mixture/1 ml of matrix) were coupled to a gel matrix (Affi-Gel 10; Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer's instructions using sterile reagents. FBS (14 ml) was mixed with the coupled matrix (1 ml) in an end-over-end rotator for 1 h at +4 °C and centrifuged for 10 min at 1000 rpm. The supernatant, i.e. osteocalcin-depleted FBS, was collected and stored at –20 °C. The matrix was washed two times with PBS and osteocalcineluted with 0.5 M glycine-HCl, pH 2.5, in an end-over-end rotator for 15 min at +4 °C. The matrix was then washed twice with PBS prior to the preparation of the next batch.

Evaluation of Osteoclast Cultures—The osteocalcin immunoassays I-OC, M-OC, and T-OC described above and a competitive osteocalcin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Rat-MID osteocalcin assay; Nordic Biosciences) were used to measure osteocalcin concentration in the medium. The amount of degraded bone matrix was assayed by measuring the C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) from the medium (CrossLaps for Culture; Nordic Biosciences), and the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b (TRACP5b) in the medium was assessed as described previously (35). The osteoclasts were fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde and cells were stained for TRACP enzyme activity with a leukocyte acid phosphatase kit. The nuclei were visualized with Hoechst staining, and the TRACP-positive multinucleated cells (at least 3 nuclei) were counted as osteoclasts. In addition to the medium, the osteocalcin and calcium levels were also determined from the supernatants collected from the HCl-treated bone slices.

Immunostainings—The organic bone matrix components were visualized with fluorescein-labeled bone. The bone slices were incubated in a bicarbonate solution (pH 8.3) containing a succimidyl ester of carboxyfluorescein for 2 h with gentle stirring and then washed with PBS before usage. Rat osteoclasts were cultured on labeled bone slices for 48 h, fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min on ice, and washed once with 2% bovine serum albumin in PBS (BSA-PBS). The anti-osteocalcin MAb 3H8 (1000 ng/bone slice) diluted in 0.5% BSA-PBS was added and incubated for 45 min at room temperature. After washing with BSA-PBS, the cells were incubated with the Alexa 647-conjugated anti-mouse antibody and TRITC-phalloidin in BSA-PBS for 45 min at room temperature. After washing, the cells were evaluated with a Leica TCS-SP confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with an Argon-Krypton laser (Leica Microsystems). Fluorescein-labeled samples were visualized using a 495–530-nm filter, TRITC-labeled samples were visualized using a 580–630-nm filter, and Alexa 647-labeled samples were visualized using a 660–740-nm filter. Confocal images of triple staining were acquired by a sequential scanning method, i.e. all channels were scanned separately to avoid overlapping.

Fractionation of Osteocalcin from Cell Culture Media and Bovine Serum—The culture medium (4 ml) collected from the rat osteoclasts cultured for 5 days with 10 nM PTH and the supernatant obtained from the bone slices incubated with HCl at +4 °C for 24 h were used for the analysis. Further, osteocalcin was isolated from fetal bovine serum using the Affi-Gel 10 matrix coupled to the MAbs 8H12, 2H9, and 3H8 as described above. The samples (the culture medium or the supernatant as such and the osteocalcin isolated from the serum) were extracted in solid phase extraction cartridges (Sep-Pak Plus C18; Millipore) using 40% acetonitrile for elution. The extracted material was fractionated on a Vydac C4 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (2.1 x 150 mm) equipped with a Vydac C4 guard column (both from The Sep/a/ra/tions Group). The solvent gradient used was 2–30% B (0–23 min) (A = 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/water and B = 0.08% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile), 30–60% B (23–45 min), 60–80% B (45–65 min), 80% B (65–70 min), and 80–2% B (70–75 min) with a flow rate of 150 µl/minute. Fractions (50 µl) were collected during elution, diluted in Assay® buffer and analyzed for osteocalcin with the I-OC, M-OC, and T-OC assays. Fractions collected from the bovine serum fractionation were also analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and N-terminal sequencing as described previously (36).

Statistical Analysis—Comparison between groups was performed with the nonparametric Wilcoxon's test using the Statistical Analysis System Enterprise Guide 2 program (SAS Institute). Bonferroni adjustment was used in multiple comparisons, and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Because of normal distribution, one-way analysis of variance was used in the comparison of cultures performed with normal versus osteocalcin-depleted FBS, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used in correlation studies. All of the results are presented as the means ± S.E.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Osteocalcin (T-OC assay) was detected in the culture medium of rat osteoclasts after 2–3 days of culture on bovine bone, and the amount of osteocalcin increased in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 2A). The concentration of osteocalcin was higher in the osteoclast cultures than in the corresponding controls, and the difference was statistically significant after 3 days of culture (p = 0.0002 for the bone only control and p = 0.0007 for the cells only control, n = 36) and even more pronounced at the end of the culture period (p < 0.0001 for the bone only and p = 0.0014 for the cells only, n = 30). The release of osteocalcin into the medium was significantly increased when PTH, a known stimulator of bone resorption, was added to the medium, and osteocalcin was almost undetectable when BafA1, a potent inhibitor of the vacuolar type H⁺ATPase and bone resorption, was included in the culture medium (Fig. 2B). Osteocalcin levels in the BafA1-treated cultures were similar to those of the controls at each time point (p values > 0.05). In addition to the T-OC assay, osteocalcin was also detected with the I-OC and M-OC assays, and the levels of all detectable forms of the protein were significantly reduced in the presence of BafA1 (I-OC, p = 0.012; M-OC, p < 0.0001; and T-OC, p < 0.0001; n = 17; Fig. 3). Furthermore, an increase in osteocalcin in response to PTH was significant for all of the three assays (p values less than 0.0001; data not shown). Stimulation with PTH also resulted in the detection of osteocalcin when a competitive osteocalcin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used (212 ± 21 ng/ml, n = 5). However, in the unstimulated cultures, the osteocalcin levels detected with this assay (22.8 ± 9.1 ng/ml, n = 5) did not differ from the reported detection limit (21.1 ng/ml). Osteocalcin was detected inside the resorbing osteoclasts by staining with a monoclonal antibody against a midmolecular epitope (MAb 3H8, epitope in the fragment 20–43) (Fig. 4, B and D). The bone matrix endocytosed from fluorescein-labeled matrix was also clearly detectable inside the cells (Fig. 4, A and C) and vesicles containing labeled bone partially co-localized with the vesicles positive for osteocalcin.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Osteocalcin is released into a culture medium during osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. A, osteocalcin (T-OC) was detected in the culture medium of rat osteoclasts cultured on bovine bone slices. Significances compared with untreated cultures are shown as follows: a, p < 0.001; b, p < 0.01 (nonparametric Wilcoxon's test; significances below the plot are for the bone control and significances above the plot for the cell control). The data are combined from seven individual cultures, and the total number of replicates is 20–36 depending on the time point. B, treatment with PTH increased and treatment with BafA1 decreased the release of osteocalcin into medium. Significances compared with untreated cultures are shown as follows: a, p < 0.001; c, p < 0.05 (nonparametric Wilcoxon's test). The data are combined from six individual cultures, and the total number of replicates is 16–30 depending on the time point.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Osteocalcin was detected in a medium with immunoassays for various molecular forms of osteocalcin. The release of osteocalcin and the effect of BafA1 was detected by all three assays I-OC, M-OC, and T-OC. Significances of the bone control, the cell control, and the BafA1-treated culture (columns with patterns) compared with untreated osteoclasts cultured on bone (white columns) are shown as follows: a, p < 0.001; b, p < 0.01; c, p < 0.05 (nonparametric Wilcoxon's test with Bonferroni adjustment; n = 9 for bone only, n = 6 for cells only, n = 17 for osteoclasts on bone, and n = 16 for BafA1).

View larger version (71K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Osteocalcin is localized inside bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Fluorescein-labeled bone (A and C) and osteocalcin (B and D) can be found partially in the same compartments inside resorbing cells. Rat osteoclasts were stained for osteocalcin after a 2-day culture on fluorescein-labeled bovine bone slices and z sections (A and B) and x-y sections from the nuclear level (C and D) were obtained with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Actin staining was used to visualize cell boundaries (indicated with a dotted line) and to identify osteoclasts characterized by actin rings.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Osteocalcin in medium correlates with bone degradation. Scatter plots of T-OC and CTX in a medium of rat osteoclasts cultured on bovine bone for 5 days (A) and human osteoclasts cultured on bovine bone for 12 days (B) are shown. The Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.949 (p < 0.0001, n = 11) and 0.934 (p < 0.0001, n = 48), respectively.

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. The inhibitory effect of BafA1 and E64 is different on osteocalcin and similar on CTX. Significances for inhibited cultures (BafA1, gray columns; E64, white columns) compared with the untreated cultures (hatched columns) are shown above the columns as follows: a, p < 0.001; b, p < 0.01; c, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05 (not significant). The p values above the horizontal lines represent the significances between BafA1-treated cultures compared with the E64-treated cultures (nonparametric Wilcoxon's test with Bonferroni adjustment). The data are pooled from three individual cultures; the average value of untreated cultures in each individual experiment was set as 100%, and the levels of bone markers are shown as the percentages of those in untreated cultures (n = 17 for untreated, n = 16 for BafA1 and n = 12 for E64). The average values for untreated cultures were 1.4 ng/ml (I-OC), 4.5 ng/ml (M-OC), 8.2 ng/ml (T-OC), and 13.4 nM (CTX).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 7. Both intact osteocalcin and osteocalcin fragments were identified from osteoclast cultures and fetal bovine serum. Elution profiles from the fractionation of osteocalcin in rat osteoclast medium (10 nM PTH, 5 days) (A), released by demineralization with acid treatment (24 h, kinetics for release shown in inset) (B), or isolated from FBS with affinity chromatography (C). The fractions were measured with I-OC (solid squares), M-OC (open squares), and T-OC (triangles), and a representative example of an individual fractionation is displayed. All of the isolation and fractionation steps were performed twice from samples obtained from two independent cultures/purifications, and the elution profile was similar in shape in both independent runs. The numbers in C refer to the molecular forms of osteocalcin (residues 8–33 and 1–49) identified from the fractions indicated by arrows.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 8. Bone resorption was not disturbed when FBS in the culture medium was replaced by osteocalcin-depleted FBS. TRACP-positive multi-nucleated osteoclasts were observed in cultures using both untreated FBS (A) and osteocalcin-depleted FBS (B). The original magnification is 10x. There was no difference in the number of osteoclasts/bone slice (p = 0.67, n = 8) nor in the activity of TRACP5b (p = 0.89, n = 4) or the amount of CTX (p = 0.92, n = 11) released into the medium (C). The statistics have been calculated with one-way analysis of variance.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We studied the detachment of osteocalcin from the bone matrix during bone resorption in vitro. Osteocalcin was clearly released into the medium during osteoclastic resorption both in the rat and human in vitro models we used. The concentration of osteocalcin increased in the presence of PTH, a known stimulator of bone resorption, and was almost undetectable in the presence of bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of bone resorption. A minor amount of osteocalcin was detected in medium incubated with bone slices alone, but the level was not increased after the first 24 h. Also, the rat bone cells cultured on glass coverslips did not produce detectable levels of biosynthetic osteocalcin. Osteocalcin was detected with assays measuring either intact osteocalcin exclusively (I-OC) or those also detecting fragments in addition to intact molecules (M-OC and T-OC), and these results were also reproducible by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentration of osteocalcin in the culture medium demonstrated a strong (r > 0.9) and highly significant (p < 0.0001) correlation to the concentration of CTX, which is frequently used to quantify resorption in bone culture supernatants. The correlation between osteocalcin and CTX was observed both in the rat and human osteoclast cultures. Taken together, these results suggest that the osteocalcin detected by the immunoassays is derived from degraded matrix and can thus be used as an index of bone resorption in vitro. The correlation to CTX was nearly similar with all osteocalcin assays, further suggesting that several different molecular forms of osteocalcin can be used in monitoring cultures. We have previously reported that the same immunoassays are suitable in monitoring osteocalcin production in rat primary osteoblasts (45), indicating that the very same osteocalcin immunoassays can be applied to monitor both de novo synthesized osteocalcin in osteoblast cultures, as well as the bone matrix-derived osteocalcin in osteoclast cultures.

In addition to the immunoassays, osteocalcin was demonstrated inside bone-resorbing osteoclasts by immunostaining, and intracellular osteocalcin was predominantly located in the same vesicles as the endocytosed bone matrix. Although the labeling of bone with fluorescein has probably produced small amounts of labeled osteocalcin, which can be responsible for some of the co-localization, this does not invalidate the conclusion that osteocalcin can be detected inside osteoclasts in the very same compartments as the proteins originally present in the bone matrix. In addition to intracellular vesicles, osteocalcin immunostaining was also observed at the bottom of the resorption lacunae but not on intact bone surfaces, suggesting that mineral dissolution was obligatory to expose the binding epitopes. The immunoassay results and microscopic data together support a concept for the release of immunodetectable osteocalcin during bone resorption. In agreement with our results, Kurihara et al. (46) have provided evidence for osteocalcin immunoreactivity in the supernatant of human bone particle-derived osteoclasts cultured on human bone slices with a sandwich assay for the N-terminal epitope of human osteocalcin.

The correlation between CTX and intact osteocalcin indicated that part of the osteocalcin was able to escape complete degradation in osteoclasts and was released from resorption as intact, unfragmented molecules. This was further supported by the HPLC fractionation of osteocalcin from the osteoclast culture medium, because the largest peak in the elution profile was positive for the I-OC assay and thus consisted of intact osteocalcin molecules. Two smaller peaks in the elution profile could not be identified due to the small amount of protein, but on the basis of earlier elution time they most likely consist of osteocalcin fragments. Peaks were eluted approximately at the same time (45 and 47 min) as two fragments of serum osteocalcin. Thus, the peaks in the osteoclast culture medium might contain osteocalcin fragments similar to those detected in serum. Because the elution profiles of both osteocalcin isolated from the culture medium and serum had similarities, osteocalcin released during bone resorption may represent a part of osteocalcin found in circulation and could be able to contribute to the circulating pool of both osteocalcin fragments and intact molecules. Osteocalcin is, however, further metabolized in the circulation and peripheral organs such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs (14, 47, 48), adding more complexity to serum osteocalcin and making it difficult to draw conclusions on the basis of in vitro studies only.

The circulating osteocalcin appeared to be a complex mixture of several molecular forms. One predominant form was identified as intact osteocalcin 1–49 on the basis of both immunore-activity (I-OC) and size (molecular mass, 5719 Da) and another one as osteocalcin fragment 8–33 according to mass spectrometric data (molecular mass, 2897 Da). The latter form was recognized by the T-OC assay only. Interestingly, Gundberg et al. (49) have demonstrated that the degradation of osteocalcin by cathepsin K results predominantly in osteocalcin fragments spanning residues 8–33 and 8–35. Other forms identified in the bovine serum were osteocalcin fragments 8–31, 8–37, and 8–49. Because cathepsins cleave osteocalcin specifically between residues Gly⁷ and Ala⁸, the circulating osteocalcin fragments starting from Ala⁸ could putatively all result from the degradation by cathepsins (26, 49). Serum may, of course, contain additional shorter osteocalcin fragments, which remain to be characterized. It has been previously shown by Garnero et al. (50), that circulating human osteocalcin consists of intact osteocalcin (one-third), osteocalcin fragments 1–43 (one-third), and smaller, unidentified fragments (one-third). We were unable to demonstrate the presence of fragment 1–43 in bovine serum, but this can be attributed in part to the different methodology, because Garnero et al. utilized immunoassays instead of the purification and mass spectrometric characterization adopted in this study.

The results obtained with the inhibitors of resorption suggest that different molecular forms of osteocalcin might be released during different stages of osteoclastic bone resorption. The inhibition of acidification in the resorption lacunae by BafA1 resulted in a complete inhibition in the release of CTX as well as of all of the molecular forms of osteocalcin. When the proteolytic activity of cathepsins was disturbed with E64, an almost complete inhibition in the release of CTX was evident, indicating that the osteoclasts were unable to degrade the organic bone matrix. However, the inhibition of cathepsins did not have such a profound effect on the release of osteocalcin, suggesting that part of osteocalcin is liberated from the bone matrix via a cathepsin-independent pathway. Moreover, the release of intact osteocalcin was almost unaffected by E64, which suggests that the detachment of intact molecules does not require the activity of cathepsins. The osteocalcin released during the dissolution of mineral consisted almost exclusively of intact molecules (HPLC), thus supporting the concept that the acidification step, and not cathepsin-mediated degradation, is the main source of intact osteocalcin during bone resorption. Thus, when the mineral is dissolved and its component ions released from hydroxyapatite during acidification, osteocalcin bound to calcium via the Gla residues might be released as intact molecules independent of the proteolytic pathways. After demineralization, proteolytic enzymes cleave collagen and other matrix proteins into smaller fragments. At this step, the osteocalcin that has not been mobilized during matrix dissolution will be susceptible to degradation by proteases, especially cathepsins, resulting in the generation of osteocalcin fragments, probably starting predominantly from the residue Ala⁸, with subsequent heterogeneity observed in the resorptive osteocalcin.

It is well documented that osteoblasts produce osteocalcin, which is used as a marker of bone formation. We have demonstrated that osteocalcin is released during bone resorption as well as being produced by osteoblasts during bone formation. A part of osteocalcin escapes the proteolytic degradation during bone resorption and is released both as intact molecules and fragments. The detection of osteocalcin in the culture medium provides a useful tool for monitoring the bone resorption rate in osteoclast cultures. These results also suggest that a fraction of intact osteocalcin and osteocalcin fragments in the circulation may actually be derived from bone resorption, although it is difficult to estimate the relative proportion of serum osteocalcin that would come from each process in a clinical setting. In conclusion, serum osteocalcin should preferentially be considered a bone turnover marker instead of a pure marker of bone formation.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by funds from the National Graduate School for Musculoskeletal Diseases, the Academy of Finland, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institute of Biomedicine, Dept. of Anatomy, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. Tel.: 358-2-333-7970; Fax: 358-2-333-7352; E-mail: kaisa.ivaska{at}utu.fi.

¹ The abbreviations used are: OC, osteocalcin; Gla, -carboxyglutamic acid; FBS, fetal bovine serum; PTH, parathyroid hormone; BafA1, bafilomycin A1; E64, trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-[4-guanidino]butane; MAb, monoclonal antibody(ies); PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; CTX, C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen; TRACP5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b; BSA, bovine serum albumin; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; MALDI-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry; TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
Terhi J. Heino is acknowledged for reading the manuscript.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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