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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M314048200 on February 24, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 18, 19327-19334, April 30, 2004
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Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Regulation of Collagenase-3 Expression in Osteoblastic Cells by Cross-talk between the Smad and MAPK Signaling Pathways and Their Components, Smad2 and Runx2*

Nagarajan Selvamurugan{ddagger}§, Sukyee Kwok{ddagger}, Tamara Alliston¶, Michael Reiss||, and Nicola C. Partridge{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, the Department of Growth and Development, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and the ||Department of Medicine, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903

Received for publication, December 22, 2003 , and in revised form, February 17, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta}) plays a key role in osteoblast differentiation and bone development and remodeling. Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-13) is expressed by osteoblasts and seems to be involved in osteoclastic bone resorption. Here, we show that TGF-{beta}1 stimulates collagenase-3 expression in the rat osteoblastic cell line UMR 106-01 and requires de novo protein synthesis. Dominant-negative Smad2/3 constructs indicated that Smad signaling is essential for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity. Inhibitors of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, but not the JNK pathway, reduced TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression, indicating that the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways are also required for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells. These inhibitors did not prevent nuclear localization of Smad proteins, but they inhibited Smad-mediated transcriptional activation. We have shown for the first time that Runx2 (a bone transcription factor and a potential substrate for the MAPK pathway) is phosphorylated in response to TGF-{beta}1 treatment in osteoblastic cells. Cotransfection of Smad2 and Runx2 constructs had a cooperative effect on TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity in these cells. We further identified ligand-independent physical interaction between Smad2 and Runx2. Taken together, our results provide an important role for cross-talk between the Smad and MAPK pathways and their components in expression of collagenase-3 following TGF-{beta}1 treatment in UMR 106-01 cells.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Transforming growth factor-{beta} (TGF-{beta})1 is one of the most abundant growth factors in skeletal tissues (1) and, in mammals, comprises three isoforms, TGF-{beta}1, TGF-{beta}2, and TGF-{beta}3, all of which are expressed by bone cells (2) and interact with the known TGF-{beta} type I-III receptors (betaglycan) (3). TGF-{beta} plays a key role in osteoblast differentiation and bone development and remodeling. Inhibition of endogenous TGF-{beta} signaling in bone in mice results in altered bone remodeling (4). Although osteoblasts are presumably responsible for production of most of the TGF-{beta} entrapped in bone matrix, the majority of active TGF-{beta} appears to be generated by bone-resorbing osteoclasts either through release of TGF-{beta} stored in bone matrix or by biosynthesis of new TGF-{beta} (5-9).

Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-13) is expressed as a late differentiation gene in osteoblasts and is primarily responsible for the degradation of extracellular bone matrix components (type I-III fibrillar collagens). Collagenase-3 gene expression is regulated by bone-resorbing agents such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), cytokines such as interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, and growth factors that promote bone turnover (10-14). In vivo, collagenase-3 has been shown to be expressed in ossifying centers during bone development (15) and is detectable by immunohistochemistry in rat calvariae 14 days after birth (16). The regulation of this gene is likely to have important consequences for both normal and pathological remodeling of bone where the balance between bone resorption and bone formation is disrupted. Using mutant mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen, Zhao et al. (17) showed that PTH-induced bone resorption and calcemic responses are markedly diminished. The number of osteoclasts is also reduced, and the animals have thicker than normal bones (18).

In the last few years, significant progress has been made in delineating the signaling mechanisms utilized by TGF-{beta}. TGF-{beta} signals through sequential activation of two cell-surface serine/threonine kinase receptors (types I and II), which phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 within their conserved C-terminal SSXS motif (19-22). These activated Smad proteins, together with Smad4, translocate to the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes. Smad4 is an essential component in many of the Smad-dependent responses (23), serving both to stabilize the Smad-transcription factor complex (24) and to form functional interactions with critical transcriptional adapter proteins (25). The inhibitory Smad proteins (Smad6 and Smad7) directly inhibit the TGF-{beta} type I receptor serine/threonine kinase and the transcriptional machinery (19-21). MAPKs also represent another major type of signaling intermediate for TGF-{beta}.

Because TGF-{beta}1 is a local regulator of bone cell function and collagenases appear to be involved in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, we postulated that TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in osteoblastic cells could play a pivotal role in bone remodeling. Hence, it was of interest to dissect and identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells. The Runx family of transcription factors is encoded by three distinct genes, runx1 (polyoma enhancer-binding protein-2B/core-binding factor-{alpha}2/AML1), runx2 (polyoma enhancer-binding protein-2A/core-binding factor-{alpha}1/AML3), and runx3 (polyoma enhancer-binding protein-2C/core-binding factor-{alpha}3/AML2). Runx2 plays an essential role in osteogenesis (26-28). We show here the functional interaction of Smad2 and Runx2 as signaling components for the Smad and MAPK pathways and that they are necessary for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity in osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials—TGF-{beta}1 was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). Radionuclides were obtained from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Synthetic oligonucleotides were synthesized by Invitrogen. [14C]Chloramphenicol was obtained from Amersham Biosciences. Tissue culture medium and reagents were obtained from Invitrogen. Fetal bovine serum was a product of JRH Biosciences (Lenexa, KS). The MEK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK inhibitors were purchased from Calbiochem. All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma or Fisher. Anti-Smad2 antibody was purchased from Zymed Laboratories Inc.. Anti-phospho-Smad2 antibody was obtained from Upstate Biotechnology, Inc. Phosphorylated Smad3 was detected using a purified rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against a 13-amino acid C-terminal phosphorylated Smad3 peptide as described previously (29). Anti-phosphoserine and anti-phosphothreonine antibodies were obtained from Sigma. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibody was purchased from Calbiochem. Anti-{alpha}-tubulin and anti-Cdk2 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA).

Cell Culture—UMR 106-01 cells were maintained in monolayer in Eagle's minimal essential medium (with Earle's salts) supplemented with nonessential amino acids, 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.3), 5% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air.

Northern Blot Analysis—Ten µg of total RNA was separated by formaldehyde-agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to Zeta probe (Bio-Rad). Hybridization was carried out as described previously (30). The cDNAs for rat collagenase-3 and 18 S ribosomal RNA were labeled using either random primer or nick translation kits (Promega). The filters were scanned and quantitated using a PhosphorImager system.

Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR—Total RNA was prepared using the QIAGEN RNeasy kit. Reverse transcription was carried out using TaqMan reverse transcription reagents (Roche Applied Science). PCRs were performed using a real-time PCR DNA Engine Opticon (MJ Research, Inc., Watertown, MA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, which allow real-time quantitative detection of the PCR product by measuring the increase in SYBR green fluorescence caused by binding of SYBR green to double-stranded DNA. The SYBR green kit for PCRs was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Primers for human collagenase-3 and {beta}-actin were designed using PrimerExpress software (PerkinElmer Life Sciences).

Transient Transfections—The plasmid DNAs were transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells using LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen). Briefly, cells were plated at 3 x 105 cells/well in 6-well plates in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The following day, the cells were transfected with 1 µg/plate DNA and 5 µl/plate LipofectAMINE in 1 ml of serum-free Eagle's minimal essential medium. After 16 h, 1 ml of Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum was added. After 24 h, the cells were treated with either control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for 24 h. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured by reacting 50 µl of cell lysate in duplicate in a 100-µl reaction volume consisting of final concentrations of 250 µM n-butyryl-CoA and 23 mM [14C]chloramphenicol (0.125 µCi/assay). Butylated chloramphenicol was removed by pre-extraction with 200 µl of mixed xylenes. The xylene phase was back-extracted with 100 µl of 0.25 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). Butylated chloramphenicol retained in the final organic layer was determined by scintillation counting. A standard curve using purified CAT was performed every experiment to determine the linear range of the enzyme assay. Renilla luciferase activity was monitored as an internal control of transfection efficiency using a dual luciferase assay system (Promega).

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis—The whole cell extracts and nuclear extracts were prepared as described previously (31-33). The whole cell extracts were precleared with normal rabbit serum and protein A-agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 30 min at 4 °C. After preclearing, the samples were immunoprecipitated with antibody and protein A-agarose beads and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. The beads were washed, and SDS loading buffer was added, followed by boiling in a water bath. The proteins were resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE. The proteins were transferred electrophoretically to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Bio-Rad). After blocking in Tris-buffered saline (0.1% Tween 20, 138 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, and 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)) containing 5% (w/v) nonfat dry milk, the membrane was exposed to primary antibody overnight at 4 °C. The membrane was washed and exposed to horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. The immunoreactive signals were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Amersham Biosciences).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
To study the effect of TGF-{beta}1 on expression of collagenase-3 in the rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line UMR 106-01, cells were treated with TGF-{beta}1 either at different concentrations for 24 h (Fig. 1A) or for different time periods with 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 1B). Total cellular RNAs were purified and analyzed by Northern blotting using a rat collagenase-3 cDNA. The filters were scanned and quantitated using a PhosphorImager. As shown in Fig. 1A, collagenase-3 expression was maximally stimulated (3.8-fold) by 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 at 24 h in UMR 106-01 cells (Fig. 1B). An equal amount of RNA loading and transfer was verified by detecting 18 S ribosomal RNA on the same filter. To determine whether the TGF-{beta}1-mediated increase in collagenase-3 mRNA is a primary response, UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control medium or medium containing TGF-{beta}1 for 24 h in the presence or absence of 30 µg/ml cycloheximide added 1 h before treatment. Total RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis using labeled rat collagenase-3 or 18 S ribosomal cDNA. As shown in Fig. 1C, cycloheximide inhibited TGF-{beta}1 induction of collagenase-3 mRNA, indicating that the TGF-{beta}1 stimulation of collagenase-3 expression is secondary and that de novo protein synthesis is required for this purpose. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was then performed using an antibody against rat collagenase-3, which confirmed stimulation of secretion of collagenase-3 from UMR 106-01 cells into the medium (data not shown).



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  		FIG. 1.
A, dose effect of the TGF-{beta}1 stimulation of collagenase-3 mRNA. UMR 106-01 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and treated with control medium or medium containing TGF-{beta}1 at different concentrations for 24 h as indicated. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to Northern blot analysis using labeled rat collagenase-3 (C'ase-3) or 18 S ribosomal cDNA. B, time course of the TGF-{beta}1 stimulation of collagenase-3 mRNA. UMR 106-01 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and treated with control medium or medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 for different time periods as indicated. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to Northern blot analysis using labeled rat collagenase-3 or 18 S ribosomal cDNA. C, TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 mRNA expression requires de novo protein synthesis. UMR 106-01 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and treated with control medium (C) or medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 (T) for 8 and 24 h in the presence or absence of 30 µg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) added 1 h before TGF-{beta}1 treatment, and total RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis using labeled rat collagenase-3 or 18 S ribosomal cDNA.

 
Smad proteins have been identified as intracellular mediators for members of the TGF-{beta} superfamily. To determine the involvement of the Smad pathway in TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression, we first examined phosphorylation patterns of Smad2 activated by TGF-{beta}1. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with TGF-{beta}1 for different times as indicated. Whole cell extracts were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis. As shown in Fig. 2A, Smad2 was rapidly phosphorylated within 15 min of TGF-{beta}1 treatment, which persisted for 4 h in these cells. Similarly, Smad3 was also phosphorylated in response to TGF-{beta}1 treatment for 1 h (Fig. 2B). To examine the functional significance of the Smad pathway activated by TGF-{beta}1 in regulating collagenase-3 expression in these osteoblastic cells, we utilized dominant-negative Smad2 and Smad3 expression plasmids. The rat -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected with either pCMV-Smad2Mutant or pCMV-Smad3Mutant into UMR 106-01 cells and then treated with control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for 24 h and assayed for CAT activity. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase plasmid. Both Smad2/3 mutants reduced, but did not completely abolish, the basal and TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activities in UMR 106-01 cells (Fig. 2C), indicating that the TGF-{beta}1 response for collagenase-3 promoter activity requires an additional signaling pathway.



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  		FIG. 2.
TGF-{beta}1 activates the Smad signaling pathway. A, UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control or TGF-{beta}1 (10 ng/ml)-containing medium for the indicated times. Whole cell extracts were isolated and subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-phospho-Smad2 antibody. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti-Smad2 antibody to show equal amounts of protein loaded in the membrane. B, nuclear extracts from control UMR 106-01 cells and from UMR 106-01 cells treated with 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 for 1 h were subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-phospho-Smad3 antibody. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti-Cdk2 antibody to show equal amounts of protein loaded in the membrane. C, the -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells along with the pCMV, pCMVSmad2Mutant (Smad2M), or pCMV-Smad3Mutant (Smad3M) expression construct. The cells were then treated with control or 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for 24 h. The lysates were prepared and assayed for CAT activity. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter gene construct. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using Prism 3.0. *, significant difference compared with the control. RLU, relative luciferase units; pmol but, pmol butylated chloramphenicol.

 
To identify whether the MAPK signaling pathway is involved in TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression, we used MAPK pathway inhibitors. UMR 106-01 cells were pretreated with Me2SO, PD98059 (MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), or SP600125 (JNK2 inhibitor) at different concentrations for 20 min and then treated with or without TGF-{beta}1 for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR using the sense or antisense oligomers for rat collagenase-3 and {beta}-actin (Fig. 3, A-C). The ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors decreased TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression from 10.0 ± 1.8-fold to 3.0 ± 0.6-fold at 25 µM and to 1.7 ± 0.4-fold at 10 µM, respectively. These results suggest that, in addition to the Smad pathway (Fig. 2), the MAPK pathway is also required for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells. There was no effect with the JNK2 inhibitor (Fig. 3C). To show the action and specificity of the MAPK inhibitors, we pretreated the UMR 106-01 cells with those inhibitors for 20 min and then treated them with control or PTH (10-8 M)-containing medium for 24 h. Total RNA was subjected to real-time RT-PCR, and the results show that ERK1/2 (Fig. 3D) and p38 (data not shown) inhibitors had no effect on PTH-induced collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells, whereas the JNK2 inhibitor blocked PTH-induced collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells (Fig. 3E).



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  		FIG. 3.
TGF-{beta}1 requires both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways for collagenase-3 mRNA induction. A-C, UMR 106-01 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and then treated with control or TGF-{beta}1(10 ng/ml)-containing medium for 24 h in the presence or absence of inhibitors PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125 (added 20 min before TGF-{beta}1 treatment) at different concentrations as indicated. D and E, serum-starved UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control or PTH (10-8 M)-containing medium for 24 h in the presence or absence of either inhibitor PD98059 or SP600125 (added 20 min before PTH treatment). Total RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR using specific primers for rat collagenase-3 and {beta}-actin. The relative levels of mRNAs were normalized to {beta}-actin, and the TGF-{beta}1 and PTH-fold changes were calculated over controls. The data are represented as means ± S.D. (n = 3). The data were analyzed by ANOVA using Prism 3.0. *, significant difference compared with Me2SO (DMSO) treatment.

 
We next examined whether the Smad and MAPK pathways act independently or involve some level of intracellular cross-talk. Smad2 translocates to the nuclear compartment after TGF-{beta}1 stimulation. Activation of MAPK pathways has been shown to both activate and induce nuclear translocation of Smad2 (34, 35). We therefore tested whether specific inhibitors of MAPK pathways inhibit TGF-{beta}1-dependent nuclear translocation of the Smad proteins in UMR 106-01 cells. Cells were pretreated with the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors for 30 min, followed by TGF-{beta}1 treatment for 1 h, and nuclear extracts were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-phospho-Smad2 and anti-phospho-Smad3 antibodies. When UMR 106-01 cells were stimulated with TGF-{beta}1, there was increased nuclear accumulation of phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3, which were detected by their respective antibodies (Fig. 4A). Pretreatment with p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitors did not inhibit nuclear translocation of phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3 proteins. These observations demonstrate that nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins is independent of MAPK signaling pathways.



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  		FIG. 4.
A, p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitors do not inhibit TGF-{beta}1-stimulated Smad2/3 phosphorylation. UMR 106-01 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and then treated with control (C) or TGF-{beta}1 (10 ng/ml)-containing (T) medium for 24 h in the presence or absence of inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580 (added 20 min before TGF-{beta}1 treatment) at different concentrations as indicated. Nuclear extracts were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-phospho-Smad2, anti-phospho-Smad3, or anti-Cdk2 antibody. B, p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors block TGF-{beta}1-stimulated Smad-mediated collagenase-3 promoter activity. The -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells along with either pCMV alone or FLAG-tagged Smad2/4. The cells were then treated with control or TGF-{beta}1 (10 ng/ml)-containing medium for 24 h in the presence or absence of inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580 (added 20 min before TGF-{beta}1 treatment). The lysates were prepared and assayed for CAT activity. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter gene construct. Data represent means ± S.E. of three experiments. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using Prism 3.0. *, significant difference compared with the control. The expression of FLAG-Smad2/4 proteins was also verified by Western blot analysis using anti-FLAG antibody. RLU, relative luciferase units. DMSO, Me2SO; pmol but, pmol butylated chloramphenicol; RLU, relative luciferase units.

 
To determine whether these MAPK pathways affect the transcriptional activity of the Smad complex, the -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells along with FLAG-tagged Smad2/4 expression constructs. The cells were then pretreated with Me2SO or with p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitors, followed by TGF-{beta}1 treatment. The lysates were prepared, and CAT activity was measured. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid. As shown in Fig. 4B, Smad2/4 increased both the basal and TGF-{beta}1 responses for collagenase-3 promoter activity in UMR 106-01 cells. Pretreatment with SB203580 and PD98059 inhibited both TGF-{beta}1-stimulated and Smad-mediated collagenase-3 promoter activity in these cells. The level of expression of FLAG-Smad2 and FLAG-Smad4 proteins in the transfected cells was analyzed by Western blot analysis. These results indicate that both the Smad and MAPK pathways merge their signals within the nucleus or at the transcriptional level for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells.

Runx2 is a bone-related transcription factor and is essential for the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal precursors and for bone formation (26-28). Runx transcription factors have been shown to interact with Smad proteins to confer TGF-{beta} and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways (36, 37). Because the -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct contains a Runx-binding site (31) and Runx proteins interact with Smad proteins (38, 39), we wanted to first delineate the role of Runx2 in TGF-{beta}-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity in UMR 106-01 cells. The rat -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells with increasing amounts of an AML-1/ETO expression plasmid. AML/ETO is a repressor protein that does not contain the transactivation domain proline, serine, and threonine-rich and C-terminal domain of Runx; it has only the DNA-binding domain (31). The cells were then treated with control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for 24 h, and CAT assays were carried out. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid. The results demonstrate that both the basal and TGF-{beta}1 responses were greatly reduced by overexpression of AML-1/ETO (Fig. 5A), indicating involvement of an AML family member (most likely Runx2) in these cells. Next, we wanted to determine whether the expression pattern of Runx2 is affected by TGF-{beta}1. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with either control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for different time periods, and total RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis. There was no significant change in the levels of Runx2 mRNA by TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 5B). Similarly, whole cell extracts from control and TGF-{beta}1-treated UMR 106-01 cells were isolated and used for Western blot analysis of Runx2. Both control and TGF-{beta}1-treated extracts contained a major protein of 65 kDa that was recognized by anti-Runx2 antibody (Fig. 5C), and TGF-{beta}1 did not change Runx2 protein levels in UMR 106-01 cells. Thus, no changes in the levels of Runx2 mRNA and protein in UMR 106-01 cells either under control conditions or after TGF-{beta}1 treatment suggests that TGF-{beta}1 may regulate Runx2 post-translationally. To identify whether TGF-{beta}1 stimulates post-translational modifications of Runx2, especially phosphorylation, we carried out co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Whole cell extracts prepared from control UMR 106-01 cells or UMR 106-01 cells treated with TGF-{beta}1 for different time periods were subjected to immunoprecipitation with either IgG or anti-Runx2 antibody, followed by Western blot analysis using antibodies against phosphorylated serine, tyrosine, and threonine. As shown in Fig. 5D, TGF-{beta}1 stimulated Runx2 phosphorylation within 5 min, and that occurred mostly at threonine and tyrosine residues. The total amount of Runx2 protein in response to TGF-{beta}1 was unchanged. Thus, these results show that Runx2 is required for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity and that TGF-{beta}1 regulates phosphorylation in UMR 106-01 cells, suggesting that it regulates Runx2 transactivation by phosphorylation.



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  		FIG. 5.
A, Runx2 is required for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity. The -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently cotransfected with the pCMV-AML-1/ETO construct at increasing concentrations into UMR 106-01 cells, treated with control or TGF-{beta}1 (5 ng/ml)-containing medium for 24 h, and assayed for CAT activity. The total amount of DNA used for transfection with or without the expression constructs was equalized with pCMV. Data represent means ± S.E. of three experiments. pSV0 represents the promoterless vector. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using Prism 3.0. *, significant difference compared with the control. B, there is no change in the level of Runx2 mRNA by TGF-{beta}1. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for the indicated times. Total RNA was isolated and subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR using rat collagenase-3 primers. The relative levels of mRNAs were normalized to {beta}-actin, and the TGF-{beta}1-fold induction was calculated over the control. Data represent means ± S.E. (n = 3). C, there is no change in the level of Runx2 protein by TGF-{beta}1. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control or TGF-{beta}1-containing medium for the indicated times. Whole cell extracts were isolated and subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-Runx2 antibody. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti-{alpha}-tubulin antibody to show equal amounts of protein loaded in the membrane. D, TGF-{beta}1 stimulates Runx2 phosphorylation. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with or without (control (C)) TGF-{beta}1 (5 ng/ml)-containing medium for indicated time periods. Whole cell extracts were prepared, immunoprecipitated (IP) using anti-Runx2 antibody and protein A-agarose, resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were incubated with anti-phosphoserine, anti-phosphotyrosine, anti-phosphothreonine, or anti-Runx2 antibody, followed by detection using an ECL kit. RLU, relative luciferase units; C-IP, control immunoprecipitation; pmol but, pmol butylated chloramphenicol; RLU, relative luciferase units.

 
The functional relationship between Runx and Smad proteins has been studied using the germ line Ig C-{alpha} promoter because the TGF-{beta} response element in this promoter consists only of Runx- and Smad-binding sites (36, 40). To determine whether Runx2 and Smad proteins have a functional relationship in the context of collagenase-3 promoter activation, the -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected with eukaryotic expression plasmids for Smad2, Runx2, or both together. The lysates were prepared, and CAT activity was measured. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid. Cotransfection of Smad2 along with the collagenase-3 promoter construct increased both the basal and TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activities in UMR 106-01 cells, whereas Runx2 increased only the basal activity. When Runx2 and Smad2 were cotransfected together with the collagenase-3 promoter construct, there was increased collagenase-3 promoter activity by TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 6A). When Smad3, Runx2, or both together were cotransfected, there were no significant changes in TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity (Fig. 6B). These results suggest a cooperative interaction between Runx2 and Smad2 proteins that is stabilized by TGF-{beta}1, conferring the maximal collagenase-3 promoter activity in UMR 106-01 cells. We next analyzed whether there is a physical interaction of Smad2 and Runx2 proteins and if this interaction requires TGF-{beta}1 treatment. Whole cell extracts were prepared from control and TGF-{beta}1-treated (5 ng/ml, 15 min) UMR 106-01 cells and immunoprecipitated with either IgG or anti-Smad2 antibody, followed by Western blot analysis using anti-Runx2 antibody. It is evident that Smad2 and Runx2 proteins interacted even in the absence of TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 6C), and this result, together with cotransfection experiments (Fig. 6A), suggests that ligand-dependent interaction of these proteins is required for collagenase-3 promoter activation in UMR 106-01 cells.



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  		FIG. 6.
A, Smad2 and Runx2 increase TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity. The -500 (c'ase-3) collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells with eukaryotic expression vectors for Smad2, Runx2, or both together. The total amount of DNA used for transfection with or without the expression constructs was equalized with pCMV. The cells were then treated with control or TGF-{beta}1 (5 ng/ml)-containing medium for 24. The lysates were prepared and assayed for CAT activity. The transfection efficiency was normalized by cotransfection with Renilla luciferase reporter gene construct. Data represent means ± S.E. of three experiments. The data were analyzed by ANOVA using Prism 3.0. *, significant difference compared with the control; **, significant difference compared with the control (transfected with the -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct and pCMV). B, Smad3 and Runx2 have no effect on TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity. The -500 collagenase-3 promoter construct was transiently transfected into UMR 106-01 cells with eukaryotic expression vectors for Smad3, Runx2, or both together, followed by TGF-{beta}1 treatment as described for A. C, Smad2 and Runx2 interaction is ligand-independent. UMR 106-01 cells were treated with control (C) or TGF-{beta}1 (5 ng/ml)-containing (T) medium for 15 min. Whole cell extracts were prepared and immunoprecipitated (IP) with either IgG or anti-Smad2 antibody and protein A-agarose. The samples were run by including the aliquots of control and TGF-{beta}1-treated extracts on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and immunoblotted (IB) onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were incubated with anti-Runx2 antibody, followed by detection using an ECL kit. RLU, relative luciferase units; pmol but, pmol butylated chloramphenicol.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Both increases and decreases in osteoclast formation, bone resorption, osteoblast proliferation, and osteoblast differentiation by TGF-{beta}1 have been reported (4-8). Collagenase-3 produced by osteoblasts seems to be involved in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption (17, 18). Both TGF-{beta}1 and collagenase-3 could function as putative coupling factors between bone formation and bone resorption. In this study, we have shown that TGF-{beta}1 stimulates collagenase-3 expression in rat osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells. The decreased collagenase-3 mRNA upon 30 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 treatment for 24 h could be due to the instability of collagenase-3 mRNA (Fig. 1A). There was both an inhibition and a stimulation of collagenase-3 mRNA expression by TGF-{beta}1 at early and later time periods, respectively, suggesting that there might be an intermediate protein that would be responsible for the secondary effect on collagenase-3 expression (Fig. 1B). The decreased collagenase-3 mRNA at 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 treatment for 48 h could also be due to the prolonged exposure of TGF-{beta}1 in the medium, resulting in degradation of TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 1B). There are intermediate proteins that would be responsible for stabilization of collagenase-3 mRNA, as recently suggested by Rydziel et al. (41). Either a high dose of or prolonged treatment with TGF-{beta}1 could have altered these intermediate proteins, resulting in destabilization of collagenase-3 mRNA. Inhibition of collagenase-3 mRNA expression by cycloheximide indicated that de novo protein synthesis is required for TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression (Fig. 1C). The activator protein-1-binding sites are responsible for early gene activation, and many TGF-{beta}1-inducible genes contain these sites, which have been functionally linked to transcriptional activation by TGF-{beta} (42, 43).

The TGF-{beta}1 signaling pathway for collagenase-3 stimulation in bone appears to be significantly different from fibroblast and chondrocyte collagenase-3 expression (44, 45) and is regulated by several intracellular pathways and components. In human gingival fibroblasts, MAPK inhibitors block nuclear translocation of Smad3 (44). Our data indicate that MAPK inhibitors do not inhibit nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 proteins in osteoblastic UMR 106-01 cells (Fig. 4A). It appears that nuclear translocation of Smad proteins by TGF-{beta}1 is cell type-specific. Smad proteins are the main cytoplasmic signaling pathways in TGF-{beta}1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes (45). The enhancement of collagenase-3 expression by TGF-{beta} is dependent on p38 MAPK activity in human gingival and skin fibroblasts, transformed human epidermal keratinocytes, and the human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line (44, 46). We have shown here that TGF-{beta}1-induced activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 is essential for Smad-mediated collagenase-3 promoter activity and that the interaction between the Smad and MAPK pathways is necessary for maximal promoter activation in UMR 106-01 cells.

The explanation for cross-talk between the Smad and MAPK pathways for TGF-{beta}-stimulated collagenase-3 expression is that components of these pathways interact directly in the transcriptional complex. Runx2 is a substrate for the MAPK pathway, and this pathway can be stimulated by a variety of signals (47). The PST and C-terminal regions of Runx2 are important for its activity (48-53). It appears that Runx2 expression and activity are regulated by post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions. Here, we demonstrated that TGF-{beta}1 stimulated Runx2 phosphorylation at threonine and tyrosine residues in rat osteoblastic cells (Fig. 5D). Because Runx2 phosphorylation also occurs at tyrosine residues, the epidermal growth factor receptor could also be responding to TGF-{beta}1, as evidenced by epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation in TGF-{beta}-mediated fibronectin expression in mesangial cells (54). Runx2 phosphorylation at threonine residues after TGF-{beta}1 treatment strongly suggests that Runx2 is a substrate for the ERK1/2 signaling pathway that is required for collagenase-3 promoter activity. ERK1/2 is a common target of TGF-{beta} and BMP-2 and activates Runx2-dependent transcription without affecting the expression of Runx2 (53). The activation of p38 MAPK is also involved in the induction of Runx2 by TGF-{beta}1 and BMP-2 stimulation (55). Because both the activator protein-1 and Runx2 transcription factors are important targets of interleukin-induced p38 MAPK, leading to collagenase-3 expression in a human chondrosarcoma cell line (56), it is possible that Runx2 could also act as a substrate for the p38 MAPK pathway. It is likely that Runx2 phosphorylation leads to conformational changes in its structure that could protect Runx2 from degradation and/or allow interaction with other proteins for transactivation of its target genes, including collagenase-3.

So far, the significance of the Smad and Runx2 proteins and the mechanisms of their interactions with other proteins for collagenase-3 expression in either fibroblasts or osteoblasts have not been studied. We have shown the requirement of Runx2 for TGF-{beta}-stimulated collagenase-3 promoter activity in rat osteoblastic cells (Fig. 5A). In fibroblasts, Smad3 mediates the induction of collagenase-3 expression by TGF-{beta}, whereas Smad2 is not involved in this context (44). In osteoblasts, only Smad2 (not Smad3) mediates its effect for collagenase-3 promoter activation (Fig. 6). We have provided evidence of functional cross-talk between the Smad and MAPK pathways by cotransfection of their components (Smad2 and Runx2) along with the collagenase-3 promoter construct in UMR 106-01 cells (Fig. 6A). The increased basal response by Runx2 could be due to interaction with activator protein-1 factors. Even though the interaction of Smad2 and Runx2 is ligand-independent (Fig. 6C), TGF-{beta}1 treatment is required to confer maximal collagenase-3 promoter activity (Fig. 6A), indicating that TGF-{beta}1-induced, TGF-{beta}1-repressed, or TGF-{beta}1-modified factors may be necessary for interaction between Smad2 and Runx2 proteins. This functional interaction may be stabilized or mediated by cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-binding protein and p300, which could act as transcriptional adapter proteins (57, 58).

Overall, we have shown that TGF-{beta}1 stimulates collagenase-3 expression in UMR 106-01 cells and have provided evidence for cross-talk between the Smad and MAPK pathways and their components in expression of collagenase-3 following TGF-{beta}1 treatment in these cells. In view of the importance of Runx2 as a pivotal transcription factor of bone and bone-related genes (collagenase-3), this study further advances our understanding of how Runx2 physiologically functions in bone metabolism.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by grants from the New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research, the Foundation for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (to N. S.), and the National Institutes of Health Grant DK47420 (to N. C. P.) and by Grant DAMD17-01-1-0656 from the Department of Defense, United States Army (to N. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-RWJMS, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. Tel.: 732-235-2821; Fax: 732-235-5038; E-mail: selvamn2{at}umdnj.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: TGF-{beta}, transforming growth factor-{beta}; PTH, parathyroid hormone; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Cdk2, cyclin-dependent kinase-2; RT, reverse transcription; CAT, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; ETO, eight-twenty-one; ANOVA, analysis of variance. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. R. Derynck for the FLAG-Smad expression constructs, Dr. J. L. Wrana for the dominant-negative mutant Smad2 and Smad3 expression vectors, and Dr. S. W. Hiebert for AML/ETO cDNA.



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