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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M311120200 on February 26, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 21, 22371-22376, May 21, 2004
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Genotype 2a Hepatitis C Virus Subgenomic Replicon Can Replicate in HepG2 and IMY-N9 Cells*

Tomoko Date{ddagger}, Takanobu Kato{ddagger}§, Michiko Miyamoto{ddagger}, Zijiang Zhao{ddagger}, Kotaro Yasui{ddagger}, Masashi Mizokami§, and Takaji Wakita{ddagger}||

From the {ddagger}Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan, the §Department of Clinical Molecular Informative Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan, and the Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100052, People's Republic of China

Received for publication, October 9, 2003 , and in revised form, February 19, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
A hepatitis C virus genotype 2a subgenomic replicon, JFH-1 replicon, was previously established using the consensus sequence of clone JFH-1 from a patient with fulminant hepatitis and, in a previous report, was indicated to replicate efficiently in Huh7. Here the replication of JFH-1 replicon was tested in HepG2, a human hepatocyte-derived cell line, and in IMY-N9, a cell line developed by fusing human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Following transfection with in vitro transcribed replicon RNA and selection by cultivation with G418, colonies formed in both cell lines although at efficiencies substantially lower than those of Huh7. The H2476L mutation identified in the Huh7 replicon in our previous study increased the colony formation efficiencies of the JFH-1 replicon in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells. Higher amounts of replicon RNA were detected in IMY-N9 clones than in HepG2 clones by real time detection reverse transcription-PCR, and replicon RNA replication and viral protein expression were confirmed by Northern and Western blotting in isolated clones. Sequencing of replicon RNAs revealed that mutations found in hepatitis C virus-derived regions were not identical and that two of nine HepG2 clones and three of nine IMY-N9 clones had no or one synonymous mutation. This system with the JFH-1 replicon and three cell lines is useful not only for estimating the cellular factors affecting viral activity but also for clarifying the common gene response of the host.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Hepatitis C virus (HCV),1 one of the plus-strand RNA viruses, is a principal agent in post-transfusion and sporadic acute hepatitis (1, 2). Infection with HCV leads to chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because most patients fail to clear the virus and the persistent infection that follows (3-5). Although HCV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has a genome structure similar to the other flaviviruses including yellow fever, dengue, and West Nile virus, an efficient cell culture system or small animal infection models have not yet been established (1, 6-8). The lack of a useful system for evaluating the viral replication not only hampers the understanding of the life cycle of this virus but also prevents the development of adequate treatment for HCV infection. In an important development, a subgenomic HCV RNA replicon system containing HCV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) driving a neomycin resistance (neor) gene and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES driving HCV non-structural (NS) proteins NS3-NS5B has been developed (9) and has enabled the assessment of HCV replication in cultured cells. Although this represents a powerful tool in the study of HCV replication mechanisms and the search for potential antiviral agents, it was constructed with a limited HCV genotype, genotype 1, and replication has been limited to the human hepatocyte-derived cell line Huh7 (7, 10, 11).

Recently we used a HCV genotype 2a clone from a patient with fulminant hepatitis to develop a new HCV replicon system, JFH-1 (12). The JFH-1 replicon system showed improved colony formation efficiency and robust RNA replication in Huh7. In this study, we show that JFH-1 can replicate in two other hepatocyte-derived cell lines, HepG2 and IMY-N9, an HCV-replicable cell line formed by fusing human primary cultured hepatocytes and HepG2 cells (13).


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture System—Huh7 cells provided by Dr. Tetsuro Suzuki (National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan) were cultured at 37 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (DMEM-10) as described previously (12). HepG2 cells maintained at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience were cultured at 37 °C in minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (MEM-10). IMY-N9 cells developed at the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience by fusing the human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells as described previously were cultured in DMEM-10 (13).

HCV Genotype 2a Replicon Constructs—The HCV genotype 2a clone JFH-1 was isolated from a patient with fulminant hepatitis and used to build a replicon construct as reported previously (12, 14, 15). Construct pSGR-JFH1 (DDBJ/GenBankTM/EBI Data Bank accession number AB114136 [GenBank] ) was built by inserting a segment sequentially comprised of the EcoRI restriction enzyme site, the minimal T7 RNA promoter site, the 5' untranslated region core fragment of JFH-1 with an additional guanidine upstream of the 5' end of the HCV sequence, the neor, the EMCV IRES, NS3-3'X fragment of JFH-1, and the XbaI restriction enzyme site into the pUC19 vector (Fig. 1). The mutant construct pSGR-JFH1/GND possesses a point mutation of the GDD motif of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in NS5B, a change of Asp to Asn in the second position of the motif (Fig. 1). Another mutant construct, pSGR-JFH1/H2476L, was also used that contains a point mutation A to T at nucleotide position 6113 to change His to Leu at amino acid position 2476 in the NS5B region (12).



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  		FIG. 1.
Structure of the subgenomic HCV RNA replicon constructs pSGR-JFH1 (top), pSGR-JFH1/H2476L (middle), and pSGR-JFH1/GND (bottom). Open reading frames (thick boxes) are flanked by untranslated regions (thin boxes). EcoRI and XbaI indicate positions of the respective restriction sites. A T7 RNA promoter is located upstream of the 5' end of the replicon construct. An adaptive mutant replicon in Huh7, pSGR-JFH1/H2476L, was constructed by introducing a point mutation of A to T at nucleotide position 6113 to change His to Leu at amino acid position 2476 in the NS5B region (12). GDD is the motif of HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. pSGR-JFH1/GND was constructed as a negative control by inducing a point mutation changing GDD to GND. UTR, untranslated region.

 
RNA Synthesis—The XbaI-digested replicon constructs were further treated with mung bean nuclease (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) to remove four nucleotides and leave the correct 3' end of the HCV cDNA. Digested plasmid DNAs were purified and used as templates for in vitro RNA synthesis using the MEGAscriptTM T7 kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). Synthesized HCV subgenomic RNA was treated with DNase I (RQ1TM RNase-free DNase, Promega, Madison, WI) followed by acidphenol extraction to remove any remaining template DNA.

RNA Transfection—Synthesized replicon RNA (0.1-100 ng) was adjusted to 10 µg with cellular RNA isolated from untransfected cells and transfected into Huh7 as described previously (12). HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells were also transfected by electroporation using the following procedures. Between 90 ng and 9 µg of synthesized replicon RNA were adjusted to 30 µg with untransfected cellular RNA, and 30 µg of synthesized or adjusted RNAs were transfected into HepG2 or IMY-N9 cells. Trypsinized cells were washed with Opti-MEM ITM reduced serum medium (Invitrogen) and resuspended with Cytomix buffer at 2.3 x 107 cells/ml for HepG2 cells or at 4.5 x 107 cells/ml for IMY-N9 cells. RNA (30 µg) was mixed with 400 µl of the cell suspensions, transferred to an electroporation cuvette (Precision Universal Cuvettes, Thermo Hybrid, Middlesex, UK), and pulsed at 260 V and 950 microfarads with the Gene Pulser IITM apparatus (Bio-Rad). Transfected cells were immediately transferred to 24 ml of MEM-10 or DMEM-10 and divided among three culture dishes (10 cm, Corning Inc., Corning, NY) coated with collagen (Cellgen, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). G418 (0.8-1.0 mg/ml) (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) was added to the culture medium at 16-24 h after transfection, and culture medium supplemented with G418 was replaced twice a week. Three weeks after transfection, cells were fixed with buffered formalin and stained with crystal violet.

Analysis of G418-resistant Cells—G418-resistant colonies were collected and used for further analysis as cell pellets; sparsely grown colonies were independently isolated using a cloning cylinder (Asahi Techno Glass Co., Tokyo, Japan) and amplified until they were 80-90% confluent in 10-cm culture dishes for use in nucleic acid and protein analyses. Total RNA and genomic DNA were simultaneously isolated from amplified clones using the ISOGENTM reagent (Nippon Gene, Tokyo, Japan). Another portion of the cell pellet was dissolved in radioimmune precipitation assay buffer containing 0.1% SDS for protein analysis.

Northern Blot Analysis—Isolated RNA aliquots (6 or 4 µg) were separated on a 1% agarose gel containing formaldehyde, transferred to a positively charged nylon membrane (Hybond-N+, Amersham Biosciences), and immobilized by StratalinkerTM UV cross-linker (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Hybridization was carried out with [{alpha}-32P]dCTP-labeled DNA probe using Rapid-HybTM buffer (Amersham Biosciences). The DNA probes were synthesized from neor and EMCV IRES genes using the MegaprimeTM DNA labeling system (Amersham Biosciences). The DNA probe of {beta}-actin was also synthesized as a control.

Genomic DNA PCR—To detect neor gene integration into the genomic DNA, isolated cellular genomic DNA was amplified by PCR using neor gene-specific primers (NEO-S3, 5'-AACAAGATGGATTGCACGCA-3'; NEO-R, 5'-CGTCAAGAAGGCGATAGAAG-3'). To confirm the integrity of the genomic DNAs isolated from replicon cells, the {beta}-globin gene was also amplified using primers GH-20 (5'-GAAGAGCCAAGGACAGGTAC-3') and GH-21 (5'-GGAAAATAGACCAATAGGCAG-3') as described previously (16).

Western Blot Analysis of HCV Proteins—The protein samples were separated on 7.5-15% gradient polyacrylamide gels (Biocraft, Tokyo, Japan) and subsequently transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (ImmobilonTM, Millipore). Transferred proteins were incubated with blocking buffer containing 5% nonfat dry milk (Snow Brand, Sapporo, Japan) in phosphate-buffered saline. Mouse polyclonal antibody specific for NS5A protein was produced by DNA immunization with the JFH-1 NS5A-expressing construct according to the method described previously (17). HCV proteins were detected using anti-NS5A mouse polyclonal antibody and peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit Ig (BIOSOURCE, Camarillo, CA). Detection was carried out with a chemiluminescence system (ECL PlusTM, Amersham Biosciences) using JFH-1 replicon replicating in Huh7 cells as positive controls (Ref. 12; shown in lanes 4-1 and C6 in Fig. 5).2



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  		FIG. 5.
Detection of HCV NS5A antigens in cloned cells of HepG2 (A) and IMY-N9 (B) by Western blot analysis. Cell lysates were prepared from pSGR-JFH1 RNA-transfected Huh7 cell clones (lanes 4-1 and C6) as positive controls or untransfected parental HepG2 and IMY-N9 (lane N) as negative controls. Anti-NS5A polyclonal antibodies were used to detect HCV antigens. The target size of NS5A proteins is indicated by arrowheads.

 

Indirect Immunofluorescence—Immunofluorescence analysis was performed as described previously (12). Briefly cells grown on a cover glass were fixed in cold acetone-methanol, blocked with IF buffer (phosphate-buffered saline, 1% bovine serum albumin, 2.5 mM EDTA), and incubated for 1 h with the above described anti-NS5A mouse antibody diluted 1:50 with IF buffer. Subsequently the cells were washed and incubated for 1 h with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (Cappel, Durham, NC) diluted 1:50 with IF buffer. Coverslips were washed and mounted on glass slides with Perma-FluorTM mounting solution (Immunon, Pittsburgh, PA), and cells were examined under a fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).

RT-PCR and Sequencing Analysis—The cDNAs of the HCV RNA replicon were synthesized from total RNA isolated from replicon RNA-transfected cells. These cDNAs were subsequently amplified with DNA polymerase (TaKaRa LATM Taq, Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan). Five separate PCR primer sets were used to amplify nt 65-390, nt 150-2959, nt 2909-5598, nt 5568-7695, and nt 7627-7930 of the replicon construct to cover the entire open reading frame. The sequence of each amplified DNA fragment was determined with the ABI 3100 automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Tokyo, Japan).

Quantification of Replicon RNA by Real Time-detection RT-PCR—Copy numbers of replicon RNA in cells were determined by real time detection RT-PCR using the ABI Prism 7700TM sequence detector system (Applied Biosystems) (18). The data were adjusted by measuring intracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase concentration with real time detection RT-PCR according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Statistics—Statistical analysis was conducted with the Mann-Whitney U test, and p values of <0.05 were considered significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Replication of JFH-1 Replicon in HepG2 and IMY-N9 Cells—To estimate the replication ability of the JFH-1 replicons in various cells, RNA transcribed from linearized pSGR-JFH1 and negative control pSGR-JFH1/GND with a mutation in the NS5B polymerase catalytic domain preventing replication (Fig. 1) were transfected into HepG2 and IMY-N9 along with Huh7. Transfected cells were cultured for 3 weeks with G418 at a working concentration of 0.8-1.0 mg/ml. Three weeks later, visible colonies were observed in all three cell lines that were transfected with transcribed replicon RNA from pSGR-JFH1, although the numbers of colonies in HepG2 and IMY-N9 were substantially lower than that in Huh7 (Fig. 2). All the transfections of synthesized RNA from pSGR-JFH1/GND resulted in no visible colony formation. In our previous study, colony formation efficiency of pSGR-JFH1 RNA in Huh7 was 5.32 x 104 ± 5.02 x 104 colony-forming units/µg of RNA (12). Likewise the colony formation efficiencies in HepG2 and IMY-N9 were estimated to be 1.31 x 102 ± 0.74 x 102 and 1.88 x 101 ± 1.49 x 101 colony-forming units/µg of RNA, respectively, based on three independent assays. Then nine colonies were cloned from pSGR-JFH1 RNA-transfected HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells and cultured for further analysis.



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  		FIG. 2.
Colony formation of JFH-1 HCV subgenomic RNA replicon in Huh7, HepG2, and IMY-N9 cell lines. Transcribed RNAs from pSGR-JFH1, pSGR-JFH1/H2476L, and pSGR-JFH1/GND were transfected into each cell line, and cells were cultured with G418 for 3 weeks before staining with crystal violet as described under "Experimental Procedures."

 
We previously determined that a point mutation of His to Leu at amino acid position 2476 (H2476L) in the JFH-1 replicon increases colony formation efficiency and enlarges colony size (12). We tested the colony formation of this JFH1/H2476L mutant replicon in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells in this study. Colony formation efficiency of JFH1/H2476L RNA in Huh7 was 1.45 x 105 ± 2.38 x 104 colony-forming units/µg of RNA as reported previously (Ref. 12 and Fig. 2). Likewise the colony formation efficiencies when using JFH1/H2476L RNA in HepG2 and IMY-N9 also improved to 3.02 x 102 ± 1.48 x 102 and 6.29 x 101 ± 4.78 x 101 colony-forming units/µg of RNA, respectively, based on five independent assays (Fig. 2). The average colony sizes of JFH-1 replicon were estimated as 0.72 ± 0.15 mm2 in HepG2 and 0.50 ± 0.09 mm2 in IMY-N9 cells, respectively (Fig. 2). Similarly the average colony sizes of JFH1/H2476L were increased to 1.50 ± 0.30 mm2 in HepG2 and 1.35 ± 0.56 mm2 in IMY-N9 cells, respectively (Fig. 2).

Detection of Replicon RNA—To estimate the size of the replicating replicon RNA, Northern blot analysis was performed with nine clones of each cell line, HepG2 and IMY-N9. In all of the clones, replicon RNA with the expected size of ~8 kb was detected using neor and EMCV IRES probes (Fig. 3). The amount of replicon RNA in IMY-N9 was higher than that in HepG2, although it varied among the clones.



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  		FIG. 3.
Detection of replicon RNA in cloned HepG2 (A) and IMY-N9 (B). Total RNA (6 µg for HepG2 and 4 µg for IMY-N9) from cloned cells in each cell line was analyzed by Northern blotting with the DNA probes of the neor-EMCV IRES, and {beta}-actin genes. In vitro synthesis of 108 and 107 copies of transcribed plus-strand RNAs were loaded as controls as indicated. Arrowheads indicate target positions of replicon RNA and {beta}-actin. Lane N, negative control.

 
To rule out the possibility that G418 resistance resulted from integration of the neor gene into the cellular genome, the integrated neor gene was estimated by PCR with genomic DNA isolated from each cell clone. However, the neor gene was not detected in any clones of either cell line, HepG2 or IMY-N9 (Fig. 4). To confirm the integrity of isolated genomic DNA from replicon cells, the {beta}-globin gene was also amplified as described previously (16), and positive signals were present in all DNA samples (Fig. 4). Thus, each DNA sample was shown to be sufficiently intact to allow amplification of an endogenous or integrated gene. These results demonstrated that the G418 resistance in JFH-1 replicon RNA-transfected HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells was not due to neor gene integration but replication of JFH-1 replicon RNA.



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  		FIG. 4.
Detection of neor gene integration in the genomic DNA of cloned cells. Genomic PCR was performed with cellular DNA from pSGR-JFH1 RNA-transfected HepG2 cell clones (top) and IMY-N9 cell clones (bottom) using neor and {beta}-globin gene-specific primers. The neor gene DNA was mixed with DNA extracted from Huh7 and used as a positive control (lane P) and with genomic DNA from untransfected cells as a negative control (lane H, HepG2 and lane I, IMY-N9). Fragment target sizes are indicated by arrowheads or arrows on the right side. Lane M, DNA size marker.

 
Detection of HCV Protein Expression—Expression of HCV non-structural proteins in replicon RNA-transfected HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells was detected by Western blotting using the mouse polyclonal antibody specific for HCV NS5A. NS5A protein, primarily about 56 kDa in size, was detected by HCV-specific polyclonal antibody in JFH-1 replicon RNA-transfected IMY-N9 clones and in HepG2 clones (Fig. 5A). However, signals of these proteins in IMY-N9 clones were stronger than those in HepG2 clones, and additional smaller bands were observed in IMY-N9 clones (Fig. 5B).

HCV antigens were also detected in JFH-1 replicon RNA-transfected HepG2 and IMY-N9 clones using NS5A-specific polyclonal antibody (Fig. 6). Fine reticular and granular cytoplasmic staining was observed in both replicon RNA-transfected cell clones, although no signal was detected in untransfected parental cells.



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  		FIG. 6.
Subcellular localization of HCV antigens determined by immunofluorescence. Replicon RNA-untransfected or cloned HepG2 and IMY-N9 were cultured on coverslips, fixed in acetonemethanol, and incubated with anti-NS5A polyclonal antibodies. Representative clones of HepG2 and IMY-N9 are indicated.

 
Sequence Analysis of Cloned Replicon Cells—To estimate the adaptive mutations in HepG2 and IMY-N9, replicon RNA isolated from each clone was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced directly. Copy numbers of replicating RNA in clones were also determined by real time detection RT-PCR and compared with the data in Huh7. Based on multiple measurements, the mean copy number of replicating RNA in Huh7 was estimated to be 2.59 x 107 ± 1.97 x 107 copies/µg of RNA.2

Of the nine HepG2 clones, seven clones had one to three non-synonymous mutations, and two clones had no or one synonymous mutation in the HCV-derived region of the replicon (Table I). Most of the non-synonymous mutations were concentrated in NS5B (8 of 11 non-synonymous mutations). Copy numbers of HepG2 clone replicon RNA ranged from 6.67 x 105 to 2.55 x 107 copies/µg of RNA with an average of 6.32 x 106 ± 7.74 x 106 copies/µg of RNA. These replicon titers in clones were almost in agreement with data from Northern blotting. Copy numbers of replicon RNA in clones with no or one synonymous mutation were at the same level as in clones with non-synonymous mutations.


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  		TABLE I
Mutations of JFH-1 replicon in HepG2 cells

 
Of the nine IMY-N9 clones, three clones had no mutations in the HCV-derived region (Table II). Six clones had one or two synonymous mutations, and the affected regions were distributed randomly over the several regions. Copy numbers of replicon RNA in IMY-N9 clones ranged from 1.71 x 107 to 9.36 x 107 copies/µg of RNA with the average being 3.98 x 107 ± 2.78 x 107 copies/µg of RNA. This was significantly higher than in HepG2 cells (p < 0.005) and exceeded that in Huh7. As in HepG2, the replicon RNA titers in all the cloned IMY-N9 replicon cells were similar regardless of whether the replicon RNA contained these mutations. This indicates that the JFH-1 replicon can replicate efficiently without any amino acid mutations in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells.


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  		TABLE II
Mutations of JFH-1 replicon in IMY-N9 cells

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The HCV replicon system is the only system able to mimic HCV replication in cultured cells, and it is utilized to assess antiviral drugs or to clarify the alteration of gene expression in host cells during HCV replication. However, the limited availability of isolate genotype 1 and culture cell line Huh7 posed a limitation to the investigations of viral and host characteristics in nature because it is questionable whether the data from these limited conditions reflect the general situation. Thus, studies with clones of multiple genotypes in multiple cell lines were required. We previously demonstrated that the genotype 2a replicon could efficiently replicate in Huh7, and here we showed that it can also replicate in other hepatocyte-derived cells, HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells.

Sufficiently replicable cell culture systems or infection models with small animals are essential for understanding the viral life cycle. With regard to HCV, many studies on the infection or replication system in culture cells have been undertaken (7, 13, 19-25). For example, primary human hepatocytes can support HCV replication (21, 24, 25), but this susceptibility is limited to 90 days (25). Thus, it is conceivable that some important cellular factors that support the HCV replication may be present only in differentiated human hepatocytes. As an HCV replication system with culture cells, IMY-N9 cells were developed by fusing human primary cultured hepatocytes and HepG2 (13) and can support HCV replication at a higher level than the parental HepG2. However, HCV replication in these culture cells seems to be insufficient as replicated RNA could only be detected by RT-PCR. Thus, we exploited the IMY-N9 cell line for the HCV replicon system and obtained evidence of HCV replicon replication not only by RT-PCR but also by Northern blotting. After transfection of JFH-1 replicon RNA and selection with G418, visible colonies were observed in IMY-N9 and HepG2 as in Huh7 (Fig. 2). No replicon DNA integration was detected by genomic PCR analysis (Fig. 4). The colony-forming efficiencies were better for HepG2 than for IMY-N9, although both were substantially lower than that of Huh7. The reasons for these differences are unclear, but one possible explanation is the difference in transfection efficiency. In fact, the transfection efficiency of IMY-N9 was lower than that of HepG2 and Huh7 (data not shown). On the other hand, the ability of IMY-N9 to support HCV replication seemed to be higher than that of HepG2 or even that of Huh7. The amount of replicating replicon RNA was higher in IMY-N9 clones than in HepG2 clones in Northern blotting (Fig. 3). Likewise the mean replicon titer was higher in IMY-N9 clones than in HepG2 or Huh7. In Western blotting, the expression levels of HCV antigens were also stronger in IMY-N9 clones than in HepG2 clones (Fig. 5). Thus, IMY-N9 may contain some yet unidentified cellular factors that are advantageous for supporting HCV replication and that may be acquired by fusing with human primary hepatocytes. In Western blotting, additional smaller bands were observed in IMY-N9 clones using anti-NS5A. They may result from degraded proteins because of instability of HCV-related proteins in IMY-N9. Another possibility is that the incomplete translated proteins may be related to the robust replication of replicon RNA in IMY-N9 cells.

Blight et al. (26) reported that RNA replication can only be detected in a subpopulation of Huh7 cells and that self-replicating subgenomic RNA could be eliminated from Huh7 clones by prolonged treatment with {alpha} interferon. For cells from which self-replicating subgenomic RNA was eliminated, a higher proportion could support HCV replication. Selection of subclones by interferon treatment may be an especially valuable step in the process of achieving increased HCV replication efficiency of HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells. Thus, interferon sensitivity of JFH-1 replicon in Huh7, HepG2, and IMY-N9 cells should be evaluated to establish such subclones.

In our previous study, the JFH-1 replicon was found to replicate in Huh7 cells without non-synonymous mutation in the HCV-derived region, although the RNA titer of the replicon was lower than that of clones with mutations (12). The H2476L mutation found in Huh7 replicon cells was recognized as an adaptive mutation since the replicons containing this mutation had increased colony formation efficiency and colony size (12). JFH1/H2476L mutant replicon was tested for its ability to form colonies in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells in this study and found to also increase colony formation efficiency and colony size (Fig. 2). Thus, H2476L also functions as an adaptive mutation in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells. It should be determined whether a portion of the mutations found in HepG2 and IMY-N9 replicon clones may also function as adaptive mutations.

In this study, two of nine HepG2 clones and three of nine IMY-N9 clones had no or one synonymous mutation in the HCV-derived region (Tables I and II). However, unlike in Huh7, the RNA titer in these clones was not lower than that of clones with mutations in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cell lines. Therefore, adaptive mutation might not be needed in the JFH-1 replicon to replicate efficiently. Based on sequence analysis of isolated clones in HepG2, mutated amino acids were concentrated in the NS5B region. On the other hand, there were fewer mutated amino acids in IMY-N9 than in HepG2, and they were distributed randomly. These differences may be due to differences in cellular factors between HepG2 and IMY-N9. In HepG2, mutations of NS5B in the JFH-1 replicon may enhance the colony-forming ability or replication capacity. In IMY-N9, replicon RNA was found to replicate efficiently using the native genome of JFH-1 replicon, and mutations are not introduced as frequently. However, the effect of these mutations in HepG2 and IMY-N9 replicon clones should be determined by examining the replication of mutations introduced in replicon constructs.

Although many attempts have been made to establish the replicon system with other human hepatocyte-derived cell lines, these efforts have been unsuccessful with the exception of Huh7. Our investigation revealed that incorporating the HCV replicon system in two other hepatocyte-derived cell lines, HepG2 and IMY-N9, is possible. The major factor of this accomplishment is the difference in the replicon clone used. The HCV clone used to produce the JFH-1 replicon was of genotype 2a and was isolated from a fulminant hepatitis patient. This replicon clone has potent replication ability beyond that previously reported in a clone that had adaptive mutations in its genome. Furthermore it can replicate in Huh7 without any adaptive mutations. To estimate the tissue tropisms of HCV using this robust replicable replicon, further trials in non-hepatocyte-derived cells should be undertaken. Recently replication of HCV genotype 1b replicon in HeLa and mouse hepatoma cells has been reported (27). However, RNA replication was only observed when cellular RNA isolated from Huh7 replicon cells was transfected, and the replicon isolated from these clones contained several adaptive mutations. It will be informative to assess whether the JFH-1 replicon can replicate in these cell lines without mutations.

The full-length RNA replicon with isolates Con1 and HCV-N has already been investigated (28, 29). However, no evidence of HCV particle assembly and release from Huh7 has been observed. Thus, Huh7 may be devoid of the factors associated with these steps. By using the full-length replicon with JFH-1 clone in HepG2 or IMY-N9 cells, HCV particle assembly and release may be accomplished, but further investigation is required.

In summary, HCV genotype 2a replicon could replicate in HepG2 and IMY-N9 cells. Studies using this replicon system will shed light on understanding the mechanisms of HCV replication, host-virus interaction, and antiviral drug evaluation.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan, by a grant from Toray Industries, Inc., and by the Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences of the Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan. Tel.: 81-423-25-3881; Fax: 81-423-21-8678; E-mail: wakita{at}tmin.ac.jp.

1 The abbreviations used are: HCV, hepatitis C virus; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; EMCV, encephalomyocarditis virus; NS, non-structural; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; MEM, minimum essential medium; RT, reverse transcription; nt, nucleotides. Back

2 M. Miyamoto, T. Kato, T. Date, and T. Wakita, unpublished. Back



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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