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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M401835200 on March 30, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 23, 24477-24484, June 4, 2004
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Reduction of Menin Expression Enhances Cell Proliferation and Is Tumorigenic in Intestinal Epithelial Cells*

Christelle Ratineau{ddagger}, Christine Bernard{ddagger}, Gilles Poncet{ddagger}, Martine Blanc{ddagger}, Claire Josso{ddagger}, Sandra Fontanière§, Alain Calender{ddagger}, Jean Alain Chayvialle{ddagger}, Chang-Xian Zhang§, and Colette Roche{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}INSERM U45, 69008 Lyon, France, and §CNRS FRE 2692, 69008 Lyon, France and the Institut Fédératif de Recherches 62, Faculté Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France

Received for publication, February 19, 2004 , and in revised form, March 26, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Menin, the product of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1, is widely expressed in mammalian endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, including intestine. Its known abundant expression in several types of cells with high proliferative capacity led us to investigate the physiological function of the protein menin in intestinal epithelium, one of the most rapidly growing epithelia. Here we showed that the Men1 gene is mainly expressed in the crypt compartment of the proximal small intestine and that its expression was increased during fasting in vivo, both suggesting a role of menin in the control of cell growth. Indeed, specific reduction of menin expression by transfected antisense cDNA in the rat duodenal crypt-like cell line, IEC-17, increased cell proliferation. The latter is correlated to a loss of cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase by resting cells and an overexpression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-4. Furthermore, these cells lost the inhibition of proliferation induced by transforming growth factor-{beta}1, associated with a decrease of transforming growth factor-{beta} type II receptor expression. As a result of deregulated proliferation, antisense menin transfected IEC-17 cells became tumorigenic as shown in vitro as well as in vivo in immunosuppressed animals. These results indicate that menin contributes to proliferation control in intestinal epithelial cells. The present study reveals an unknown physiological function for menin in intestine that may be important in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Menin is a 610 amino acid protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 (1). Germline mutations are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1),1 an autosomal-dominant cancer syndrome featuring parathyroid cell hyperplasia and tumors of the pituitary and duodeno-pancreatic endocrine tissues. Biallelic inactivation of the Men1 gene in mice results in embryonic lethality at mid-gestation (2, 3). Heterozygote Men1 mutant mice develop the similar range of endocrine tumors as seen in the human MEN1 syndrome (4).

Menin is highly conserved in humans and rodents (5, 6). The protein sequence does not include consensus motives from which its putative function could be deduced. Menin has been shown to interact directly with an ever increasing list of molecular partners such as JunD, Smad3, nm23, NF-{kappa}B (for a review, see Ref. 7). It is predominantly located in the nucleus, with two independent nuclear localization signals (1).

Despite the endocrine specificity of the MEN1 syndrome tumors, menin RNA and protein are widely expressed in endocrine and non-endocrine rodent and human tissues (6, 8–10), suggesting a large panel of physiological functions for the protein. In the intestinal tract of mouse and rat, menin RNA was detected by Northern blotting in small and large intestine (6, 8). Interestingly, in adult human tissues, the expression of the MEN1 gene detected by in situ hybridization was predominant in actively proliferating cells such as the proliferative phase of endometrium and parabasal cells of the esophageal mucosa, but faint in the secretory phase of the endometrium (10).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological function of menin in the intestinal epithelium, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues of the mammalian organism. First, we provide direct evidence that the Men1 gene is mainly expressed in the crypt compartment of the small intestine. We then demonstrate that menin inactivation increases cell proliferation and promotes tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo in intestinal epithelial cells.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
In Situ Hybridization—Deparaffinized mouse proximal small intestine sections were treated for 10 min with pepsin (0.4%) in 0.2 N HCl, followed by ethanol treatment and air drying. Hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes was done at 65 °C overnight in 50% formamide, 1x salt, 1x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 250 µg/ml yeast RNA. The unhybridized probe was removed in 2x SSC twice for 5 min each at room temperature, 2x SSC and 50% formamide at 65 °C for 30 min, followed by rinses with decreasing concentrations of SSC. Nonspecific sites were blocked with 2% blocking reagent (Roche Applied Science) in 0.1 mol/liter maleic acid, 0.15 mol/liter NaCl, pH 7.5, 0.1% Tween 20, and 2% goat serum for 1 h at room temperature. Slides were incubated overnight at room temperature with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated polyclonal sheep anti-digoxigenin antibody (Roche Applied Science). The reaction product was visualized using nitroblue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate (Roche Applied Science). Sense and antisense digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes were generated from linearized templates by in vitro transcription with T3 or T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of digoxigenin-UTP (Roche Applied Science). A plasmid (IMAGE clone ID.402210, Research Genetics) containing the 900-bp 3'-end of the Men1 cDNA was used as a template. The plasmid was linearized either with EcoRI and transcribed with T3 RNA polymerase, or with NotI and transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase, respectively, for antisense and sense probe.

The sections, first used for in situ hybridization as described above, were subjected next to fluorescent indirect immunohistochemistry with an anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody (1:150, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Cell Culture and Stable Transfection—The rat duodenal cell line IEC-17 (11) was routinely maintained in DMEM, 10% FCS, 25 units/ml insulin, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 50 mM streptomycin.

The expression plasmid encoding the human menin cDNA cloned in an antisense orientation into the EcoRI site of pcDNA3.1(+) was a gift from Dr. Hendy (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) (12). The empty pcDNA3.1 vector (V) and the pcDNA3.1/AS menin plasmid (AS) were stably transfected into IEC-17 cells using the Exgen reagent as described by the supplier (Euromedex). To select for stable expression, the transfected cells were grown in standard culture medium containing G418 (700 µg/ml) starting 2 days after transfection. Except during experiments, G418 was maintained in culture medium.

Proliferation Assays—Cells were plated at 10,000 cells per well in 24-well plates. The cell number was estimated at 24-h intervals by counting with a hemacytometer the number of cells detached after trypsin treatment.

DNA synthesis was determined through [3H]thymidine incorporation (1 mCi/ml) during a 4-h period as described previously (13).

Cell-cycle Analysis—Cells in growth phase were synchronized by exposing the culture to FCS-deprived DMEM supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin for 48 h. Quiescent cells were stimulated by the addition of 10% FCS for 24 h. Cells were harvested, fixed, and stained with propidium iodide using the BD Cycle TESTTMPLUS Reagent Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Biosciences). Flow cytometry was then performed by using a Galaxy apparatus (DAKO).

Luciferase Assay—Cells were seeded at 60,000 cells per well in 12-well plates. Twenty-four hours later, cells were transfected with 2 µg of the reporter plasmid (p3TP-lux or TOPFlash) and the pRL-TK plasmid expressing Renilla (0.1 µg) using Exgen reagent. The reporter system p3TP-Lux contained the TGF{beta}-responsive PAI-1 promoter driving luciferase expression (14). The reporter construct TOPFlash contained three copies of a mutant T cell factor-4 binding site cloned into the luciferase pGL3-basic plasmid (15). Cells were harvested 48 h later. Luciferase and Renilla activities were measured by using the dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega). Luciferase activity was normalized to the relative Renilla activity in each experiment.

RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR—RNA from cells or tumor samples was prepared with TRIzol reagent (Euromedex, France). 2 µm RNA samples were reverse-transcribed for 1 h at 42 °C by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Finnzymes) using a specific antisense primer. The PCR was carried out on 3 µl of the cDNA generated from the RT reaction, 50 pmol of each oligonucleotide pair, 0.4 mM each of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate and 1.5 units of TaqDNA polymerase in 10x buffer as described by the manufacturer (Invitrogen) with the following conditions: 94 °C for 30s; 55 °C for 45s; 72 °C for 45s; for 30 cycles (menin) or 20 cycles (TGF{beta} type II receptor (T{beta}RII) and cyclophilin A). Primers used were as follows: pcDNA3.1 polyclonal site primer, sense, 5'-GAA CCC ACT GCT TAC TGG CTT ATC GAA-3'; human menin, antisense, 5'-GGC AGC GCA AAG GCC TCT GAA CTA CTG-3';T{beta}RII, sense, 5'-TCA CTA GGC ACG TCA TCA GC5–3'; T{beta}RII, antisense, 5'-AGG ACA ACC CGA AGT CAC AC-3'; cyclophilin A, sense, 5'-CTT GTC CAT GGC AAA TGC TG-3'; cyclophilin A, antisense, 5'-GTG ATC TTC TTG CTG GTC TTG-3'. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels.

Protein Preparation and Western Analysis—Cells were lysed in cold solubilization buffer containing 1% Triton X-100, 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM Na3VO4, 100 mM NaF, 100 units/ml aprotinin, 20 µM leupeptin, and 0.2 mg/ml phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. Cell extracts were clarified (14,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C). Cytosolic and membrane fractions were prepared as described (16). After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for menin expression). Western blotting was performed as described previously (13). The polyclonal antibodies used were menin (1:1500), cyclin D1 (1:200), cyclin D3 (1: 1000), Cdk4 (1:200), T{beta}RII (1:500) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and cyclophilin A (Upstate Biotechnology, 1:3000). The mouse monoclonal antibodies used were {beta}-catenin (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), {alpha}-tubulin (1:25,000, Sigma), and actin (1:5000, ICN).

Soft Agar Assays—IEC-17/AS and IEC-17/V cells were plated at 50,000 cells/well in 0.4 ml of DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS and 0.3% low-melting-temperature agarose (Sigma) in 12-well plates coated with a 0.75-ml layer of DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS and 0.6% low-melting-temperature agarose. Dishes were kept at 37 °C and 5% CO2 and monitored after 2 weeks for colony formation. As a positive control, we used the colonic adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell line (12.5 x 103/well) in the same conditions. Cells were photographed after 2 weeks. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

Animal Studies—Tumorigenicity was assayed by subcutaneous injection of 1 x 106 IEC-17/V or IEC-17/AS cells resuspended in 50 µl of cold phosphate-buffered saline mixed with 50 µl of matrigel (BD Biosciences) in the abdominal region of Wistar newborn rats. Rats were subsequently immunodepressed as described previously (13). Animals were sacrificed 3 weeks after cell inoculation and tumors were removed, fixed in 10% formalin, and then embedded in paraffin for histological analysis or frozen directly in liquid nitrogen for RNA analysis. Tumor volumes were calculated by the formula {pi}/3 x length x width x thickness. Furthermore, subcutaneous dorsal injections of IEC-17/V or IEC-17/AS cells (3 x 106 cells with matrigel) were also given to 4–6 week-old athymic (Balb/c nu/nu) female mice. They were sacrificed at 6 or 12 weeks after injection.

The fasting and refeeding study comprised three groups of male Swiss CD1 mice (Charles River Laboratories) as described by Nian et al. (17). Briefly, the first group of animals was fed ad libitum, the second group was deprived of food for 48 h, the third group was fasted for 48 h, followed by unrestricted access to food for 24 h. A 10-cm segment from duodeno-jejunum was harvested in the euthanized animals and rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline. Duodeno-jejunal mucosa was scraped from the underlying seromuscular layers and homogenized in buffer containing 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, NaF 100 mM, EDTA 10 mM, 10 mM Na4P2O7, 1% Nonidet P-40, and complete, EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture (Roche Applied Science). Protein extracts were submitted to Western blot analysis as described above.

To analyze cell proliferation in vivo, wild type and Men1 heterozygous mice (4) were injected intraperitoneally with 1.5 mg of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd, Roche Applied Science). Tissues were collected on the next day, fixed, and paraffin embedded. BrdUrd incorporation was evaluated by immunocytochemistry.

Histochemistry and Immunostaining—Sections of the paraffin-embedded tissue samples were subjected to standard hematoxylin and eosin-staining. Detection of cytokeratin was performed by using a mouse monoclonal antibody (DAKO). Antigen-antibody complexes were revealed by the streptavidin-biotin technique (DAKO), using diaminobenzidine as chromogen. For immunocytochemical study, cells were grown in 8-well chamber slides, fixed with cold methanol, incubated for 1 h with the anti-{beta}-catenin antibody (1:100), and followed by the appropriate fluorescent secondary antibody.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Men1 Transcript Is Expressed in Intestinal Crypts and Its Expression Increased During Fasting—The expression of the Men1 transcript was examined by in situ hybridization in proximal small intestine (duodeno-jejunal segment) of mice using a riboprobe containing an antisense Men1 cDNA sequence. As depicted in Fig. 1A, Men1 transcript was strongly expressed in the crypts, whereas weak expression was seen in dispersed cells of the villi. No hybridization was detected in the muscular layers or when the sense probe was used (Fig. 1B). After hybridization, immunostaining of the sections with an anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody revealed that expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferative activity, correlated with the strongest Men1 expression in crypts (Fig. 1C).



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  		FIG. 1.
Expression of the Men1 transcript in mouse proximal small intestine. A, in situ hybridization with an antisense probe. B, in situ hybridization with a sense probe (control). C, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoreactivity. (all panels, x10)

 
To connect the in vitro results to the physiological state, we used the fasting-refeeding model which decreases cell crypt proliferation (17, 18). In the Western blot analysis, menin expression was stronger in the mucosa of fasted and fasted-refed animals compared with that in ad libitum-fed mice (Fig. 2), suggesting an adaptive role of menin facing altered epithelial growth.



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  		FIG. 2.
Menin expression in the fasting-refeeding model. 70 µg of mucosal extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis using a specific anti-menin antiserum. As a control for equivalent amounts of protein loaded in each lane, membranes were probed with an anti-{alpha}-tubulin antibody. A, ad libitum-fed animals. B, fasted animals. C, fasted-refed animals.

 
The expression of menin was also compared between Men1 heterozygous and wild-type mice of about 5 months by using Western blotting and in situ hybridization. As shown in Fig. 3, A and B, no clear difference in the expression of the protein or the Men1 transcript was evidenced. Furthermore, the BrdUrd incorporation was not increased in intestinal epithelium of heterozygous mice (Fig. 3C).



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  		FIG. 3.
Menin expression and proliferative activity in intestine of wild-type (WT) and Men1 heterozygous mice (+/-). A, representative Western blot of mucosal extracts. An anti-actin antibody was used to control for equivalent protein loading. B, expression of the Men1 transcript after in situ hybridization with an antisense probe (x10). C, BrdUrd immunoreactivity (x20).

 
Use of Antisense Menin in IEC-17 Reduces Menin Expression—To study the biological effects of menin inactivation in intestinal cells, IEC-17 cells were subjected to transfection with different constructs. Twelve and seven clones were obtained after transfection of the empty vector (IEC-17/V) and the pcDNA3.1/AS menin plasmid (IEC-17/AS), respectively. One empty vector (V403) and two antisense menin (AS303 and AS313) transfectants were used throughout the study. Specific RT-PCR was performed to control the expression of human menin antisense transcripts: a strong signal was detected in the AS303 and AS313 clones but not in the control V403 clone (Fig. 4A). Western blot analysis showed a strong reduction of the rat (endogenous) menin protein expression in antisense menintransfected AS303 and AS313 clones, as compared with menin expression in empty vector-transfected cells (V403) (Fig. 4B).



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  		FIG. 4.
Effect of antisense menin stable transfection in IEC-17 cells. Cells were transfected with either the empty vector pcDNA3.1 or the plasmid-encoding antisense menin (pcDNA3.1/AS menin). A, total RNA was extracted, and 2 µg of each sample were subjected to RT-PCR. B, cells were lysed, and 50 µg of total cell extracts were subjected to Western blotting using a specific anti-menin antiserum. As a control for equivalent amounts of protein loaded in each lane, membranes were probed with an anti-cyclophilin A antiserum.

 
Antisense Menin Expression Stimulates Proliferation and Prevents G1 Arrest of Quiescent Cells—Cell proliferation was studied by performing a growth curve on a 5-day period. As shown in Fig. 5A, antisense menin-transfected cells grew faster than empty vector-transfected control cells. DNA synthesis was also assessed after [3H]thymidine incorporation. As shown in Fig. 5B, [3H]thymidine incorporation was increased 2.4- and 4-fold in AS303 and AS313 clones, respectively, as compared with the V403 clone.



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  		FIG. 5.
Effect of antisense menin expression on cell proliferation. A, IEC-17 clones (empty vector (V403) or antisense menin (AS303, AS313)) were grown in their standard medium. Cell number was measured at 24-h intervals by counting. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. of four independent counts. B, serum-starved IEC-17 clones (empty vector (V403) or antisense menin (AS303, AS313)) were cultured with standard culture medium for 20 h. Then, incorporation of [3H]thymidine was measured 4 h after the addition of [3H]thymidine. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. of four independent experiments performed in triplicate. *, p < 0.05, AS303 and AS313 versus V403.

 
After a 48-h exposure to serum-deprived medium to achieve quiescence, 92% of V403 cells were arrested in G1 phase, whereas 48 and 51%, respectively, of AS303 and AS313 cells were in G1 phase, and about 22% of cells of each antisense clone entered S phase (Fig. 6A). A 24-h serum stimulation allowed V403 cells to progress in S phase (22%), whereas the percentage of AS303 and AS313 cells in S phase increased only slightly (Fig. 6B). The data evidenced disruption of the cell-cycle control in antisense menin-transfected cells.



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  		FIG. 6.
Cell-cycle analysis: representative FACS analysis illustrating the changes in cell cycle in IEC-17 clones. A, quiescence was achieved by exposing the culture to FCS-deprived medium supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin for 48 h. B, quiescent cells were stimulated by the addition of 10% FCS for 24 h. The cell-cycle phase distribution (%) is indicated within each panel.

 
Increased Proliferation Is Associated with Increased Expression of Proteins Involved in G1 to S Progression—D-type cyclins are major positive regulators expressed during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and form complexes with their catalytic partner cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4). As D1- and D3-type cyclin expression has been shown in cells within the crypt compartment (19) and in a rat intestinal cell line (20), their expression, as well as that of Cdk4, was investigated in the three clones. For this purpose, cells were grown in complete culture medium for 24 h and then serum-deprived for 24 h. The immunoblotting data in Fig. 7 showed that cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Cdk4 expression in serum-starved, quiescent IEC-17 clones was up-regulated in antisense menin-transfected clones.



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  		FIG. 7.
Expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Cdk4 in antisense menin-expressing clones. Proteins were extracted from serum-starved IEC-17 clones, and 50 µg of each cell lysate were subjected to Western blotting using specific anti-cyclin D1, anti-cyclin D3, and anti-Cdk4 antisera.

 
Overexpression of Cyclin D1 Does Not Involve the {beta}-Catenin Pathway—Because cyclin D1 expression is regulated by {beta}-catenin through transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 gene (21), we investigated whether an increase in the cytoplasmic level of {beta}-catenin in the antisense menin-transfected clones could be responsible for the abnormally high cyclin D1 expression. Protein extracts were prepared from cytoplasmic and membrane fractions and analyzed by Western blotting. The comparative level of {beta}-catenin in the cytoplasmic versus the membrane compartment was similar in antisense menin-transfected clones and in the empty vector-transfected clone (Fig. 8A). Furthermore, a strong membranous expression of {beta}-catenin was seen in V403, AS 303, and AS 313 cells by immunostaining (Fig. 8B). Finally, the TOPFlash reporter gene activity was compared in the three clones as well as in the colorectal cancer cell line Isreco-1 used as control (because of its mutation in the APC gene; Ref. 22). As shown in Fig. 8C, TOPFlash activity was very low in V403, AS303, and AS 313 cells, whereas in Isreco-1 cells, TOPFlash activity was more than 300-fold higher. These data suggest that the overexpression of cyclin D1 was not induced by a deregulation of the {beta}-catenin pathway.



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  		FIG. 8.
A, comparative expression of {beta}-catenin in membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of cell lysates from control (V403) and antisense menin-expressing (AS303, AS313) clones. 25 µg of each fraction were subjected to Western blotting using a specific anti-{beta}-catenin antibody. M, membrane fraction; C, cytoplasmic fraction. B, immunocytochemistry analysis of {beta}-catenin expression. Cells were grown in 8-well chamber slides, then fixed and stained with a specific anti-{beta}-catenin antibody, followed by a fluorescent secondary antibody. C, TOPFlash reporter gene was transfected into V403, AS303, AS313, and Isreco-1 cells. Results were expressed as luciferase activity measured in TOPFlash-transfected cells related to luciferase activity, which was measured in cells transfected with the control empty vector pGL3 basic.

 
Menin Inactivation Antagonizes TGF{beta}1-mediated Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Down-regulates the Expression of T{beta}RII—Because the proliferation of IEC-17-expressing antisense menin cDNA was increased, sensibility to TGF{beta}1, a growth factor known to inhibit intestinal epithelial cell proliferation (23), was assessed. As expected, [3H]thymidine incorporation in V403 cells was inhibited by ~55% when exposed to 10 ng/ml of TGF{beta}1. Conversely, AS303 and AS313 cells showed only a small, non-significant decrease of [3H]thymidine incorporation (6 and 13%, respectively) (Fig. 9A).



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  		FIG. 9.
A, antisense menin blocks TGF{beta}1-induced inhibition of IEC-17 cell proliferation. Serum-starved V403, AS303, and AS313 clones were cultured in DMEM containing 2% fetal bovine serum with or without 10 ng/ml TGF{beta}1 for 20 h. Then, incorporation of [3H]thymidine was measured 4 h after the addition of [3H]thymidine. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. of four independent experiments performed in triplicate. *, p < 0.05, TGF{beta}1-treated compared with control. B and C, TGF{beta}-receptor type II expression (T{beta}RII) in control (V403) and antisense menin-expressing (AS303, AS313) clones. After cell lysis, 50 µg of whole-cell extracts were subjected to Western blotting using a specific anti-T{beta}RII antiserum (B). Total RNA was extracted, and 2 µgof each sample were subjected to RT-PCR to amplify T{beta}RII transcripts. RT-PCR products were submitted to electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining (C). D, TGF{beta}1-mediated transcriptional response in IEC-17 transfected cells. 3TP-lux was transfected into V403, AS303, and AS313 clones, and the cells were stimulated or not with 10 ng/ml TGF{beta}1. Luciferase activity was measured and related to Renilla activity. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. of four independent experiments performed in triplicate.

 
The expression of T{beta}RII was studied by Western analysis using a specific antiserum. A decrease of T{beta}RII expression was observed in the two antisense menin-expressing clones (Fig. 9B). Furthermore, RT-PCR demonstrated a decrease of the T{beta}RII transcript (Fig. 9C).

Finally, we examined whether the TGF{beta}1 signaling pathway was also affected. To address this question, we selected the validated TGF{beta}1-responsive PAI-1 promoter (14). V403, AS303, and AS313 cells were transiently transfected with the 3TP-Lux construct. As expected, the transcriptional activity of the PAI-1 promoter was increased by TGF{beta}1 in V403 cells. This effect was maintained in AS303 and only slightly reduced in clone AS313 (Fig. 9D).

Reduced Menin Expression Is Associated with Tumorigenic Transformation of IEC-17 Cells—V403, AS303, and AS313 clones were tested for their anchorage-independent growth in a colony-forming soft agar assay. The colon carcinoma HT-29 cell line was used as positive control, forming large colonies under the given experimental conditions. V403 cells did not form any colonies in soft agar, whereas AS303 and AS313 cells grew numerous small colonies (Fig. 10A).



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  		FIG. 10.
Inhibition of menin expression promotes tumorigenic transformation of IEC-17 cells. A, anchorage-independent growth: HT 29, V403, AS303, and AS313 clones were seeded at 50,000 cells in 0.3% agarose as described under "Material and Methods." Dishes were kept at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 2 weeks, then observed and photographed under the inverted microscope (x10). B, expression of human menin antisense cDNA in AS303 and AS313 tumors raised in vivo in immuno-suppressed newborn rats was checked by specific RT-PCR after extraction of total RNA from frozen samples of tumors. V403 and AS303 clones in culture were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. C, histopathological studies of AS303 xenografts in the immuno-suppressed newborn rat. Left panel, a histological section stained with hematoxylin and eosin (x10); right panel, an immunoperoxidase-staining performed with an antibody raised against pan-cytokeratins (x40).

 
To test the ability of these cells to form tumors in vivo, cells were injected subcutaneously into immuno-suppressed newborn rats using matrigel as adjuvant. Matrigel was previously described as providing strong mitogenic support for the rapid growth of non-aggressive cells (24). At sacrifice 21 days after injection, the V403 clone did not induce any tumors in the 23 rats used for the study. On the contrary, injections of AS303 and AS313 clones promoted the formation of small tumors in 30/30 rats and 27/29 rats, respectively. Injections without the addition of matrigel were also performed with the V403 and AS303 clones. Only the later cell line gave tiny tumors (data not shown).

To confirm that the tumors obtained did indeed result from the growth of antisense menin-transfected cells, the presence of antisense menin transcripts (derived from the antisense cDNA) was checked by specific RT-PCR performed with total RNA prepared from tumor samples. The two tumors used in this experiment expressed the same antisense menin transcript as the parental AS303 clone grown in culture (Fig. 10B). V403 clone in culture was used as a negative control.

Tumors obtained after subcutaneous injection of IEC-17/AS clones in immuno-suppressed newborn rats ranged from 47 to 293 mm3 (mean ± S.D. = 141 ± 21 mm3) for AS303 clone and 17 to 167 mm3 (59 ± 12 mm3) for AS313 clone. They were formed by large lobules of medium-sized, monomorphic cells, characterized by a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, a large, often nucleolated nucleus, and scarce or limited cytoplasm (Fig. 2C, left panel). The epithelial nature of IEC-17 cells was demonstrated by their constant expression of cytokeratins, as detected using a pan-cytokeratin antibody (Fig. 10C, right panel). The tumors did not express chromogranin A, a specific marker of endocrine cells (data not shown). Tumor lobules were associated with an abundant fibrous stroma. They were located mainly in the subcutaneous tissue, but sheets of tumor cells constantly invaded the adjacent dermis and muscle layers (Fig. 10C, left panel). Similar tumors were obtained after subcutaneous injection of V403, AS303, and AS313 clones into nude mice (data not shown).


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The development of endocrine tumors in patients carrying germline mutations of the MEN1 gene and the frequently observed LOH in MEN1 tumor led to the assumption that menin is a tumor-suppressor (2, 25). The broad expression of menin, however, does not fit an exclusive role in endocrine structures. In fact, menin mRNA is especially abundant in proliferative cell types, such as endometrium or parabasal cells of the esophagus (10), suggesting a possible role in the control of cell growth outside the endocrine glands or cells. In support of this hypothesis, stable transfection of Ras-transformed NIH3T3 fibroblasts with menin decreased cell proliferation rate (26). In gut, menin is expressed from duodenum to distal colon. The amplitude of mRNA signal suggests that expression is not restricted to endocrine cells, because these account for only about 1% of the epithelial cells. The present study demonstrated that the Men1 gene is mainly expressed in the crypts of the mouse proximal small bowel. Next, we attempted to evaluate the physiological relevance of the link between menin and proliferation in intestinal cells using a fasting-refeeding approach. Menin expression in the intestinal mucosa increased during the fasting period and remained so within the 24-h test period after refeeding. These data suggest an adaptive role of menin when intestinal proliferation is endogenously altered and strengthen the concept that menin may be involved in the control of intestinal cell proliferation.

Because crypts are the proliferative compartment of intestinal epithelium, we went on to test the effects of a decreased cell menin level on the proliferation rate of the rat, non-transformed, crypt-like duodenal cell line IEC-17 (11). IEC-17 cells were found to express clearly detectable levels of menin mRNA and protein. Using a strategy formerly applied to the pituitary GH4Cl cell line (12), we were able to strongly and stably reduce menin expression. In vitro, this menin reduction resulted in a significant increase of cell proliferation rate that was consistent between the two tested clones. Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that antisense menin-transfected clones continued to grow in resting culture conditions, without arrest in G1 phase, suggesting that these cells were relaxed for growth factor requirement. The increased apoptosis rate could have been triggered by reduction of the cell menin level. However, neither Hoechst 33258 staining nor caspase 3 activity indicated an increased resistance to apoptosis in the antisense transfected clones (data not shown). We then turned to possible alterations of two pathways that are known to play important roles in the regulation of proliferation of intestinal cells, namely, D cyclins and the TGF{beta}1 pathway.

Cyclin D1 is a critical target of many proliferative signals to intestinal epithelial cells. In the mouse small intestine, the expression of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 has been shown to be limited to cells within the crypt compartment (19, 26, 27). An overexpression of cyclin D1 has been described in the IEC-6 cell line upon transformation by activated Ras (28). More recently, cyclin D3 was also reported to be involved in the control of intestinal cell proliferation (18). In the present study, we demonstrated that reduced menin expression was associated with significant overexpression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Cdk4 in IEC-17 cells. Cyclin D1 overexpression could have reflected the fact that the cyclin D1 gene is a target of the {beta}-catenin/LEF-1 pathway (21). In a recent study, Clavel et al. (29) described a frequent nuclear redistribution of {beta}-catenin in a panel of lung neuroendocrine tumors. This possibility was studied in the IEC-17 clones, but the data from immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, and TOPFlash reporter plasmid transfection clearly suggested that cyclin D1 overexpression in the present system did not result from the deregulation of the {beta}-catenin pathway.

An alternative explanation is up-regulation of the cyclin D1 gene at the transcriptional level by other transactivators. It is known that NF-{kappa}B regulates cyclin D1 gene transcription through specific binding sites in the promoter (30). Menin interacts with NF-{kappa}B in the nucleus and is a potent inhibitor of NF-{kappa}B-mediated transcriptional activation (31). Thus, the possibility remains that antisense menin expression suppressed a negative control of endogenous menin on the NF-{kappa}B transcriptional effects upon cyclin D1. Further experiments are in progress to prove this hypothesis.

TGF{beta}1 is a potent negative growth regulator in intestinal epithelium (20, 23). Furthermore, inhibition of cyclin D1 expression is recognized as an integral component of TGF{beta}1-mediated growth inhibition in intestinal epithelial cells (32). In the present study, we found that the antisense menin-expressing clones were resistant to TGF{beta}1-induced growth inhibition. This result is relevant, because IEC17 cells express both TGF{beta}1 and T{beta}RII, so that autocrine or paracrine effects are likely to occur in vitro and in vivo. Down-regulation or mutation of T{beta}RII is one of the mechanisms by which tumor cells become resistant to growth inhibitory actions of TGF{beta}1. For example, transformation of rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 and RIE-1) by activated H-Ras results in down-regulation of T{beta}RII along with resistance to TGF{beta}1 growth inhibitory effects (33, 34). We observed a decreased expression of the T{beta}RII in the antisense menin-expressing clones. These results are reminiscent of those described in the SV40-transformed human esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A. In the latter, the overexpression of cyclin D1 resulted in a decreased expression of the T{beta}RII accompanied by the loss of growth inhibition induced by TGF{beta}1 (35).

Prior data suggested a link between menin and TGF{beta}1 pathway (12). Kaji et al. showed that inactivation of menin by antisense strategy blocks TGF{beta}1 signaling by inhibiting smad3/4-DNA binding at specific transcriptional regulatory sites in the pituitary GH4C1 cell line. By using the validated TGF{beta}-sensitive 3TP-lux plasmid, we demonstrated that the transcriptional response remains functional in the antisense menin-expressing clones despite the reduction of T{beta}RII expression, suggesting that the residual levels of T{beta}RII were sufficient to activate some pathways of TGF{beta}1 signaling. Similar results were recently reported by Fujimoto et al. (36) after activation of Ras in the RIE cell line. Furthermore, cyclin D1 overexpression in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines induced the loss of TGF{beta}1-mediated growth inhibition, whereas the transcriptional response of PAI-1 remained functional (37). Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss of TGF{beta}1-induced growth inhibition in IEC-17 cells with low menin levels resulted from decreased T{beta}RII expression rather than from blockade of TGF{beta}1 signaling.

The above observations led us to test whether the inactivation of endogenous menin in the IEC-17 cell line might induce a neoplastic transformation of these cells. Indeed, expression of antisense menin RNA in the non-transformed intestinal epithelial IEC-17 cells induced two hallmarks of neoplastic cells: anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and tumor formation in immuno-suppressed newborn rats or nude mice. An underlying challenge was then to explore whether these tumors would show endocrine differentiation. It may be stressed that nothing is known of the stage at which intestinal cells undergo neoplastic change with an endocrine pattern, i.e. whether they are progenitor cells with the potential of further endocrine differentiation, or cells already engaged in the endocrine lineage. The possibility thus remained that reduction of cell menin levels in the pluripotential IEC-17 cell line could lead to the transformation of only those cells programmed to differentiate as endocrine cells, in which case tumors would have exhibited features specific to endocrine neoplasms. The present results were measured against this hypothesis. Tumors showed no evidence of endocrine differentiation, whatever the animal setup. Importantly, the characteristic expression of chromogranin A was lacking in experiments using reagents that were previously validated on experimental endocrine tumors in rodents (13).

We also examined menin expression and proliferation rates in the intestinal mucosa of heterozygous Men1 mutant mice at 5 months of age. Although this genetic background leads to the development of duodenal (endocrine) tumors starting from 12 months of age (4), there was no detectable alteration of menin expression nor of BrdUrd incorporation in the present setup. This result could be explained by the possibility that the wild-type allele is up-regulated in these intestinal cells. Indeed, a normal menin level is observed in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients carrying clearly pathogenic nonsense mutations (9). Thus, the monoallelic loss of the Men1 gene in heterozygous mice may be insufficient per se to reduce the cell menin level in all tissues, especially in the intestine, whereas the stringent antisense strategy used here did result in a strongly reduced level in IEC17 cells. By forcing IEC17 cells to a steady menin underexpression, we inadvertently observed a new model of intestinal tumorigenesis which unmasked a potentially physiological role of menin in the control of cell proliferation within the intestinal mucosa. This conclusion was further supported by the first demonstration of Men1 preferential expression in duodenal crypts and by the variations of menin induced by fasting. The fact that IEC17 cells became tumorigenic when a low menin level was imposed, and that no counterpart has been described as yet in the intestine of predisposed humans and animals with monoallelic inactivation of the gene, reinforces the need for studies on the differential regulation of menin expression, as well as eventual different cellular reactions to the effects caused by reduced menin expression in endocrine and non-endocrine cells (38).


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by grants from Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (to C. Ratineau) and Comité de la Drôme de la Ligue contre le Cancer (to C. Roche). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

To whom correspondence should be addressed: INSERM U45, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, 7 Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 8, France. Tel.: 33-4787-78603; Fax: 33-4787-78780; E-mail: croche{at}lyon.inserm.fr.

1 The abbreviations used are: MEN1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1; IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FCS, fetal calf serum; TGF{beta}1, transforming growth factor-{beta}1; T{beta}RII, transforming growth factor-{beta} receptor type II; Cdk4, cyclin-dependent kinase 4; V, empty pcDNA3.1 vector; AS, pcDNA3.1/AS menin plasmid; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; NF-{kappa}B, nuclear factor {kappa}B; BrdUrd, 5-bromodeoxyuridine; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Prof. Jean-Yves Scoazec for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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