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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M310807200 on April 2, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 24, 25574-25581, June 11, 2004
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Cell Type-specific Occurrence of Caveolin-1{alpha} and -1{beta} in the Lung Caused by Expression of Distinct mRNAs*

Hiroshi Kogo{ddagger}, Toshisada Aiba, and Toyoshi Fujimoto

From the Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

Received for publication, October 1, 2003 , and in revised form, March 10, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Two isoforms of caveolin-1, {alpha} and {beta}, had been thought to be generated by alternative translation initiation of an mRNA (FL mRNA), but we showed previously that a variant mRNA (5'V mRNA) encodes the {beta} isoform specifically (Kogo, H., and Fujimoto, T. (2000) FEBS Lett. 465, 119–123). In the present study, we demonstrated strong correlation between the expression of the caveolin-1 protein isoforms and mRNA variants in culture cells and the developing mouse lung. The {alpha} isoform protein and FL mRNA were expressed constantly during the lung development, whereas expression of the {beta} isoform protein and 5'V mRNA was negligible in the fetal lung before 17.5 days post-coitum, and markedly increased simultaneously at 18.5 days post coitum, when the alveolar type I cells started to differentiate. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the cell type-specific expression of the two isoforms; the alveolar type I cell expresses the {beta} isoform predominantly, while the endothelium harbors the {alpha} isoform chiefly. The mutually exclusive expression of caveolin-1 isoforms was verified by Western blotting of the selective plasma membrane preparation obtained from the endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells. The present result indicates that the two caveolin-1 isoforms are generated from distinct mRNAs in vivo and that their production is regulated independently at the transcriptional level. The result also suggests that the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms of caveolin-1 may have unique physiological functions.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Caveolae are small invaginations of the plasma membrane and have been implicated in many cell functions, including endocytosis, cholesterol transport, signal transduction, and tumor suppression (for reviews, see Refs. 1–4). Although caveolae are present in most tissues, lung has abundant caveolae in both endothelial and alveolar type I cells. Caveolins (caveolin-1, -2, and -3) are major constituents of caveolae (5–7). Among them, caveolin-1 was discovered first and has been characterized most extensively. Caveolin-1 has been shown to interact with many signaling proteins by the scaffolding domain (8, 9). The cholesterol binding property of caveolin-1 (10) appears to be related to the unique lipidic composition of the caveolar membrane and its involvement in cholesterol transport (11). Furthermore, ectopic expression of caveolin-1 is sufficient for de novo formation of caveolae in cells lacking this organelle (12). These observations suggest that caveolin-1 is an indispensable protein for both structure and function of caveolae.

There are two isoforms of caveolin-1, termed {alpha} and {beta}. They are identical except for the additional 31 amino acids of the {alpha} isoform at its N terminus. The two isoforms were reported to show an overlapping, but slightly different subcellular distribution in culture cells (13). Our detailed observation by immunogold electron microscopy of a freeze fracture replica revealed that the {alpha} isoform preferentially distributed to caveolae with deep invagination in cultured fibroblasts (14). Specific phosphorylation of the {alpha} isoform in v-Src transformed cells (15, 16) and that of the {beta} isoform by insulin treatment of 3T3-L1 cells have been reported (17). Despite these differences between the two isoforms, the {beta} isoform has been generally considered to be a by-product formed by translation initiation from the second AUG codon (13). In addition, the specific function of the {beta} isoform is hard to speculate under the current knowledge, as most functional domains, i.e. those related to membrane attachment, oligomer formation, intracellular trafficking, and inhibitory interaction with many signaling molecules, are common in the two isoforms (18, 19). As a consequence, most experiments on the involvement of caveolin-1 in various cell functions have dealt only with the {alpha} isoform, leaving the functional significance of the {beta} isoform elusive.

Previously, we identified an mRNA variant of caveolin-1, termed 5'V, which specifically encodes the {beta} isoform (20). The result indicates that the expression of the {beta} isoform is regulated independently from that of the {alpha} isoform. But to the best of our knowledge, preferential suppression of the {alpha} isoform by active c-Src (21) and that of the {beta} isoform in follicular thyroid carcinoma (22) have been the only examples of differential regulation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the production of the two caveolin-1 isoforms is regulated at the transcriptional level by showing the correlation between the expression of the protein isoforms and the corresponding mRNAs in culture cells and the mouse tissue in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms of caveolin-1 are expressed in the endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells of the mouse lung, respectively, in a mutually exclusive manner. This result supports the contention of Ramirez et al. (23), which suggested the expression of caveolin-1{beta} in the fetal and neonatal alveolar epithelial cell based on the absence of caveolin-1{alpha}. Our result suggests that the two isoforms may have distinct physiological functions in different cell types.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Culture Cells and Animals—A preadipocyte cell line, ST-13 (24), was kindly provided by Dr. Fumio Fukai (Tokyo University of Science). 3T3-L1 (JCRB 9014) was obtained from Health Science Research Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan). Pam212 (25) was a gift from Dr. Koji Hashimoto (Ehime University). ST-13 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F-12 (1:1) supplemented with 10% calf serum. 3T3-L1 and Pam212 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Mouse embryos were obtained by breeding BALB/c mice. The presence of a vaginal plug at noon was considered as gestational day 0.5. Lungs were isolated from embryos at gestational days 16.5 (E16), 17.5 (E17), 18.5 (E18), and 19.5 (E19) and from mice at the postnatal age of 1 day, 3 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months. Wistar rats weighing 100–150 g were used for isolating the plasma membrane from pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells. All experiments using laboratory animals were approved by the University Committee in accordance with the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation in Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.

RNA Extraction and Ribonuclease Protection Assay—Total RNA of culture cells and mouse lung was extracted by TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). The template for the caveolin-1 antisense probe was subcloned into a pSPT18 plasmid (Roche Applied Science). This probe corresponds to a 294-bp sequence of mouse caveolin-1 5'V mRNA (bp 31–324 in AB029930 [GenBank] ). Cyclophilin was used as an internal control probe. The template for the cyclophilin antisense probe (bp 50–180 in X52803 [GenBank] ) was obtained by reverse transcriptase-PCR and subcloned into a pBlue-script II plasmid (Stratagene). Antisense riboprobes were transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase and DIG1 RNA labeling mix (Roche Applied Science). A cDNA fragment of FL (bp 28–614 in AB029929 [GenBank] ) and that of 5'V (bp 31–662 in AB029930 [GenBank] ) were subcloned into a pSPT18 plasmid for the synthesis of sense caveolin-1 RNAs, which were transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase (Roche Applied Science). Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) analysis of caveolin-1 mRNA was performed using RPA III kit (Ambion) with DIG-labeled riboprobes according to the manufacturer's instruction using 10 µg of total RNAs and 1 ng of antisense riboprobes per reaction. The protected RNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gel with 7 M urea and electro-transferred to a positively charged nylon membrane (Roche Applied Science). The DIG-labeled RNA fragments were detected with a 1:5,000 dilution of anti-DIG Fab fragment conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Roche Applied Science) and SuperSignalTM Chemiluminescent System (Pierce). The chemiluminescent signals were analyzed using Kodak Digital ScienceTM Image Station 440CF and 1D Image Analysis software (Eastman Kodak Co.).

Western Blotting—Culture cells and the plasma membrane preparations from the rat lung were directly dissolved with a SDS-containing buffer (125 mM Tris-HCl, 4% SDS, pH 6.8). Mouse lungs were homogenized in a buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 µM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) before being treated with SDS sample buffer. Ten µg of proteins per lane were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The blotted membranes of culture cells and developing mouse lungs were probed with anti-caveolin-1 antibody (clone 2297: BD Transduction Laboratories, at 1:1,000 dilution) or anti-{beta}-actin antibody (clone AC-15: Sigma, at 1:50,000 dilution). The membrane blotted with the plasma membrane preparation was additionally probed with anti-caveolin-1{alpha} antibody (sc-894 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) at 1:2,000 dilution), anti-caveolin-2 antibody (clone 65 (BD Transduction Laboratories) at 1:5,000 dilution), anti-{alpha} smooth muscle actin antibody (clone 1A4 (Sigma) at 1:1,000 dilution), and anti-PECAM-1 antibody (sc-1506 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) at 1:200 dilution). The membrane was further treated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies, and the reaction was visualized and analyzed as described above.

Immunohistochemistry—Mouse lungs were fixed in neutral buffered 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C. Tissues were dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol, displaced with 1-butanol, and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5-µm thickness were placed on silane-coated slides, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through an ethanol gradient. Antigen retrieval was performed by incubation at 90 °C for 20 min in Antigen Unmasking Solution (Vector Laboratories). The sections were incubated with normal serum as blocking reagent and then with the following antibodies at 4 °C overnight. Three caveolin-1 antibodies, rabbit polyclonal anti-caveolin-1 antibodies (C13630 [GenBank] (BD Transduction Laboratories) at 1:100 dilution; sc-894 at 1:300 dilution), and mouse monoclonal anti-caveolin-1 antibody (clone 2297 at 1:50 dilution) were used. These antibodies exhibit a differential affinity to the two isoforms of caveolin-1 as reported previously (14). Goat polyclonal anti-PECAM-1 antibody (sc-1506 at 1:50 dilution), mouse monoclonal anti-{alpha}-smooth muscle actin antibody (clone 1A4 at 1:400 dilution), hamster monoclonal anti-mouse gp38/T1{alpha} antibody (clone 8.1.1 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa) at 1:100 dilution) (26, 27), and mouse monoclonal anti-thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) antibody (clone 8G7G3/1 (Neomarkers) at 1:20 dilution) (28) were used as markers for endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, alveolar epithelial type I, and type II cells, respectively. Alexa488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit and anti-hamster antibodies (Molecular Probes), fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories), and Cy3-conjugated donkey anti-mouse and anti-rabbit antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) were used for the fluorescent detection of the antigens. Negative control staining was performed with normal mouse and rabbit sera at 1:100 dilution replacing the primary antibodies.

Isolation of Endothelial and Alveolar Epithelial Cell Plasma Membranes—The luminal plasma membrane of the rat lung endothelium was silica-coated by perfusing the cationized colloidal silica solution from the pulmonary artery as reported previously (29, 30). The silica coating of the alveolar epithelial cell plasma membrane was performed by filling and removing the solution manually through trachea using a 10-ml syringe fitted with a 16-gauge intravenous catheter. The lung with catheterized trachea was excised and lavaged four times with 5 ml of HEPES-buffered saline (136 mM NaCl, 5.3 mM KCl, 2.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 10 mM HEPES at pH 7.4) to remove macrophages and then twice with 5 ml of MES-buffered saline (MBS: 125 mM NaCl, 20 mM MES, pH 6.0). The lung was then filled with 5 ml of 1% cationic colloidal silica in MBS and settled for 1 min, followed by lavaging twice with 5 ml of MBS to remove excess colloidal silica. The lung was then filled with 5 ml of 1% sodium polyacrylate in MBS and settled for 1 min, followed by lavaging twice with 5 ml of HEPES-buffered sucrose solution (HBSS: 0.25 M sucrose, 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, supplemented with 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). The silica-coated lung (about 1 g) was minced and homogenized in 5 ml of cold HBSS and processed as reported previously (31). In brief, after filtration through 200-µm nylon mesh, the homogenate was mixed with 75% (w/v) Nycodenz (Nycomed AS) to make a 50% final solution and was layered over a cushion of 70% Nycodenz in HBSS and then overlaid with HEPES-buffered saline. After a centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 30 min, the pellet formed at the bottom of the tube was washed with HBSS. To obtain a purer preparation, the pellets were resuspended with 50% Nycodenz solution and recentrifuged over a 70% Nycodenz cushion. The silica pellets were dissolved with a standard SDS sample buffer and analyzed by Western blotting as described above.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Detection of Two Caveolin-1 mRNAs by RPA—In a previous study, we identified two mRNAs for caveolin-1. They were named as FL and 5'V and were thought to encode the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms, respectively (20). However, it has not been determined whether the isoform production is principally regulated at the transcriptional level or caused by alternative translation initiation (13). If the former is the case, the expression of the {alpha} and {beta} isoform proteins should be correlated with that of the FL and 5'V mRNAs. To examine this, we quantified isoform proteins and mRNAs. For quantitative detection of two mRNAs in a single assay, we employed the RPA using the DIG-labeled antisense riboprobe that hybridizes to 5'V mRNA with 293 bases and to FL mRNA with 168 bases. We confirmed that the two caveolin-1 mRNAs can be quantitated by this method using known amounts of synthesized sense RNAs as samples (Fig. 1).



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  		FIG. 1.
Quantitative detection of two caveolin-1 mRNAs by RPA using a single DIG-labeled antisense riboprobe. A, RPA was performed to synthesized sense caveolin-1 RNAs, FL and 5'V, which were mixed in indicated amounts in a sample. The size of the DIG-labeled antisense riboprobe is 384 base, having the extra sequence derived from the plasmid vector. Length of protected fragments was 294 base for 5'V and 168 base for FL. B, signal intensity of chemiluminescent bands was plotted on the graph. Data are mean ± S.D. of three independent assays. Signal intensity for the two mRNAs was linearly proportional to the amount of the input sense RNAs.

 
Expression of Caveolin-1 Isoforms and mRNAs in Murine Culture Cells—We screened several mouse cell lines showing various expression ratios of caveolin-1 isoforms and present here the results of three culture cell lines (Fig. 2). The ratio of signal intensity for the two isoforms ({beta}/{alpha}) by Western blotting (the mean ± S.D., n = 4) was 3.59 ± 0.62 for ST13, 0.55 ± 0.10 for 3T3-L1, and 0.03 ± 0.04 for Pam212 (Fig. 2, WB). The signal ratio of two mRNAs (5'V/FL) by RPA (the mean ± S.D., n = 3) was 6.00 ± 2.63 for ST13, 0.80 ± 0.24 for 3T3-L1, and 0.36 ± 0.11 for Pam212 (Fig. 2, RPA). The expression ratio of protein isoforms and mRNA variants was obviously correlated each other, suggesting that the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms are produced from FL and 5'V mRNAs, respectively, in these cell lines.



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  		FIG. 2.
Expression of caveolin-1 isoforms and mRNAs in murine culture cells. Three cell lines (ST-13, 3T3-L1, and Pam212) expressing the two isoforms in different ratios were examined by Western blotting (WB) using an anti-caveolin-1 antibody (2297). The cells were also analyzed for caveolin-1 mRNA expression by RPA. Comparing the results of Western blotting and RPA, the expression of the {alpha} and {beta} isoform proteins was correlated well with that of FL and 5'V mRNAs, respectively. {beta}-Actin in Western blotting and cyclophilin in RPA were used as internal controls for the amount of loaded samples.

 
Expression of Caveolin-1 Isoforms and mRNAs during the Murine Lung Development—Next, we examined the caveolin-1 expression in the developing mouse lung. We found that the {beta} isoform was hardly detectable at E16 and E17, but became prominent at E18 and thereafter (Fig. 3A). On the other hand, the {alpha} isoform was already detectable at E16 and constantly expressed during the lung development (Fig. 3A). The expression of the two mRNAs also showed a similar change; namely, the expression of 5'V mRNA increased drastically between E17 and E18, while that of FL mRNA was rather constant (Fig. 3B), consistent with the assumption that the 5'V mRNA is responsible for the production of the {beta} isoform. Quantitative analysis of the signal intensity ratio for caveolin-1 isoforms ({beta}/{alpha}, Fig. 3C) and that of mRNA variants (5'V/FL, Fig. 3D) clearly shows the marked up-regulation of the {beta} isoform protein and 5'V mRNA between E17 and E18. The protein {beta}/{alpha} ratio and the mRNA 5'V/FL ratio both reached a plateau around birth and remained the same in the following ages at least until 12 months old (Fig. 3, C and D, part of the data is not shown). The apparent continuous increase of the {beta}/{alpha} ratio after birth in Fig. 3A with the same protein loading is due to saturation of the {alpha} isoform signal in the older aged mice. By avoiding signal saturation by a decreased sample loading (Fig. 3A'), the {beta}/{alpha} ratio remained the same after birth as shown in Fig. 3C.



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  		FIG. 3.
Expression of caveolin-1 isoforms and mRNAs in the developing mouse lung. A and A', Western blotting of the developing mouse lung using the antibody against caveolin-1 (clone 2297). The {beta} isoform was hardly detectable at E16 and E17 but became detectable at E18 and thereafter. While 10 µg of total protein were loaded in each lane in A, the amounts of protein loaded in each lane in A' were adjusted to make the signals of caveolin-1{alpha} in a similar range: E16, 30 µg; E17, E18, E19, and 1 day, 20 µg each; 3 weeks and 3 months, 5 µg each. The latter blotting is suitable for the analysis of the {beta}/{alpha} ratio. {beta}-Actin was used as internal controls for the amount of loaded samples. B, ribonuclease protection assay of the developing mouse lung. The expression of 5'V mRNA was minimal at E16 and E17 but dramatically increased at E18. Cyclophilin was used as an internal control for the amount of loaded samples. C, signal intensity ratio of the two protein isoforms ({beta}/{alpha}) analyzed for the blotting with a modified sample loading as shown in A'. Data are mean ± S.E. of four independent assays. Marked increase of the ratio (from 0.02 ± 0.01 to 0.17 ± 0.09) occurred between E17 and E18. The ratio appeared to reach a plateau around birth and remained the same in the following ages. D, signal intensity ratio of the two mRNAs (5'V/FL). Data are mean ± S.E. of three independent assays. Marked increase of the ratio (from 0.33 ± 0.08 to 1.10 ± 0.09) occurred between E17 and E18. The ratio appeared to reach a plateau around birth and remained the same in the following ages.

 
Immunohistochemical Identification of Caveolin-1-expressing Cell Types in the Developing Mouse Lung—To examine whether the expression of the {beta} isoform increases specifically in some cell type at E18, we histologically observed caveolin-1-positive cells in the developing mouse lung by immunofluorescence labeling. In the lung at E16 and E17, in which the {alpha} isoform protein and FL mRNA were dominant, caveolin-1 was detected in cells in the lung mesenchyme (Fig. 4A), as well as in the endothelial cell of large blood vessels (Fig. 4, A and B, asterisks). The cells positive for caveolin-1 in the mesenchyme were identified as the endothelial cell of developing small vessels because they expressed endothelial markers, PECAM-1 (Fig. 4D) and eNOS (data not shown). This result is consistent with the previous report on the expression of caveolin-1{alpha} in the fetal lung (23). Caveolin-1 was labeled only weakly in other cell types such as the smooth muscle cell of the blood vessel (Fig. 4E, asterisk) and of the bronchial tubule (Fig. 4E, br) and the interstitial fibroblast. The bronchial epithelium (Fig. 4, A and B, br) was negative for caveolin-1.



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  		FIG. 4.
Identification of caveolin-1-expressing cells in the mouse lung at E17 by immunofluorescence microscopy. Bars, 50 µm. A–C, results of immunofluorescence labeling by anti-caveolin-1 antibody (C13630 [GenBank] ) are shown at low (A) and high (B) magnifications. Intense signal is observed in the vascular endothelium (asterisks) and in the mesenchymal cell. The bronchial epithelium (br) is negative for caveolin-1. Negative control staining was performed using 1:100 diluted normal rabbit serum (C, NRS) in place of the primary antibody. D, Double labeling of caveolin-1 (Cav1, green) and PECAM-1 (PECAM1, red). The cells intensely expressing caveolin-1 in the lung mesenchyme are the endothelial cell of developing blood vessels. Relatively large blood vessels are indicated with asterisks. E, double labeling of caveolin-1 (Cav1, green) and {alpha}-smooth muscle actin ({alpha}-SMA, red). Expression of caveolin-1 (Cav1, green) is weakly detected in the smooth muscle cell of the blood vessel (asterisks) and of the bronchial tubule (br).

 
We subsequently examined the expression of caveolin-1 in the alveolar epithelium. In the fetal lung, the epithelial cell of pulmonary acinus, but not that of bronchium, was labeled positively by the antibody to mouse gp38/T1{alpha} (Fig. 5, A–C, gp38), which is a specific marker for the apical surface of the alveolar type I cells in the adult lung (27). The acinar epithelium at E17 was mostly the cuboidal type II precursor cell (32) and was either negative or only weakly stained by a rabbit polyclonal anti-caveolin-1 antibody (C13630 [GenBank] ) recognizing both the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms (Fig. 5A, ac). A dramatic morphological change of the acinar tubule occurred at E18; the acinar lumen enlarged tremendously and the alveolar epithelial cell became flattened (Fig. 5, B and C, ac) (32). The flat alveolar epithelial cell was labeled positively by C13630 [GenBank] (Fig. 5B, arrows) but not significantly by another rabbit polyclonal anti-caveolin-1 antibody, sc-894, which is specific to the {alpha}-isoform (Fig. 5C, arrows). This result indicates that the marked induction of the {beta} isoform protein and 5'V mRNA occurs in the alveolar type I cell at E18 as the cell starts to differentiate.



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  		FIG. 5.
Immunofluorescence labeling of caveolin-1 in the alveolar epithelial cells of the fetal lung. In the fetal lung, the apical surface of epithelial cells lining pulmonary acinus (ac) is labeled by the antibody to gp38/T1{alpha} (gp38, red), a specific marker for the alveolar type I cell in the adult lung. The labeling shows dramatic morphological change of the pulmonary acinus between E17 (A) and E18 (B, C): the acinar lumen became enlarged, and the cuboidal epithelial cell became flattened. The cuboidal epithelial cell at E17 is hardly labeled by C13630 [GenBank] (A, Cav1, green). On the other hand, the flat alveolar epithelial cell at E18 is labeled by C13630 [GenBank] (B, Cav1, green, arrows) but not by sc-894 that recognizes only the {alpha} isoform (C, Cav1{alpha}, green, arrows). Bars, 20 µm.

 
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of the Differential Expression of Caveolin-1 Isoforms—To clearly visualize the differential expression of the two caveolin-1 isoforms in different cell types, we performed double labeling by using a combination of the two anti-caveolin-1 antibodies, 2297 and sc-894. While sc-894 recognizes only the {alpha} isoform, 2297 recognizes both the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms evenly. In the lung at E16 and E17, the labeling by sc-894 and 2297 was almost indistinguishable, which result is consistent with the predominance of the {alpha} isoform at this stage (Fig. 6A). A little difference was observed in the vascular smooth muscle cell, which appeared reddish compared with the endothelial cell in the merged picture (data not shown). On the other hand, at E18, a marked difference between sc-894 (Fig. 6B, green) and 2297 (Fig. 6B, red) was observed; the alveolar epithelial cell was positive with 2297 but not with sc-894 (Fig. 6B, arrows). We confirmed this result by using another anti-caveolin-1 antibody, C13630 [GenBank] , which labels the {alpha} isoform better than the {beta} isoform (14). At E19, whereas 2297 labeled the alveolar epithelium and the vascular endothelium in a similar intensity (Fig. 6C, red, arrows), C13630 [GenBank] labeled the endothelium preferentially (Fig. 6C, green, arrows). The difference of the isoform ratio in the two cell types is clearly visible in the merged picture (Fig. 6C); the alveolar epithelium was stained in orange or red, whereas the endothelium was stained in yellow or green.



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  		FIG. 6.
Differential immunofluorescence labeling of caveolin-1 isoforms by combination of anti-caveolin-1 antibodies with different specificity. Bars, 20 µm. A and B, fetal lung doubly labeled by sc-894 (recognizing the {alpha} isoform alone; green) and 2297 (recognizing both {alpha} and {beta} isoforms; red). Labeling by the two antibodies is indistinguishable in the lung at E17 (A). The endothelium is labeled by both antibodies. At E18, the alveolar epithelium is labeled by 2297 but not by sc-894 (B, arrows), whereas the endothelium remains positive for the two antibodies. C, fetal lung at E19 doubly labeled by C13630 [GenBank] (preferentially recognizing the {alpha} isoform; green) and 2297 (red). In the merged picture, the alveolar epithelium is seen in orange or red, while the endothelium appears as yellow or green (arrows), indicating the predominance of the {beta} isoform in the alveolar epithelium.

 
We also assessed the expression of caveolin-1 isoforms in the adult lung (Fig. 7). The alveolar type I cell of the adult lung recognized by anti-gp38 (red) was labeled by 2297 (green), thus resulting in yellow coloring (Fig. 7A, arrows), but it was not labeled by sc-894, resulting in red coloring (Fig. 7B, arrows). By the double staining with two different combinations of anti-caveolin-1 antibodies, the adult alveolar type I cell was intensely labeled by 2297 (Fig. 7, C and D, red, arrows), and only weakly by C13630 [GenBank] (Fig. 7D, green, arrows), but not by sc-894 (Fig. 7C, green, arrows), resulting in orange (Fig. 7D) and red (Fig. 7C) coloring, respectively, in the merged picture. The endothelial cell was intensely labeled by all caveolin-1 antibodies and thus it appeared yellow or green (Fig. 7, C and D). The lack of labeling by sc-894 in the alveolar type I epithelium was observed consistently in 3-, 6-, and 12-month old mice. This result contradicts the previous work (23), which showed the {alpha} isoform in the adult alveolar type I epithelium. Most likely this discrepancy was caused by the method applied; we used fluorochrome-labeled antibody and confocal laser microscopy, whereas the cited work (23) used tyramide amplification combined with diaminobenzidine coloring. Due to the thinness of the adult epithelium, it is difficult to observe it differentially from the endothelium by the latter method. In conjunction with the immunoblotting result described below, we concluded that the adult alveolar epithelium contains little, if any, caveolin-1{alpha}. All together, our immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that the alveolar type I cell expresses the {beta} isoform of caveolin-1 predominantly in both the fetal and adult mouse lung. The alveolar type II cell identified by the presence of TTF-1 (28) was negative for both the {alpha} and {beta} isoform of caveolin-1 (data not shown).



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  		FIG. 7.
Expression of caveolin-1 isoforms in the adult mouse lung. Bars, 20 µm. A and B, adult (6-month-old) lung doubly labeled by anti-gp38 antibody (red) and anti-caveolin-1 antibody, 2297 (A, green) or sc-894 (B, green). The alveolar type I cell, positive for gp38, is also labeled by 2297 (A, arrows) but not by sc-894 (B, arrows). C and D, adult (6-month-old) lung doubly labeled by two anti-caveolin-1 antibodies; C, 2297 (red) and sc-894 (green); D, 2297 (red) and C13630 [GenBank] (green). The alveolar type I cell is labeled by 2297 (C and D, arrows) but not by sc-894 (C, arrows) and only weakly by C13630 [GenBank] (D, arrows). The cavity lined by the caveolin-1 labeling (asterisks) is the blood vessel lumen.

 
We tried to examine the cell type-specific expression of FL and 5'V mRNAs by in situ hybridization using two DIG-labeled antisense riboprobes, which correspond to the unique 5' ends of FL mRNA (1–117 in AB029929 [GenBank] ) and of 5'V mRNA (31–170 in AB029930 [GenBank] ); however, they were not sensitive enough to detect the mRNAs in tissue sections (data not shown).

Selective Isolation of the Plasma Membrane from the Endothelium and the Alveolar Epithelium by Silica Coating Technique—To verify the cell type-specific expression of the caveolin-1 isoforms in the lung, we isolated the plasma membrane selectively from the endothelial and the alveolar epithelial cells by silica coating technique (see "Experimental Procedures") and analyzed the expression of caveolin-1 isoforms by Western blotting. In the total homogenate, both caveolin-1{alpha} and -1{beta} were detected intensely (Fig. 8, lane H, Cav1). On the other hand, only the {alpha} isoform was markedly enriched in the plasma membrane preparation of the endothelium (Fig. 8, lanes En1, En2, and Cav1), while in the preparation from the alveolar epithelial cells only the {beta} isoform was enriched (Fig. 8, lanes Ep1, Ep2, and Cav1). The cell type-specific enrichment of isoforms became more evident when the preparation was purified further by an extra centrifugation (Fig. 8, lanes En2, Ep2, and Cav1). Although a little reaction for the {beta} and {alpha} isoform was observed in En2 and Ep2, respectively (Fig. 8, Cav1 and Cav1{alpha}), they are most likely due to a little contamination by other cell types, because a small amount of cytosolic protein ({beta}-actin) and other cell markers ({alpha}-SMA and PECAM) were detected in these preparations. The result is fully consistent with the immunofluorescence result, showing the cell type-specific and mutually exclusive expression of the caveolin-1 isoforms in the endothelium and alveolar epithelium. In contrast to the caveolin-1 isoforms, caveolin-2 was detected to a similar extent in the two plasma membrane preparations (Fig. 8, Cav2), indicating that both the {alpha} and {beta} caveolin-1 isoforms exist as the hetero-oligomer with caveolin-2.



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  		FIG. 8.
Western blot analysis of the selective plasma membrane preparation isolated from endothelial and epithelial cells of the adult rat lung by silica coating technique. For total homogenate of the lung (H), plasma membrane of endothelial cells (En1, En2), and that of alveolar epithelial cells (Ep1, Ep2), 10 µg of protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting by anti-caveolin-1 (clone 2297, Cav1), anti-caveolin-1{alpha} (sc-894, Cav1{alpha}), anti-caveolin-2 (clone 65, Cav2), anti-{beta}-actin (clone AC-15, {beta}-actin), anti-{alpha}-smooth muscle actin (clone 1A4, {alpha}-SMA), and anti-PECAM-1 (sc-1506, PECAM) antibodies. Caveolin-1{alpha} is enriched, but caveolin-1{beta} is excluded, in the endothelial plasma membrane (Cav1 in En1 and En2). On the other hand, caveolin-1{beta} is enriched, but caveolin-1{alpha} is excluded, in the epithelial plasma membrane (Cav1 in Ep1 and Ep2). Because of the high sensitivity of sc-894 to caveolin-1{alpha}, a faint reaction for the isoform is observed in Ep1 and Ep2 by the antibody. The contamination of cytosolic proteins ({beta}-actin) and marker proteins of other cell types ({alpha}-SMA for En and Ep and PECAM for Ep only) are reduced in the preparations obtained after the further purification (En2, Ep2) but not completely eliminated.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The two isoforms of caveolin-1, {alpha} and {beta}, had been believed to be produced by alternative translation initiation from a single mRNA (13). On the other hand, we identified a mRNA variant of caveolin-1 that is transcribed from a downstream promoter and encodes the {beta} isoform and proposed an alternative mechanism for the isoform production (20). The mechanism is used by some genes to produce two isoforms, the shorter isoform of which lacks the N-terminal domain of the longer one (33). In the present study, we showed data to support that the two caveolin-1 protein isoforms are generated from the two distinct mRNAs in cells in vivo. The ratio of the two mRNAs may be regulated by alternative promoters. In a model cell system, we found that the first intron region of the caveolin-1 gene, which contains the transcription start site for the 5'V mRNA, exhibits different promoter activity in different cell types, consistent with the endogenous expression level of the 5'V mRNA.2 The same mechanism is likely to work in the developing lung, but involvement of other mechanisms, such as cell type-specific regulation of mRNA stability, is also possible. Whereas the alternative translation initiation may not be a regulated process, the mRNA level is likely to be controlled independently to meet physiological demands for respective protein products. It will be interesting to examine whether signals known to modulate the caveolin-1 gene expression, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A signals (34) and free cholesterol (35), affect the expression of the two isoforms differentially.

We also demonstrated that the two isoforms of caveolin-1 are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner in the vascular endothelium and the alveolar epithelium of the lung, respectively, by several lines of evidence. First, by the quantitative analysis of caveolin-1 isoforms and mRNAs during the fetal lung development, we showed that the {alpha} isoform and FL mRNA are dominant in the lung before E17 in which the vast majority of caveolin-1-positive cell is the endothelial cell, while the {beta} isoform and 5'V mRNA are markedly induced at E18 when the differentiation of the alveolar type I cell begins. Second, by immunolabeling using three anti-caveolin-1 antibodies, we demonstrated histologically that the two isoforms are differentially expressed depending on the cell types in both fetal and adult mouse lung. A recent paper has also suggested the expression of the {beta} isoform in the fetal and neonatal alveolar type I cells based on the lack of labeling by an antibody specific to the {alpha} isoform (23), but the result is inconclusive because the expression of the {beta} isoform was not confirmed. Third, by the Western blotting of the selective plasma membrane preparation, we obtained the unequivocal result showing that the endothelium and the alveolar epithelium exclusively contained the {alpha} and {beta} isoform of caveolin-1, respectively. The ratio of the two isoforms has been known to vary depending on the cell type, especially in culture cells (unpublished data), but such an exclusive expression of either isoform as seen in the lung in vivo has not been known to date. In conjunction with the existence of unique mRNAs for the two isoforms, the result may imply that the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms of caveolin-1 have distinct functions that need to be exerted specifically for some cell types.

The cell type-specific expression of the caveolin-1 isoforms in the lung, that is, the {alpha} isoform in the endothelium and the {beta} isoform in the alveolar epithelium, might be related to the physiological function of the two cells. Caveolae in the endothelium have been shown to be engaged in transcellular transport by several lines of evidence (36), but it is controversial whether those in the alveolar epithelium have a similar function (37). The molecular machinery for vesicular transport, including dynamin and VAMP-2, was shown to exist in caveolae in the endothelium but not in caveolae in the alveolar epithelium. In this context, the phenotype of the caveolin-1-null mouse (38, 39) is noteworthy; they lack both the {alpha} and {beta} isoforms, but only the pulmonary endothelium showed hyper-proliferation, whereas the alveolar epithelium did not. This difference might be related to function of the two isoforms, but it may not be so simple because the same phenotype was observed in the caveolin-2-deficient mouse (40). Since the selective plasma membrane preparation is available from the endothelium and the alveolar epithelium, comparative analysis of caveolae of the two cell types can be done to study functions of the two isoforms. The study must also be important for elucidation of the transcellular transport mechanism in the alveolar epithelium, which is of particular interest in terms of pulmonary drug delivery (37).

Comparing the molecular structure of the two caveolin-1 isoforms, the only difference is the N-terminal 31 amino acids of the {alpha} isoform that does not exist in the {beta} isoform. Naturally most functional domains are common to the two isoforms (18, 19). Thus it may appear unlikely that the {beta} isoform has some unique function that the {alpha} isoform does not have. However, the N-terminally truncated isoform of other gene products is known to be targeted to different cellular compartments, be expressed in different tissues, or even function as an antagonist to the full-length molecule (33), indicating the functional significance of the shorter isoforms. As to the caveolin-1 isoforms, we have demonstrated previously that there are caveolae with different invagination depths in the cultured fibroblast, and the {alpha} isoform preferentially distributes to the deep caveolae but is relatively deficient in the shallow ones (14). This observation suggests that the caveolin-1 isoforms may play a role in forming distinct caveolar domains with different morphological, and possibly functional, properties. Interestingly, phosphorylation of caveolin-1 at tyrosine 14 by Src family kinases, which is specific to the {alpha} isoform, causes recruitment of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) (41). Because Csk negatively regulates the activity of Src family kinases, the recruitment of Csk may constitute a negative feedback loop in the Src signaling in caveolae rich in caveolin-1{alpha}, whereas the mechanism does not work in caveolae formed by caveolin-1{beta}. It is intriguing to examine whether this difference could give rise to functional diversity of caveolae with different isoform ratios.

In our previous study using HepG2 cells (14), ectopic expression of the {alpha} isoform induced caveolar invagination much more efficiently than the {beta} isoform. On the other hand, despite the predominance of the {beta} isoform, the alveolar type I cell contains many deeply invaginated caveolae. We speculate that this may be caused by the following reasons. First, some additional factors that exist in the alveolar type I cell but not in HepG2 cells may be necessary for the caveolae formation. Caveolin-2 is a candidate for the factor lacking in HepG2 because it was shown to promote formation of caveolae in culture cells (14, 42, 43). But the presence of caveolae in caveolin-2-null mice is against this assumption (40). Identification of other factors, especially those interacting with the {beta} isoform in the alveolar type I cell, may be a clue to understand the molecular mechanism of caveolae formation. Caveolins can give rise to the characteristic filamentous coat of caveolae (44), but whether the caveolin coat alone is capable of forming the invagination is not known. Second, the alveolar type I cell may contain a small amount of caveolin-1{alpha}, whereas HepG2 appears to lack it totally (14). The small amount of caveolin-1{alpha} combined with caveolin-1{beta} may suffice to form deep caveolae.

Now that we showed that caveolin-1 isoforms are generated from distinct mRNAs at least in some cell types, we can utilize gene targeting and/or RNA interference techniques to do the isoform-specific knockdown experiments both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the plasma membrane preparation obtained selectively either from the endothelium or from the epithelium enables biochemical analysis of caveolae formed exclusively by the {alpha} or the {beta} isoform. By using these techniques, functional difference of caveolin-1 isoforms and diversity of caveolar domains would be defined unequivocally.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by grants-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of the Japanese Government, a research grant from Nagoya University, and a research grant from Narishige Zoological Science Award. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Molecular Genetics, Inst. for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake-shi, Aichi 470-1192, Japan. Tel.: 81-562-93-9392; Fax: 81-562-93-8831; E-mail: hkogo{at}fujita-hu.ac.jp.

1 The abbreviations used are: DIG, digoxigenin; RPA, ribonuclease protection assay; MES, 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid; MBS, MES-buffered saline; HBSS, HEPES-buffered sucrose solution. Back

2 H. Kogo, M. Ishikawa, and T. Fujimoto, unpublished data. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We are grateful to Dr. Akiko Kogo and Dr. Ryuji Nomura, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, for helpful discussions; to Dr. Akiko Furuyama, National Institute for Environmental Studies, for the technical advices about lung preparation; and to Shigeko Yagi, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, for supplying rats.



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 DISCUSSION
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