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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 30, 30923-30926, July 23, 2004

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Semaphorin 3A Stimulates Neurite Extension and Regulates Gene Expression in PC12 Cells^*

Jens C. Schwamborn, Roberto Fiore, Dominique Bagnard, Joachim Kappler¶, Christian Kaltschmidt||, and Andreas W. Püschel**

From the Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany, the INSERM U575-Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Groupe de Physiologie Moléculaire de la Régénération Nerveuse (PMRN), Centre de Neurochimie, 5 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 Strasbourg, France, the ^¶Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany, and the ^||Institut für Neurobiochemie, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Stockumer Strasse 10, D-58448 Witten, Germany

Received for publication, February 23, 2004 , and in revised form, May 17, 2004.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The secreted semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a member of a large family of proteins that act as guidance signals for axons and dendrites. While the receptors and signaling pathways that mediate the repulsive effects of semaphorins are beginning to be understood in some detail, the mechanisms that are responsible for the ability of Sema3A to stimulate the extension of dendrites remain to be elucidated. Here we show that PC12 cells, a model widely used to study neuronal differentiation, can be used to dissect this pathway. Sema3A is as effective as nerve growth factor in stimulating the extension of neurites from PC12 cells. We show that Sema3A is able to regulate gene expression and identify mitochondria as a novel target of Sema3A signaling. Pharmacological block of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production abolishes the extension of neurites in response to Sema3A. These results show that the characterization of transcripts that are regulated by axon guidance signals may help to identify novel components of their signaling pathways.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The semaphorins are a large family of secreted and membrane-bound proteins that act as guidance signals for axons and dendrites (reviewed in Ref. 1). The secreted semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)¹ acts as a chemorepellent for many types of axons including sensory and cortical axons and as an attractant for cortical dendrites (2). The repulsive effects of the secreted class 3 semaphorins are mediated by a receptor complex that contains neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) or -2 as the ligand binding subunit and an A-type plexin as the signal-transducing subunit (1). Activation of the Sema3A receptor in sensory growth cones results in the depolymerization of actin filaments and the loss of substrate adhesion (1). The molecules implicated in semaphorin signaling include the kinases Fyn, Cdk5, and Fes and members of the Crmp family of microtubule-binding proteins (1). In addition, two types of oxygenases are involved in mediating the repulsive effects of Sema3A, the putative flavoprotein monooxygenases of the MICAL family and lipoxygenase (3, 4).

In addition to its repulsive effects, Sema3A acts as an attractive signal for the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons (2). In Sema3a knock-out mice, the dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons are disoriented (2). While mice with a mutation in Nrp-1 that abolishes the binding of semaphorins do not display defects in the orientation of apical dendrites, they show a reduction in the growth of basal dendrites (5). Application of recombinant Sema3A to cortical slice cultures increases the extension and branching mainly of basal dendrites (6). The effects of Sema3A depend on the intracellular cGMP concentration in the target cells (7). Elevation of cytosolic cGMP converts the repulsion of axons by Sema3A into an attraction and blocks the collapse of sensory growth cones, suggesting that these pathways have at least some components in common. However, with the exception of cGMP, the factors responsible for mediating the attractive or stimulatory effects of semaphorins remain to be elucidated.

Sema3A and Sema3E are both able to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, while Sema3F antagonizes the activation of p38 activation by NGF (8–10). In Xenopus retinal ganglion cell growth cones, local translation and p42/p44 MAPK activation are required for the response to Sema3A (11). MAPKs are central elements in signaling pathways that regulate gene expression in response to extracellular signals. The ability to activate MAPKs suggests that semaphorins may also be able to modulate gene expression. Here we show that in PC12 cells, a cell line that is widely used as a model for neuronal differentiation (12), Sema3A induces the extension of neurites and regulates gene expression.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Cell Culture—PC12 cells were cultured on fibronectin (Sigma) in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), and 5% horse serum (Invitrogen). 293T cells were grown in minimal essential medium supplemented with 100 units/ml penicillin and 10% FCS (Invitrogen). AP-Flag-Sema3A was produced by a stably transfected cell line (cell line 293–717; Ref. 13) and added to cultures of PC12 cells or hippocampal neurons as conditioned medium. Conditioned medium was obtained by incubating the cells for 48 h with serum-free medium and supplemented subsequently with 1.5% FCS. Medium conditioned by 293T cells was used as a control. The induction of neurites was quantified by staining the cells with rhodamine-phalloidin and determining the total length of neurites per cell using the UTHSCSA ImageTool v3.00 software.

Binding Assay—2 x 10⁴ PC12 cells were seeded onto fibronectin-coated coverslips in a 24-well plate. After 24 h of culture the cells were incubated with Sema3A or control medium for 1 h, fixed with 4% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, and stained with the anti-FLAG M2 antibody (1:200 dilution; Sigma) to detect Sema3A and rhodamine-phalloidin (1:350 dilution; Molecular Probes). The goat Alexa Fluor 488 anti-mouse antibody (Molecular Probes) was used at a dilution of 1:1000.

Semiquantitative PCR—RNA was isolated from PC12 cells using the peqGOLD kit (peqLab) according to manufacturer's instructions. Semiquantitative PCR was performed with gene specific primers (supplemental Table 1) as described (14). Samples were taken after 25, 30, and 35 cycles, separated by electrophoresis, and stained with ethidium bromide. The ratio of induction or repression was calculated from the fluorescence intensity values, which were determined using the BioDo-cAnalyze software (Biometra). The blocking anti-Nrp-1 antibody was directly added to the conditioned medium at a concentration of 1.25 µg/ml (15). Hippocampal neurons from E18 rat embryos were cultured as described before (16).

Western Blot Analysis—PC12 cells were lysed in 2% Triton X-100 in phosphate-buffered saline and solubilized by incubation at 4 °C for 30 min. The samples were seperated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Schleicher & Schüll), and Western blots were developed using the Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories) according to manufactor's instructions. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Sema5A (1:2000), anti-Crmp2 (1:1000), and anti-Crmp4 (1:1000) (17). The anti-Sema5A antibody was raised against the C-terminal 130 amino acids expressed in bacteria using the expression vector pQE-30 (Qiagen). Recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography on nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose (Qiagen) and used as antigen to immunize rabbits (Eurogentech). Biotinylated antirabbit and horseradish peroxidase-coupled anti-mouse antibodies (Mo-BiTec) were used at a dilution of 1:10,000. To analyze the activation of the MAPK pathway cell lysates were incubated overnight at 4 °C with immobilized anti-phospho-p42/p44 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology). Bound proteins were eluted with SDS sample buffer and analyzed by Western blot using the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody P-Tyr-100 (Cell Signaling Technology). Loading of comparable amounts of protein was confirmed with an anti--tubulin antibody (clone 6-113-1; Sigma).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Sema3A Induces the Extension of Neurites by PC12 Cells— Assays with recombinant Sema3A confirmed the presence of Sema3A-binding sites on PC12 cells (data not shown). Incubation with Sema3A for 12 h induced the extension of neurites to a similar extent as NGF (Fig. 1, A and B). The formation of neurites was seen only after prolonged treatment with Sema3A for 12 h but not when Sema3A was removed after 1 h of culture and replaced by normal medium (data not shown). Neurite extension in response to Sema3A but not to NGF was completely abolished by a blocking anti-Nrp-1 antibody (Fig. 1, A and B). To exculde an indirect effect of Sema3A on neurite extension by increasing the sensitivity of PC12 cells for the low amount of endogeneously produced NGF as shown for Sema4D (18), we treated PC12 cells with Sema3A or NGF and an inhibitor of the NGF receptor TrkA (K-252a). The stimulation of neurite extension by NGF was completely blocked by K-252a, while the length of neurites induced by Sema3A was not affected (Fig. 1B).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Sema3A induces the extension of neurites by PC12 cells. A and B, incubation with NGF (100 ng/ml) or Sema3A for 12 h induces the extension of neurites by PC12 cells. A blocking anti-Nrp-1 antibody prevents the induction of neurites by Sema3A but not by NGF. NRP, neuropilin. B, PC12 cells were incubated with NGF or Sema3A and Me2SO, a blocking anti-Nrp-1 antibody, the TrkA inhibitor K-252a (3 nM), or the MAPK inhibitor PD98059 (0.05 mM) for 12 h, stained with rhodamine-phalloidin, and the total length of neurites extended per cell determined. C, PC12 cells were treated for 15 min, 1 h, or 12 h with Sema3A, NGF, or control medium. Active p42/44 MAPK was immunoprecipitated with an antibody specific for phosphorylated p42/p44 and analyzed by Western blot using an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. The amount of tubulin was used as a control for equal loading of the gel.

Sema3A Regulates Gene Expression in PC12 Cells and Neurons—The activation of the MAPK pathway suggested that Sema3A may induce neurites not only by its effects on the cytoskeleton but also by regulating transcription. To address this question in the absence of obvious target genes for Sema3A, we monitored the response to Sema3A by using cDNA microarrays. PC12 cells were incubated for 12 h with Sema3A or control medium, the RNA was isolated, and reverse-transcribed cDNA was hybridized to two cDNA microarrays with largely non-overlapping sets of 7500 human (array 1) and 3500 mouse genes of known function (array 2) (20). Of the 2681 (array 1) and 3306 genes (array 2) expressed in PC12 cells Sema3A regulated the expression of 130 (array 1: 97 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated) and 146 genes (array 2: 50 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated), respectively (supplemental Tables 2–5). Interestingly, several genes coding for factors known to be involved in mediating or modulating the effects of semaphorin signaling were induced 2–5-fold by Sema3A (supplemental Table 5). These included Plxna1 (encoding Plexin-A1), CRMP4 (Crmp4), and GUCY1A3 (guanylate cyclase). The RNA levels for other components of the Sema3A signaling pathway like the ligand-binding subunit Nrp-1 were unchanged. On the other hand, the expression of several transcripts for mitochondrial proteins such as different NADH dehydrogenase subunits (NDUFB3, NDUFS2) was repressed between 2- and 12-fold (supplemental Table 5). However, not all mRNAs for mitochondrial proteins were affected. Only two (NDUFB3, NDUFS2) out of 15 transcripts coding for different subunits of NADH dehydrogenase (array 1: 12 cDNAs, array 2: 3 cDNAs) and expressed in PC12 cells were regulated by Sema3A.

Based on the results of the microarray experiments, the regulation of selected genes by Sema3A and NGF was analyzed by semiquantitative PCR. These also included transcripts, like Crmp2 or Sema5a, that were not present on the microarrays. The semiquantitative PCR confirmed that expression of Plxna1, Crmp2, Crmp4, and Gucy1a3 was induced 2–8-fold by Sema3A while that of Sema5a and Ndufb3 was decreased. Although the extent of induction or repression differed from the microarray hybridization data, the regulation of all transcripts analyzed was confirmed by PCR (Table I; Fig. 2A). Sema5a was the only among 10 semaphorin genes monitored whose expression was regulated by Sema3A and was strongly down-regulated. Addition of a blocking antibody for Nrp-1 inhibited the effect of Sema3A on the expression of all genes tested (Table I).

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Sema3A regulates expression of CRMP2, CRMP4, and Sema5A. A, PC12 cells were cultured for 12 h in medium containing Sema3A (+Sema3A) or control medium (–Sema3A). RNA was isolated after 12 h and used for semiquantitative PCR for the indicated genes. The PCR products after 25 cycles are shown. The mRNA for -tubulin was used as control. B, PC12 cells were cultured for 12 h in medium containing Sema3A (+Sema3A) or control medium (–Sema3A) and the expression of the indicated proteins analyzed by Western blot. The amount of -tubulin was not affected by Sema3A.

To confirm that the increase in mRNA levels is also reflected at the protein level, PC12 cells were cultured for 16 h in medium with or without Sema3A and analyzed by Western blot. Incubation with Sema3A strongly increased Crmp2 and Crmp4 and reduced Sema5A expression (Fig. 2B). The expression of -tubulin was used as a control and showed no changes. These results confirm that the regulation of gene expression by Sema3A can be detected both at the RNA and the protein level.

To investigate whether Sema3A is able to regulate gene expression not only in a cell line but also in neurons, cultures of hippocampal neurons isolated from E18 rat embryos were incubated at 4 days in vitro with Sema3A for 12 h. A comparison of expression levels to neurons cultured in control medium by semiquantitative PCR confirmed that all analyzed genes were regulated as described for PC12 cells and differed only in the ratios of induction or repression (Fig. 2A; Table I).

Mitochondrial ROS Production Is Required for Sema3A-induced Neurite Extension—Interestingly, Sema3A reduced the levels of 17 transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins (Table I and supplemental Tables 2–5). The repression of one of these, Ndufb3, was also confirmed in hippocampal neurons. Mitochondria are the most important source of ROS production (21). ROS are involved in different signaling pathways and can be accompanied by changes in mitochondrial metabolism (22, 23). The regulation of several transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins suggested an involvement of ROS production in the response to Sema3A. To test this possibility, PC12 cells were incubated with Sema3A or NGF and the production of ROS inhibited by rotenone or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. For these experiments, a concentration of the inhibitors was chosen that did not induce apoptosis (supplemental Fig. S1) (24). Pharmacological inhibition of ROS production completely blocked the extension of neurites in response to Sema3A, while it did not interfere with neurite induction by NGF (Fig. 3, A and B). Incubation with the radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine blocked the extension of neurites in response to Sema3A but not to NGF (Fig. 3).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Mitochondrial ROS production is required for neurite induction by Sema3A. A and B, treatment of PC12 cells with the mitochondrial complex I (NADH-CoQ reductase) inhibitors rotenone (20 nM) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) (1 µM) or the radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) blocked the induction of neurites by Sema3A but not by NGF.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

The Sema3A-responsive transcripts in PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons include mRNAs for components or modulators of the Sema3A signaling pathway such as Plexin-A1, members of the Crmp family, and guanylate cyclase. In retinal ganglion cells from Xenopus embryos, the stimulation of translation by Netrin-1 and Sema3A through the p38 and p42/p44 MAPK pathways, respectively, is required for their effects on growth cones (11, 25, 26). Stimulation of translation via the MAPK pathway is required for the resensitization of axons that lose their responsiveness over time in a netrin-1 gradient (26). A similar feedback pathway may be involved in the response to Sema3A and include the increased expression of Sema3A receptor subunits and other components of the signaling pathway. Sema3A stimulates endocytosis and the redistribution of the Sema3A receptor to vesicles in sensory growth cones (27). The endocytosis of membrane-bound proteins is the first step in the degradation of activated receptors. An increased production of Plexin-A1 and Crmps could be a mechanisms to replenish degraded receptor subunits and components of the signaling cascade to sustain the responsiveness of cells to Sema3A. The intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides determines the response to guidance signals (7). High cGMP concentrations convert the repulsion of axons by Sema3A to an attraction. An increased production of guanylate cyclase would, therefore, also promote the extension of neurites.

The ability of cGMP to determine the direction of the response to Sema3A suggests that the pathways mediating repulsion and attraction have at least some components in common. Here we identify a novel target of Sema3A and show that ROS production by mitochondria is required for Sema3A-dependent neurite extension. Sema3A may directly regulate genes encoding mitochondrial proteins through MAPKs as shown for cytokines (28). Alternatively, the down-regulation may represent an indirect effect of Sema3A and reflect a response to the increase in ROS production that can be accompanied by changes in mitochondrial metabolism (23).

The effects of Sema3A on the cytoskeleton are mediated in part by small GTPases (1, 29). Activation of the Sema3A pathway changes the balance of Rho and Rac activity leading to the collapse of growth cones (1). Rho and Rac also regulate the extension and retraction of neurites (29). Active Rac promotes extension, while Rho activation induces retraction. Rac down-regulates Rho through the stimulation of ROS production (22). ROS inactivate the low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase by oxidizing its catalytic residue leading to an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p190RhoGAP (GAP, GTPase-activating protein) (30, 31). Stimulation of mitochondrial ROS production by Sema3A might inhibit Rho activity, which would favor neurite extension.

In summary, the identification of Sema3A target genes not only suggests a role for the regulation of gene expression in the response to axon guidance signals but also allows the identification of possible new components of the signaling pathways mediating their effects. This approach allowed us to reveal mitochondrial ROS production as a component of the Sema3A signaling pathway.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 492 (to A. W. P.)) and by a Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation fellowship (to J. C. S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Experimental Procedures, Fig. S1, Tables 1–5, and Refs. 1–3.

^** To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Inst. für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany. Tel.: 49-251-83-23872; Fax: 49-0251-83-24723; E-mail: apuschel{at}uni-muenster.de.

¹ The abbreviations used are: Sema3A, semaphorin 3A; Sema4D, semaphorin 4D; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NGF, nerve growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FCS, fetal calf serum.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Dr. J. H. Prehn (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany) for PC12 cells.

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Supplemental Data All Versions of this Article: 279/30/30923    most recent C400082200v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Schwamborn, J. C. Articles by Püschel, A. W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Schwamborn, J. C. Articles by Püschel, A. W. Social Bookmarking                      What's this?