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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 30, 31076-31080, July 23, 2004

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Proteolytic Conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in Human Neutrophils

ROLE OF GRANULE-DERIVED SERINE PROTEASES^*

Takayuki Kato, Erina Sakamoto, Haruo Kutsuna, Akiko Kimura-Eto, Fumihiko Hato, and Seiichi Kitagawa¶

From the Departments of Physiology and Dermatology, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

Received for publication, January 20, 2004 , and in revised form, May 7, 2004.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Four isoforms (, , , and ) have been identified for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). It has been reported that STAT3, which is derived from STAT3 by limited proteolysis during granulocytic differentiation, is a major STAT3 isoform expressed in human neutrophils. We confirmed that STAT3 was a major STAT3 isoform detected in human neutrophil lysates prepared with the conventional lysis buffer. The enzymes capable of converting STAT3 to STAT3 in vitro were localized in neutrophil granule fraction and were released into the medium upon ionomycin stimulation. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, CuSO₄, and ONO-5046 (a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase), but not by aprotinin, leupeptin, benzamidine, and EDTA. STAT3 was effectively generated in vitro from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with human neutrophil elastase or proteinase 3 but not cathepsin G. The converting activity in neutrophil lysates was reduced by immunodepletion of elastase but not proteinase 3. Unexpectedly, STAT3 was undetected in the lysates of neutrophil-derived cytoplasts, which lack granules, and the cytosol fraction prepared by nitrogen cavitation. The STAT3 isoform detected in these preparations was primarily STAT3. STAT3 was also undetected in the lysates of PMSF-pretreated neutrophils and was markedly decreased in the lysates of ionomycin-pretreated neutrophils. These findings indicate that, in contrast to the previous reports, STAT3, but not STAT3, is primarily expressed in human neutrophils, and STAT3 is rapidly generated from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with granule-derived serine proteases during preparation of neutrophil lysates with the conventional lysis buffer.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3),¹ a transcription factor, participates in a wide variety of physiological processes (1). In myeloid cells, STAT3 has been implicated in mediating granulopoiesis, macrophage functions, and neutrophil survival (2–9). At least four isoforms (, , , and ) have been identified for STAT3 (4, 10). STAT3 (92 kDa) is a full-length isoform expressed in most cells. STAT3 (83 kDa) is an alternatively spliced isoform, in which the 55 C-terminal amino acid residues of STAT3, spanning the intrinsic transactivation domain, are replaced by seven distinct residues (11). STAT3 (72 kDa) is a C-terminal truncated form of STAT3, and it has been proposed that STAT3 is produced by limited proteolysis of STAT3 during granulocytic differentiation (4, 12). STAT3 (64 kDa) may be also a truncated isoform expressed in the early stage of granulocytic differentiation (4). These distinct STAT3 isoforms may be involved in specific biological functions, depending upon the cell types and the differentiation stage of myeloid cells (1, 4, 6, 11).

STAT3 is a major STAT3 isoform expressed in human neutrophils and is tyrosine-phosphorylated upon stimulation of neutrophils with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF). Our recent study shows that STAT3 is involved in G-CSF-mediated up-regulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 in human neutrophils, leading to prolongation of neutrophil survival (9). STAT3 may be also involved in the GM-CSF-mediated anti-apoptotic effect upon human neutrophils through up-regulation of Mcl-1 (8). Thus, it seems that STAT3, and possibly the isoform (STAT3), may play an important role in the regulation of neutrophil survival. However, the enzymes involved in proteolytic conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 remain to be identified. In the present experiments, we sought to identify the enzymes responsible for conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in human neutrophils. The results show that, unexpectedly, STAT3 is absent in intact human neutrophils, and STAT3, but not STAT3, is primarily expressed in human neutrophils. The results also show that STAT3 is rapidly generated from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with granule-derived serine proteases during preparation of neutrophil lysates with the conventional lysis buffer.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Materials—Human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G were purchased from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (San Diego, CA). Human neutrophil proteinase 3 was purchased from Elastin Products Co., Inc. (Owensville, MO). Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, leupeptin, benzamidine, cytochalasin B, ionomycin, and Ficoll-70 were purchased from Sigma. Conray was purchased from Mallinckrodt (St. Louis, MO), Ficoll was purchased from Pharmacia Fine Chemicals (Piscataway, NJ), and ONO-5046, a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (13), was provided by Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Rabbit polyclonal antibody against STAT3, which recognizes the N-terminal portion of STAT3, and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody against human neutrophil elastase was purchased from Athens Research Technologies (Athens, GA), goat polyclonal antibody against human proteinase 3 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), rabbit anti-goat IgG antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was purchased from DAKO (Glostrup, Denmark), and protein G-Sepharose 4 Fast Flow and the enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blotting system were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Buckinghamshire, England).

Preparation of Cells—Human neutrophils and mononuclear cells were prepared from healthy adult donors as described previously (9), using dextran sedimentation, centrifugation with Conray-Ficoll, and hypotonic lysis of contaminated erythrocytes. Neutrophil fractions contained >98% neutrophils. Lymphocytes were further purified from mononuclear cells by centrifugal elutriation in a Hitachi SRR6Y elutriation rotor (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) (14). Lymphocyte fractions contained >99% lymphocytes. Cells were suspended in Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4.

Preparation of Cytoplasts—Cytoplasts were prepared from 1 x 10⁸ neutrophils as described previously (15). Briefly, neutrophils were centrifuged through a discontinuous Ficoll-70 gradient (12.5, 16, and 25%) prewarmed to 37 °C and containing 5 µg/ml cytochalasin B. Centrifugation was performed for 30 min at 34 °C in a Hitachi CP100 ultracentrifuge with a P28S2 swing rotor (Hitachi, Tokyo) at 81,000 x g. After centrifugation, the top band of cellular material was collected. This band was composed of >99% cytoplasts, as assessed by light microscopy of cytospin preparations stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Cytoplasts were recognized by their absence of a nucleus. Cytoplasts were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in Hanks' balanced salt solution containing 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (2 x 10⁸ cytoplasts/ml).

Western Blotting—Western blotting was performed as described previously (9). Cells were suspended in ice-cold lysis buffer containing 50 mM PIPES, pH 7.0, 0.5% Triton X-100, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl₂, 1mM sodium orthovanadate, 5 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM PMSF, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, and 100 µg/ml aprotinin (the conventional lysis buffer) and were lysed for 10 min at 4 °C. After rapid centrifugation at 18,000 x g for 5 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was used as the cell lysates. The cell lysates or samples were mixed 4:1 with 5x sample buffer (10% SDS, 50% glycerol, 25% 2-mercaptoethanol, and a trace amount of bromphenol blue dye in 250 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8) and were boiled for 5 min. Samples were subjected to 4–20% gradient SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reduced condition. After electrophoresis, proteins were electrophoretically transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose membrane in a buffer containing 100 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, and 20% methanol at 2 mA/cm² for 1 h at room temperature. Residual binding sites on the membrane were blocked by incubating the membrane in Tris-buffered saline (pH 7.6) containing 5% nonfat dry milk for 1 h at room temperature. The blots were incubated with anti-STAT3 antibody overnight at 4 °C. After washing, the membrane was incubated with anti-rabbit IgG antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, and the antibody complexes were visualized by the ECL detection system as directed by the manufacturer.

In Vitro Conversion of STAT3 to STAT3—The proteolytic conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in vitro was analyzed in the cell-free system using neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates. Both cell lysates were prepared with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer containing 50 mM PIPES (pH 7.0), 0.5% Triton X-100, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM EGTA, 2 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 5 mM sodium fluoride. The lymphocyte lysates contained abundant STAT3, which was used as a substrate to determine the activity for conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. Neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates were mixed at 1:50 on the basis of cell number: i.e. 0.5 µl of neutrophil lysates equivalent to 5 x 10⁴ cells and 25 µl of lymphocyte lysates equivalent to 2.5 x 10⁶ cells were mixed with each other. When required, neutrophil lysates were replaced by other samples such as the cytosol fraction and the lysates of cytoplasts and granule fraction. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 15–60 min at 37 °C, and thereafter, the immunoblotting was performed using the anti-STAT3 antibody.

Immunodepletion of Elastase and Proteinase 3 from Neutrophil Lysates—Protein G-Sepharose beads (10 µl) were washed with PBS and incubated with anti-elastase or anti-proteinase 3 antibody for 1 h at 4 °C. After washing, the beads were mixed with neutrophil lysates (20 µl) prepared with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer, and the mixtures were incubated for 1 h at 4 °C, allowing the binding of elastase or proteinase 3 to the antibody-coated beads. After centrifugation at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was used as the sample immunodepleted for elastase or proteinase 3. The depletion of each protease from neutrophil lysates was confirmed by Western blotting using anti-elastase or anti-proteinase 3 antibody.

Treatment of Neutrophils with PMSF or Ionomycin—PMSF- or ionomycin-pretreated neutrophils were prepared by treatment of neutrophils with PMSF (1 mM) for 1 h or ionomycin (1 µM) for 30 min at 37 °C. PMSF- or ionomycin-pretreated neutrophils were washed with PBS and lysed with the conventional lysis buffer. The cell-free supernatant from ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils was used as granule enzymes released into the medium upon ionomycin stimulation.

Disruption of Neutrophils by Nitrogen Cavitation—Disruption of neutrophils by nitrogen cavitation was performed as described previously (16). Briefly, neutrophils (1 x 10⁸ cells/ml) were suspended in the disruption buffer containing 10 mM PIPES (pH 7.2), 100 mM KCl, 3 mM NaCl, 3.5 mM MgCl₂, 1mM ATP, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 5 mM sodium fluoride and were pressurized with nitrogen for 5 min at 380 psi (pounds per square inch) in a nitrogen bomb (Parr Instrument, Moline, IL) at 4 °C. After release from the cavitation bomb, the cavitate was collected dropwise into EGTA to a final concentration of 1.5 mM. Disrupted cells were centrifuged for 15 min at 400 x g to obtain the nuclear fraction. The postnuclear supernatant was further centrifuged for 15 min at 18,000 x g to obtain the granule and cytosol fractions. The nuclear and granule fractions were lysed with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer and centrifuged for 5 min at 18,000 x g to obtain the lysates. By this method, most activity (>95%) of elastase, an enzyme in the primary granule, was detected in the granule fraction when elastase activity was determined using methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide as a substrate (17).

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Proteolytic Conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by Neutrophil Lysates—Neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates were prepared with the conventional lysis buffer containing various protease inhibitors, and STAT3 isoforms were analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody, which recognizes the N-terminal portion of STAT3. As shown in Fig. 1A, three bands were detected in neutrophil lysates. Each band may correspond to STAT3, STAT3, and STAT3 on the basis of molecular mass (4, 10, 12). In lymphocyte lysates, one band, which corresponds to STAT3, was detected. If STAT3 were produced by limited proteolysis of STAT3 in intact neutrophils (12), neutrophil lysates would contain proteases capable of converting STAT3 to STAT3. To demonstrate this activity, neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates prepared with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer were mixed to each other, and the mixtures were incubated for 15–60 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As shown in Fig. 1A, STAT3 was cleaved within 15 min after incubation of the mixtures. The cleavage of STAT3 was accompanied with the concomitant appearance of lower molecular mass bands of 83 and 72 kDa, which apparently correspond to STAT3 and STAT3, respectively. Incubation of lymphocyte lysates alone resulted in no cleavage of STAT3. These findings indicate that neutrophil, but not lymphocyte, lysates contain proteases, which can mediate the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. The converting activity was markedly inhibited by PMSF, but not inhibited by aprotinin, leupeptin, benzamidine, and EDTA (Fig. 1B), suggesting that the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 may be mediated by certain serine proteases.

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Proteolytic conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by neutrophil lysates. Neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates prepared with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer were mixed at 1:50 on the basis of cell number; i.e. 0.5 µl of neutrophil lysates equivalent to 5 x 104 cells and 25 µl of lymphocyte lysates equivalent to 2.5 x 106 cells were mixed with each other. A, reaction mixtures were incubated for 15–60 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 60 min at 37 °C. The reaction mixture equivalent to 1 x 106 cells was loaded onto each lane. Two left lanes show the profiles of neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates (each equivalent to 1 x 106 cells) prepared with the conventional lysis buffer. The molecular mass determined by the standard markers was indicated. The results shown are representative of 10 independent experiments. B, reaction mixtures were incubated in the presence or absence of PMSF (1 mM), aprotinin (100 µg/ml), leupeptin (10 µg/ml), benzamidine (5 mM), or EDTA (5 mM) for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The reaction mixture equivalent to 1 x 106 cells was loaded onto each lane. The results shown are representative of five independent experiments.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. The converting activity is localized in the granule fraction. A, neutrophils were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation, and disrupted samples were separated into the cytosol, nuclear, and granule fractions (Frs). The nuclear and granule fractions, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were lysed with the protease inhibitor-free lysis buffer. Each sample (0.5 µl: cytosol fraction, lysates of nuclear and granule fractions, and neutrophils) equivalent to 5 x 104 cells was mixed with lymphocyte lysates (25 µl) equivalent to 2.5 x 106 cells. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The reaction mixture equivalent to 1 x 106 cells was loaded onto each lane. The results shown are representative of eight independent experiments. B, cell-free supernatant from ionomycin-stimulated or control neutrophils (2 x 105 cells) was mixed with lymphocyte lysates equivalent to 1 x 106 cells. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The reaction mixture equivalent to 1 x 106 cells was loaded onto each lane. The results shown are representative of five independent experiments.

Conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by Granule-derived Serine Proteases—The results depicted in Figs. 1 and 2 suggest that certain serine proteases in granules are responsible for the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. The major serine proteases in human neutrophil granules are elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. The possible conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by these proteases was assessed by adding purified human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 to lymphocyte lysates; the reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As shown in Fig. 3A, STAT3 was cleaved by elastase or proteinase 3, and the cleavage of STAT3 was accompanied by the concomitant appearance of lower molecular mass bands of 83 and 72 kDa, apparently corresponding to STAT3 and STAT3, respectively. Elastase was more potent than proteinase 3 in this effect. On the other hand, STAT3 was rapidly degraded by cathepsin G, leaving no band detectable by anti-STAT3 antibody. These findings suggest that elastase and proteinase 3 could contribute to the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3, with elastase being more potent than proteinase 3. To determine whether elastase participates in the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in the cell-free system composed of neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates, the effects of Cu²⁺ (a potent inhibitor of elastase; Ref. 18) and ONO-5046 (a specific inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; Ref. 13) were studied. As shown in Fig. 3B, the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 was completely abolished by Cu²⁺ and was markedly inhibited by ONO-5046, suggesting that elastase plays a major role in the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in this cell-free system. This notion was also supported by the finding that the converting activity in neutrophil lysates was reduced when elastase, but not proteinase 3, was immunodepleted from neutrophil lysates by using the antibody-coated beads (Fig. 3C).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Proteolytic conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. A, human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, or proteinase 3 (1 µl of 0.2, 0.6, or 2 milliunits/µl, respectively, for each protease) was mixed with lymphocyte lysates (10 µl) equivalent to 1 x 106 cells. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. One unit of these proteases is defined as the amount that will hydrolyze 1 µmol of the substrate per min at 25 °C, when methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide, succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, and t-butyloxycarbonyl-Ala-Ala-norvalyl-thiobenzyl ester are used as the substrate for elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3, respectively. The results shown are representative of four independent experiments. B, reaction mixtures containing neutrophil and lymphocyte lysates described in Fig. 1 were incubated in the presence or absence of CuSO4 (10 mM) or ONO-5046 (10 µM) for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The results shown are representative of three independent experiments. C, elastase and proteinase 3 were immunodepleted from neutrophil lysates (20 µl) equivalent to 2 x 106 cells by using the beads coupled with anti-elastase or anti-proteinase 3 antibody. Control samples were prepared by incubating neutrophil lysates with the beads uncoupled with any antibody. Upper panel, the elastase-depleted sample (0.4 µl), the proteinase 3-depleted sample (1 µl), or the control sample was mixed with lymphocyte lysates (20 µl) equivalent to 2 x 106 cells. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by immunoblotting with anti-STAT3 antibody. As a control, lymphocyte lysates alone were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. Lower panel, to confirm the depletion of elastase and proteinase 3 from neutrophil lysates, the elastase-depleted sample, proteinase 3-depleted sample (10 µl), or the control sample (10 µl) was analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-elastase or anti-proteinase 3 antibody. The results shown are representative of three independent experiments.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Absence of STAT3 in the cytosol fraction and neutrophil-derived cytoplasts and decreased level of STAT3 in PMSF- and ionomycin-pretreated neutrophils. Neutrophils were pretreated with PMSF (1 mM) for 1 h or ionomycin (1 µM) for 30 min at 37 °C, washed with PBS, and lysed with the conventional lysis buffer. Neutrophil-derived cytoplasts and untreated control neutrophils were lysed with the conventional lysis buffer. The cytosol fraction was prepared by nitrogen cavitation. PMSF- and ionomycin-pretreated neutrophil lysates equivalent to 1 x 106 cells, cytoplast lysates equivalent to 2 x 106 cytoplasts, the cytosol fraction equivalent to 1 x 106 cells, and untreated control neutrophil lysates equivalent to 1 x 106 cells were loaded onto each lane. The immunoblotting was performed using anti-STAT3 antibody. The results shown are representative of three independent experiments.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
It has been reported that STAT3 is a major STAT3 isoform expressed in human neutrophils and generated from STAT3 by limited proteolysis during differentiation into mature neutrophils (4, 9, 10, 12). In fact, STAT3 is a major STAT3 isoform phosphorylated in human neutrophils stimulated by G-CSF or GM-CSF, and STAT3 activation has been demonstrated to be involved in G-CSF- or GM-CSF-mediated prolongation of neutrophil survival (9, 19). The appearance of STAT3 during granulocytic differentiation also suggests a possible role of STAT3 in the regulation of granulocytic differentiation (4). These previous observations strongly indicate that STAT3 may play an important role in the functional regulation of myeloid cells and prompted us to identify the proteolytic enzymes responsible for conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. The results presented here show that, unexpectedly, STAT3 is absent in intact human neutrophils, and the major isoform expressed in human neutrophils is STAT3, suggesting that the STAT3 isoform involved in neutrophil functions is primarily STAT3 and not STAT3. In addition, the results show that STAT3 is highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by neutrophil granule-derived serine proteases, and both STAT3 and STAT3 are rapidly generated from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with granule-derived proteases, especially elastase, during the preparation of neutrophil lysates with the conventional lysis buffer. These findings indicate that careful interpretation and analysis should be performed to determine the role and expression profile of STAT3 isoform in myeloid cells.

The absence of STAT3 in intact human neutrophils is supported by the findings that STAT3 was undetected in cytoplast lysates and the cytosol fraction prepared by nitrogen cavitation. Instead, abundant STAT3 was detected in cytoplast lysates and the cytosol fraction. In addition, the cytosol fraction did not contain the activity for conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in the cell-free system. These findings suggest that STAT3 is highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by certain neutrophil proteases and is rapidly cleaved to generate STAT3 during the preparation of neutrophil lysates with the conventional lysis buffer. Consistent with this is the finding that STAT3 was undetected in the lysates of PMSF-pretreated neutrophils. The high susceptibility of STAT3 to limited proteolysis by neutrophil-derived proteases is also supported by the finding that other proteins such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are not cleaved under the same conditions (20, 21).

The activity for conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 in the cell-free system was detected in neutrophil lysates but not in lymphocyte lysates. The profile of cleavage products of STAT3 obtained in the cell-free system was identical to that of STAT3 isoforms detected in whole neutrophil lysates. The fractionation study revealed that the converting activity was detected solely in the granule fraction. The converting activity was also detected in the cell-free supernatant from ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils, with a concomitant decrease in its activity in cells, indicating that the converting enzymes could be released to the extracellular milieu upon ionomycin stimulation. All of these findings indicate that granule enzymes are responsible for the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. Among granule enzymes studied, purified human neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3, but not cathepsin G, were found to cleave STAT3 to generate STAT3, when assessed on the basis of molecular mass. Elastase was more potent than proteinase 3 in this effect, and the converting activity in neutrophil lysates was reduced by immunodepletion of elastase but not proteinase 3. These findings and the remarkable inhibition of conversion of STAT3 to STAT3 by Cu²⁺ and ONO-5046 taken together indicate that elastase may be primarily responsible for the conversion of STAT3 to STAT3. The appearance of STAT3 during granulocytic differentiation (4, 12) may be explained by the synthesis of primary granule enzymes, including elastase, during granulocytic differentiation, which may generate STAT3 from STAT3 during the preparation of cell lysates with the conventional lysis buffer.

It has been reported that STAT3 is expressed in leukemic blasts from most patients (80%) with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and constitutive activation of STAT3 is associated with short disease-free survival (22, 23). In these previous studies, the expression of STAT3 was analyzed using whole-cell lysates, and STAT3 in AML blasts was found to be generated primarily from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with PMSF-sensitive serine proteases but not by alternative mRNA splicing (22). These findings raise the possibility that STAT3 detected in AML blasts might be, at least in part, generated from STAT3 by limited proteolysis with granule enzymes during the preparation of cell lysates, as demonstrated in the present experiments with human neutrophils. Further detailed analysis is required to conclude that a large amount of STAT3 is, in fact, expressed in intact leukemic blasts in some cases, although it is possible that the processing of STAT3 may be dysregulated in certain AML cases. In addition, it should be determined whether STAT3 derived from proteolysis of STAT3 exhibits the same function as STAT3 derived from alternative mRNA splicing. In this regard, it is of interest that neutrophil elastase cleaves promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor (PML-RAR) and is important for the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia in mice, although it is unknown how elastase in primary granules could encounter PML-RAR, which exists in a nucleus (24). In any case, the present experiments demonstrate that STAT3, but not STAT3, is primarily expressed in human neutrophils, and STAT3, but not STAT3, may play a role in the regulation of neutrophil functions such as neutrophil survival.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research, Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^¶ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Physiology, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. Tel.: 81-6-6645-3715; Fax: 81-6-6645-3716; E-mail: kitagawas{at}med.osaka-cu.ac.jp.

¹ The abbreviations used are: STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N'-2-ethane-sulfonic acid; PIPES, piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid).

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank T. Katayama for technical assistance.

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