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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 41, 42945-42953, October 8, 2004
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¶¶**
From the
Department of Biochemistry, American Red Cross Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, ||Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0900, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto and ¶Department of Microbiology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
Received for publication, June 22, 2004
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1 nM) and provided evidence for one or more lower affinity sites (Kd, 0.5 µM). Bimodular D1–2 and D2–3 exhibit intermediate affinity sites with respective Kd values of 0.25 and 0.044 µM, as well as a low affinity site with a Kd value of 2.2–2.5 µM. We also identified two binding domains that are N-terminal of the D-repeats, designated DuB and DuA. Segments internal to these domains individually bound N29 with similar Kd values of 2 µM, whereas the DuBA polypeptide possessing both segments and other intervening sites bound four molecules of N29 with much higher affinity (Kd, 10 nM). DuBAD, a larger polypeptide harboring all of the known or predicted binding motifs in FnBPB, bound seven to eight molecules of N29, with a Kd of 7 nM. Because most of the isolated binding segments display low affinity for N29 and lack motifs for binding of one or both of the 1F1 and 5F1 modules in the N-terminal domain of Fn, we propose that high affinity is achieved in part as a consequence of self-interaction between bound molecules of N29. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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As exemplified by FnBPA, members of the MSCRAMM family display a modular architecture (Fig. 1A). Following the traditional domain nomenclature first used to describe FnBPA (7), the N terminus is a region of 500 amino acids designated the A domain, which is followed by the B-region composed of two 30-amino acid repeats, a short spacer designated C, and then the D-repeat domain composed of three complete 37- or 38-amino acid repeats and part of a fourth repeat. The C terminus of FnBPA and other MSCRAMMs is dedicated to anchoring the proteins within the peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-positive cell wall. Initial studies established that the D-repeat domain of FnBPA engaged a 29-kDa N-terminal domain (N29) of Fn, with an affinity in the low nanomolar range (7). We subsequently found that the individual D1 and D2 repeats each bound N29 with Kd values of 
11–14 µM, compared with a Kd of 2 µM for the D3 repeat, and a recombinant polypeptide possessing the three D-repeats in tandem (D1–3) displayed a high affinity of 1.5 nM (8). Whereas this suggested that the three tandem D-repeats were required to form a structure that is favorable for high affinity ligand binding, circular dichroism analyses indicated that the D1–3 domain was primarily unstructured in solution, acquiring extensive 
structure only when bound to N29 (9).
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-sandwich composed of two antiparallel -sheets, with -strands A and B forming a two-stranded sheet, and -strands C, D, and E comprising a three-stranded sheet (15). This three-stranded -sheet in each of the 1F1 and 2F1 modules of N29 is the ligand for a 25-mer synthetic peptide B3T derived from the Streptococcus dysgalactiae FnbB MSCRAMM, which bound the 1–2F1 module pair with a Kd of 1.0 µM (16). The B3T peptide displayed an extended linear conformation containing two -strands, each of which contributed a fourth strand to the triple-stranded -sheets in 1F1 and 2F1, forming an antiparallel -zipper. Within the B3T peptide, a cluster of alternating hydrophobic amino acids (LSIHFD-NEWP) formed contacts with tyrosine and leucine residues in 1F1, and this was preceded by an acidic motif, EDS, that engaged a basic patch in 2F1. Knowledge of these binding specificities, together with the previous identification of additional acidic and hydrophobic amino acids that are involved in ligand binding (14), also enabled the identification of putative 5F1- and 4F1-binding motifs in several different MSCRAMM-derived peptides.
Based on these known and predicted interactions, the ability of a 50-mer synthetic peptide derived from the R-repeats of the Streptococcus pyogenes SfBI adhesin to bind N29 with high affinity was proposed to involve an extended antiparallel -zipper spanning all five F1 modules (16). This was supported by showing that three consecutive overlapping synthetic peptides derived from the larger 50-mer could each bind the respective 1–2F1, 2–3F1, or 4–5F1 bimodular F1 constructs with low affinity (Kd, 0.4–113 µM), whereas the intact 50-mer bound N29 (1–5F1) with high affinity (Kd, 2 nM), and a peptide lacking only the C-terminal 1F1-binding motif was of intermediate affinity (Kd, 0.062 µM). These findings collectively suggested that (i) conserved motifs promote the binding of specific F1 modules, (ii) short peptide segments with putative motifs specific for only two F1 modules will display low affinity ligand binding, (iii) high affinity binding requires that all five F1 modules are engaged in a tandem -zipper, and (iv) the absence of a single F1-binding motif causes a significant reduction in affinity for N29.
Although this model is well suited to the S. pyogenes fibronectin-binding MSCRAMM, it leaves a number of issues unresolved for the FnBPA and FnBPB adhesins of S. aureus. Although FnBPA was predicted to possess 11 distinct Fn-binding segments based on the occurrence of appropriately spaced putative F1-binding motifs, the first 7 of these segments are N-terminal of the D-repeats and were either previously not known to bind Fn or not well characterized in terms of affinity and specificity. Additionally, although the recombinant D1–3 polypeptide binds N29 with high affinity, an obvious 1F1-binding motif does not occur anywhere in the FnBPA adhesin, and a putative 5F1-binding motif does not occur outside of the D-repeat domain (16). Hence, the majority of the predicted binding segments lack putative motifs for binding of 5F1 and 1F1 and, according to the model that was proposed, should not support high affinity ligand binding.
In this regard, the goal of our present study was to define the minimal requirement for high affinity ligand binding by the repetitive D-repeat domain and to determine whether binding segments that are N-terminal of the D-repeats are capable of high affinity ligand binding. Using bimodular D1–2 or D2–3 polypeptides, we show that the affinity is comparable with that observed for a previously described peptide derived from the SfbI adhesin of S. pyogenes that engages only four F1 modules (2–5F1) but is still an order of magnitude less than that of the D1–3 domain. Furthermore, using either soluble Fn or keratinocyte ECM as a selection method to screen a phage-display library of S. aureus genomic DNA, we isolated two distinct binding regions that are N-terminal of the D-repeats. These regions designated DuA and DuB harbored minimal binding segments DuARI and DuBRI that individually bind N29 with low affinity but, when combined as a recombinant DuBA polypeptide, display an affinity that is comparable with the D-repeats, despite their apparent lack of 1F1- and 5F1-binding motifs. Combining DuBA with D1–3 produced a polypeptide, DuBAD, that had seven or eight high affinity binding sites for N29, close to the number of predicted binding segments. Thus, our data are consistent with multiple functional ligand-binding segments in the FnBP adhesins, located in two separate high affinity domains. However, we cannot completely rationalize the observed high affinity ligand binding with the previously proposed model, and we suggest that interaction between bound molecules of N29 might contribute to high affinity binding.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Normal human keratinocytes were obtained from neonatal foreskin and maintained in serum-free keratinocyte growth medium supplemented with bovine pituitary extract and recombinant epidermal growth factor (Invitrogen) (19). Trypsinized cells were adjusted to a density of 2 x 104 cells/ml-1, and 100-µl aliquots were transferred into wells of 96-well flat-bottom cell culture plates (Co-star Corning, Corning, NY). When the cells had achieved confluence, ECM was exposed by treating the monolayers with 0.5%Triton X-100 for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by 25 mM ammonium hydroxide for 10 min as described elsewhere (20). After rinsing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), excess protein binding sites were blocked by incubation with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS before use for selection of ECM-binding phage.
Phage-display Library Construction and Screening—Phagemid vector pG8SAET (21) was kindly provided by Dr. Lars Frykberg and is designed such that blunt end ligation of randomly sonicated genomic DNA fragments into a unique SnaBI site of the vector will promote expression of cloned fragments as an N-terminal fusion to the M13 phage coat protein gpVIII. A library of 0.6–0.7-kb fragments of sonicated genomic DNA from S. aureus CMRSA-1B strain 317 was constructed in pG8SAET following established methods (22, 23), producing 1 x 107 ampicillin-resistant transformants, which was then amplified in E. coli TG1 to yield a phage titer of 3.3 x 1011 ampicillin transducing units·ml-1.
For binding of soluble Fn, an aliquot of phagemid library containing 1010 ampicillin transducing units was incubated for 1 h with 10 µg of biotinylated Fn in 500 µl of PBS. Phage particles containing bound Fn where then captured with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (Magna Bindä Streptavidin; Pierce), and after extensive washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, bound phage were eluted in 0.1 M glycine-HCl (pH 2.3) and then neutralized with 2 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.6, and used to reinfect E. coli TG1 cells. Amplified phage were then subjected to a second round of selection using an identical protocol. For selection on keratinocyte ECM, 1010 ampicillin transducing units of phage diluted in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin were added to triplicate wells of a 96-well cell culture plate containing exposed keratinoctye ECM. After a 1-h incubation at room temperature with gentle agitation, the wells were washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, followed by elution of bound phage in low pH buffer and amplification in E. coli TG1 for a second round of screening. For both protocols, phage recovered from the second round of selection were used to infect E. coli TG1 cells, and cells were plated on 2YTA. Clones expressing functional fusion proteins were identified by colony blots using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated E-tag monoclonal antibody (Amersham Biosciences), specific for an epitope incorporated into pG8SAET immediately before the fusion site with the M13 phage gene VIII sequence.
DNA Sequence Analyses—Sequencing of phagemid DNA was performed by the University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children DNA sequencing facility. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed using the MacVector program (Oxford Molecular, Oxford, UK), and the translated protein sequences were subjected to BLAST homology searches using the search engine provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, including access to S. aureus genome sequences.2
Expression of Recombinant Fusion Proteins—Oligonucleotide primers PG8-F (5'-cccggatccAATGCTGCGCAACACGATGACC-3') and PG8-R (5'-CTGAGGCTTGCAGGGAGTCAAAGG-3'), which flank the SnaBI cloning site of pG8SAET, were employed in PCR with phagemid DNA isolated from a clone designated DuB. The forward primer contains an added BamHI site (in lowercase bold letters) that is in-frame with the Protein A leader sequence of pG8SAET. A second BamHI site is provided by a small segment of amplified vector sequence, such that when cloned in the correct orientation in BamHI-digested pGEX2T (Amersham Biosciences), the amplicon is expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion protein GST-DuB, encoding the complete DuB domain as presented in Fig. 1. Primers PG8-F and DuB
C-R (5'-ggggaattcAATAGAATCTTCTTCAGTTTC-3') were employed to amplify a 3'-truncation of the original DuB clone. When cloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of pGEX2T, the resulting plasmid pGEX2T-DuBC directs the expression of fusion protein GST-DuBC, containing a 26-amino acid C-terminal deletion of the DuB polypeptide. Similarly, primer DuBN-F (5'-cccggatccGGGGTTGCATTTTACTC-3') was paired with PG8-R to produce an amplicon that was cloned into the BamHI site of pGEX2T, creating pGEX2T-DuBN and corresponding fusion protein GST-DuBN, lacking 26 N-terminal amino acids of DuB. An amplicon harboring both 5'- and 3'-deletions was prepared by inverse PCR of plasmid pGEX-DuBN, with forward primer 5'-GAATATGAAGAGGATACAAAC-3' and reverse primer DuBC-R. After digestion with EcoRI and self-ligation, the resulting plasmid pGEX-DuBNC directs the expression of fusion protein GST-DuBNC containing 26-amino acid deletions at both the Nand C terminus of the original DuB clone. Plasmid pGEX-DuBR1 containing a single internal repeat motif of the DuB domain was constructed by inverse PCR of plasmid pGEX-DuBC with forward primer 5'-cccggatccGGTACAATCGAAGAAAGTAACG-3' and reverse primer 5'-CCTGAAAGATGTGTTGTACTGCC-3'. After digestion with BamHI and self-ligation, the resulting plasmid directs the expression of fusion protein GST-DuBRI harboring a 38-amino acid internal segment of the original DuB domain.
DNA encoding the contiguous DuB, DuA, and D1–3 domains of the FnBPB adhesin of S. aureus 8325–4 was amplified by PCR of genomic DNA with primers FnbB-F1 (5'-cccggatccGGCGTTGCATTTTACTC-3') and FnbB-R1 (5'-cccaagcttATTATGACCACTTACTTGTGG-3'), spanning nucleotides 1906–1922 and 2893–2913, respectively, of the fnbB gene (6). The 1.09-kb amplicon was cloned initially into pCR2.1 vector (Invitrogen) and then excised with BamHI and EcoRI, employing restriction sites provided by the forward primer and pCR2.1, respectively, such that the EcoRI end at the 3'-end of the insert is preceded by the HindIII site incorporated by the FnbB-R1 primer. This fragment was cloned into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of pGEX2T, creating plasmid pGEX-DuBAD and fusion protein GST-DuBAD. The D-repeats were deleted from pGEX-DuBAD by inverse PCR with a forward primer that is the reverse and complement of FnbB-R1 and reverse primer 5'-cccaagcttATGTTCTTCAGGTAGTTCATC-3', spanning nucleotides 2400–2380 of the S. aureus fnbB gene (6). After digestion with HindIII and self-ligation, the resulting pGEX-DuBA plasmid directs the expression of fusion protein GST-DuBA.
For plasmids constructed by inverse PCR, amplification was performed with the Expand Long-Template PCR reagent system following recommended protocols, whereas all other PCR reactions were performed with Ampli-Taq Gold DNA polymerase.
Protein Purification—Fibronectin was purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose as described previously (24) and, where indicated, digested with thermolysin for subsequent generation of fragments (25), including the 29-kDa N-terminal fragment that was purified as described previously (8). Expression and purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, including the previously described GST-D1–2 and GST-D2–3 harboring the tandem D1 and D2 repeats or D2 and D3 repeats, respectively, of the FnBPA adhesin of S. aureus 8325–4, were conducted as described previously (20). All fusion proteins were treated with thrombin to release the recombinant ligand binding domains and then further purified by anion exchange chromatography (20).
Peptide Synthesis—Synthetic peptides DuARI (NPGGGQVTTESNLVEFDEESTKGIVTGAVSDHTTVEDTKE) and DuBRI (GTIEESNDSKPIDFEYHTAVEGSEGHVEGTIETEEDSI) were synthesized with C-terminal amides by the University of Toronto Health Sciences Centre peptide synthesis core facility. Reverse phase chromatography of each peptide indicated a major product with the expected molecular mass values of 4178.2 and 4151.1 Da, as determined by analysis on a Voyager mass spectrometer.
Protein and Peptide Labeling—Purified human plasma Fn was labeled with biotinamidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinamide ester (Sigma) as described previously (26). FITC-D1–3 was prepared as described previously (8). Other fluorescent recombinant or synthetic peptides were prepared by incubation with a 10-fold molar excess of FITC in 0.2 M NaHCO3, pH 8.5, for 3 h at 37 °C. Excess dye was removed by chromatography on small size-exclusion columns. The degree of labeling was determined optically as described previously (27). The concentrations of FITC-DuBA and DuBAD stock solutions were based on the amount of valine determined by amino acid analysis.
Affinity Chromatography—Synthetic peptides DuAR1, DuBRI, and D3 were coupled to cross-linked bis-acrylamide/azlactone copolymer beads employing the protocols and reagents provided with the UltraLink Immobilization Kit (Pierce). Thermolysin-digested Fn was then applied to the affinity matrices, which were then washed extensively with 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, containing 0.15 M NaCl and 10 mM EDTA and then eluted in wash buffer containing 6 M urea. Protein-containing fractions as determined by A280 were pooled and subjected to SDS-PAGE to visualize Fn fragments retained by the affinity matrices.
Competitive Inhibition Assays—Competitive inhibition assays were performed in Corning 96-well microtiter plates with wash buffer consisting of PBS containing 0.05% (v/v-1) Tween 20, a blocking solution of 3% (w/v-1) bovine serum albumin in PBS, and dilution buffer consisting of PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. To assay binding of biotinylated Fn to recombinant GST-DuB, triplicate wells of microtiter plates were coated overnight at 4 °C with 100 µl of 1.0 µg·ml-1 GST-DuB, diluted in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. After washing and blocking, wells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of biotinylated Fn for 1 h at room temperature on an orbital shaker. For competitive inhibition assays, biotinylated Fn was preincubated with soluble GST-DuB and its derivatives before addition to microtiter plates. After a 60-min incubation on a rocking platform, the wells were washed extensively, followed by addition of 5,000-fold diluted alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin (Roche Applied Science). Wells were again incubated for 60 min, washed extensively, and developed with 1 mg·ml-1 para-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. Plates were read after 60 min on a Bio-Rad model 3550 microplate reader equipped with a 405 nm filter. Data are expressed as either the mean absorbance values (A405) of triplicate wells or a percentage of the A405 value determined in the absence of specific competitor.
Fluorescent Titrations—All titrations were performed in TBS (0.02 M Tris and 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4), pH 7.4, at 25 °C. Stock solutions of the N-terminal 29-kDa Fn fragment (N29) were added continuously to a stirred cuvette containing the FITC-labeled peptide while monitoring the anisotropy at 524 nm with excitation at 493 nm as described previously (8). The resulting concentration-dependent increases in anisotropy were fit to one of several equations. Data for the single motif peptides, DuAR1 and DuBR1, were fit to a simple binding isotherm, Equation 1 of Huff et al. (8). Data for the bimodular peptides, D1–2 and D2–3, were fit to a two-site model using the following equation:
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Analytical Size-exclusion Chromatography—250-µl samples of N29 fragment, alone or premixed with various concentrations of recombinant DuBA or DuBAD, were preincubated for 15 min and then injected onto a Superose-12 column using an Amersham Biosciences fast protein liquid chromatography system. The solvent was TBS, pH 7.4, at room temperature. The flow rate was 0.5 ml min-1. Elution was monitored by absorbance at 280 nm.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Sequence Analysis of Binding Domains—Due to the high homology between the C-terminal halves of FnBPA and FnBPB (6), the amino acid sequence of DuA (Fig. 1A) is nearly identical in the two proteins but was assigned as originating from fnbA on the basis of nucleotide sequence. The DuA sequence is within the C domain that separates the repetitive B- and D-elements of FnBPA. A 36-amino acid internal segment of DuA is 51% identical to the R-repeats of the SfbI/PrtF adhesins from S. pyogenes (Fig. 1A) and also corresponds to predicted Fn-binding segment 5 of FnBPA (16). The amino acid sequence of DuB from S. aureus strain CMRSA-1 (Fig. 1B) shared 88% identity with known sequences of FnBPB from different S. aureus genomes and 42% identity with FnBPA. A 26-amino acid N-terminal segment of DuB shaded gray in Fig. 1B is enriched in tyrosine and contains 7 additional amino acids that are not evident in FnBPB of S. aureus 8325–4 (data not shown). A 36-amino acid internal segment of DuB is 56% identical to amino acids 506–543 and 537–571 of the FnBPA adhesin, which correspond to the B1 and B2 repeats (Fig. 1B) according to the historical nomenclature (7) and are now known to harbor predicted Fn-binding segments 2 and 3 (16). The C-terminal 26 amino acids of DuB are identical to sequences present in both FnBPA and FnBPB of S. aureus 8325–4, and the C terminus of DuB (Fig. 1C, YEEDTN) overlaps with the N terminus of DuA, indicating that these domains are contiguous. This is clarified in Fig. 1C, showing the amino acid sequence of the recombinant DuBA polypeptide derived from the FnBPB adhesin that is used later in this study, together with its complement of putative Fn-binding segments, based on comparison with the predicted Fn-binding segments of FnBPA.
Ligand Binding of DuA and DuB—Although the above sequence analysis refers to the occurrence of predicted Fn-binding segments in the DuA and DuB domains, our initial characterization of these domains was completed before the prediction of multiple ligand binding segments in the FnBPA adhesin. A series of GST fusion proteins harboring different segments of DuB was constructed and assayed for inhibition of biotinylated Fn binding to wells of microtiter plates coated with the full-length GST-DuB (Fig. 2). Soluble GST-DuB inhibited binding of biotinylated Fn with an IC50 value of 0.8 nM. Constructs lacking either the tyrosine-rich N terminus (GST-DuBN) or the C-terminal segment that is conserved in both FnBPA and FnBPB (GST-DuBC) as defined in the legend to Fig. 1 provided similar IC50 values of 0.4 and 0.2 nM, whereas GST-DuBNC lacking both N- and C-terminal segments possessed an IC50 of 1.0 nM. Furthermore, an IC50 of 40 nM was obtained with fusion protein GST-DuBR1, which possessed only the 37-amino acid internal segment of DuB that aligns to the B1 and B2 repeats of FnBPA. On this basis, a synthetic 38-mer peptide DuBRI was selected for more detailed characterization, whereas synthetic DuARI was selected on the basis of its homology to the Fn-binding R-motifs of S. pyogenes (Fig. 1A).
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25-kDa polypeptide was retained on each column (Fig. 3), and an identical result was obtained with an affinity matrix containing the immobilized D3 peptide, which possesses the highest affinity of the D-repeats and an exclusive specificity for N29 (8). Therefore, each of the three major binding domains shares a common exclusive specificity for the N29 fragment of Fn. Titration of FITC-labeled DuAR1 or DuBR1 by fluorescence anisotropy with purified N29 provided Kd values of 1.8 and 2.0 µM, respectively (data not shown), compared with 1.8 µM for the D3 synthetic peptide (8). The 2.0 µM Kd value for DuBR1 binding to N29 was some 50-fold lower than the 40 nM IC50 value of recombinant GST-DuBR1 polypeptide, when assayed as an inhibitor of biotinylated Fn binding to the full-length DuB domain. This may reflect the fact that GST fusion proteins are expressed as dimers, and this dimerization can promote binding affinities that are orders of magnitude higher than that of the isolated binding domain (29).
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1.8 µM for the individual D repeats alone (8). The titration data obtained with the FITC-labeled D1–3 peptide indicated the presence of two equivalent high affinity binding sites, even though the three individual peptides bind with low affinity. To further explore the basis of this observation, we conducted titrations of FITC-labeled polypeptides D1–2 and D2–3, each of which contained two repeats (Fig. 4). As with our previous study of D1–3, the data fit poorly to a single-site model but exhibited a good fit with a two-site model, such that the bimodular polypeptides each possessed low and intermediate affinity binding sites. D1–2 exhibited apparent Kd values of 0.25 and 2.5 µM, whereas D2–3 exhibited values of 0.044 and 2.2 µM. Because the D1 and D2 repeats are nearly identical in amino acid sequence and possess similar Kd values of 11.4–14.0 µM for binding to the N29 fragment when assayed individually (8), it is apparent that joining the two repeats together promotes an approximate 50-fold increase in affinity for N29. Likewise, in comparing the published Kd of 1.8 µM for the D3 repeat with the high affinity Kd1 value of 0.044 µM for the D2–3 construct, there is an approximate 40-fold increase in affinity.
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1 nM) and at least one lower affinity site (Kd, 0.5 µM), whereas the bimodular constructs possess two sites, one with an affinity that is intermediate between D1–3 and single D-repeats, and a second whose affinity is comparable with those of the latter.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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200-fold greater affinity than either DuARI or DuBRI alone. Similar traits are exhibited by the D-repeats, where bimodular constructs containing two tandem D-repeats display an affinity for N29 that is intermediate between individual repeats, and the trimodular D1–3 polypeptide. The increased affinity of the bimodular D1–2 and D2–3 polypeptides compared with individual repeats can be explained by the model proposed by Schwarz-Linek et al. (16) to define the molecular basis of high affinity N29 binding (Kd, 2 nM) to 50-amino acid synthetic peptide SfbI493–542, derived from the R-repeats of the S. pyogenes PrtF/SfbI MSCRAMM. However, the greater affinity of D1–3 compared with the bimodular polypeptides and the high affinity of the DuBA domain are more difficult to reconcile by this model.
As shown in Fig. 9, the high affinity (Kd, 0.002 µM) of the SfbI493–542 peptide is attributed to a series of conserved motifs that promote formation of a -zipper structure that spans the five F1 modules in the N29 domain of Fn. This high affinity peptide could be subdivided into smaller segments (SfbI491–512, SfbI511–528, and SfbI518–542) that bound specific pairs of F1 modules with much lower affinity (Kd, 0.4–113 µM). Although the specificity was not rigorously addressed, it was proposed that conserved motifs in each of these three segments are specific only for the indicated pairs of F1 modules. This was most evident with the SfbI518–542 segment, which bound 1–2F1 with a Kd of 0.4 µM. This was attributed to two motifs, EDT and FHFDNNEP, which closely resemble motifs in the B3T peptide derived from FnbB of S. dysgalactiae and are known to engage 1F1 and 2F1, respectively, when bound in tandem to the 1–2F1 module pair with a Kd of 1.0 µM (16). The inference is that peptide segments that bind only two F1 modules are expected to display low micromolar Kd values, and high affinity binding requires that all five F1 modules be engaged in a tandem -zipper. The reduced strength of a four-module -zipper is evident from the 0.062 µM Kd of SfbI456–492, which lacks only the 1F1-binding motif and yet displayed a 30-fold loss of affinity for N29 compared with SfbI493–542 (Fig. 9). Because FnBPA of S. aureus lacks an obvious 1F1-binding motif (16), the ability of the D1–3 polypeptide to bind N29 with an affinity comparable with that of SfbI493–542 must be accounted for by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding of 1F1.
Our interpretation of how the complement of binding motifs that are either proven or predicted to engage specific F1 modules should facilitate binding of N29 to the D1–3 polypeptide and its derivatives is displayed at the bottom of Fig. 9. The 1F1 module, which is connected to 2F1 by a flexible linker (15), is depicted as being displaced from the interface of N29 with D1–3. Thus, D1–3 is shown to possess an array of motifs sufficient to bind two molecules of N29 in an antiparallel -zipper involving the 2–5F1 modules, as supported by our titration data indicating two equivalent high affinity sites (Kd, 1 nM). The C terminus of D1–3 represented by KPSYGFGGHNSVDFEEDTLPKV is shown to bind a third molecule of N29 by engaging a 4–5F1 module pair, which should account for the lower affinity binding site Kd of 0.5 µM that was observed here in titration of D1–3 with N29. This is supported by our previous study showing that synthetic D3b peptide containing this same sequence could bind 4–5F1 with a Kd of 4.6 µM (8) but showed no detectable interaction with 1–2F1 or 2–3F1.
This same explanation applies to the common low affinity sites shared by the D1–2 and D2–3 polypeptides (Kd, 2.5 and 2.2 µM), which we attribute to the respective C-terminal segments (GGNIIDIDFDS and GGHNSVDFEEDT) that possess putative motifs for binding of 4–5F1 (Fig. 9). The higher affinity sites, with Kd of 0.25 µM for D1–2 and 0.044 µM for D2–3, can be explained by the joining of the individual peptides to form intact segments 9 and 10, allowing formation of antiparallel -zippers that engage four F1 modules, 2–5F1 (Fig. 9). In support of this notion, the Kd of 0.044 µM for D2–3 is very close to that of the SfbI456–492 peptide of S. pyogenes, which has the same complement of four binding motifs and possesses a Kd of 0.062 µM for N29 (16). However, the additional 40–250-fold increase in affinity that occurs when all three D repeats are fused cannot be explained on this basis because D1–3 contains no new junctures beyond those already present in either D1–2 or D2–3. The only thing new is that D1–3 has two four-motif sites (two complete segments, segments 9 and 10) in close proximity, which prompts us to suggest that cooperative interactions between bound N29 molecules may lend additional stability to the complex. Recall in this regard that the N29 domain of Fn serves a critical role in the self-assembly of Fn fibrils in the extracellular matrix (30).
The seven predicted Fn-binding segments that are N-terminal of the D domain also lack a 1F1-binding motif and, judging by the alignment in Fig. 9, should also lack a 5F1 motif because the GG couplets implicated in binding to this module are either absent or, in the case of DuARI, significantly out of register. Whereas this suggests that binding of N29 to these segments involves up to three F1 modules (2–4F1; Fig. 9), the 2 µM Kd values obtained here for DuARI and DuBRI are of similar magnitude to those of other peptides (e.g. D3b, B3T, SbfI511–528, and Sfb518–542) that are either known or predicted to bind just two F1 modules. Nonetheless, when the DuB and DuA domains are expressed in tandem as the recombinant DuBA polypeptide, we observed strong binding of N29 with a Kd of 10 nM and stoichiometry of 4, in agreement with its complement of binding segments (Figs. 1C and 9). However, in this situation, joining of the DuB and DuA domains does not result in the creation of any intact segments that extend the length of the tandem -zipper, which as described above could satisfactorily explain the increased affinity when two D-repeats are joined to one another. Once again, although we cannot exclude an as yet unrecognized means of binding 1F1 and/or 5F1, we are inclined to attribute this gain in affinity to interactions between bound molecules of N29.
In further considering the role of different motifs in binding of specific F1 modules, we note that the original description of conserved motifs did not define an obvious consensus for binding of 3F1 in any of the known or predicted FN-binding segments (16). On closer inspection, our attention is drawn to a motif consisting of GF or GQ in the SfbI binding segments and also in some of the FnBPA segments of S. aureus, in a location to conceivably engage 3F1 (Fig. 9). A role for GF or GQ in binding of 3F1 is implicated in noting that two peptides, SfbI511–528 (TGMSGFSETVTIVEDTRP) and FnBPA #1b (LTGQYDKNLVTTVEEEYDSS) both bound 2–3F1 with respective Kd values of 3.6 and 0.5 µM (16), similar to other peptides that are known or predicted to bind two F1 modules. Within these segments, the respective EDT and EEY sequences are putative 2F1-binding motifs, and it is assumed that the reported Kd values cannot be accounted for on the strength of the 2F1-binding motif alone. This is supported by our previous observation that the D2a peptide, which is now known to possess only a single putative 2F1-binding motif (Fig. 9), showed no detectable interaction with N29 (8).
This potential 3F1-binding motif is less obvious in DuBRI (GH) and DuARI (GA), and we have already noted that the affinity of these segments does not surpass that of other peptides that bind only two F1 modules. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether a significant 3F1-binding motif exists in these and other segments. Potentially, sequences located between the 2F1 and putative 4F1-binding motifs could contribute to a -zipper through backbone hydrogen bonding and maintain alignment of the MSCRAMM peptide along the interface with N29, even in the absence of side-chain interactions. Similar considerations may apply to binding of 5F1, which has already been noted to involve relatively few and weak side-chain interactions (31). The prominence of glycine in predicted 5F1 (GG) and 3F1 (GQ, GF) binding segments would be consistent with the maintenance of relatively weak backbone hydrogen bonding, whereas the flanking 4F1 and 2F1 interactions are anchored by stronger hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Additional studies are needed to address these issues, explore other properties of these peptides, and elucidate the atomic structures of additional complexes.
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FOOTNOTES |
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** To whom correspondence should be addressed: S112 Dept. of Microbiology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada. Tel.: 416-480-5831; Fax: 416-480-5737; E-mail: martin.mcgavin{at}sw.ca.
1 The abbreviations used are: MSCRAMM, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules; Fn, fibronectin; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GST, glutathione S-transferase; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; ECM, extracellular matrix.
2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/genom_table.cgi.
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REFERENCES |
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), GST-DuB
), GST-DuB
), GST-DuB
).
