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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M403538200 on August 3, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 41, 43117-43125, October 8, 2004
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Negative Regulation of T Cell Receptor Signaling by Siglec-7 (p70/AIRM) and Siglec-9*

Yuzuru Ikehara, Sanae Kabata Ikehara, and James C. Paulson{ddagger}

From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037

Received for publication, March 31, 2004 , and in revised form, July 26, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Siglec-7 (p70/AIRM) and Siglec-9 are "CD33"-related siglecs expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of peripheral T cells. Like other inhibitory NK cell receptors, they contain immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in their cytoplasmic domains, and Siglec-7 has been demonstrated to negatively regulate NK cell activation. Based on reports of the presence of these siglecs on T cells, we sought to determine if they are capable of modulating T cell receptor (TCR) signaling using Jurkat T cells stably and transiently transfected with Siglec-7 or Siglec-9. Following either pervanadate stimulation or TCR engagement, both Siglecs exhibited increased tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1. Effects of Siglec-7 and -9 were also evident in downstream events in the signaling pathway. Both siglecs reduced phosphorylation of Tyr319 on ZAP-70, known to play a pivotal role in up-regulation of gene transcription following TCR stimulation. There was also a corresponding decreased transcriptional activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) as determined using a luciferase reporter gene. Like all siglecs, Siglec-7 and -9 recognize sialic acid-containing glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids as ligands. Mutation of the conserved Arg in the ligand binding site of Siglec-7 (Arg124) or Siglec-9 (Arg120) resulted in reduced inhibitory function in the NFAT/luciferase transcription assay, suggesting that ligand binding is required for optimal inhibition of TCR signaling. The combined results demonstrate that both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are capable of negative regulation of TCR signaling and that ligand binding is required for optimal activity.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The human siglec family of cell receptors is composed of eleven members of the Ig superfamily, which are functionally related by their ability to bind sialic acid-containing carbohydrates of glycoproteins and glycolipids as ligands (1-3). The Siglecs are predominately and differentially expressed on a wide variety of white blood cells (2, 3), the notable exceptions being myelin-associated glycoprotein expressed in glial cells (4, 5) and Siglec-6 expressed in placenta (2, 6). The extracellular region has a variable number of C2-set Ig domains and a single homologous N-terminal "V-set" domain that binds to sialic acids (2). Crystal structure analysis of two Siglecs, sialoadhesin (Siglec-1) and Siglec-7, have revealed a shallow sialic acid binding pocket with a conserved sequence of six amino acids in the tip of the C-C' loop that influences the specificity for binding various sialoside sequences found in nature (7-10). Within this sequence, a conserved arginine residue coordinates with the C-1 hydroxyl group of the sialic acid and is required for binding as evidenced by Arg to Ala mutations that abrogate binding to sialic acid-containing ligands (11, 12).

Another characteristic feature of the siglecs is the presence of consensus immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM)1 in the cytoplasmic domains of all but sialoadhesin (Siglec-1) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (Siglec-4) (2). ITIM motifs are found in an expanding group of immunoglobulin family receptors that negatively regulate immune cell activation, which have been called the inhibitory-receptor superfamily (IRS) by Lanier (13). Members of the IRS exhibit three characteristic properties: (i) they recruit SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine-based phosphatases such as SHP-1 and/or SHP-2 via a cytoplasmic ITIM motif, (ii) they affect activation receptors in cis, and (iii) require co-ligation with the activation receptors to exert their effect (13). One of the siglecs, CD22 (Siglec-2), is well established as a negative regulator of B cell receptor signaling and fulfills all the characteristics of a member of the IRS (13, 14).

Based on the presence of ITIM motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of most siglecs, it is generally believed that others will also be shown to be inhibitory receptors (1-3). Direct evidence that this is the case for Siglec-7 has been obtained from several laboratories. Indeed, Siglec-7 was originally cloned as a negative regulator of NK cell cytolysis (15). Recently, Crocker and colleagues (16) demonstrated that NK cells were less able to kill target cells bearing a high affinity Siglec-7 ligand (ganglioside GD3), presumably a result of inhibition of NK activation by recruitment of Siglec-7 to the site of NK cell-target cell contact (16, 17). Antibody cross-linking of Siglec-7 or CD33 (Siglec-3) has also been associated with negative regulation of cell growth by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of CD34-positive hematopoietic precursors and chronic myeloid leukemia cells (18, 19). Similarly, Nutku et al. (20) have shown that antibody ligation of Siglec-8 induces capsase-3-like-dependent apoptosis in eosinophils. Recently, ligation of Siglec-5 on neutrophils has been shown to augment oxidative burst induced by formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (21). However, in contrast to the case of CD22 regulation of B cell receptor signaling, the activation receptor modulated by these siglecs in NK cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils has not been identified.

Siglec-7 (p75/AIRM) has been classified as an inhibitory NK cell receptor (NKR) based on its structural homology to other immunoglobulin-like NKRs (22-24), its gene locus (19q13.3-13.4) (25) proximal to other NKR gene families (23), and the presence of ITIM motifs in its cytoplasmic domain (24). Although classic NKRs bind major histocompatibility complex class 1 molecules as ligands, there are a growing number of NKRs like Siglec-7 that bind other ligands or whose ligands are unknown (22). It is noteworthy that Siglec-9 is also expressed on NK cells, although it has not yet been classified as an NKR.

Several NKRs are expressed on subsets of CD8+ T cells with a memory phenotype (26-29) and have been implicated in regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling (30-33). In particular, the immunoglobulin-like NK cell receptor, LIR1/ILT2, has been demonstrated to regulate cytolysis, cytokine secretion, proliferation, and actin cytoskeleton reorganization through negative regulation of the TCR complex (34-37). Because Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 were both detected on subsets of T cells (38, 39), we hypothesized that they may participate in regulation of T cell signaling through the T cell receptor complex as observed for other NKRs. Accordingly, we investigated their ability to regulate TCR activation using Jurkat cell lines expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9 and their receptor-binding mutants with Arg to Ala substitutions at residues 124 and 120, respectively. The results show that both Siglec-7 and -9 can negatively regulate TCR activation by recruitment of SHP-1, resulting in reduced transcription of NFAT-mediated gene transcription. Equivalent expression of the receptor-binding mutants had no effect on TCR activation indicating that a functional ligand binding domain is required for optimal activity. The results suggest that these two siglecs may participate in modulating the activation threshold of T cells expressing them.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cells, Antibodies, and Reagents—Jurkat cells were routinely cultured in RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (HyClone, Logan, UT), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin (Invitrogen), 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids (Invitrogen), and 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen). FITC-labeled anti-CD3 (UCHT1), anti-human {gamma}{delta} TCR, and anti-human {alpha}{beta} TCR mAbs, were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA). Red phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG mAb was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA). Anti-Siglec-7 (S7) and anti-Siglec-9 (K8) mAbs were kind gifts from Dr. Paul R. Crocker, University of Dundee (38, 39). Anti-ZAP70, and anti-phosphoZAP70 Abs were purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA). Anti-phospho tyrosine (4G10), anti-SHP-1 polyclonal Abs, and anti-mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase-labeled Abs were from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY). Phaseolus vulgaris red kidney bean lectin-L (PHA), anti-FLAG M2 mAb, anti-FLAG mAb-conjugated beads, anti-FLAG M2 polyclonal antibody, and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Orthovanadate was from Calbiochem. Blood was collected from three healthy adult volunteers in 10 mM sodium citrate, from which resting human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation using Lymphoprep (Invitrogen). The interface containing a mixed white cell population was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline, and monocytes and macrophages were removed by adherence to plastic in complete RPMI medium. The nonadherent cells (PBLs) were re-suspended in complete RPMI medium and used within 12 h of isolation. Two to five analyses were performed on each donor spanning at least 1 month.

Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy—Surface expression of CD3{epsilon} chain, {gamma}{delta} TCR, and {alpha}{beta} TCR were routinely evaluated by FACS using direct staining with immunofluorescent antibodies. Cultured cells and PBLs were washed twice with FACS buffer (5 mM EDTA, 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin containing phosphate-buffered saline), and incubated on ice for 30 min with anti-Siglec antibodies, S7, or K8 (38, 39). For FACS analysis, after washing twice with FACS buffer, cells were first incubated with red phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG mAb on ice for an additional 30 min and then with FITC-labeled anti-CD3{epsilon} chain, {gamma}{delta} TCR, or {alpha}{beta} TCR.

For immunofluorescence microscopy, cells were first incubated with anti-Siglec antibodies, and after washing twice with FACS buffer, were incubated for 30 min on ice with Alexa fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG mAb (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Cells were then incubated for an additional 30 min with anti-CD3{epsilon} antibodies labeled with Texas Red X using Zenon Mouse IgG-labeling kits (Molecular Probes) and then washed twice with cold phosphate-buffered saline. Stained cells were mounted on glass slides with Vectashield Hard Set Mounting Medium (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) to reduce photobleaching during observation. In all cases, isotype-matched monoclonal antibodies were used as a negative control.

Expression Constructs—Expression constructs of Siglec-7 and -9 with a FLAG tag epitope at the C terminus were constructed as follows. The entire coding sequences of Siglec-7 and -9 were amplified by PCR using cDNA from peripheral blood as a template, with respective sets of specific primers, and KOD polymerase HiFi (Novagen, Milwaukee, WI). Primers used were 5'-AAAAGGAAAAGCGGCCGCACCTCCAACCCCAGATATGC-3' and 5'-CGCGGATCCTTGGGGATCTTGATCTC-3' for Siglec-7 and 5'-AAAAGGAAAAGCGGCCGCACCTCTAACCCCAGACATGC-3' and 5'-CGCGGATCCCTGTGGATCTTGATCTCCGAG-3' for Siglec-9. The PCR products were inserted into the NotI/BamHI site of the pCMV Tag 4B vector (Stratagene, San Diego, CA) to produce FLAG tag epitope fusion proteins. Mutant constructs with Arg124 to Ala substitution on Siglec-7 and Arg120 to Ala substitution on Siglec-9 were also prepared, because these substitutions have already been shown to eliminate sialic acid binding (11, 12). The respective nucleotide substitutions for the Arg to Ala mutation in Siglec-7 and -9 were generated by crossover PCR, and the corresponding expression vectors were constructed as described above. The sequences of all expression constructs were verified by DNA sequencing.

Generation of Stable Expressing Cells—Jurkat cells were washed twice with RPMI medium, and added at a final density of 3 x 107/ml cells (0.4 ml) to a 0.4-cm gap cuvette (Invitrogen) containing 30 µg of the desired plasmid DNA. Electroporation was then carried out at 250 V, 950 microfarads with the use of a Gene Pulser (Bio-Rad). Cells were immediately transferred to a small tissue culture plate with RPMI containing 5% FCS, and cultured for 16-18 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2. To establish three independent clones, we performed transfection more than three times on each expression construct. Cells were plated at various dilutions in 12-well plates with complete RPMI medium containing 1 mg/ml G418 to generate stable cell lines. Three weeks later, clones were transferred and expanded. Expression of Siglec-7 or -9 was confirmed by FACS analysis.

Transient Expression of Siglecs and NFAT Luciferase Assays—Jurkat cells, prepared as described above, were electroporated (250 V, 950 microfarads) with a total of 30 µg of plasmid DNA comprising the siglec expression vector and/or empty vector as a control. After 16-18 h of incubation at 37 °C with RPMI containing 5% FCS, viable cells were purified with Histoplaque (Sigma-Aldrich). Following TCR stimulation and incubation for 48 h in RPMI containing 10% FCS, the cells were subjected to FACS analysis, and phosphorylation status was determined by immunoblot.

For NFAT luciferase assays involving transient expression of Siglec-7 or -9, Jurkat cells (1.2 x 107) were electroporated with a total of 30 µg of empty vector or Siglec-7 or Siglec-9 expression constructs, 20 µg of NFAT-luciferase reporter constructs (BD Biosciences), and 5 µg of pR-TK control constructs (Promega). For NFAT-luciferase assay using Jurkat cells stably expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9, 20 µg of NFAT-luciferase reporter constructs and 5 µg of pR-TK control constructs were electroporated (250 V, 950 microfarads) into 3 x 107 cells/ml (0.4 ml) in RPMI media of the desired cell line. Assays under each condition were performed in triplicate. After 18-h incubation in RPMI containing 5% FCS, viable cells were purified with Histoplaque and cultured in complete RPMI media for 48 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2 to be tested for analysis of Siglec expression by FACS analysis and luciferase assay. NFAT luciferase assay was performed with a Dual Luciferase Assay System (Promega) and luminometer (Monolight 3010, BD Biosciences) according to the supplier's instructions. Each experiment was repeated three or more times.

Cellular Stimulation, Immunoprecipitation, and Western Blot Analysis—Unless otherwise indicated, Jurkat-derived cell lines (1 x 107) were incubated for different time periods with either anti-CD3 (5 µg/ml), PHA (1.25 µg/ml), or vanadate (200 µM sodium orthovanadate 0.03% H2O2 at 37 °C in 1 ml of RPMI, which inhibits phosphatase activity and increases protein tyrosine phosphorylation). Cells were then lysed at 4 °C in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA, and complete Protease Inhibitor Mixture from Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN). After pre-clearing for 1 h at 4 °C with protein G-Sephadex beads (Amersham Biosciences), lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG M2 beads, according to the Sigma manual. Alternatively, cell aliquots were directly lysed in Laemmli sample buffer for subsequent immunoblotting with anti-phospho ZAP70 and anti-ZAP70 antibodies. Precipitates or whole cell lysates were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Amersham Biosciences) and immunoblotted with indicated Abs. Bound Abs were visualized using Western Lightning Chemiluminescence Plus (PerkinElmer Life Sciences).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Expression of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 by {alpha}{beta} and {gamma}{delta} T Cells—In their initial reports Crocker and colleagues (38, 39) had noted that a majority of cells expressing NK cell markers (CD56 or CD16), and a small subset of CD3-positive peripheral blood leukocytes, expressed Siglec-7 and Siglec-9. However, Vitale et al. (18) found no Siglec-7 expression in CD3-expressing T cells. Because our interest was to investigate the effects of Siglec-7 and -9 on TCR activation, we first confirmed their expression in peripheral blood leukocytes using antibodies to the CD3{epsilon}, {alpha}{beta}, and {gamma}{delta} TCR subunits. Representative results from three donors are shown in Fig. 1. As observed previously (38, 39), there was clear surface expression of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on CD3{epsilon} chain-positive cells in all three donors. For the three donors, the fraction of CD3-positive cells expressing Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 varied from 3.8 to 10% and from 5.2 to 19%, respectively. Of the Siglec-positive CD3 cells, greater than 90% expressed the {alpha}{beta} TCR sub-units. The population of peripheral blood leukocytes expressing the {gamma}{delta} TCR was small and variable (0.15-1.8% of total cells) as pointed out previously (40). Although no expression of Siglec-9 was observed in the {gamma}{delta} T cells, one donor exhibited clear expression of Siglec-7 in ~13% of the {gamma}{delta} T cells. The variation in the expression of the Siglecs in T cells was donor-specific variation, rather than assay-specific variation, because virtually identical results were seen for each donor in two to five separate analyses taken over a span of at least 1 month. Taken together, the results indicate that the majority of CD3-positive peripheral blood leukocytes expressing Siglec-7 or -9 are {alpha}{beta} T lymphocytes, and that the fraction of Siglec-expressing cells differs from donor to donor.



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  		FIG. 1.
Profiles of Siglec-7 or -9 expression on human peripheral lymphocytes expressing CD3{epsilon}, {alpha}{beta}, and {gamma}{delta} TCR subunits. Freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with murine mAb for Siglec-7 (A) or Siglec-9 (B). In each experiment, isotype-matched antibody was used as a negative control. After washing twice, red phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Fab)2 fragment was added. After an extensive wash to remove the excess antibodies, FITC-conjugated mAb to the CD3{epsilon}, {alpha}{beta}, or {gamma}{delta} TCR subunits were added. Representative flow cytometry results of lymphocyte gated cells from three healthy donors are represented. For each donor analysis was conducted two to five times with no significant change in distributions.

 
Generation of Stable Siglec-7- and Siglec-9-expressing Jurkat Cells for Analysis of TCR Signaling—Jurkat cells are widely used to study TCR signal transduction. Flow cytometry analysis of Jurkat cells revealed that they do not express either Siglec-7 or Siglec-9 (not shown), making them ideal for the analysis of the affect of these receptors on TCR signaling. Accordingly, we adopted a strategy of comparing TCR signaling of native Jurkat cells with Jurkat cells that are stably or transiently expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9. As described in "Materials and Methods," stable Jurkat cell lines were generated expressing FLAG-tagged Siglec-7 (Sig7) or Siglec-9 (Sig9) or neither siglec (mock-Jurkat; transfected with empty vector). Three independent clonal lines were prepared for each, with Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 expressing cells chosen to have similar levels of siglec expression by flow cytometry (see Fig. 2A for representative Sig-7 and Sig-9 clones). Based on direct comparison with freshly isolated human blood lymphocytes by FACS, the level of expression of the two siglecs on the Jurkat cell lines was intermediate to the expression of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on native T lymphocytes (see Fig. 1). For all cell lines, the expression level of the TCR complex was essentially the same as that found on native Jurkat cells (not shown).



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  		FIG. 2.
Stable expression of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in Jurkat cells exhibits partial co-localization with the TCR·CD3 complex. Jurkat cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged Siglec-7 (Sig7), Siglec-9 (Sig9), or no siglec (Mock) were prepared by transfection with an expression vector containing the corresponding siglec cDNA or the empty vector, respectively, as described under "Materials and Methods." A, flow cytometry was used to evaluate surface expression of siglecs (filled histogram) relative to mock transfected cells (unfilled histogram) for Sig7 (left) and Sig9 (right) cells, using the corresponding monoclonal antibodies to Siglec-7 or Siglec-9, respectively. B, expression of siglecs and CD3 on Sig-7 Jurkat (upper panel) and Sig-9 Jurkat cells (lower panel) by immunofluorescence microscopy. Siglecs were detected using the respective siglec-specific mAbs and Alex fluor 488-labeled (green) secondary antibody (left panels). Surface CD3 expression was visualized for using Texas Red X-labeled anti-CD3 mAb (center panels). A merge of the two images shows areas of co-localization as yellow-orange (right panels). In each experiment no staining was observed using isotype-matched antibodies as negative controls.

 
Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 Are Partially Co-localized with TCR·CD3 Complex on Jurkat Cells—To evaluate whether the subcellular localization of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 co-localizes with the TCR·CD3 complex, Sig-7 and Sig-9 expressing Jurkat cells were analyzed for the surface expression of CD3 and the respective siglec by fluorescence microscopy. As shown in Fig. 2B, CD3 and the two siglecs gave a punctate staining pattern reflecting localization in microdomains on the surface of the cell. When merged, partial co-localization of both siglecs with CD3 was observed as evidenced by the yellow and orange staining pattern. Thus, portions of both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are in close physical proximity to CD3·TCR in the membrane. Of the two siglecs, Siglec-9 showed greater co-localization with CD3·TCR suggesting that the two are differentially localized in more than one microdomain on the surface of the cell (e.g. rafts, clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, microvilli, etc.)

Analysis of the Effects of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on TCR Signaling—For analysis of the effects of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on TCR signaling, key points in the signaling pathway were chosen for evaluation as summarized in Fig. 3. By analogy with other T cell inhibitory co-receptors with ITIM motifs (e.g. NKR and LIR1/ILT2), Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 would be expected to down-regulate the TCR signaling pathway by recruitment of SHP-1, resulting in de-phosphorylation of the TCR complex and down-regulation of the signaling cascade (15, 41). In Jurkat cells it is well established that TCR stimulation activates Src family kinases, which phosphorylate ITAM motifs (immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based activation motifs) on the cytoplasmic tails of CD3 and {zeta} chains of the TCR complex. This in turn recruits and activates ZAP70, a Syk kinase, a key step that ultimately leads to the transcription of immune response genes (e.g. interleukin-2) through increased nuclear localization of NFAT transcription factors (42, 43). Accordingly, to investigate the effects of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on TCR signaling we have evaluated: 1) recruitment of SHP-1 by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 following TCR engagement; 2) phosphorylation of ZAP70 at Tyr319; and 3) NFAT-mediated transcription of a luciferase reporter gene (see Fig. 3) (44).



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  		FIG. 3.
Analysis of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 regulation of TCR signaling. In this report, Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are evaluated as regulators of TCR signaling at several steps in the TCR signaling pathway, including TCR-induced phosphorylation of and recruitment of SHP-1 by the siglecs (I); siglec-mediated decrease in phosphorylation of Tyr319 on ZAP-70 (II); and siglec-mediated decrease in transcriptional activation through NFAT (III).

 
TCR Engagement Enhances Recruitment of SHP-1 by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 —To assess the ability of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 to recruit SHP-1 when expressed in Jurkat cells, clones stably expressing these siglecs (Fig. 2A) were treated with the phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate to amplify tyrosine phosphorylation and increase the sensitivity of detection. As shown in Fig. 4A, analysis before and after pervanadate treatment revealed a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of both siglecs, with a corresponding increase in recruitment of SHP-1. Although both siglecs were expressed with similar efficiencies, the degree of phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 was much higher with Siglec-9. Thus, the results indicated that both Siglecs exhibited phosphorylation-dependent recruitment of SHP-1, although with different efficiencies.



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  		FIG. 4.
Increased phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in Jurkat cells following treatment with pervanadate or engagement of the TCR. A, association of SHP-1 with, and phosphorylation of, Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 following treatment with pervanadate. Sig7-, Sig9-, or Mock-Jurkat cells (107) were treated with pervanadate for 10 min at 37 °C, and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG mAb to bring down FLAG-tagged siglecs and associated proteins as described under "Materials and Methods." After resolution of the immunoprecipitates on SDS gels, blotted proteins were probed sequentially with anti-SHP-1, anti-phosphotyrosine, and anti-FLAG tag. Shown are relevant portions of the blots with SHP-1 (64 kDa) detected with anti-SHP-1, or Siglec-7 (80 kDa) and Siglec-9 (95 kDa) detected with anti-phosphotyrosine or anti-FLAG antibodies. B, increased association of SHP-1 with, and phosphorylation of, Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 following engagement of the TCR with anti-CD3 antibody. Sig7-, Sig9-, or Mock-Jurkat cells (107) were stimulated with anti-CD3 ({alpha}-CD3; 5 µg/ml) for 0, 3, and 10 min as described under "Materials and Methods." Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG mAb and analyzed by Western blotting as described for panel A. Arrows indicate the positions of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 detected by the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. Results in each panel are representative of a minimum of triplicate experiments (see "Results").

 
To determine if increased phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 also occurred following engagement of TCR, cells were subjected to stimulation as described under "Materials and Methods" using either anti-CD3 or PHA, which engages the TCR by binding to N-linked carbohydrate groups (45). Optimal activation was obtained with 5 µg/ml anti-CD3 or 1.25 µg/ml PHA, which were then used as standard conditions for activation experiments. Representative results for activation with anti-CD3 are shown in Fig. 4B. Both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 exhibited a rapid increase in recruitment of SHP-1 and tyrosine phosphorylation. Although the relative increase with Siglec-7 was larger than that observed with Siglec-9, the basal level of Siglec-9 phosphorylation was higher, and the amount of SHP-1 associated with Siglec-9 following activation was equal to or greater than that for Siglec-7. Activation with PHA (1.25 µg) yielded similar levels of tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 (not shown). Essentially identical results to those in Fig. 4 were obtained with replicate experiments with anti-CD3 or PHA activation with each of the three independent clones of Jurkat cells expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9.

In separate experiments, neither SHP-2, SH2 inositol phosphatase-1 (SHIP-1), nor SHIP-2 were co-precipitated with antibodies to either Siglec following TCR stimulation or pervanadate treatment (data not shown). Positive controls done by immunoprecipitation with antibodies to each phosphatase showed that all were readily detected in Jurkat cells except for SHIP, which is not expressed in this cell line (46).

Reduced Phosphorylation of ZAP-70 by Siglec-7 and -9 —To evaluate the effect of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on downstream events, phosphorylation of ZAP-70 was examined. Although ZAP-70 is phosphorylated at multiple tyrosines, impairment of Tyr319 phosphorylation is known to result in significant attenuation of the TCR-induced calcium response and NFAT-mediated transcriptional activation (42, 43, 47). Accordingly, the degree of ZAP-70 phosphorylation was evaluated with antibody specific for phosphorylated Tyr319.

Results shown in Fig. 5 evaluate the effect of Siglec-7 or Siglec-9 expression on phosphorylation of ZAP-70 Tyr319 following engagement of TCR with a fixed concentration of anti-CD3 (5 µg/ml). Increased phosphorylation was observed in Jurkat cells (Mock-Jurkat), with maximal increase seen at 3 and 10 min, and elevated levels persisting at 30 min. By comparison, phosphorylation of ZAP-70 was reduced at all time points following TCR engagement in the Siglec-7 (Sig7-Jurkat) and Siglec-9 (Sig9-Jurkat)-expressing cells. Six independent experiments involving three independently isolated Sig-7 and Sig-9 clones, three with anti-CD3 activation, and three with PHA activation (1.25 µg/ml), gave essentially the same results. The results demonstrate that Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 can negatively impact TCR signaling at a key downstream step in the activation pathway.



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  		FIG. 5.
Expression of Siglec-7 and -9 reduces phosphorylation of ZAP-70 Tyr319 following TCR engagement. Stably transfected Jurkat cells were stimulated by anti-CD3 (5 µg/ml) for the times indicated. Cell lysates (10 µg of protein) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Detection of ZAP-70 (70 kDa) and the phosphorylation status of Tyr319 residue on ZAP-70 were assessed by sequential blotting with specific antibodies.

 
Suppression of TCR-induced Transcriptional Activation by Siglec-7 and -9 —To evaluate the effect of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on TCR signaling at the transcriptional level, we used a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the cis-acting enhancer element NFAT (NFAT-luciferase). A series of related experiments were performed using cells either stably or transiently expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9.

For experiments with stable cell lines, cells were transfected with 20 µg of the pTA-NFAT-luciferase vector 36 h prior to activation with either PHA (1.25 µg/ml) or anti-CD3 (5 µg/ml). Although PHA induced similar levels of Siglec-mediated recruitment of SHP-1 as anti-CD3, it provided a more robust activation of gene transcription. Results in Fig. 6A show representative results of three separate experiments conducted for each condition in triplicate. Incubation of the Mock-Jurkat with PHA induced dose-dependent activation of NFAT-mediated transcription of the luciferase gene, amounting to a 40- to 200-fold increase above basal levels of transcription (Fig. 6A). Relative to Mock-Jurkat cells, dramatic suppression of transcription was seen with the stable cell lines expressing Siglec-7 (Sig-7; p < 0.05) or Siglec-9 (Sig-9; p < 0.01) at all levels of PHA used for activation. Similarly, with anti-CD3 induction, there was a similar reduction of transcriptional activation in Siglec-7 (p < 0.016)- and Siglec-9 (p < 0.036)-expressing cells (not shown).



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  		FIG. 6.
NFAT-mediated trans-activation of gene transcription in Jurkat cells is reduced by the expression of Siglec-7 or -9. To evaluate the effect of siglec expression on TCR-induced nuclear transcription, Jurkat cells and Jurkat cells expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9 were transfected with a luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional control of NFAT element (pNFAT luciferase) prior to activation with PHA (see "Materials and Methods"). A, assessment of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on inhibition of TCR-activated NFAT promoter-driven transcription. Jurkat cells and stable cell lines expressing Siglec-7 (Sig7) and Siglec-9 (Sig9) were activated with increasing amount of PHA at 36 h following transfection with NFAT luciferase vector and were assayed in triplicate for luciferase activity using Dual-Luciferase assay system. Results are shown as "fold activation" relative to the level of luciferase in cells incubated with no PHA. The graph shows the average and standard error from three independent experiments. B and C, transient transfection experiments were performed to confirm experiments with stable cell lines. Jurkat cells were transiently co-transfected with the NFAT luciferase vector and an expression vector for Siglec-7 or Siglec-9. The total amounts of the expression vectors were maintained at 30 µg, by combining 0, 10, or 30 µg of a siglec expression vector (pCMV-Sig7 or pCMV-Sig9) with 30, 20, or 0 µg of the empty vector (pCMV), respectively. B, expression of Siglec-7 (left) or Siglec-9 (right) was assessed 72 h after transfection as described in Fig. 2A. C, assessment of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on inhibition of TCR-activated NFAT promoter-driven transcription in transient experiments. Following analysis of Siglec expression, cells (105) were incubated for 6 h with 0-1.0 µg/ml PHA-L and were assayed as described for A. For all panels, symbols above the bar indicate the degree of difference between levels of activation in the absence and presence of siglec expression (#, p < 0.05; *, p < 0.01; no symbol, not significant).

 
Similar experiments were performed in triplicate to confirm these results in the presence of transient expression of the siglecs. The vector with the reporter gene (20 µg) was cotransfected with 0, 10, or 30 µg of the expression vector for Siglec-7 or -9, and/or sufficient amounts of the empty vector (pCMV) to keep the total amount constant at 30 µg. Maximal expression of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 was seen 72 h following transfection and was dependent on the dose of the expression vector used (see Fig. 6B).

Fig. 6C shows representative results of three separate experiments conducted for each condition in triplicate. As observed with the stable cell lines suppression of NFAT transcription was seen with transient transfection of Siglec-7, but only at levels achieved using 30 µg of the expression vector (p < 0.05). More robust suppression was observed with expression of Siglec-9, which yielded a dose-dependent reduction in NFAT transcription of 65-70% (p < 0.01-0.05). Thus, TCR-mediated trans-activation of NFAT-mediated transcription is down-regulated by both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in both stable and transient transfection experiments, and the extent of suppression by Siglec-9 appears to be greater than that observed with Siglec-7 at equivalent levels of expression.

A Functional Sialic Acid Ligand Binding Domain Enhances Negative Regulation of TCR Signaling—Because the ligands of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are known to be sialic acid-containing carbohydrates of glycoproteins (and glycolipids), we wished to investigate the importance of ligand binding on their regulation of TCR signaling. To this end, for each siglec we mutated the conserved arginine in the N-terminal V-set domain to alanine, a mutation previously shown to abolish or reduce sialic acid binding (11, 12). Expression vectors and Jurkat cell lines stably expressing the mutated Siglec-7 with Arg to Ala at residue 124 (R/A-Sig-7) and Siglec-9 with Arg to Ala at residue 120 (R/A-Sig-9) were prepared. Stable cell lines expressing R/A-Siglec-7 and R/A-Siglec-9 gave virtually identical levels of expression to the corresponding stable cell lines expressing Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, respectively. Results in Fig. 7 compare levels of PHA-induced NFAT transcription activity in cell lines expressing no siglec with those expressing Siglec-7 or -9 and their corresponding R/A mutants. As also observed in Fig. 6, Siglec-7 suppressed transcription activity relative to the control cells (p < 0.01), whereas no suppression was observed in the R/A-Siglec-7-expressing cells. Similarly, whereas Siglec-9 suppressed transcription activation to 14-20% that observed in control (Mock) cells, transcription activity in the R/A-Siglec-9-expressing cells was 2- to 3-fold higher (35-45%; p < 0.01), although still significantly suppressed relative to the control cells. Results are representative of three independent experiments with independently isolated clones expressing Siglec-7 and Siglec-9. Similar results were obtained comparing the effects of the R/A mutations on Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in three separate experiments employing transient transfection experiments analogous to those described in Fig. 6C (not shown). Thus, it appears that a functional sialic acid binding domain is required for optimal negative regulation of TCR-induced transcriptional activation by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9.



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  		FIG. 7.
A functional ligand binding domain is required for maximal suppression of TCR signaling. The role of the sialic acid binding domain in regulation of TCR signaling by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 was investigated using ligand binding mutants missing the conserved Arg in the binding site by substitution of Arg with Ala at amino acids 124 and 120, respectively. These mutants were compared with the native siglecs for their ability to modify NFAT activation in stable cell lines. A, comparison of NFAT-mediated luciferase expression following TCR activation of Jurkat cells stably expressing Siglec-7 (Sig7) and the Arg124 to Ala mutant of Siglec-7 (R/A-Sig7) relative to control cells (Mock). B, comparison of NFAT-mediated luciferase expression following TCR activation of Jurkat cells stably expressing Siglec-9 (Sig9) and the Arg120 to Ala mutant of Siglec-9 (R/A-Sig9) relative to no siglec (Mock). Cells were activated with varying concentrations of PHA and assessed for levels of luciferase expression as described in the legend to Fig. 6.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
T cell activation following engagement of the TCR is regulated by the degree of phosphorylation of TCR complex, which is subject to both positive and negative regulation by co-receptors. Established negative regulators of T cell signaling include inhibitory NK cell receptors, which recruit phosphatases (e.g. SHP-1) to the TCR complex through cytoplasmic ITIM-like motifs (13, 41). Like the NK cell receptors, CD33-related siglecs (CD33 and Siglecs-5-11) have one or more cytoplasmic ITIM motifs, and their genes are found at the gene locus 19q13.4, a region rich in genes coding for leukocyte-expressed members of the inhibitory-receptor superfamily (2). The fact that Siglec-7 and/or Siglec-9 are expressed on 5-18% of peripheral blood T cells from different donors (Fig. 1) suggested to us that these siglecs could participate in regulating signaling by the T cell receptor complex. In this report we provide direct evidence that Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 can negatively regulate T cell receptor signaling at multiple steps in the signaling pathway. Indeed, with Jurkat cells expressing Siglec-7 or Siglec-9, TCR engagement results in 1) tyrosine phosphorylation of and recruitment of SHP-1 by both siglecs, with corresponding 2) reduced phosphorylation of ZAP-70, and 3) decreased NFAT-dependent activation of gene transcription.

It appears that the ability of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 to recruit SHP-1 to the TCR complex is responsible for the down-regulation of the signaling pathway in Jurkat cells. Indeed, none of the other phosphatases that bind to ITIM motifs (e.g. SHP-2 or SHIP-2) were detected following immunoprecipitation of Siglec-7 or Siglec-9. Although the mechanism by which Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 co-localize with the TCR remains to be elucidated, it is likely that SHP-1 recruited by them dephosphorylates ZAP-70 and/or the TCR subunits themselves, and as a consequence increases the activation threshold (41).

There were subtle but reproducible differences in the ability of the two siglecs to recruit SHP-1. Although TCR engagement resulted in increased tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment of SHP-1 by both siglecs, the endogenous level of tyrosine phosphorylation and associated SHP-1 was higher for Siglec-9, resulting in a lesser "fold increase" following activation. In contrast, following pervanadate treatment, recruitment of SHP-1 by Siglec-9 was much higher than by Siglec-7. Siglec-9 also appeared to be more efficient at reducing phosphorylation of ZAP-70 (Tyr319) and NFAT-mediated transcription (Figs. 5 and 6). These differences may be due to a variety of factors, including the observed differences in SHP-1 binding, differences in their relative ability to associate with the TCR complex or differences in their abilities to interact with cis glycoprotein ligands expressed on Jurkat cells that modulate their inhibitory activity.

Optimal inhibition of TCR signaling of both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 required an active ligand binding domain, because mutation of the conserved Arg in the sialic acid binding site to Ala reduced their efficiency to suppress NFAT-mediated gene transcription. This could reflect loss of favorable cis interactions of these siglecs with one or more sialic acid-containing glycoprotein ligands associated with the TCR. Analogous observations have been made recently for CD22 regulation of B cell signaling (48, 49). Mutation of the conserved Arg to Ala in CD22, or use of small molecule inhibitors of the ligand binding site resulted in decreased SHP-1 recruitment and enhanced activation of B cells, as evidenced by increased calcium influx following B cell receptor ligation (48, 49). In this regard, it is of interest that these two siglecs exhibit different specificity for sialic acid-containing ligands. For example, Siglec-7 binds with highest affinity to sialosides with the NeuAc{alpha}2,8NeuAc linkage, whereas Siglec-9 preferentially recognizes sialosides with the NeuAc{alpha}2,3Gal linkages (8, 11, 12, 38, 39, 50). Such differences in specificity could differentially influence their ability to associate with the TCR or other cis glycoprotein ligands based on the sialic acid-containing sequences carried on their glycan chains.

Although Siglec-7 has been demonstrated to exhibit properties of an inhibitory receptor in immune cells following antibody cross-linking (15, 18, 19), the demonstration that Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 negatively regulate TCR signaling represents the initial evidence of their inhibitory activity toward a specific activating receptor. The fraction of CD3-positive T cells expressing Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 represented 15-50% or more of all the siglec-expressing cells in the lymphocyte population (Fig. 1). The level of expression of the Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in native lymphocytes is comparable to or exceeds that expressed in the Sig7-Jurkat and Sig9-Jurkat T cell lines evaluated in this report. Indeed, Siglec-7 is expressed at very high levels in CD3-positive T cells. Thus we suggest that these siglecs participate in regulation of TCR signaling in the CD3-positive cells that express them. Crocker and colleagues (39) have proposed that the majority of Siglec-7-expressing lymphocytes are CD8-positive memory cells. Thus, based on analogy with expression of other inhibitory NK cell receptors on CD8 memory cells (24, 30, 32, 33, 51). Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 may contribute to setting the activation threshold of T cells, reducing activation-induced cell death and promoting survival of memory T cells.

The only other example of a siglec regulating the activity of a specific receptor is CD22 (Siglec-2) regulation of B cell receptor signaling (14). In contrast to CD22, which is expressed only on B cells (3), both Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 are distributed on a variety of leukocytes in addition to T cells, including NK cells, monocytes, and granulocytes (3, 38, 39). Thus, in addition to regulation of TCR signaling as demonstrated here, it is likely that these two siglecs will be found to negatively regulate one or more additional activating receptors present on these other leukocyte cell types.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant AI050143 and a Research fellowship (to Y. I.) from the Uehara Memorial Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: The Scripps Research Institute, Mail drop: MEM L71, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037. Tel.: 858-784-9634; Fax: 858-784-9690; E-mail: jpaulson{at}scripps.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: ITIM, immune-globulin receptor family tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs; IRS, inhibitory-receptor superfamily; NKR, natural killer cell receptor; KOD polymerase, polymerase from Thermococcus kodakaraensis; Sig-7, Siglec-7; Sig-9, Siglec-9; TCR, T cell receptor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cell; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; mAb, monoclonal antibody; PHA, P. vulgaris red kidney bean lectin-L; PBL, peripheral blood leukocyte; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; CMV, cytomegalovirus; FCS, fetal calf serum; SHP-1, SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1; SHIP-1, SH2 inositol phosphatase-1. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. Dong-Er Zhang, Dr. Eiki Kambe, and Dr. Hiroshi Deguchi for scientific discussion and technical support. We thank Dr. Paul Crocker for generously providing anti-Siglec antibodies and Anna Tran-Crie for help in preparation of the manuscript.



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