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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, Issue 47, 48491-48494, November 19, 2004

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Distinct Pools of Epithelial Sodium Channels Are Expressed at the Plasma Membrane^*

Rebecca P. Hughey, James B. Bruns, Carol L. Kinlough, and Thomas R. Kleyman¶||

From the Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine and ^¶Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261

Received for publication, September 29, 2004

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The epithelial Na⁺ channel (ENaC) is assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum from three structurally related subunits (, , and ). Channel maturation within the biosynthetic pathway involves cleavage of the and subunits by furin and processing of N-linked glycans on , , and to complex type. Both mature and immature subunits have been observed at the surface of stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. We have examined whether channel maturation is an all-or-none event or whether heterogeneous processing of channel subunits occurs within an individual channel complex. Using an immobilized lectin to isolate proteins with complex type N-glycans, we found that individual channel complexes with mature subunits lack immature subunits. Furthermore, terminal processing of N-glycans on ENaC subunits was not dependent on cleavage of ENaC subunits, and proteolysis of channel subunits was not dependent on prior processing of N-glycans. Our results suggest that processing of subunits within an individual channel complex is an all-or-none event such that channels present on the cell surface contain either all mature or all immature subunits. The presence of immature channel complexes at the plasma membrane provides epithelial cells with a reserve of poorly functional channels that can be activated by proteases in post-Golgi compartments.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Epithelial Na⁺ channels (ENaCs)¹ are expressed at the apical plasma membrane of high resistance Na⁺-transporting epithelia. These channels are composed of three structurally related subunits, termed , , and , that share a common structure, with two membrane-spanning domains separated by a large (450 residue) ectodomain and cytosolic amino and carboxyl termini. ENaC subunits are thought to assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they also undergo N-linked glycosylation (1–3). The ectodomains of ENaC and subunits have consensus sites for cleavage by furin (4). Furin is a member of the proprotein convertase family of serine proteases that is expressed primarily in the trans-Golgi network and participates in the biosynthetic processing of proteins (5). We recently observed that ENaC and subunits are cleaved by furin (4), although it is likely that ENaC can be processed by other serine proteases, including prostasin and related enzymes (6–9).

ENaC likely transits through the Golgi complex during its biogenesis. Expression of active channels at the plasma membrane is blocked by treatment of cells with the fungal metabolite brefeldin A, which disrupts assembly of cytosolic coats that are required for intra-Golgi transport (10, 11). Most N-glycans on glycoproteins that transit the Golgi complex during biogenesis are modified from a high mannose type to a complex type by a series of enzymatic steps (12, 13). However, it is apparent that two distinct pools of ENaC subunits are expressed at the plasma membrane: (i) mature subunits that have N-glycans processed to complex type and cleaved and subunits; and (ii) immature subunits that have high mannose type N-glycans on full-length (i.e. non-cleaved) subunits (see Fig. 1A) (14). These observations raise the question of whether individual channels at the plasma membrane are composed of subunits that either (i) have all undergone maturation in the biosynthetic pathway (i.e. complex type N-glycans and cleaved and subunits) or (ii) have subunits that have all escaped maturation. Alternatively, a mix of both mature and immature subunits might be present within an individual channel complex. We have used a lectin that recognizes sialic acid to isolate ENaC subunits that have complex type N-glycans and demonstrate that biosynthetic processing of ENaC subunits within an individual channel complex is an all-or-none event.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Mature and immature ENaC subunits are expressed at the surface of transfected MDCK cells. A, models of immature and mature , , and ENaC are illustrated. Immature subunits exhibit high mannose type N-glycans that are sensitive to treatment with Endo H, while mature subunits exhibit mostly complex type N-glycans with terminal sialic acid, making them neuraminidase-sensitive (4, 14). Mature and are also cleaved. The estimated molecular weights of subunits and cleavage products based on their mobility on SDS-gels are noted in the gray ovals. B, MDCK cells were transiently transfected with either (HA), (FLAG), (myc) (lane 1); (V5), (FLAG), (myc) (lane 2), (HA), (V5), (myc) (lane 3), or (HA), (FLAG), (V5) (lane 4). All subunits had carboxyl-terminal epitope tags. After 24 h, cell surface proteins were biotinylated on ice prior to incubation of cell extracts with anti-V5 antibodies. Ten percent of the resuspended immunoprecipitate (IP) was set aside (Total), and 90% was incubated with streptavidin-conjugated beads to recover the cell surface biotinylated ENaC (Surface). Samples were analyzed by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-V5 antibodies to visualize the mature and immature (lane 2), (lane 3), and (lane 4) subunits. Note that lane 1 represents a control with no V5-tagged ENaC subunits. C, MDCK cells were transiently transfected with ENaC (+) or not transfected (–). After 24 h, cell surface proteins were biotinylated on ice prior to incubation of cell extracts with anti-nuclear lamin antibodies. Ten percent of the resuspended immunoprecipitates (IP) was set aside (Total), and 90% was incubated with streptavidin-conjugated beads to recover any aberrantly biotinylated nuclear lamin (Biotinylated). Samples were analyzed by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-lamin antibodies. The arrow indicates the expected mobility of nuclear lamin (molecular mass: 75 kDa). Numbers beside the blots indicate mobility of Bio-Rad Precision Plus Protein Standards in kilodaltons (K).

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

Isolation of Processed Channels—MDCK cells growing on 6-well plates were transfected with either no DNA (mock control) or the epitope-tagged combinations of ENaC noted in each figure legend as described previously (4, 14). After 24 h, each 35-mm well was extracted in 0.5 ml of lysis buffer (14) and centrifuged for 7 min at 14,000 rpm in a microcentrifuge to remove cell debris. Immobilized lectin from Sambucus nigra (SNA, 200 µl of slurry) from EY Laboratories, Inc. (San Mateo, CA) was added to the supernatants and incubated overnight at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. The beads were pelleted by centrifugation in a microcentrifuge for 1 min, and washed with HEPES-buffered saline (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl) prior to elution in HEPES-buffered saline containing 0.1 M lactose at room temperature for 1 h. The beads were pelleted again, and the supernatant was recovered for immunoprecipitation of ENaC with anti-epitope tag antibodies and immunblotting. Mouse anti-HA antibody from Covance Inc. (Princeton, NJ) was used for ENaC immunoprecipitations from cell extracts before SNA precipitation and immunoblotting; and goat anti-V5 antibody conjugated to agarose from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO) was used for ENaC immunoprecipitation from the SNA eluate.

Immunoblotting of Lamin—MDCK cells transfected, or not transfected, with ENaC were treated with sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-SS-biotin and extracted with detergent solution as described previously (14). Nuclear lamin was immunoprecipitated from cell extracts with mouse anti-lamin A/C IgM (clone XB10, Covance Inc.) using mouse anti-IgM conjugated to agarose from Sigma and incubated overnight at 4 °C on a rotating wheel. Lamin was eluted by boiling for 2 min, and 10% was retained for immunoblotting with mouse anti-lamin A/C antibody (clone 14) from Upstate (Waltham, MA). Any biotinylated lamin was recovered from the remainder of the immunoprecipitate (90%) using ImmunoPure immobilized streptavidin (Pierce) and analyzed by immunoblotting for lamin.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
ENaC subunits with unique carboxyl-terminal epitope tags were transiently expressed in MDCK cells in various combinations as indicated in Fig. 1B, and cell surface proteins were labeled with biotin. For each combination of epitope-tagged , , and ENaC, the V5-tag was present on the subunit of interest. ENaC was recovered by immunoprecipitation with anti-V5 antibodies (10% of total), and biotinylated ENaC subunits expressed at the plasma membrane were recovered with streptavidin-conjugated beads from the anti-V5 immunoprecipitates (90%). Expression of ENaC subunits was analyzed by probing the precipitates on immunoblots using anti-V5 antibodies. For each subunit, two distinct bands were detected in immunoprecipitates from total cell lysates and at the plasma membrane (Fig. 1B). These correspond to bands that we previously observed and characterized as representing immature (or non-processed) subunits (95 kDa for , 96 kDa for , 93 kDa for ) and mature (or fully processed) subunits (65 kDa for , 110 kDa for , 75 kDa for ) (see Fig. 1A). We confirmed that biotin was specifically labeling plasma membrane proteins and did not label an intracellular protein (nuclear lamin, Fig. 1C). These data are in agreement with our previous observation that both mature and immature ENaC subunits are expressed at the plasma membrane.

We next examined whether all subunits within an individual channel complex undergo processing in the biosynthetic pathway or whether a mix of both mature and immature subunits is present within an individual channel complex. Mature subunits have complex type N-glycans, so we used the lectin SNA immobilized on agarose beads to precipitate proteins containing sialylated complex type N-glycans from solubilized MDCK cells expressing epitope-tagged ENaC subunits. Following elution from the SNA-agarose beads, selected ENaC subunits were immunoprecipitated and subjected to immunoblotting to detect co-immunoprecipitating subunits (Fig. 2). Only the mature forms of the (110 kDa) and (75 kDa) subunits coimmunoprecipitated with subunits that were isolated with SNA-agarose (see lanes 2 and 4); only mature forms of the (65 kDa) and (75 kDa) subunits co-immunoprecipitated with subunits isolated with SNA-agarose (see lanes 6 and 8); and only mature forms of the (65 kDa) and (110 kDa) subunits co-immunoprecipitated with subunits isolated with SNA-agarose precipitation (see lanes 10 and 12). Direct immunoprecipitation of (lanes 5 and 9), (lanes 1 and 11), or (lanes 3 and 7) from cell extracts before SNA-agarose precipitation indicated that both mature and immature forms of all three subunits were present in the initial cell extracts.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Channel complexes containing mature subunits lack immature subunits. MDCK cells were transfected with either no DNA (C, control) or one of these cDNA combinations: (i) (V5), (HA), (myc) (lanes 1 and 2); (ii) (V5), (FLAG), (HA) (lanes 3 and 4); (iii) (HA), (V5), (myc) (lanes 5 and 6); (iv) (myc), (V5), (HA), (lanes 7 and 8); (v) (HA), (FLAG), (V5) (lanes 9 and 10); and (vi) (myc), (HA), (V5) (lanes 11 and 12). After 24 h, cell extracts were incubated with SNA lectin-conjugated agarose, and bound material was eluted with lactose. ENaC was immunoprecipitated (IP) either from extract before incubation with SNA-conjugated agarose (–) using anti-HA antibodies or from the SNA eluate (+) using anti-V5 antibodies, prior to immunoblotting (IB) with anti-HA antibodies. Numbers beside the blots indicate mobility of Bio-Rad Precision Plus Protein Standards in kilodaltons (K). Note that only mature subunits (marked with >) co-immunoprecipitate after elution from SNA-conjugated agarose that binds proteins with complex type N-glycans.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Subunit cleavage and N-glycan processing of ENaC are not interdependent. A, MDCK cells were transiently transfected with either (HA), (FLAG), (myc) for negative controls (mock); (V5), (FLAG), (myc) for immunoprecipitation (IP), and immunoblotting (IB) of ; (HA), (V5), (myc) for immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of or (HA), (FLAG), (V5) for immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of . The inhibitor of ER -mannosidase-1 kifunensine (KIF) was added to the media (+) or not (–) as indicated after transfection. After 24 h, immunoprecipitations and immunoblotting were carried out with anti-V5 antibodies. B, MDCK cells were transiently transfected as described for A except that mutant V5-tagged subunits (MUT and MUT) lacking the sites for furin cleavage were analyzed. Samples were analyzed on a 4–15% polyacrylamide gradient SDS-gel in A and on a 7.5% polyacrylamide SDS-gel in B to enhance separation of uncleaved subunits with processed N-glycans. Numbers beside the blots indicate mobility of Bio-Rad Precision Plus Protein Standards in kilodaltons (K).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
We have shown that two distinct pools of ENaC subunits are expressed at the plasma membrane: (i) mature subunits that have N-glycans processed to complex type and cleaved and subunits and (ii) full-length subunits that have immature, high mannose type N-glycans (Fig. 1B) (4). The processing of N-glycans on ENaC subunits was not dependent on cleavage of ENaC subunits, and proteolysis of ENaC subunits was not dependent on prior terminal processing of N-glycans (Fig. 3). Furthermore, our data demonstrate that there are distinct pools of heteroligomeric ENaC complexes at the plasma membrane: (i) channel complexes that contain only mature subunits and (ii) complexes that lack mature subunits (Fig. 2). Thus, biosynthetic processing of ENaC subunits within an individual channel complex, as determined by the processing of N-glycans and cleavage of the and subunits, appears to be an all-or-none event.

Integral membrane proteins expressed at the plasma membrane are synthesized in the ER where folding is completed and post-translational processing of N-glycans begins. Subsequent transit through the Golgi complex and post-Golgi compartments can result in further processing prior to delivery to the plasma membrane. This paradigm predicts that integral membrane proteins expressed at the plasma membrane will be subjected to processing by enzymes that are localized to either the Golgi complex or post-Golgi compartments during transit from the ER to the plasma membrane. Thus, it was surprising to find that a pool of ENaCs was expressed at the plasma membrane that appears to have bypassed key processing events known to occur in Golgi (N-glycan maturation) or post-Golgi (cleavage) compartments.

There are several possible explanations for these findings. First, it is possible that one distinct population of channel complexes exiting the ER transits through Golgi and post-Golgi compartments where subunits are processed, whereas a second population of channels exiting the ER bypasses Golgi and post-Golgi compartments and are delivered directly to the plasma membrane with immature subunits. Previous studies suggest that several proteins, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (17), a membrane type-1 metallo-proteinase (18), the protein phosphatase CD45 (19), and a complex containing F3/contactin and caspr/paranodin (20), traffic to the plasma membrane by non-conventional pathways that bypass the Golgi complex. A second possible explanation for our findings is that all ENaC subunits traffic to the plasma membrane via conventional pathways, but a population of channels is resistant to post-translational processing by enzymes present in Golgi and post-Golgi compartments.

At present, there is no evidence for specific signals that direct channels exiting the ER to be processed in post-ER compartments or to escape post-ER processing. Perhaps some channels exiting the ER exhibit distinctive conformations, or different subunit stoichiometries, that dictate their fate regarding post-ER processing. In this regard, the results of several biophysical studies based on channel activity indicate that ENaC has a 2/1/1 subunit stoichiometry (21, 22). Other groups using combined biophysical and biochemical approaches have proposed a more complex subunit stoichiometry, raising the possibility that channels with different subunit compositions and/or stoichiometries exit the ER and perhaps have different fates (23–25).

Both mature and immature subunits have been found on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells in vivo. Weisz et al. (26) observed a doublet of the subunit of Xenopus ENaC on the surface of A6 cells consistent with the mature and immature forms of the subunit, and Alvarez de la Rosa et al. (27) found both mature and immature forms of both the and subunits on the surface of A6 cells. Planès et al. (28) found only the smaller (i.e. 65 kDa) of two forms of the subunit on the surface of rat lung alveolar epithelial type II cells. Interestingly, Masilamani et al. (29) observed a partial shift in the size of the subunit from 85 to 70 kDa in kidneys obtained from rats following 10 days on a sodium-restricted diet. Cumulative results (4, 7, 14, 30–34) suggest that channels must be cleaved to exhibit significant activity, as non-cleaved channels apparently have a very low open probability. Therefore, we propose that the presence of two distinct pools of channels at the plasma membrane provides epithelial cells with a reserve pool of immature, poorly functional channels that can be activated by proteases in post-Golgi compartments.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported by Grants DK54787 (to R. P. H.), DK54354 (to T. R. K.), and DK65161 (to T. R. K. and R. P. H.) from the National Institutes of Health and by the American Lung Association of Pennsylvania (to R. P. H.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

^|| To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: 412-647-3121; Fax: 412-648-9166; E-mail: kleyman{at}pitt.edu.

¹ The abbreviations used are: ENaC, epithelial Na⁺ channel; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney; SNA, lectin from Sambucus nigra; HA, hemagglutinin; Endo H, endoglycosidase H.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Ora Weisz for critically reviewing the manuscript.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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				A. Bengrine, J. Li, L. L. Hamm, and M. S. Awayda Indirect Activation of the Epithelial Na+ Channel by Trypsin J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 26884 - 26896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Randrianarison, B. Escoubet, C. Ferreira, A. Fontayne, N. Fowler-Jaeger, C. Clerici, E. Hummler, B. C. Rossier, and C. Planes beta-Liddle mutation of the epithelial sodium channel increases alveolar fluid clearance and reduces the severity of hydrostatic pulmonary oedema in mice J. Physiol., July 15, 2007; 582(2): 777 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sheng, A. B. Maarouf, J. B. Bruns, R. P. Hughey, and T. R. Kleyman Functional Role of Extracellular Loop Cysteine Residues of the Epithelial Na+ Channel in Na+ Self-inhibition J. Biol. Chem., July 13, 2007; 282(28): 20180 - 20190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Yu, D. C. Eaton, and M. N. Helms Effect of divalent heavy metals on epithelial Na+ channels in A6 cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): F236 - F244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Bruns, M. D. Carattino, S. Sheng, A. B. Maarouf, O. A. Weisz, J. M. Pilewski, R. P. Hughey, and T. R. Kleyman Epithelial Na+ Channels Are Fully Activated by Furin- and Prostasin-dependent Release of an Inhibitory Peptide from the {gamma}-Subunit J. Biol. Chem., March 2, 2007; 282(9): 6153 - 6160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bonnon, C. Bel, L. Goutebroze, B. Maigret, J.-A. Girault, and C. Faivre-Sarrailh PGY Repeats and N-Glycans Govern the Trafficking of Paranodin and Its Selective Association with Contactin and Neurofascin-155 Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2007; 18(1): 229 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Myerburg, M. B. Butterworth, E. E. McKenna, K. W. Peters, R. A. Frizzell, T. R. Kleyman, and J. M. Pilewski Airway Surface Liquid Volume Regulates ENaC by Altering the Serine Protease-Protease Inhibitor Balance: A MECHANISM FOR SODIUM HYPERABSORPTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS J. Biol. Chem., September 22, 2006; 281(38): 27942 - 27949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Ergonul, G. Frindt, and L. G. Palmer Regulation of maturation and processing of ENaC subunits in the rat kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): F683 - F693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Morimoto, W. Liu, C. Woda, M. D. Carattino, Y. Wei, R. P. Hughey, G. Apodaca, L. M. Satlin, and T. R. Kleyman Mechanism underlying flow stimulation of sodium absorption in the mammalian collecting duct Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): F663 - F669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Anantharam, Y. Tian, and L. G. Palmer Open probability of the epithelial sodium channel is regulated by intracellular sodium J. Physiol., July 15, 2006; 574(2): 333 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Carattino, S. Sheng, J. B. Bruns, J. M. Pilewski, R. P. Hughey, and T. R. Kleyman The Epithelial Na+ Channel Is Inhibited by a Peptide Derived from Proteolytic Processing of Its {alpha} Subunit J. Biol. Chem., July 7, 2006; 281(27): 18901 - 18907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sheng, M. D. Carattino, J. B. Bruns, R. P. Hughey, and T. R. Kleyman Furin cleavage activates the epithelial Na+ channel by relieving Na+ self-inhibition Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): F1488 - F1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]