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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M413755200 on January 4, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 10, 9728-9734, March 11, 2005
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GPI7 Is the Second Partner of PIG-F and Involved in Modification of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol*

Nobue Shishioh{ddagger}§, Yeongjin Hong§||, Kazuhito Ohishi{ddagger}, Hisashi Ashida{ddagger}, Yusuke Maeda{ddagger}, and Taroh Kinoshita{ddagger}**{ddagger}{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Genomic Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Korea, and **Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan

Received for publication, December 7, 2004 , and in revised form, December 29, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Many eukaryotic cell surface proteins are anchored to the membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). GPI is synthesized from phosphatidylinositol by stepwise reactions and attached en bloc to nascent proteins. In mammalian cells, the major GPI species transferred to proteins is termed H7. By attachment of an additional ethanolamine phosphate (EtNP) to the second mannose, H7 can be converted to H8, which acts as a minor type of protein-linked GPI and also exists as a free GPI on the cell surface. Yeast GPI7 is involved in the transfer of EtNP to the second mannose, but the corresponding mammalian enzyme has not yet been clarified. Here, we report that the human homolog of Gpi7p (hGPI7) forms a protein complex with PIG-F and is involved in the H7-to-H8 conversion. We knocked down hGPI7 by RNA interference and found that H7 accumulated with little production of H8. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that hGPI7 was associated with and stabilized by PIG-F, which is known to bind to and stabilize PIG-O, a protein homologous to hGPI7. PIG-O is a transferase that adds EtNP to the third mannose, rendering GPI capable of attaching to proteins. We further found that the overexpression of hGPI7 decreased the level of PIG-O and, therefore, decreased the level of EtNP transferred to the third mannose. Finally, we propose a mechanism for the regulation of GPI biosynthesis through competition between the two independent enzymes, PIG-O and hGPI7, for the common stabilizer, PIG-F.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Many proteins on the eukaryotic cell surface are anchored to the membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)1 (1–4). The backbone of GPI has a common structure, protein-EtNP-6Man{alpha}-1,2Man{alpha}-1,6Man{alpha}1,4GlcN{alpha}-1,6myo-inositol-P-lipid (where EtNP, Man, GlcN, and P are ethanolamine phosphate, mannose, glucosamine, and phosphate, respectively) (5–7). The mature GPI precursor, which is added en bloc to the C terminus of a protein as a posttranslational modification, is assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (8). Although the backbone has a conserved structure in a wide range of eukaryotes, it is modified by various side chains in different organisms (1). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells, the first {alpha}1–4-linked mannose (Man1) is usually, if not always, modified by EtNP at the 2-position, and the second mannose (Man2) can also be modified by EtNP at the 6-position (9). The EtNP on Man1 and the one linked to the third mannose (Man3) within the backbone are transferred from phosphatidylethanolamine (10, 11), whereas the donor for the EtNP on Man2 has not yet been determined (12).

In yeast and mammalian cells, a group of homologous proteins involved in the transfer of EtNPs to the mannoses has been characterized: Mcd4p, Gpi13p, and Gpi7p in S. cerevisiae (9, 13, 14), and PIG-N and PIG-O in human and mouse cells (15, 16). Mouse F9 cells defective in PIG-N accumulate GPI precursors without EtNP on Man1, indicating that PIG-N is involved in EtNP transfer to Man1 (15). Mcd4p of S. cerevisiae, a homolog of PIG-N, is also involved in transferring EtNP to Man1 (14). PIG-O (16) and its yeast homolog, Gpi13p (13), are involved in transferring EtNP to Man3 (Fig. 1). PIG-O is associated with another protein, PIG-F (17), and the expression of PIG-O is highly dependent upon PIG-F (16). GPI7 was isolated from yeast and shown to be involved in the addition of an EtNP side chain to Man2. MCD4 and GPI13 are essential for growth of S. cerevisiae, whereas GPI7 is not (9).



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  		FIG. 1.
Later steps in GPI biosynthesis in mammalian cells. G, glucosamine; M, mannose; Ep, ethanolamine phosphate; H6-H8, GPI intermediates according to Hirose et al. (31).

 
Mcd4p, Gpi13p, and Gpi7p are ~120-kDa proteins containing a large hydrophilic luminal domain in the N-terminal portion and multiple transmembrane domains in the C-terminal portion. They each have three regions that are conserved in phosphodiesterases and nucleotide pyrophosphatases within their N-terminal luminal domains (9, 13, 14, 18). Therefore, they are very likely to be catalytic during the transfer of EtNPs to mannoses, although their enzyme activities have not yet been directly demonstrated.

In this report, we show that the human homolog of Gpi7p, termed hGPI7, binds to and is stabilized by PIG-F and that hGPI7 competes with PIG-O for binding to PIG-F. We further show by means of RNA interference that hGPI7 is involved in the side-chain modification of Man2.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Lines—HeLa and K562 class K cells (19) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were cultured in Ham's F-12 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum.

Cloning of Human GPI7 cDNA—We searched the GenBankTM data base using the BLAST software (20) for sequences homologous to S. cerevisiae Gpi7p (YJL062w) and found a human cDNA containing a 3' region and a genomic sequence (accession numbers AK000272 [GenBank] and AC015776, respectively). We designed two primers, 5'-CGGTTCCGCATCCAGCCTAGCGTGTCCG (forward) and 5'-TGCCTGTGGGACGCTGAGCAGGAGCAGGG (reverse), on the basis of the genomic sequence and amplified the 5' region of hGPI7 cDNA from a human placenta cDNA library. The sequence coincided with the corresponding genomic sequence. The 5' fragment was ligated to the 3' fragment at the NdeI site to generate the full-length cDNA. The cDNA of the 3' region was a gift from Dr. S. Sugano (University of Tokyo).

RNAi—The expression plasmids for the short hairpin RNAs used were based on the pH1 vector, a gift from Dr. H. Hasuwa (Osaka University) (21, 22). The target sequence specifies a 19-nucleotide sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1041–1059 downstream of the start codon of hGPI7 (tgagagagcagttgagatt). The oligonucleotide was designed to form a hairpin loop, which had a double-stranded target sequence linked by a 9-nucleotide non-complementary spacer (ttcaagaga) (22). We annealed the complementary oligonucleotides and inserted the product into the pH1 vector between the PstI and XbaI sites, resulting in pH1-sihGPI7 (21). The plasmid pH1-siEGFP, used as a control, was also a gift from Dr. H. Hasuwa (21). To obtain stably knocked down cells, we inserted a phosphoglycerokinase promoter-driven puromycin resistance gene (23) into the unique HindIII site of the pH1 plasmid. We electroporated HeLa cells (1 x 107) with 10 µg of pH1-sihGPI7 or pH1-siEGFP in 0.8 ml of HEPES-buffered saline (17) using a Gene Pulser (Bio-Rad) at 975 microfarads and 300 V. Transfectants were selected with 5 µg/ml puromycin for 2 weeks. To check the expression levels of hGPI7 in transfectants, we analyzed the mRNA levels by Northern blotting of 40 µg of total RNA.

Plasmids—Protein expression plasmids were constructed on the basis of the pME18Sf vector, a gift from Dr. K. Maruyama (Tokyo Medical and Dental University). To express GST-tagged hGPI7, we replaced the stop codon of hGPI7 cDNA with an MluI site by PCR. We replaced hDPM1 of pME-Py-hDPM1 (24) with an EcoRI-MluI fragment containing hGPI7 to generate pME-Py-hGPI7-GST. The plasmids for FLAG-PIG-F, FLAG-mPig-o (mouse PIG-O), FLAG-msALDH (microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase), GST-mPig-n (mouse PIG-N), GST-mPig-o, and GST-msALDH were described previously (16, 24, 25). The plasmids for HA-mPig-o and HA-msALDH were obtained by replacing the FLAG sequence in FLAG-mPig-o and -msALDH with an HA sequence derived from pME-HA-PIG-S (26).

Subcellular Localization of hGPI7—CHO cells (6.0 x 107) transfected with 45 µg of pME-Py-hGPI7-GST and 20 µg of pMEEB-FLAG-PIG-F were used for subcellular fractionation (24). Membranes fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation were lysed in 1% Nonidet P-40/150 mM NaCl, and the GST-tagged proteins were precipitated with glutathione-Sepharose 4B (Amersham Biosciences). The precipitated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blotting with an anti-GST antibody (Amersham Biosciences) and a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG antibody (Organon Pharmaceuticals) followed by detection with chemiluminescence (Renaissance, Dupont). The subfractions were characterized by assaying organelle-specific enzymes, namely alkaline phosphodiesterase I for the plasma membrane and {alpha}-mannosidase II for the Golgi, and by Western blot analysis for the ER protein ribophorin II (27).

In Vivo Mannose Labeling—HeLa cells or their transfectants (2 x 106) were seeded into a new plate on the day before the assay. Class K cells (5 x 106) or HeLa cells were washed twice with glucose-free medium and then incubated for 1 h in 1 ml of medium containing 20 mM HEPES/NaOH (pH 7.4), 100 µg/ml glucose, 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum, and 10 µg/ml tunicamycin. Subsequently, 40 µCi/ml [3H]man-nose (Amersham Biosciences) was added to the cell culture and incubated for 45 min. After five washes with phosphate-buffered saline and cell peeling, the lipids were extracted from the cells with chloroform: methanol:water (10:10:3, v/v), and the mannolipids were purified with butanol-1 and water as described previously (28). The mannolipids were separated by TLC using Kieselgel 60 (Merck) with a solvent system of chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3, v/v) and detected using BAS1500 Fuji Image Analyzer software (Fuji Film Co.).

Analysis of Protein Complexes—CHO cells (8 x 106) were co-transfected with 4 µg of pMEEB-FLAG-PIG-F and 8 µg of pMEEB-GST-mPig-n, pMEEB-GST-mPig-o, or pME-Py-hGPI7-GST. After culturing for 2 days, the transfected cells were lysed in 1% digitonin, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, and proteinase inhibitor mixture (Roche Applied Science). Insoluble material was removed by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 1 h, and the GST-tagged proteins were precipitated from the supernatants with glutathione-Sepharose 4B. The GST-tagged and co-precipitated proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE/Western blotting with anti-GST or anti-FLAG antibodies (16). CHO cells (4 x 106) were also co-transfected with 4 µg of pMEEB-FLAG-PIG-F, 20 µg of pME-Py-hGPI7-GST, 2 µg of pMEEB-FLAG-mPig-o, and 2 µg of pME-Py-FLAG-msALDH. hGPI7-GST was precipitated from cell lysate, with anti-GST antibodies or goat serum as a control, and analyzed by Western blotting.

Competition between PIG-O and hGPI7—CHO cells (4 x 106) were co-transfected with 1 µg of pMEEB-FLAG-PIG-F, 3 µg of pMEEB-HA-mPig-o, 2 µg of pMEEB-HA-msALDH, and 0, 10, or 20 µg of pME-hGPI7. The total amounts of the plasmids were kept constant by adding the pME18Sf vector. Two days later, the transfectants were lysed in 1% digitonin and divided into two aliquots. FLAG-PIG-F was precipitated with anti-FLAG M2-conjugated beads (Sigma) from one aliquot, and HA-tagged proteins were precipitated with anti-HA HA7 (Sigma) plus protein G-Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences) from the other aliquot. The precipitates were analyzed by Western blotting.

Stability of hGPI7 in PIG-F-defective Cells—CHO30.5 cells defective in the PIG-F gene were co-transfected with 8 µg of pME-Py-hGPI7-GST, 2 µg of pME-Py-GST-msALDH, 2 µg of pMEEB-hPIG-L-GST (29), and 10 µg of either pMEEB-FLAG-PIG-F or pME18Sf vector. Two days later, the transfectants were lysed in buffer containing 1% Nonidet P-40, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl and a proteinase inhibitor mixture. The GST-tagged proteins were precipitated with anti-GST antibodies and protein G beads (16, 24). The precipitates were analyzed by Western blotting and the Fuji Image Analyzer software.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cloning of hGPI7—We cloned the human homolog of yeast GPI7, which is involved in transferring EtNP to Man2 (9), and termed the gene hGPI7 (DDBJ/GenBankTM/EMBL accession number NM_017733 [GenBank] ). The hGPI7 gene encodes 983 amino acids, consists of 13 exons, and is located on chromosome 4p16.3 (30). The hGPI7 protein shows 26 and 28% amino acid identity to S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Gpi7p, respectively. The hGPI7 protein has conserved type I phosphodiesterase/nucleotide pyrophosphatase regions in its N-terminal hydrophilic domains (Fig. 2A). The first 27 amino acids of hGPI7 appear to constitute a signal sequence for translocation across the ER membrane. hGPI7 has a hydrophilic domain of ~400 amino acids in the N terminus followed by multiple putative transmembrane domains in the C-terminal region (Fig. 2B). hGPI7 shows homology to two other EtNP transferases, PIG-O and PIG-N, with 26 and 20% identity, respectively (15, 16). Together, these data suggest that hGPI7 is one of the EtNP transferases in the GPI biosynthetic pathway.



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  		FIG. 2.
Alignment of human GPI7 and its homologs. A, human GPI7 (GenBankTM accession number NM_017733 [GenBank] ). S. cerevisiae Gpi7p (NP_012473 [GenBank] ), and S. pombe Gpi7p (CAA91096 [GenBank] are aligned using the ClustalW software. Three motifs conserved among Type I phosphodiesterases/nucleotide pyrophosphatases are underlined. B, hydropathy plot of hGPI7. aa, amino acid.

 
hGPI7 RNAi Causes HeLa Cells to Accumulate GPI Biosynthetic Intermediates—We expected that hGPI7 would be involved in transferring EtNP to Man2. To test this possibility, we created knockdown (KD) HeLa cells in which hGPI7 expression was repressed by RNAi and analyzed their GPI. If our expectation was correct, hGPI7 KD cells would be deficient in generating H8 from H7. As shown in Fig. 1, H7 and H8 were characterized as GPIs containing EtNPs on Man1 and Man3 or on all three mannoses, respectively (31, 32). We stably transfected HeLa cells with pH1-sihGPI7 to generate hGPI7 KD cells and with pH1-siEGFP to generate control cells. The level of hGPI7 mRNA in hGPI7 KD cells was 27% that in control cells, indicating that the expression of hGPI7 was knocked down (Fig. 3A). As shown in Fig. 3B, the control cells showed a similar glycolipid pattern to that of HeLa cells (lanes 1 and 3). In contrast, hGPI7 KD cells had a different pattern, showing more than 5-fold accumulation of H7 and a decrease in H8 (Fig. 3B, lane 2 and line in the histogram). Because H7 and probably also H8 are used for GPI-anchoring to proteins (5, 33, 34), and as this may have an effect on the GPI profile, we knocked down hGPI7 expression in class K mutant cells, in which GPI is not transferred to proteins because of defective GPI transamidase (19). Similar to the case with HeLa hGPI7 KD cells, hGPI7 KD caused strong accumulation of H7 in the class K mutant cells (Fig. 3C). These results suggest that hGPI7 is indeed involved in transferring EtNP to Man2, thereby converting H7 to H8.



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  		FIG. 3.
Effects of hGPI7 RNAi on GPI biosynthesis. A, Northern blot analysis showing a decreased level of hGPI7 mRNA in RNAi cells. Samples of 40 µg of total RNA from HeLa cells (lane 1), control cells (lane 2), or hGPI7 KD cells (lane 3) were analyzed by Northern blotting with probes for hGP7 or {beta}-actin. B, in vivo mannose labeling. hGPI7 KD, control, and wild-type HeLa cells were radiolabeled with [3H]mannose for 45 min, and extracted lipids were subjected to TLC. Lane 1, control cells; lane 2, hGPI7 KD; lane 3, wild-type HeLa cells. Right panel shows the overlaid histograms. Intensities of radioactivity were corrected for dolichol-phosphate-mannose (DPM) intensities. Filled area, control cells; line, hGPI7 KD. C, in vivo mannose labeling in hGPI7 KD class K cells. Lane 1, control class K cells; lane 2, hGPI7 KD class K cells.

 
hGPI7 Is Localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum—The enzymes involved in GPI biosynthesis are localized in the ER (1). We therefore investigated the subcellular localization of hGPI7. CHO cells expressing GST-tagged hGPI7 (hGPI7-GST) were homogenized and separated into five fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. hGPI7-GST was mostly present in fractions 3–5, which contained the ER, but not in other fractions containing the plasma membrane and Golgi (Fig. 4). Although it has been reported that S. cerevisiae Gpi7p is mainly localized in the plasma membrane (9), the current results indicate that hGPI7 is localized in the ER rather than the plasma membrane of mammalian cells.



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  		FIG. 4.
ER localization of hGPI7. CHO cells expressing hGPI7-GST were disrupted and postnuclear supernatant was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Fractions 1–5 were characterized by measuring membrane markers. Top panel, filled squares, plasma membrane marker (alkaline phosphodiesterase I); open circles, Golgi marker ({alpha}-mannosidase II); bars, total proteins. Middle panel, ER (ribophorin II). Bottom panel, GST-tagged hGPI7 in each fraction was precipitated by glutathione beads and detected by Western blot analysis.

 
PIG-F Binds to and Stabilizes hGPI7 and PIG-O Independently—As shown in Fig. 3B, the catalytic activity of PIG-O was apparently enhanced as evidenced by the decrease in H6 and concomitant increase in H7 in hGPI7 KD cells. We therefore investigated the possibility that hGPI7 is somehow involved in regulating the PIG-O catalytic activity. hGPI7 is highly homologous to PIG-O and PIG-N. We previously reported that PIG-F binds to and stabilizes PIG-O, but not PIG-N (16). From these observations, we examined the association between PIG-F and hGPI7. We transfected CHO cells with FLAG-tagged PIG-F and GST-tagged mPig-n, mPig-o, or hGPI7. From their digitonin extracts, we affinity-precipitated GST-tagged proteins and analyzed the co-precipitated FLAG-PIG-F by Western blotting (Fig. 5A). FLAG-tagged PIG-F was co-precipitated with GST-tagged hGPI7 and mPig-o but not with mPig-n. These results indicate that PIG-F associates not only with PIG-O but also with hGPI7.



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  		FIG. 5.
PIG-F binds to and stabilizes PIG-O and hGPI7 independently. A, CHO cells co-expressing FLAG-PIG-F with GST-mPig-n (lane 1), GST-mPig-o (lane 2), or hGPI7-GST (lane 3) were lysed in 1% digitonin. After ultracentrifugation, GST-tagged proteins in the supernatant were precipitated by glutathione beads (top and middle panels) or anti-FLAG beads (bottom panel) and detected by Western blot analysis with anti-GST (top panel) or anti-FLAG (middle and bottom panels) antibodies. B, CHO cells transiently co-transfected with hGPI7-GST, FLAG-PIG-F, FLAG-mPig-o, and FLAG-msALDH were lysed in 1% digitonin. From supernatants after ultracentrifugation, hGPI7-GST and FLAG-tagged proteins were immunoprecipitated by anti-GST antibody or control goat serum. Unbound tagged proteins were precipitated from the supernatants and analyzed by Western blotting with anti-GST (top panel) and anti-FLAG (bottom panel) antibodies. U, unbound; B, bound; *, nonspecific band. C, CHO cells defective in PIG-F were co-transfected with GST-tagged hGPI7, hPIG-L, and msALDH in combination with PIG-F (lane 1, +) or pME vector (lane 2, -). Two days later, cells were lysed in 1% Nonidet P-40, and GST-tagged proteins were affinity-precipitated and detected by Western blot analysis.

 
We next examined whether PIG-F, PIG-O, and hGPI7 form a triple complex. We transfected CHO cells with hGPI7-GST and FLAG-tagged mPig-o, PIG-F, and msALDH and immunoprecipitated hGPI7-GST from digitonin extracts. As shown in Fig. 5B, FLAG-mPig-o was not precipitated with hGPI7-GST, whereas nearly one-half of the expressed FLAG-PIG-F was precipitated with hGPI7-GST. These results suggest that hGPI7 binds to PIG-F but not to PIG-O and that therefore complexes of PIG-F/PIG-O and PIG-F/hGPI7 exist independently.

To test whether PIG-F, similar to PIG-O, stabilizes hGPI7 (16), we prepared PIG-F mutant CHO30.5 cells that expressed hGPI7-GST, hPIG-L-GST (29), and GST-msALDH and compared the expression levels of the GST-tagged proteins in the presence or absence of PIG-F expression (Fig. 5C). The expression level of hGPI7-GST in the absence of PIG-F was one-half that in the presence of PIG-F, whereas the expression levels of hPIG-L-GST and GST-msALDH remained unchanged. These results indicate that hGPI7, like PIG-O, is bound and stabilized by PIG-F.

hGPI7 Competes with PIG-O for Binding to PIG-F—Next, we considered the possibility that PIG-O and hGPI7 compete for binding to PIG-F. We transfected CHO cells with FLAG-PIG-F, HA-mPig-o, and HA-msALDH plasmids, and increasing amounts of hGPI7 plasmid. FLAG-PIG-F was immunoprecipitated, and the co-precipitates were analyzed by Western blotting. The levels of HA-mPig-o co-precipitated with FLAG-PIG-F decreased with increasing amounts of the hGPI7 plasmid (Fig. 6A, top panel, left), whereas the expression levels of FLAG-PIG-F and HA-msALDH remained unaffected (bottom panel and top panel, right). Similar to the level of co-precipitated HA-mPig-o, the total expression levels of HA-mPig-o decreased with increasing amount of hGPI7 (top panel, right), suggesting that HA-mPig-o detached from PIG-F was unstable and degraded rapidly. We obtained similar results by changing the amount of mPig-o plasmids (data not shown). These results demonstrate that hGPI7 competes with PIG-O for binding to PIG-F and imply that the expression levels of hGPI7 are capable of limiting the expression levels of PIG-O.



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  		FIG. 6.
hGPI7 competes with PIG-O for PIG-F. A, CHO cells co-transfected with 1 µg of FLAG-PIG-F, 3 µg of HA-mPig-o, and 2 µg of HA-msALDH plasmids and 0 to 20 µg of hGPI7 plasmid. From the lysates in 1% digitonin, FLAG-PIG-F, and HA-tagged, proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti-FLAG (lanes 2–4), anti-HA (lanes 6–8), or control (N, lanes 1 and 5) antibodies. The precipitates were analyzed by Western blotting with anti-HA (top panel) or anti-FLAG (bottom panel) antibodies. IP, immunoprecipitation. B, in vivo mannose labeling of hGPI7 overexpressing cells. HeLa cells were transfected with pME-Py-hGPI7 (hGPI7) or pME-Py-vector (MOCK). The transfectants were radiolabeled with [3H]mannose for 45 min, and extracted lipids were subjected to TLC. Right panel shows the overlaid histograms of the intensity of radioactivity, which were corrected for DPM intensities. Filled area, mock; line, hGPI7. C, percent of radioactivity in each GPI intermediate in total radioactivity. Black bar, H6; gray bar, H7; white bar, H8 (means ± S.E., n = 3). Data are representative of three independent experiments.

 
To determine the effect of the competition between hGPI7 and PIG-O on GPI biosynthesis, we analyzed the effect of hGPI7 overexpression in HeLa cells. The hGPI7-overexpressing cells accumulated more H6 than the mock transfectants (Fig. 6, B and C), implying inefficient conversion of H6 to H7. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that overexpression of hGPI7 decreases the biosynthetic activity of PIG-O by decreasing the available PIG-F, thereby destabilizing PIG-O.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
In the late phase of GPI biosynthesis in mammalian cells, GPI species H7 bearing EtNP linked to Man3 is generated from H6 by the action of an enzyme complex consisting of PIG-O and PIG-F (Fig. 1). H7 can be converted to H8 by further addition of a side chain, most likely EtNP, to Man2 (32). In the yeast S. cerevisiae, Gpi7p is involved in the EtNP side-chain modification of Man2 (9). The major finding in the present study is that an enzyme complex consisting of hGPI7 and PIG-F is involved in the conversion of H7 to H8. H7 and the major protein-linked GPI-anchors have the same glycan structure (5, 33), suggesting that H7 is the major substrate of GPI transamidase, which transfers GPI to proteins. A glycan structure corresponding to that of H8 was found in a small fraction of GPI-anchored proteins (33). Non-protein-linked free H8 is expressed on the cell surface (35). The biological roles of the side chain on Man2 and free H8 remain to be determined. Our present finding clarified the enzyme that generates H8.

First, we cloned hGPI7 and knocked it down by means of RNAi. When the hGPI7 mRNA level was reduced to 27% in HeLa cells by RNAi, H7 increased 5-fold, whereas H8 decreased (Fig. 3). Increased accumulation of H7 was also seen when hGPI7 knockdown was performed in class K K562 cells. Based on these results, we conclude that hGPI7 is involved in H7-to-H8 conversion.

Yeast Gpi7p, Gpi13p, and Mcd4p and their respective homologs hGPI7, PIG-O, and PIG-N form a family of EtNP-transferases. hGPI7 is closer to PIG-O (26% amino acid identity) than to PIG-N (20% identity), whereas PIG-O is closer to hGPI7 than to PIG-N (20% identity) (15, 16). Similar relationships are true among the yeast members, because the amino acid identities between Gpi7p and Gpi13p, Gpi7p and Mcd4p, and Gpi13p and Mcd4p are 24, 21, and 21%, respectively (13, 14). These structural relationships are consistent with their functional characteristics, namely their substrate specificities; hGPI7/Gpi7p and PIG-O/Gpi13p are involved in EtNP additions to the 6-position in mannose, whereas PIG-N/Mcd4p transfers EtNP to the 2-position (5, 9, 13–16). We previously reported that PIG-O is associated with PIG-F (16). PIG-F is also involved in transferring EtNP to Man3 because PIG-F-defective mutant cells do not generate H7 and accumulate H6 (17), which is the immediate precursor of H7 (Fig. 1). PIG-F is a highly hydrophobic ER membrane protein of 20 kDa (17) with no significant homology to any other proteins with known functions. In the absence of PIG-F, PIG-O is unstable and its expression level is only 20–25% of that in the presence of PIG-F (16). The PIG-F expression level is not dependent upon PIG-O. Therefore, PIG-F stabilizes PIG-O. PIG-F, however, does not bind to PIG-N (16). In the present study, we have shown that PIG-F binds to hGPI7 (Fig. 5, A and B). The observation that PIG-F binds to hGPI7 and PIG-O but not to PIG-N parallels the higher sequence identity of hGPI7 to PIG-O compared with PIG-N.

We also found that PIG-F stabilizes hGPI7 (Fig. 5C) similarly to its stabilization of PIG-O. The expression level of hGPI7 in the absence of PIG-F was one-half that in the presence of PIG-F. The complexes of PIG-O and PIG-F and hGPI7 and PIG-F are formed separately. Moreover, PIG-O and hGPI7 compete for binding with PIG-F (Fig. 6A). Therefore, when the amount of PIG-F is limited, the level of PIG-O is influenced by hGPI7. A higher level of hGPI7 results in a lower level of PIG-O and hence in lower generation of H7.

It is not known whether Gpi7p and/or Gpi13p are associated with Gpi11p, an S. cerevisiae homolog of PIG-F (13). The profile of accumulated GPI mannolipids in Gpi11p-defective cells is similar to that in Gpi7p-defective cells, but not to that in Gpi13p-defective cells. It is therefore possible that Gpi7p, but not Gpi13p, is dependent upon Gpi11p in S. cerevisiae.

The biological significance of GPI7 in yeast has been well studied. Most of the genes involved in GPI biosynthesis are essential for growth of S. cerevisiae. In contrast, GPI7 is not essential for growth, and deletion of gpi7 primarily causes phenotypes in the cell wall. The gpi7-null mutant is hypersensitive to Calcofluor White (36), has an increased chitin content, and has a decreased protein content (37). Consistent with these abnormalities, among the two forms of yeast GPI-anchored proteins, the expressions of cell wall proteins with the ceramide-type GPI are severely affected, whereas the expressions of plasma membrane proteins with the diacylglycerol-type GPI, such as Gas1p, are not affected (37). The basis for this selective effect on proteins with the ceramide-type GPI is most likely because of a defect in diacylglycerol-to-ceramide remodeling of GPI in the gpi7-null mutant (9). It was recently reported that Gpi7p is essential for separation of the daughter cells after cytokinesis. The GPI-anchored protein Egt2p, which is normally concentrated in the septum, was mislocalized in the gpi7 mutant. The EtNP side chain on Man2 is therefore important for correct targeting of GPI-anchored proteins in the daughter cells (38). Whether defective diacylglycerol-to-ceramide remodeling is related to defective targeting to the septum remains to be determined. In contrast to these advancements in studies on yeast GPI7, the biological significance of mammalian GPI7 has not yet been clarified. Because mammalian cells do not have a cell wall, mammalian GPI7 cannot have the same role as yeast Gpi7p but may be involved in processes such as remodeling of GPI or targeted transport of GPI-anchored proteins.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The nucleotide sequence(s) reported in this paper has been submitted to the GenBankTM/EBI Data Bank with accession number(s) NM_017733 [GenBank] .

* This work was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

§ Both authors contributed equally to this work. Back

|| Supported in part by Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea, Grant 01-PJ10-PG6-01GM-02-002 and Korea Research Foundation Grant KRF-2004-003-E00019. Back

{ddagger}{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Tel.: 81-6-6879-8328; Fax: 81-6-6875-5233; E-mail: tkinoshi{at}biken.osaka-u.ac.jp.

1 The abbreviations used are: GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; EtNP, ethanolamine phosphate; Man, mannose; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; h, human; m, mouse; RNAi, RNA interference; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GST, glutathione S-transferase; msALDH, microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase; HA, hemagglutinin; KD, knockdown; H6, Man-Man-(EtNP)Man-GlcN-(acyl)PI; H7, EtNP-Man-Man-(EtNP)Man-GlcN-(acyl)PI; H8, EtNP-Man-(EtNP)Man-(EtNP)Man-GlcN-(acyl)PI. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. Hidetoshi Hasuwa for the pH1 vector and advice regarding RNAi, Dr. Yasuhiro Morita, Dr. Yoshiko Murakami, Ji Young Kang, and Yeonchul Hong for helpful discussions, and Fumiko Ishii and Keiko Kinoshita for excellent technical assistance.



   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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