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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M410540200 on March 14, 2005 Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M410540200 on March 9, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 19, 19027-19035, May 13, 2005
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Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 Expression Mediates HER-2 Down-regulation in Colon Cancer Cells*

Scott K. Kuwada{ddagger}, Jinqiu Kuang, and Xiufen Li

From the Department of Medicine, Salt Lake City Veterans Administration Health Care System and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112

Received for publication, September 13, 2004 , and in revised form, January 10, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
HER-2 is constitutively activated and overexpressed in many cancers, and its inhibition in colon cancer cells diminishes tumorigenicity and induces apoptosis. Little is known about the regulation of HER-2 signaling in colon cancer cells. Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression is frequently lost in colorectal cancer cells compared with normal intestinal epithelium, and colon cancer cells lacking integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression utilize HER-2 signaling for proliferation and tumorigenicity. Re-expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells abrogated their tumorigenicity, but how this occurs is not well known. Stable expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells with little or no detectable integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 protein expression resulted in the post-transcriptional down-regulation of HER-2 protein. Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 was found to interact with HER-2, and the cytoplasmic domain of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 was sufficient to mediate HER-2 down-regulation. Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-mediated down-regulation of HER-2 was the result of increased lysosomal targeting. The inhibition of HER-2 signaling represents a potential mechanism by which integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 exerts its tumor suppressor-like activity in colon cancer cells. These results also suggest that a novel function for integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 is the control of HER-2 expression.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The EGFR1 is commonly overexpressed in colorectal cancers and has successfully been targeted in a recently completed human clinical trial (1). HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2), a member of the c-erbB receptor tyrosine kinase protooncogene family, is commonly overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including 35–85% of human colorectal cancers, in which its overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis (2–4). However, its potential role as a therapeutic target in colon cancers is in the preclinical phase. HER-2 is the only HER family member that lacks a ligand, but its tyrosine kinase activity can be stimulated through heterodimerization with other activated HER members. It appears to be the preferred heterodimerization partner when co-expressed with other HER family members and promotes cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis (5). HER-2 can also stimulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclooxygenase-2 by cancer cells, thus promoting tumor angiogenesis and survival (6, 7). HER-2 is an important therapeutic target in breast cancers, especially in those that greatly overexpress HER-2 protein. Colon cancer cells express much less HER-2 relative to breast cancer cells, but preclinical studies suggest that HER-2 may still be a relevant therapeutic target in human colon cancers (8, 9). Inhibition of HER-2 in colon cancer cells lacking detectable integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression resulted in diminished cell proliferation and tumor formation in athymic mice (9). c-erbB-2 gene duplication appears to be an uncommon cause of HER-2 protein overexpression in colorectal cancers (10), and the post-translational regulation of HER-2 in colorectal cancers is poorly understood.

Integrins are the largest family of epithelial cell adhesion receptors and are expressed in cells as {alpha}/{beta} heterodimers. Integrins and the HER family share common signaling pathways and cellular responses, such as differentiation, survival, motility, and proliferation. In fact, integrins can activate the EGFR in epithelial and nonepithelial cell lines (11–13). Regulation of integrin and HER family members is critical to normal cell behavior, because the dysregulation of the expression and function of members of each of these receptor families promotes tumorigenicity (14, 15). Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression is commonly lost during colonic tumorigenesis, and its re-expression in malignant Chinese hamster ovary and colon cancer cells abrogated their anchorage independent growth and tumorigenicity (13, 16–18). Little is known as to the mechanisms of the tumor suppressor-like activity of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1.

We show that the stable expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells lacking integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression caused a significant down-regulation of HER-2 protein levels. The down-regulation of HER-2 was not due to changes in c-erbB-2 transcriptional regulation. In addition, stable expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in a colon cancer cell line resulted in a significant decrease in amphiregulin mRNA levels and the loss of constitutive EGFR autophosphorylation, which was seen in the control cells. These results suggest that the loss of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression in colon cells may lead to constitutive activation of EGFR and HER-2-mediated signaling, which in turn promotes growth factor and extracellular matrix independence.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Reagents and Constructs
Humanized mAb 4D5 (HerceptinTM) was purchased from the Huntsman Cancer Institute pharmacy. The following antibodies were used for the immunoblotting experiments: integrin {alpha}5 mAb (BD Transduction Laboratories), HER-2 mAb (Ab-3, Oncogene Research), phospho-MAPK mAb (Cell Signaling), ERK1 mAb (Transduction Laboratories), actin mAb (Zymed Laboratories Inc.), V5 mAb (Invitrogen), Myc polyclonal antibody (Roche Applied Science), and ubiquitin polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Primary antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies (Zymed Laboratories Inc.). Lysosomes were detected using the acidophilic and fluorescent Lysotracker® dye (Molecular Probes). The lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine (Sigma) was used at a final concentration of 4 µg/ml in the cell culture medium. pcDNA3-integrin {alpha}5 was previously constructed as published (13).

pTP2000-HER-2-eGFP
Site-directed mutagenesis of pTP2000-HER-2 (a kind gift from Dr. Kathleen Woods Ignatoski, University of Michigan) was performed to generate a SalI site before the stop codon after the HER-2 sequence. A DNA fragment encoding eGFP with SalI restriction sites at the 5' and 3' ends was generated by PCR of the vector pEGFP (Amaxa) using the following primers: 5'-TACCGGTCGACACCATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGA-3' (sense primer) and 5'-GTACCGTCGACTGCAGAATTCG-3' (antisense primer). pTP2000-HER-2 and the cDNA fragment were cut with SalI and gel-purified. The digested PCR products were ligated yielding the following plasmid: pTP2000-HER-2-eGFP. The HER-2-eGFP construct was verified by DNA sequencing.

pcDNA4-{Delta}cyto
pcDNA3{alpha}5 was cut with the restriction endonuclease HindIII. The truncated integrin {alpha}5 DNA sequence was gel-purified and subcloned into the HindIII site of pcDNA4B (Invitrogen). The resulting construct encoded a peptide in which the cytoplasmic tail of the integrin {alpha}5 subunit was deleted at the amino acid just after the transmembrane sequence: extracellular domain-transmembrane sequence-KL/GFFKRSLPYGTAMEKAQLKPPATSDA (the cytoplasmic domain is underlined, and the forward slash shows the location of the truncation).

pcDNA4-{Delta}ECD
First, a plasmid containing the integrin {alpha}5 signal sequence was made. The integrin {alpha}5 signal sequence (MGSRTPESPLHAVQLRWGPRRRPPLLPLLLLLLPPPPRVGGFN) was amplified by PCR using pcDNA3-{alpha}5 as a template and with the following primers: 5'-CGCTAAGCTTAGAGCGGGCGCTATGGGGAGCC-3' (sense primer) and 5'-CTGCGGATCCCTCCGCGTCTAAGTTGAAGCCC-3' (antisense primer). The PCR fragment was designed to contain 5' HindIII and 3' BamHI restriction sites. The fragment was cut with HindIII and BamHI, gel-purified, and ligated in frame into pcDNA4A-Myc6-V5-His6. The resulting pcDNA4-{alpha}5 SS (signal sequence)-Myc6-V5-His6 construct was sequence-verified.

The integrin {alpha}5 sequence with deletion of the extracellular domain was constructed next. A DNA fragment containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains was generated by PCR using pcDNA3-{alpha}5asa template with the following primers: CCAAGAATTCAGGCAGCTATGGCGTCCCACTGT (sense primer) and AAATCTCGAGGACTCCGGCATCAGAGGT (antisense primer). The cDNA was designed to contain EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and XhoI, gel-purified, and ligated into pcDNA4-{alpha}5 SS-Myc6-V5-His6, which had been digested with EcoRI and XhoI (between the Myc6 and V5 epitope tag sequences). This resulted in a truncation mutant encoding an integrin {alpha}5 protein missing the extracellular domain-/GSYGVPLWIIILAILFGLLLLGLLIYILY-cytoplasmic domain (the transmembrane domain is underlined, and the forward slash shows the location of the 5' end of the truncation).

pcDNA4-Tm
The integrin {alpha}5 transmembrane sequence (GSYGVPLWIIILAILFGLLLLGLLIYILY) was amplified by PCR using pcDNA3-{alpha}5 as a template and with the following primers: 5'-CCAAGAATTCAGGCAGCTATGGCGTCCCACTGT-3' (sense primer) and 5'-TTTGAACTCGAGAAGCTTGTAGAGGATGTAGATGAG-3' (antisense primer). The cDNA was designed to contain EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and XhoI, gel-purified, and ligated in frame into pcDNA4-{alpha}5 SS-Myc6-V5-His6, which had been digested with EcoRI and XhoI (between the Myc6 and V5 epitope tag sequences). The final construct was sequence-verified.

Cell Lines and Culture
Caco-2 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines were obtained from the ATCC and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin. The cells were cultured on tissue culture plastic or permeable polycarbonate membrane inserts (24 mm, 0.8-µm pore TranswellsTM; Costar). Caco-2 cells were stably transfected with pcDNA3-integrin {alpha}5 as previously described and were maintained on fibronectin-coated plastic in medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/ml of G418 (13). HT-29 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (a kind gift from Dr. Rudolph Juliano, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) were maintained on fibronectin-coated plastic in medium supplemented with 1 mg/ml of G418 (17).

Transfection Protocols
HEK 293 cells were cultured in DMEM complete medium to about 70% confluency on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes, and Caco-2 cells were cultured to about 70% confluency on plain dishes. The medium was removed, and the cells were washed with 4 ml of Optimem medium (Invitrogen) and then overlaid with 2.4 ml of Optimem medium/dish. A mixture of 250 µl of Optimem containing 4 µg of DNA that was premixed with 8 µl of Plus reagent (Invitrogen) was incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The DNA mixture was then added to 250 µl of Optimem plus 24 µl of Lipofectamine (Invitrogen), which was then incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The DNA mixture was added to the cells, which were then incubated in the tissue culture incubator for 3 h. The medium was removed, and the cells were overlaid with complete DMEM for transient transfections or complete DMEM with 1.5 mg/ml G418 (pcDNA3-based constructs) or 200 µg/ml zeocin (for pcDNA4-based constructs).

For transient expression of pcDNA4-HER2-eGFP in HT-29 cells, the NucleofectorTM (Amaxa) was used because these cells were difficult to transfect. Confluent monolayers of HT-29 cells in 60-mm dishes were dispersed in trypsin-PBS, and then 5 ml of medium was added to each dish of cells. The cells were placed in conical sterile tubes and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 3 min at room temperature. The medium was removed, and the cells were washed twice in PBS. The cell pellets were resuspended in 100 µl of Nucleofector Solution V (Amaxa) and then mixed with 5 µl of DNA (concentration, 1 µg/µl). The cell/DNA mixture was transferred to a cuvette (Amaxa) and placed in the NucleofectorTM device. The samples were electroporated using program T-20. The cuvettes were immediately removed, and 500 µl of RPMI (supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and glutamine) was added to the cells. The cells were then transferred to 35-mm dishes containing sterile coverslips immersed in DMEM with 75 nM (final concentration) Lysotracker® dye. At various time points, the cells on the coverslips were washed with PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 10 min. The cells were washed twice in PBS and then mounted in Prolong GoldTM (Molecular Probes) on glass slides. The cells were imaged at 100x on a fluorescent microscope.

Cell Proliferation Assays
The cells were dispersed and plated at 40,000 cells/well in 96-well dishes. At various days in the culture, the cells were gently washed twice with 100 µl/well of ice-cold blocking buffer A (1% bovine serum albumin in PBS) and twice with 100 µl/well of ice-cold PBS. The cells were fixed for 10 min in 100% ice-cold methanol (100 µl/well) and then allowed to air-dry. The cells were stained with 100 µl/well of 0.1% crystal violet in H2O for 10 min and then washed gently four times with double distilled H2O and four times with PBS. The plates were then air-dried completely. The stained cells were then solubilized in 1% sodium deoxycholate, and the plates were read at 590 nm in a spectrophotometer. The absorption at 590 nm is proportional to the number of attached cells.

Soft Agar Proliferation Assay
A 1.6% low melting point agar solution (in water) was microwaved until boiling and then cooled in a 37 °C water bath. The agar solution was mixed 1:1 with 2x medium, and 1 ml of this solution was plated in 35-mm tissue culture plastic dishes. 20,000 cells were added to a solution containing 2x medium and 1x medium in a 1:2 ratio (3 ml total volume/dish). Then 1 ml of liquid 1.6% agar solution (at 37 °C) was added to the cell mixture, which was vortexed gently to disperse the cells. One ml of the cell mixture was layered onto the bottom layer and left at room temperature until the agar solidified. The cells were placed in a 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2 and photographed each day.

Northern Blot
The following probes were constructed.

GAPDH—A 1272-base pair DNA fragment was cut out of pBS(KS II)-GAPDH with PstI restriction endonuclease and gel-purified.

HER2—A 210-base pair PCR product was generated from Caco-2 cDNA that encompassed the exon II–III splice site and incorporated BamHI and SmaI sites at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, using the following set of primers: forward primer with BamHI site, 5'-GAGTGGATCCTGGAACCTGGAACTCACCTACCT-3', and reverse primer with SmaI site, 5'-AATACCCGGGTGGTATTGTTCAGC-3'. The PCR product was cut with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and SmaI, gel-purified, and ligated into the BamHI and EcoRV sites of pcDNA4C (Invitrogen). The probe for Northern blotting was cut out with BamHI and NotI and gel-purified. The probes were randomly labeled with [32P]dCTP using the RadPrime DNA labeling system (Invitrogen) and purified with G-50 Sephadex quick spin columns (Roche Applied Science).

RNA was extracted from 80–90% confluent cell monolayers with the RNeasy kit (Qiagen) per the manufacturer's instructions. The RNA was resolved in formaldehyde, 0.9% agarose gels and transferred to Hybond-N Nylon membranes (Amersham Biosciences) and immobilized with UV light. The membranes were washed in prehybridization buffer (5x Denhardt's Solution, 5x SSC (750 mM NaCl; 75 mM sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 0.1% SDS, 50% formamide, and 250 µg/ml denatured salmon sperm single-stranded DNA at 42 °C for 3 h. The denatured probe was then added into the buffer and incubated at 42 °C overnight. The membranes were washed in 2x SSC with 0.1% SDS at room temperature for 5 min and then twice for 20 min each in 0.1x SSC with 0.1% SDS at 65 °C. X-ray film was exposed to the membranes with intensifying screens at –70 °C overnight and then developed.

Cell Surface Protein Biotinylation
Confluent monolayers of Caco-2 and HT-29 control and integrin {alpha}5-transfected cells cultured on Transwell polycarbonate membranes were washed twice with ice-cold PBS. 4 °C PBS (pH 8) containing EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce) was added to the apical and basal chambers of the cells and left for 1 h at 4 °C. The cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and then once with ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8) to quench the reaction. The cells were warmed to 37 °C to allow HER-2 endocytosis to resume. At various time points thereafter, the cells were washed and lysed in lysis buffer. The lysates were normalized for total protein concentration and then incubated with 30 µl of a 50% slurry of streptavidin beads in PBS (Pierce) at 4 °C on a rocker overnight. The lysates were aspirated off, and the beads were washed once with lysis buffer and boiled in reducing sample buffer (125 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 20% glycerol, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2% {beta}-mercaptoethanol, 10 µg/ml bromphenol blue) for 3 min. Western blots for HER-2 were performed as described elsewhere in this section.

Immunoprecipitation
Confluent monolayers of cells were lysed in 4 °C lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 100 mM NaF, 10 mM Na2PO4, 1 mM Na3VO4, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, and 1 µg/ml each of aprotinin, leupeptin, chymostatin, and pepstatin) and clarified at 12,000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min. The lysates were then normalized for protein concentration to a total volume of 1 ml in lysis buffer. 1–2 µgof primary antibody were added to each tube of lysate, which was then incubated on a rocker at 4 °C for 2 h. The antibodies were immunoprecipitated with 50 µl of a slurry of protein A/G-Sepharose beads (Calbiochem) for 1 h on a rocker at 4 °C. The beads were washed twice with lysis buffer and then boiled in sample buffer for 3 min. The samples were then used to perform immunoblotting as described below.

Immunoblotting
The cells cultured on 100-mm plastic dishes were extracted at various times after plating in lysis buffer, sonicated for 10 s, and clarified at 14,000 rpm at 4 °C. Protein concentrations of the lysates were determined by the Bradford protein assay (Pierce). 50–100 µg of total protein for each lysate or immunoprecipitate were boiled in reducing sample buffer for 3 min and then resolved on 7.5 or 4–20% Tris-HCl SDS-polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis. The gels were transferred to nitrocellulose and blocked overnight in blocking buffer B (1% bovine serum albumin, 100 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, 0.9% NaCl, 0.1% Nonidet). The blots were then incubated with primary antibodies in blocking buffer B at 4 °C overnight. The blots were washed twice in blocking buffer B for 20 min each and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h at 4 °C. The blots were washed twice in blocking buffer B for 20 min each, incubated with SuperSignalTM horse-radish peroxidase substrate (Pierce) for 1 min and then exposed to film. Densitometry was performed on the bands on the blots using National Institutes of Health Image 1.63.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 Modulates HER-2 Expression and Function in Colon Cancer Cells—Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, which had little or no detectable integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 protein expression, were stably transfected with a vector containing the full-length human integrin {alpha}5 gene and selected in culture medium containing 1.5 mg/ml of G418. The stable expression of integrin {alpha}5 resulted in the overexpression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in Caco-2 and HT-29 clonal populations (13, 17).

Caco-2 and HT-29 cells are known to express HER-2 protein (9). Because HER-2 mediates cell proliferation and tumorigenicity, the effect of HER-2 inhibition on cell proliferation was tested by incubating the cells with the HER-2 antagonistic mAb 4D5 (trastuzumab). Although mAb 4D5 inhibited Caco-2 cells stably transfected with vector alone (Fig. 1A), it had little effect on Caco-2 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 1B). HER-2 is known to activate ERKs, which are known mediators of growth factor-induced cell proliferation. Control Caco-2, but not Caco-2 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (Caco-2-{alpha}5), showed constitutive activation of ERK1 and ERK2 (Fig. 1C). The constitutive ERK phosphorylation in HT-29 cells was reduced by incubation with mAb 4D5 for 24 h (Fig. 1C). HT-29-{alpha}5 formed significantly fewer colonies in the soft agar anchorage-independent proliferation assay than the control cells as expected from previous reports (13, 16, 17). Incubation with mAb 4D5 inhibited the anchorage-independent proliferation of control HT-29 cells but not HT-29-{alpha}5 cells (Fig. 1D), which showed that HER-2 promoted anchorage-independent proliferation in HT-29 cells lacking integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression.



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  		FIG. 1.
Expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells decreases HER-2-mediated proliferation. A and B, crystal violet assays showing inhibition of the cell proliferation of Caco-2 control cells with 10 µg/ml of the antagonistic HER-2 antibody mAb 4D5 (trastuzumab) (A) and minimal inhibition of the proliferation of Caco-2 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (B). C, confluent monolayers of control and integrin {alpha}5-transfected Caco-2 cells cultured on permeable filters were incubated in the absence or presence of 10 µg/ml of mAb 4D5 added to the basal compartment for 24 h. Phospho-MAPK and ERK1 (p44) immunoblots were generated from the cell lysates and showed constitutive phosphorylation of ERK1 in the control cells that could be inhibited by mAb 4D5. The loading controls (lower panel) show similar levels of ERK1 in each lane. W, Western blot. D, control and integrin {alpha}5-transfected HT-29 cells (HT-29-{alpha}5) were cultured in equal numbers in soft agar lacking or containing 10 µg/ml of mAb 4D5. The data represent the average (± standard error of the mean) number of colonies/high power field at the end of 5 days in culture. E, Western blots show an inverse relation between integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 protein expression levels in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (+) or vector alone (–). All of the lanes are normalized for total protein concentration. F, full-length integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 Western blots of clonal Caco-2 cell populations stably expressing integrin {alpha}5 (lanes 1–3) or vector alone (lanes 4–6). All of the lanes were normalized for total protein concentration.

 
To understand why the control Caco-2 and HT-29 cells demonstrated decreased proliferation in the presence of mAb 4D5 and the integrin {alpha}5-transfected cells did not, the expression levels of HER-2 were examined. The integrin {alpha}5-transfected Caco-2 and HT-29 cells demonstrated much lower HER-2 protein levels than the control cells (Fig. 1E). Multiple Caco-2 integrin {alpha}5 transfectants were isolated and studied to determine the potential effect of clonal selection on HER-2 expression. Three additional stable integrin {alpha}5-transfected Caco-2 clones showed HER-2 down-regulation (Fig. 1F, left panel, lanes 4–6), whereas three additional control transfectants failed to show HER-2 down-regulation (Fig. 1F, left panel, lanes 1–3). This showed that the stable expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 consistently resulted in decreased HER-2 expression. Because HER-2 cleavage was observed in cells overexpressing HER-2 (20), the entire HER-2 Western blot, which was performed with a monoclonal antibody that detects the carboxyl-terminal portion of HER-2, is shown (Fig. 1F). No HER-2 cleavage products were detected in the lysates generated from integrin {alpha}5-transfected Caco-2 cells.

Mechanism of Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-mediated Decrease in HER-2 Expression—The possibility that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 caused a decrease in c-erbB2 transcription was examined. Neither HT-29 nor Caco-2 cells that were stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 showed decreased HER-2 mRNA levels compared with the control transfected cells (Fig. 2A). Loading controls of the cell lines showed similar levels of GAPDH mRNA in the samples.



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  		FIG. 2.
Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 mediates post-transcriptional down-regulation of HER-2. A, Northern blots of confluent monolayers of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells stably transfected with vector or integrin {alpha}5 showing similar levels of HER-2 and GAPDH (loading control) transcripts in each lane. All of the lanes were normalized for total RNA concentration. B, immunoblots showing transient expression of vector or integrin {alpha}5 in Caco-2 cells (upper panel) did not change HER-2 protein expression (lower panel). The results of densitometry measurements of the HER-2 immunoblot are shown at the bottom. The units percentages of the band in the first lane of the HER-2 immunoblot. W, Western blot. C, immunoblots of integrin {alpha}5, HER-2, and actin (loading controls) generated from lysates of Caco-2 cells stably transfected with pcDNA3 or pcDNA3-{alpha}5 expression vectors. Following transfection, the cells were passaged in the presence of G418 and then lysed at various passages. All of the lanes were normalized for total protein concentration. The graph below the HER-2 immunoblot shows the densitometry results for the HER-2 bands in arbitrary units.

 
The data in Fig. 2A suggested that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-induced down-regulation of HER-2 may occur at the post-transcriptional level. To test this hypothesis, Caco-2 cells were transiently transfected with integrin {alpha}5. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were lysed and used to generate integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 immunoblots. Down-regulation of HER-2 protein did not occur in Caco-2 cells transiently transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 2B), but instead it took at least two passages in the presence of the selection agent G418 to see at least a 50% decrease in HER-2 expression compared with the control cells (Fig. 2C). The diminished expression of HER-2 persisted with subsequent passages. The HER-2 protein levels remained constant in the Caco-2 cells stably transfected with vector alone (Fig. 2C). Co-transfection of HER-2 and integrin {alpha}5 did not induce apoptosis (data not shown), arguing against a selection mechanism for the emergence of a population of cells expressing integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 and not HER-2.

Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 Stimulates HER-2 Protein Degradation—One possible explanation for the decreased HER-2 protein levels in the integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-expressing cells was a decrease in the half-life of HER-2 protein. To study this, Caco-2 cells that were transfected with integrin {alpha}5 and only passaged once in G418, so they expressed readily detectable levels of both integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 proteins, and control cells were surface biotinylated at 4 °C for 1 h. The cells were then brought to 37 °C to allow receptor endocytosis to resume, and at various time points thereafter, the cells were lysed. The lysates were normalized for total protein concentration and incubated with streptavidin beads. The resulting precipitates were resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and blotted with anti-HER-2 antibodies. The immunoblots show that surface HER-2 protein levels did not change much over the 24-h time course in the control cells, whereas they fell greatly after 12 h in the integrin {alpha}5-transfected cells (Fig. 3A). These data showed that the half-life of surface HER-2 receptors was significantly reduced in cells stably expressing integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1.



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  		FIG. 3.
Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 increases HER-2 protein degradation. A, Caco-2 cells stably transfected with vector or integrin {alpha}5 were surface biotinylated for 1 h at 0 °C. The cells were brought to 37 °C (time 0) and lysed at various time points thereafter. Biotinylated surface proteins were precipitated with streptavidin beads from aliquots of the lysates normalized for total protein concentration. The precipitates were used to generate HER-2 immunoblots. The graph shows the densitometry results of the Western blots. IP, immunoprecipitation; W, Western blot. B, immunoblot of HER-2 generated from lysates of HT-29 cells transfected with vector ({alpha}5–) or integrin {alpha}5 ({alpha}5+) that were incubated in the presence of 4 µg/ml (final concentration) of the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine for 0–48 h. All of the lanes contain equal total protein concentrations. The graph shows the densitometry results of the Western blot. D–I, fluorescence microscopy images of Caco-2 control transfected (D–F) or Caco-2-{alpha}5 cells (G–I)24h after nucleofection with a vector containing a HER-2-eGFP (green) construct. The cells were also incubated with Lysotracker dye (red) that localizes to lysosomes. The white arrows show the cell membranes. Representative cells are shown at 100x magnification.

 
The EGFR is well known to undergo lysosomal targeting and degradation following ligand binding. HER-2 undergoes rapid lysosomal degradation following treatment with HER-2 antibodies but is otherwise endocytosis deficient (21, 22). We hypothesized that the significantly decreased half-life of HER-2 in the integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-expressing cells could be due to increased lysosomal targeting. To test this hypothesis, HT-29 control and integrin {alpha}5-transfected cells were treated for various lengths of time with the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. Although the control cells showed little change in HER-2 protein levels after 48 h of treatment with chloroquine, the integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-expressing cells demonstrated a large increase in HER-2 protein (Fig. 3B). Thus, the increased down-regulation of HER-2 in the integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-expressing cells could be reversed by lysosomal inhibition.

As further evidence of increased lysosomal targeting of HER-2 in the integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-expressing Caco-2 cells, a HER-2-eGFP construct was expressed in control transfected and Caco-2-{alpha}5 cells using nucleofection. Expression of the HER-2-eGFP protein in the cytoplasm and cell membrane was seen within 1–2 h after nucleofection of the cells (data not shown). Twenty-four hours after nucleofection, HER-2-eGFP was still seen in the cell membranes of Caco-2 control transfected cells (Fig. 3D) but not the Caco-2-{alpha}5 cells (Fig. 3G). HER-2-eGFP was more strongly localized to lysosomes in the cytoplasm but absent from the cell membranes of Caco-2-{alpha}5 (Fig. 3, E and F), whereas Caco-2 control transfected cells showed retention of cell membrane localization as well as co-localization with lysosomes 24 h after nucleofection (Fig. 3, H and I).

To determine which portion of integrin {alpha}5 was important for the down-regulation of HER-2, truncation mutants of integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 4A) were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells. The integrin {alpha}5 subunit is comprised of an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic domain. All three mutant constructs were engineered to express a V5 epitope tag at the carboxyl-terminal end of the peptides. The integrin {alpha}5 truncation mutant lacking the extracellular domain ({Delta}ECD) and another lacking both the extracellular and cytoplasmic domains but retaining the transmembrane domain were engineered with Myc epitope tags at the amino termini. To successfully express the transmembrane domain and {Delta}ECD constructs in the cell membrane, the integrin {alpha}5 signal sequence was inserted 5' to the Myc epitope tag sequences.



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  		FIG. 4.
Determination of integrin {alpha}5 domains necessary to down-regulate HER-2. A, epitope-tagged integrin {alpha}5 deletion mutant constructs engineered to determine which portion of integrin {alpha}5 was responsible for HER-2 down-regulation. B, the integrin {alpha}5 deletion mutant constructs were transiently transfected in HEK 293 cells for 24 h. The cells were then lysed and used to generate immunoblots to detect the V5 epitope tag (all constructs) and the Myc6 epitope tag (Tm and {Delta}ECD constructs). W, Western blot. C, transient expression of epitope-tagged integrin {alpha}5 deletion mutant constructs in HEK 293 cells. All of the truncated peptides were detected at the cell membrane (white arrows) using a V5 primary mAb and Alexa 488-conjugated secondary antibody. D, HER-2 Western blot of HEK 293 cells 24 h after transient transfection with the various integrin {alpha}5 deletion mutant constructs. Tm, transmembrane domain; {Delta}ECD, deleted extracellular domain. IP, immunoprecipitation; W, Western blot.

 
Immunofluorescence detection of the epitope tags was used to determine whether the constructs were expressed at the cell membrane. The mutant constructs were detected with V5 or Myc antibodies (Fig. 4B). The V5 epitope tags were readily detected in the cell membranes for all three truncation products (Fig. 4C). Expression of the transmembrane domain and {Delta}cyto constructs failed to effect HER-2 down-regulation, but expression of the {alpha}5-{Delta}ECD construct did (Fig. 4D). These data suggested that the cytoplasmic domain of integrin {alpha}5 was sufficient for mediating HER-2 down-regulation.

Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 and HER-2 Interact—We hypothesized that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 and HER-2 may be interacting. HEK 293 cells were transiently co-transfected with integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2. HER-2 was readily co-immunoprecipitated with integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 5A) and integrin {alpha}5 with HER-2 (Fig. 5B). As was observed in Caco-2 and HT-29 cells, stable co-expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 and HER-2 resulted in lower levels of HER-2 than the control transfected cells (Fig. 5B, lower panel). This was despite that fact that HER-2 alone could be highly overexpressed in HEK 293 cells (Fig. 5E). To demonstrate an interaction between HER-2 and integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells, HER-2 was co-immunoprecipitated with integrin {alpha}5 from lysates of Caco-2 cells stably transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 5C). These data showed that HER-2 and integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 were interacting in the cells studied, although it is presently unknown whether this interaction is direct or indirect.



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  		FIG. 5.
Integrin {alpha}5 interacts with HER-2. A and B, co-immunoprecipitation of HER-2 with integrin {alpha}5 (A) and integrin {alpha}5 with HER-2 (B) from lysates of HEK 293 cells that were co-transfected with integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 constructs (+) or the respective vectors (–). The lysates were normalized for total protein concentration prior to immunoprecipitation. C, co-immunoprecipitation of HER-2 with integrin {alpha}5 from lysates of Caco-2 cells stably transfected with vector alone or integrin {alpha}5. The lysates were normalized for total protein concentration prior to immunoprecipitation. D and E, immunoprecipitation of HER-2 (D) and integrin {alpha}5(E) from lysates of HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with integrin {alpha}5, HER-2, or both constructs for 24 h. The immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with HER-2 antibodies (D) or integrin {alpha}5 (E). All of the lysates contained the same total protein concentration prior to immunoprecipitation. The black arrows show the full-length immunoprecipitated proteins. The white arrows show degradation products of HER-2 detected with an antibody directed against the carboxyl-terminal portion of HER-2 (E).

 
Ligand or anti-HER-2 binding to the EGFR and HER-2, respectively, causes activation of the receptors followed by c-Cbl-mediated monoubiquitination of the receptors, which causes lysosomal targeting of the proteins (23, 24). Bands lower in molecular weight were seen on the HER-2 Western blots of HER-2 immunoprecipitates generated from cells singly transfected with HER-2 and to a greater degree from cells co-transfected with integrin {alpha}5 and HER-2 (Fig. 5D, open arrows). This suggested the presence of HER-2 degradation products in the cell overexpressing HER-2. Fig. 5E shows the successful overexpression of integrin {alpha}5 in the transfected cells.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
During the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to adenocarcinoma, a consistent loss of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression occurs (18). Because HER-2 is commonly overexpressed in colorectal cancers, we examined whether a relationship between integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 and HER-2 expression existed. We showed in the present study that re-expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in colon cancer cells decreased HER-2 protein levels through increased lysosomal degradation.

Zutter et al. (31, 32) previously showed that integrin {alpha}2/{beta}1 re-expression in breast cancer cells resulted in decreased HER-2 expression through transcriptional inhibition of c-erbB-2. Another study recently showed that increased signaling through integrin {alpha}6/{beta}1 resulted in ectodomain cleavage of HER-2 (20). We did not, however, observe HER-2 cleavage products using a carboxyl-terminal specific HER-2 antibody in colon cancer cells transfected with integrin {alpha}5 (Fig. 1F). When HER-2 was overexpressed alone or with integrin {alpha}5 in HEK 293 cells, protein bands lower in molecular weight than full-length HER-2 were detected with a carboxyl-terminal and HER-2-specific antibody, suggesting the presence of HER-2 cleavage products (Fig. 5E). It is important to note that colon cancer cells express on the order of tens of thousands of endogenous HER-2 receptors/cell, whereas cells transfected with HER-2 express an order of magnitude or more of HER-2 receptors/cell (9, 33). In the study by Shimizu et al. (20), integrin {alpha}6/{beta}1-mediated HER-2 cleavage was observed in cells transfected with HER-2. Thus, HER-2 cleavage has only been observed by others and us in cells that have been transfected with HER-2 or in SKBr-3 cells that express very high levels of HER-2 (20, 34–36). We conclude that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1-mediated cleavage of HER-2 was not an important mechanism in the down-regulation of endogenous levels of HER-2 in colon cancer cells transfected with integrin {alpha}5. Alternatively, our results indicate that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 mediated the down-regulation of HER-2 protein through increased lysosomal targeting of HER-2.

HER-2, HER-3, and HER-4 are all endocytosis-deficient compared with the EGFR (21). HER-2 is unique in that it lacks a ligand but can be stimulated to undergo endocytosis by a variety of antibodies targeting its extracellular domain (24). HER homodimers are preferentially trafficked to lysosomes whereas heterodimers are recycled back to the cell membrane by the endocytic cellular machinery (37). The crystal structure of HER-2 bound by the Fab portion of mAb 4D5 (trastuzumab) predicted that the complete antibody would cross-link HER-2 molecules and produce homodimers (38). Our finding that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 was found in complexes with HER-2 suggests that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 could aggregate HER-2 receptors favoring their endocytosis.

Recent studies have shed light on the regulation of cell membrane integrins. In mammary epithelial cells, {beta}1 integrins were internalized and endocytosed in a calcium-, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-, and dynamin-dependent fashion (39). In fact, integrin {beta}1 co-localized with transferrin receptors within endosomes prior to recycling to the cell membrane. This behavior is very reminiscent of the trafficking pattern of EGFRs following ligand activation. Following activation of the EGFR or HER-2 by ligand or cross-linking antibodies, respectively, the receptors homodimerize, are rapidly autophosphorylated and monoubiquitinated in a c-Cbl-dependent fashion (23, 24). Monoubiquitination of the receptors signals trafficking to multivesicular bodies where they can be recycled to the cell membrane or trafficked to lysosomes. The continued contact of c-Cbl with the monoubiquitinated EGFR is necessary for the final lysosomal targeting step (40).

It is intriguing that {beta}1 integrins activated by stimulatory antibodies traffic to multivesicular bodies in human mammary epithelial cells (39) because it appears to be the decision point for EGFR trafficking to recycling endosomes or to the lysosomes for degradation. Our studies showed that the cytoplasmic domain of integrin {alpha}5 was sufficient to cause the down-regulation of HER-2 in colon cancer cells, but little is known about which proteins interact with this domain. A previous study showed that the integrin {alpha}5 cytoplasmic domain was important for cytoskeletal organization, a process that is important to receptor trafficking, and other studies have demonstrated the phosphorylation of c-Cbl following integrin ligation (41–44). We do not yet know whether integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 may recruit c-Cbl, or another E3 ligase, and bring it into contact with HER-2 receptors.

Thus, stable integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression in colon cancer cells lacking its expression inhibited HER-2 signaling, which could help explain how integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 acts as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer cells. It should be noted that expression of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 in a breast cancer cell line restored transforming growth factor {beta}II receptor levels and their susceptibility to transforming growth factor {beta}-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation (46). This mechanism is unlikely to explain the anti-tumorigenic effects of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression in Caco-2 or HT-29 colon cancer cell lines because they both possess inactivating SMAD4 mutations that prevent them from responding to transforming growth factor {beta} receptor signaling (47).

Integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 normally mediates strong survival signaling in response to fibronectin (48). Thus, it seems paradoxical that colon cancer tumorigenesis would favor the loss of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 expression. The effects induced by the extracellular matrix on normal intestinal epithelial cells also create selective pressures for colon cancer cells, as evidenced by the characteristic ability of the latter to invade through the underlying extracellular matrix. Perhaps the loss of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 by colon cancer cells is a manifestation of their gain of independence from fibronectin for critical cell functions, such as cell survival, proliferation, and adhesion. Increased growth factor receptor survival signaling may be sufficient to substitute for and thus permit the loss of integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1, which normally provides strong survival signaling (48, 49). Indeed, the proliferation and survival of integrin {alpha}5-transfected colon cancer cells were much less inhibited by antagonistic EGFR antibodies than the parental cell line (13). Our results suggest too that integrin {alpha}5/{beta}1 may function to control HER signaling in normal intestinal epithelial cells.

Future studies should focus on how integrin expression is regulated in cancer cells and to see whether modulation of protooncogene expression caused by alterations in integrin expression is a general feature of cancer cells. Studies of integrin regulation in cancer cells may lend insight into the mechanisms leading to invasion and metastasis.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.

1 The abbreviations used are: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; mAb, monoclonal antibody; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Back



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 DISCUSSION
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