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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M413390200 on April 17, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 24, 23380-23389, June 17, 2005
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The Adapter Protein CrkII Regulates Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Actin Polymerization, and Tension Development during Contractile Stimulation of Smooth Muscle*

Dale D. Tang, Wenwu Zhang, and Susan J. Gunst{ddagger}

From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202

Received for publication, November 29, 2004 , and in revised form, April 13, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Actin polymerization has been shown to occur in tracheal smooth muscle tissues and cells in response to contractile stimulation, and there is evidence that the polymerization of actin is required for contraction. In tracheal smooth muscle, agonist-induced actin polymerization is mediated by activation of neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp) and the Arp (actin-related protein) 2/3 complex, and activation of the small GTPase Cdc42 regulates the activation of N-WASp. In the present study, the role of the adapter protein CrkII in the regulation of N-WASp and Cdc42 activation, actin polymerization, and tension development in smooth muscle tissues was evaluated. Stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle tissues with acetylcholine increased the association of CrkII with N-WASp. Plasmids encoding wild type CrkII or a CrkII mutant lacking the SH3 effector-binding ability, CrkII SH3N, were introduced into tracheal smooth muscle tissues, and the tissues were incubated for 2 days to allow for protein expression. Expression of the CrkII SH3N mutant in smooth muscle tissues inhibited the association of CrkII with N-WASp and the activation of Cdc42. The CrkII SH3N mutant also inhibited the increase in the association of N-WASp with Arp2, a major component of the Arp2/3 complex, in response to contractile stimulation, indicating inhibition of N-WASp activation. Expression of the CrkII SH3N mutant also inhibited tension generation and actin polymerization in response to contractile stimulation; however, it did not inhibit myosin light chain phosphorylation. These results suggest that CrkII plays a critical role in the regulation of N-WASp activation, perhaps by regulating the activation of Cdc42, and that it thereby regulates actin polymerization and active tension generation in tracheal smooth muscle. These studies suggest a novel signaling pathway for the regulation of N-WASp activation and active contraction in smooth muscle tissues.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
CrkII is a member of a family of adapter proteins, which are composed of one Src homology 2 (SH2)1 and various numbers of SH3 domains and have no functional motifs (1, 2). The SH2 domain of these proteins recognizes tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, and the SH3 domain associates with poly-proline (PXXP) containing motifs (3). These adaptor proteins, which also include the proteins Nck and Grb2, are thus capable of forming selective multiprotein complexes that couple distinct signal transduction proteins to protein complexes that mediate core functions of the cell (4). The formation of specific protein complexes mediated by CrkII has been associated with the regulation of actin stress fiber organization, cell migration, and mitogenesis in some non-muscle cells including fibroblasts and NBT-II cells (5–7).

Globular (G)-actin is stimulated to polymerize onto filamentous (F)-actin in various smooth muscle tissues and cultured smooth muscle cells in response to contractile stimulation (8–15). Inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin or latrunculin depresses force development in smooth muscle without affecting myosin light chain phosphorylation (8, 16–18). These studies suggest that both actin polymerization and contractile protein activation are required for tension development in smooth muscle.

The actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex, a 7-component protein complex, promotes the nucleation of new actin filaments in vitro and in a number of motile cell types (19–21). In response to external stimulation, the Arp2/3 complex is activated by N-WASp, which is a ubiquitously expressed member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family of proteins that interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and G-actin to stimulate actin polymerization (19, 22–24). We have found that contractile stimulation of smooth muscle increases the association of N-WASp with Arp2, a major component of the Arp2/3 complex, and that the activation of the Arp2/3 complex by N-WASp regulates actin polymerization in smooth muscle (15, 25).

The small GTPase Cdc42 can regulate the activation of N-WASp in vitro. The GTP-bound form of Cdc42 interacts with N-WASp and initiates actin filament formation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex (19, 26, 27). The activation of Cdc42 in response to contractile stimulation can regulate the association of N-WASp with the Arp2/3 complex and regulates actin polymerization in smooth muscle tissues (25).

The SH2/SH3 adapter proteins Nck and Grb2 have been implicated in the regulation of N-WASp activation in reconstituted in vitro systems (28, 29). Addition of Nck SH3 domains into an in vitro system in the presence of purified N-WASp initiates the nucleation of actin filaments mediated by purified Arp2/3 complex (29). Grb2 has also been shown to act as an N-WASp effector in systems of purified proteins in vitro, leading to actin assembly via the N-WASp·Arp2/3 complex (28). Nck and Grb2 have also been shown to be spatially associated with N-WASp in local actin assembly during vesicle movement (30).

The focal adhesion protein paxillin is a major CrkII SH2-binding protein (31). We have previously shown that contractile stimulation of smooth muscle tissues induces tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin and that tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin increases its association with the adapter protein CrkII (12, 32–34). The expression of non-phosphorylatable paxillin mutants in smooth muscle inhibits the association of endogenous paxillin with CrkII and inhibits actin polymerization in response to contractile stimulation (12); however, the mechanism by which paxillin phosphorylation mediates actin polymerization in smooth muscle, and the possible role of CrkII in this process in smooth muscle in particular, or in eukaryotic cells in general, is not understood.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of CrkII in the regulation of N-WASp activation, actin polymerization, and force generation in smooth muscle tissues. We hypothesized that CrkII may couple phosphorylated paxillin to N-WASp and thereby provide a mechanism for the initiation of actin polymerization by external stimuli in smooth muscle. Our results demonstrate that CrkII plays an essential role in regulating N-WASp activation, actin polymerization, and tension development during the contractile stimulation of smooth muscle tissues with acetylcholine. We also found that CrkII regulates the activation of Cdc42 and the association of Cdc42 with N-WASp. These observations suggest that CrkII may regulate N-WASp activation in this tissue by regulating the activation of Cdc42.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Preparation of Smooth Muscle Tissues—Mongrel dogs (20–25 kg) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, intravenously) and quickly exsanguinated. A 12- to 15-cm segment of extra-thoracic trachea was immediately removed and immersed in physiological saline solution at 22 °C (composition in mM: 110 NaCl, 3.4 KCl, 2.4 CaCl2, 0.8 MgSO4, 25.8 NaHCO3, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 5.6 glucose). The solution was aerated with 95%O2-5%CO2 to maintain a pH of 7.4. Rectangular strips of tracheal muscle 0.6–0.7 mm in diameter and 8–10 mm in length were dissected from the trachea after removal of the epithelium and connective tissue layer. The use of an appropriately sized strip was critical for maintaining muscle contractility during the incubation period and for the successful introduction of plasmids throughout the muscle strip. Each muscle strip was placed in physiological saline solution at 37 °C in a 25-ml organ bath and attached to a Grass force transducer. At the beginning of each experiment, maximal force development was determined by increasing muscle length progressively during successive contractions until the force of active contraction in response to a contractile stimulus reached a maximum.

Plasmids encoding recombinant proteins or oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were introduced into muscle strips according to the experimental procedures described below. Muscle strips were then incubated for 2 days with plasmids in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The strips were then returned to physiological saline solution at 37 °C in 25-ml organ baths and attached to Grass force transducers for the measurement of isometric force. For biochemical analysis, muscle strips were frozen using liquid N2-cooled tongs and then pulverized under liquid N2 using a mortar and pestle.

Introduction of Plasmids Encoding Recombinant Proteins or ODNs into Tracheal Smooth Muscle Tissues—Plasmids encoding wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant (cysteine is substituted for tryptophan 109) have been previously described (35). cDNA constructs for wild type Cdc42 and the Asn-17 Cdc42 dominant negative mutants have been previously described (36–38). Escherichia coli (Bluescript) transformed with these plasmids were grown in LB medium, and plasmids were purified by alkaline lysis with SDS (maxipreparation) or by a kit from Invitrogen (S.N.A.P. #K1910-01).

Antisense ODNs with the following sequence were designed to suppress endogenous CrkII expression in canine tracheal muscle tissues: 5'-TCACTCCACTACCCTGCC-3'. The following sequence of sense oligonucleotides was used as a control: 5'-GGCAGGGTAGTGGAGTGA-3'. Based on sequence-matching results obtained from The National Center for Biotechnology Information, these sequences are not homologous to sequences of any other contractile proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, or adapter proteins. The ODNs were fully phosphorothiolated to enhance their intracellular stability in smooth muscle cells and were synthesized and purified by GenoMechanix, L.L.C., Gainsville, FL.

Plasmids carrying recombinant proteins or ODNs were introduced into the smooth muscle strips by reversible permeabilization (also referred to as chemical loading) using methods we have previously described (12, 15, 25, 39–41). After determination of the maximal isometric force, muscle strips were attached to metal mounts at the appropriate length. The strips were placed in 0.5-ml tubes and incubated successively in each of the following solutions: Solution 1 (at 4 °C for 120 min) containing 10 mM EGTA, 5 mM Na2 ATP, 120 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, and 20 mM TES; Solution 2 (at 4 °C overnight) containing 0.1 mM EGTA, 5 mM Na2ATP, 120 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 20 mM TES, and 10 µg/ml plasmids; Solution 3 (at 4 °C for 30 min) containing 0.1 mM EGTA, 5 mM Na2ATP, 120 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 20 mM TES; and Solution 4 (at 22 °C for 60 min) containing 110 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgSO4, 25.8 mM NaHCO3, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, and 5.6 mM dextrose. Solutions 1–3 were maintained at pH 7.1 and aerated with 100% O2. Solution 4 was maintained at pH 7.4 and aerated with 95%O2-5%CO2. After 30 min in Solution 4, CaCl2 was added gradually to reach a final concentration of 2.4 mM. The strips were then incubated in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C for 2 days in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 5 mM Na2ATP, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, and 10 µg/ml plasmids or 10 µM ODNs. We have previously shown that transfection efficiencies of >90% are achieved in smooth muscle tissues using this reversible permeabilization method (12, 15, 41).

Analysis of Protein Expression—Pulverized muscle strips were mixed with extraction buffer containing: 20 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.4, 2% Triton X-100, 0.2% SDS, 2 mM EDTA, phosphatase inhibitors (2 mM sodium orthovanadate, 2 mM molybdate, and 2 mM sodium pyrophosphate) and protease inhibitors (2 mM benzamidine, 0.5 mM aprotinin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). Each sample was centrifuged for the collection of supernatant, and the supernatant was then boiled in sample buffer (1.5% dithiothreitol, 2% SDS, 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 10% glycerol, and 0.01% bromphenol blue) for 5 min. Proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose, after which the nitrocellulose membrane was blocked with 2% gelatin for 1 h and probed with monoclonal antibody to CrkII (clone 22, BD Biosciences) followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) (Amersham Biosciences). Proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). The membrane was stripped and reprobed with metavinculin/vinculin polyclonal antibody (custom-prepared by BABCO, Richmond, CA).

Assessment of Cdc42 Activation—The activation of Cdc42 was determined by using an assay kit (BK034) from Cytoskeleton, Denver, CO. Pulverized muscle tissues were mixed with lysis buffer containing 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 M NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 5% sucrose, and 50% glutathione beads for 15 min at 4 °C. The mixtures were centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at 10,000 rpm, 5 min, and 4 °C. The resulting supernatants were reacted with GST-tagged p21-activated kinase-PBD (p21-activated kinase binding domain) in a binding buffer (25 mM Tris, pH7.5, 30 mM MgCl2, 40 mM NaCl, and 2% Nonidet P-40) followed by the addition of 50% glutathione beads. Active and GTP-bound Cdc42 selectively binds to p21-activated kinase-PBD tagged with GST, which can be affinity-precipitated by glutathione beads. The pelleted beads were collected after centrifugation at 7,000 rpm, 3 min, and 4 °C. The pellet was boiled in sample buffer (1.5% dithiothreitol, 2% SDS, 80 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 10% glycerol, and 0.01% bromphenol blue) and separated by 15% SDS-PAGE. Blots of the samples were incubated with Cdc42 antibody followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Amersham Biosciences) and visualized by ECL.

Permeabilization of Muscle Tissues with {alpha}-Toxin and Measurement of Tension in Response to Stimulation with Ca2+—Muscle tissues were permeabilized with {alpha}-toxin as previously described (39). For the measurement of isometric force in response to intracellular Ca2+, {alpha}-toxin-permeabilized muscle strips were mounted in tissue baths in relaxing solution (pCa 9), attached to force transducers (model GM-2, Gould), and stimulated for 15 min with a contracting solution containing 10-5 M free Ca2+ (pCa 5) of the following composition: (in mM) 8.5 Na2ATP, 4 K+-Ca2+-EGTA, 1 DTT, 10 sodium creatine phosphate, 20 imidazole, 8.9 magnesium acetate, 100.5 potassium acetate, and 1 mg/ml creatine phosphokinase (pH 7.1).

Analysis of Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation—Muscle strips were rapidly frozen at desired time points after contractile stimulation and then immersed in acetone containing 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and 10 mM DTT that was precooled with dry ice. Strips were thawed in acetone-trichloroacetic acid-DTT at room temperature and then washed 4 times with acetone-DTT. Proteins were extracted for 60 min in 8 M urea, 20 mM Tris base, 22 mM glycine, and 10 mM DTT. Myosin light chains (MLCs) were separated by glycerol-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose. The membranes were blocked with 5% milk and incubated with polyclonal affinity-purified rabbit MLC 20 antibody. The primary antibody was reacted with horse-radish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (ICN). Unphosphorylated and phosphorylated bands of MLCs were visualized by ECL and quantified by scanning densitometry. MLC phosphorylation was calculated as the ratio of phosphorylated MLCs to total MLCs.

Assessment of Paxillin Tyrosine Phosphorylation—Paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was determined by immunoblot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (ICN) (33, 34).

Analysis of F-actin/G-actin Ratio—The concentration of F-actin and G-actin in smooth muscle tissues was measured using an assay kit from Cytoskeleton Inc. (12, 15, 42–44). Briefly, each of the smooth muscle strips was homogenized in 200 µl of F-actin stabilization buffer (50 mM PIPES, pH 6.9, 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM EGTA, 5% glycerol, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1% Nonidet P40, 0.1% Tween 20, 0.1% {beta}-mercaptoethanol, 0.001% antifoam C, 1 mM ATP, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, 0.015 mM leupeptin, 0.01 M benzamidine, 0.004 mM tosyl arginine methyl ester). The supernatants of protein extracts were collected after centrifugation at 151,000 x g for 60 min at 30 °C. The pellets were resuspended in ice-cold distilled H2O plus 10 µM cytochalasin D and then incubated on ice for 1 h to dissociate F-actin. The resuspended pellets were gently mixed every 15 min. The supernatant of the resuspended pellets was collected after centrifugation at 5,000 rpm, 2 min at 4 °C. Equal volumes of the first supernatant (G-actin) or second supernatant (F-actin) were subjected to analysis by immunoblot using anti-actin antibody. The amount of F-actin and G-actin was determined by scanning densitometry.

Assessment of Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation— Muscle extracts containing equal amounts of protein were precleared for 30 min with 50 µl of 10% protein A-Sepharose (Sigma). The precleared extracts were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 2 min. The extracts were incubated 2–3 h with goat polyclonal antibody against N-WASp (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and then incubated for 2 h with 125 µl of a 10% suspension of protein A-Sepharose beads conjugated to rabbit anti-goat Ig. Immunocomplexes were washed four times in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Triton X-100. All procedures of immunoprecipitation were performed at 4 °C. The immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to nitrocellulose membranes. The nitrocellulose membranes were divided into two parts; the lower part was probed with monoclonal antibody for CrkII (BD Biosciences), stripped, and reprobed with polyclonal Arp2 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or monoclonal Cdc42 antibody (BD Biosciences). The upper part was probed with N-WASp antibody. Proteins were quantitated by scanning densitometry of immunoblots.

Statistical Analysis—All statistical analysis was performed using Prism 4 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Comparison among multiple groups was performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by post test (Tukey's multiple comparison test). Differences between pairs of groups were analyzed by Student-Newman-Keuls test or Dunn's method. Values of n refer to the number of experiments used to obtain each value. p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Contractile Stimulation Increases the Interaction of CrkII with N-WASp in Smooth Muscle Strips—We evaluated the effect of contractile stimulation on the interaction of CrkII with N-WASp in smooth muscle tissues. Tracheal smooth muscle strips were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min, or they were unstimulated. Extracts of these smooth muscle strips were immunoprecipitated with N-WASp antibody. Blots of N-WASp immunoprecipitates and corresponding supernatants were probed using CrkII antibody, stripped, and reprobed with N-WASp antibody. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the other signaling molecules protein kinase C{alpha} and Rho are not found in the N-WASp immunoprecipitates, indicating that the immunoprecipitates have relatively high selectivity for CrkII (25).



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  		FIG. 1.
Increase in the association of CrkII with N-WASp in smooth muscle tissues in response to stimulation with ACh. Tracheal smooth muscle strips were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min, or they were unstimulated. N-WASp was immunoprecipitated from muscle extracts with N-WASp antibody. Blots of the immunocomplex and corresponding supernatants were detected by use of CrkII antibody, stripped, and reprobed with N-WASp antibody. A, representative immunoblot illustrating the increase in the interaction of CrkII with immunoprecipitated N-WASp in response to ACh stimulation. The amount of CrkII in the supernatant was reduced in ACh-stimulated muscles compared with unstimulated tissues. B, the ratio of CrkII to N-WASp in the pellet or supernatant of ACh-stimulated tissues was calculated against the corresponding value obtained from unstimulated strips. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). The asterisk indicates significant different ratios of CrkII/N-WASp in the stimulated strips relative to the ratio in unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05). C, representative immunoblot illustrating that the density of N-WASp blotting for whole homogenates was similar between unstimulated and ACh-stimulated muscles. The blot is representative of three identical experiments.

 
Stimulation with ACh resulted in an increase in the association of CrkII with N-WASp in smooth muscle tissues. As shown in Fig. 1A, the amount of CrkII that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp was significantly greater in the ACh-stimulated tissues than in unstimulated strips. The ratios of CrkII to N-WASp were significantly higher in immunoprecipitates obtained from stimulated muscles as compared with those in unstimulated muscle strips (Fig. 1B, n = 4, p < 0.05). In contrast, the amount of CrkII in the corresponding supernatant was significantly lower in the stimulated muscles than in un-stimulated tissues (Fig. 1, A and B, n = 4, p < 0.05). The amount of N-WASp in whole homogenates from unstimulated and ACh-stimulated muscles was not significantly different when evaluated by densitometric analysis of N-WASp immunoblots (Fig. 1C), confirming that ACh stimulation does not affect the accessibility of the antibody to the N-WASp.



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  		FIG. 2.
Expression of wild type and mutant CrkII proteins in smooth muscle tissues. A, blots of smooth muscles strips that had been treated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII (WT) or SH3N CrkII dominant negative mutant (SH3N), or strips that had not treated with plasmids (NP) were probed with CrkII antibody, stripped, and reprobed with metavinculin (Meta)/vinculin (Vin) antibody. B, the ratios of CrkII to metavinculin/vinculin in muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant were normalized to that in muscle strips not treated with plasmids. Values are means ± S.E. *, significantly higher ratios in muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant than the value for muscles not treated with plasmids (p < 0.05, n = 4).

 
Expression of Recombinant CrkII Proteins in Smooth Muscle Tissues—Crk-associated signaling events may depend on the ability of this protein to couple to downstream effectors via its NH2-terminal SH3 domain (35). N-WASp protein possesses a proline-rich domain that may associate with SH3-containing proteins (26). To determine whether the association of CrkII with N-WASp plays a role in regulating tension development in smooth muscle, we introduced plasmids encoding wild type CrkII or the CrkII mutant SH3N (a mutant that does not bind downstream effectors via its NH2-terminal SH3 domains) into smooth muscle strips by reversible permeabilization. These strips were then incubated for 2 days to allow for protein expression. Expression of these untagged wild type and mutant CrkII proteins in smooth muscle strips was assessed by immunoblot analysis.

The protein levels of CrkII were higher in muscle strips transfected with plasmids encoding recombinant proteins than in strips not treated with plasmids (Fig. 2A). To ensure the accuracy of protein loading, we also assessed the protein levels of the cytoskeletal proteins vinculin and metavinculin, a muscle isoform of vinculin present in smooth muscle. The levels of metavinculin/vinculin were similar in untransfected strips, strips expressing wild type CrkII, and tissues expressing SH3N CrkII mutant (Fig. 2A). The ratios of CrkII to metavinculin/vinculin were ~2-fold higher in muscle strips expressing wild type or SH3N CrkII than in muscle tissues not treated with plasmids (Fig. 2B, n = 4, p < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 3.
Effects of SH3N CrkII mutant on the interaction of N-WASp with CrkII and Arp2 in response to contractile stimulation. A, tracheal smooth muscle strips that had been treated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII (WT) or SH3N CrkII mutant (SH3N) were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min, or they were not stimulated. Blots of N-WASp immunoprecipitates from these tissues were probed with N-WASp antibody, stripped, and reprobed with antibodies against CrkII and Arp2. Ratios of CrkII/N-WASp (B) and ratios of Arp2/N-WASp (C) in muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant are normalized to corresponding ratios in unstimulated strips not treated with plasmids (NP). Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). The asterisk indicates significant higher corresponding protein ratios in the stimulated strips relative to the ratio in unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05).

 
The SH3N CrkII Mutant Inhibits the Association of N-WASp with CrkII and Arp2—We evaluated whether expression of the SH3N CrkII mutant affects the increase in the association of CrkII with N-WASp and the activation of N-WASp, as indicated by the association of N-WASp with Arp2, a protein constituent of the Arp2/3 complex. Tracheal smooth muscle strips that had been incubated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII or plasmids for the SH3N CrkII mutant were stimulated with ACh for 5 min, or they were not stimulated. Untransfected muscle strips were also subjected to the same treatments. The association of N-WASp with CrkII or Arp2 was then determined by co-immunoprecipitation analysis.

In untransfected tissues, the amount of CrkII and Arp2 that associated with N-WASp immunoprecipitates was increased in response to ACh stimulation (Fig. 3A). However, in muscle strips expressing the CrkII SH3N mutant, ACh stimulation of smooth muscle did not markedly increase the amount of CrkII and Arp2 that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp. ACh stimulation of tissues expressing wild type CrkII increased the amount of CrkII and Arp2 that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp (Fig. 3A). The ratios of CrkII to N-WASp and Arp2 to N-WASp were significantly lower in muscle tissues expressing the SH3N CrkII mutant than in untransfected tissues or muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII (Fig. 3, B and C, n = 4, p < 0.05). This indicates that the SH3N CrkII inhibits the association of endogenous CrkII with N-WASp, and impairs the activation of N-WASp.



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  		FIG. 4.
Effects of SH3N CrkII mutant on the association of Cdc42 with N-WASp in response to ACh stimulation. A, blots of N-WASp immunoprecipitates from unstimulated or stimulated strips (10-5 M ACh, 5 min) expressing wild type CrkII (WT) and SH3N CrkII (SH3N) or not treated with plasmids (NP) were probed with N-WASp antibody, stripped, and reprobed with antibodies against Cdc42. B, ratios of Cdc42/N-WASp in muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant are normalized to corresponding ratios in unstimulated strips not treated with plasmids (NP). Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). *, significant higher Cdc42/N-WASp ratios in the stimulated strips relative to the ratio in corresponding unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05).

 
CrkII SH3N Mutant Inhibits Cdc42 Activation and Its Association with N-WASp—Our previous studies have shown that the activation of N-WASp in tracheal smooth muscle requires the activation of Cdc42 and its association with N-WASp (25). We therefore evaluated the effect of the CrkII SH3N mutant on the association of Cdc42 with N-WASp and on Cdc42 activation.

The interaction between Cdc42 and N-WASp was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation analysis after smooth muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or the SH3N CrkII mutant were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min, or they were not stimulated. The amount of Cdc42 that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp was lower in muscle strips expressing SH3 CrkII mutant compared with muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII (Fig. 4, n = 4).

We assessed the effect of SH3N CrkII mutant on Cdc42 activation in response to contractile stimulation. Tracheal muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min. Extracts of these muscle tissues were mixed with GST-PBD (p21-activated kinase binding domain) that selectively binds to active Cdc42. The active Cdc42·GST-PBD complex was separated using glutathione affinity beads. The amount of active Cdc42 was determined by immunoblot analysis using Cdc42 antibody.

The amount of Cdc42 in the GST complex precipitates was lower in tissues expressing SH3N CrkII mutant than in muscle strips treated with wild type CrkII or untransfected tissues (Fig. 5A). The extent of Cdc42 activation in muscle strips treated with SH3N CrkII mutant was significantly lower than that in tissues treated with wild type CrkII or untransfected tissues (Fig. 5B, n = 4, p < 0.05). The results suggest that the SH3N CrkII mutant inhibits the activation of Cdc42 in response to contractile stimulation.



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  		FIG. 5.
Inhibition of Cdc42 activation in muscle tissues expressing SH3N CrkII mutant. Extracts of unstimulated or stimulated strips (10-5 M ACh, 5 min) expressing wild type CrkII (WT) and SH3N CrkII (SH3N) or not treated with plasmids (NP) were mixed with GST-PBD (p21-activated kinase binding domain). The active Cdc42·GST-PBD complex was separated using glutathione affinity beads. The amount of active Cdc42 was determined by immunoblot analysis using Cdc42 antibody. A, representative immunoblot illustrating the inhibition of Cdc42 activation by SH3N CrkII mutant. B, Cdc42 activation was normalized to the level obtained from unstimulated strips without transfection. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). The asterisk indicates significant higher Cdc42 activation in the stimulated strips relative to the level in corresponding unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05).

 
Inactive Asn-17 Cdc42 Mutant Does Not Inhibit the Association of N-WASp with CrkII or Paxillin Tyrosine Phosphorylation—We have previously shown that Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant inhibits the activation of N-WASp in smooth muscle tissues (25). To determine whether the activation of Cdc42 affects the interaction of CrkII with N-WASp, tracheal muscle tissues expressing Asn-17 Cdc42 or wild type Cdc42 were stimulated with ACh and the interaction between CrkII and N-WASp was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation.

In smooth muscle tissues expressing wild type Cdc42, in untransfected tissues, and in muscle strips expressing Asn-17 Cdc42, the amount of CrkII that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp was increased in response to ACh stimulation. The increase in the amount of amount of CrkII that co-immunoprecipitated with N-WASp in response to ACh stimulation was not significantly different among the three groups of tissues (Fig. 6, n = 4, p < 0.05).

We also examined paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation in smooth muscle tissues expressing Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant or wild type Cdc42. The increase in paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation determined by anti-phosphotyrosine antibody in response to ACh stimulation was significantly increased in muscle strips expressing Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant, muscle tissues expressing wild type Cdc42, and untransfected tissues. There were no significant differences in the increase in paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation among the three groups of tissues (Fig. 7, n = 4, p < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 6.
Increases in the association of CrkII with N-WASp in smooth muscle expressing Asn-17 Cdc42. A, blots of N-WASp immunoprecipitates from unstimulated or stimulated strips (10-5 M ACh, 5 min) expressing wild type Cdc42 and Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant (N17) or not treated with plasmids (NP) were probed with N-WASp antibody, stripped, and reprobed with antibodies against CrkII. B, ratios of CrkII/N-WASp in muscle strips expressing wild type Cdc42 or Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant are normalized to the ratio in unstimulated strips not treated with plasmids (NP). Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). *, significant higher CrkII/N-WASp ratios in the stimulated strips relative to the ratio in corresponding unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05).

 



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  		FIG. 7.
Increases in paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation in smooth muscle expressing Asn-17 Cdc42. Blots of protein extracts from unstimulated or stimulated strips (10-5 M ACh, 5 min) expressing wild type Cdc42 and Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant (N17) or not treated with plasmids (NP) were probed with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (PY20), stripped, and reprobed with antibodies against paxillin. Paxillin phosphorylation is normalized over the level of unstimulated strips not treated with plasmids (NP). Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). *, significant higher paxillin phosphorylation in the stimulated strips relative to the level in corresponding unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05).

 
Expression of the SH3N CrkII Mutant Depresses Tension Development in Smooth Muscle—We assessed the effect of the expression of wild type or mutant CrkII on contractile force by evaluating ACh-induced contraction in muscle strips transfected with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant. Force in response to 10-5 M ACh was compared before and after the 2-day incubation period. In muscle strips not transfected with plasmids and strips transfected with wild type recombinant CrkII, contractile force in response to stimulation with ACh was similar before and after the 2-day incubation period (Fig. 8A). In muscle strips transfected with the CrkII mutant, isometric force in response to stimulation with ACh was ~20% of the preincubation force (Fig. 8B, n = 10, p < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 8.
Depression of contractile force by the expression of the CrkII mutant SH3N. A, smooth muscle strips were contracted with 10-5 M ACh before and after treatment with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII and SH3N CrkII mutant or without plasmids. Contractile force in strips expressing wild type CrkII was slightly higher than that in strips treated without plasmids. Expression of the CrkII mutant inhibited contractile force. B, mean active force in response to 10-5 M ACh is quantified as percentage of ACh-induced force in each strip before treatment. Values are mean ± S.E. *, significantly lower response compared with muscles without plasmids (n = 10, p < 0.05).

 
Depletion of CrkII Protein Suppresses the Interaction of N-WASp with Arp2 and Inhibits Tension Development Stimulated by Acetylcholine—We depleted CrkII protein in muscles tissues using antisense ODNs to verify that the inhibition of ACh-induced N-WASp activation and tension development by the SH3N CrkII mutant does not result from other effects of overexpression of the mutant CrkII protein. Protein extracted from smooth muscle strips that had been treated with antisense or sense ODNs or with no ODNs for 2 days was analyzed by Western blot. Endogenous CrkII expression was lower in muscle strips treated with antisense ODNs than in strips treated with sense ODNs or no ODNs (Fig. 9A). Metavinculin/vinculin was similar in sense-treated and antisense-treated strips and in muscle tissues not treated with ODNs (Fig. 9A). The ratio of CrkII versus metavinculin/vinculin in antisense-treated tissues was significantly lower than that in sense-treated or no-ODN-treated strips (Fig. 9B, n = 4, p < 0.05).



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  		FIG. 9.
Depletion of CrkII protein by antisense inhibits the association of N-WASp with Arp2 and tension development in response to acetylcholine stimulation. A, immunoblots of protein extracts from muscle strips that had each been treated for 2 days with CrkII antisense ODNs, CrkII sense ODNs, or no ODNs. Less CrkII was detected in antisense-treated muscle strips than in the no ODNs-treated or sense-treated muscle strips. Similar amounts of metavinculin/vinculin were detected in all three strips. B, ratios in sense-treated and antisense-treated strips are normalized to ratios obtained in no ODNs-treated muscle strips (no ODNs). Values represent mean ± S.E. (n = 4). *, significantly lower ratios in antisense-treated strips relative to no ODNs-treated and sense-treated muscle strips (p < 0.05). C, smooth muscle strips that had been treated with or without ODNs were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min, or they were not stimulated. Blots of N-WASp immunoprecipitates from these tissues were probed with N-WASp antibody, stripped, and reprobed with Arp2 antibody. Ratios of Arp2/N-WASp are normalized to the ratio in unstimulated strips not treated with ODNs. Values represent means ± S.E. (n = 4). *, significantly higher corresponding protein ratios in the stimulated strips relative to the ratio in unstimulated tissues (p < 0.05). D, smooth muscle strips were contracted with 10-5 M ACh before and after treatment with or without ODNs. Contractile force in strips depleted of CrkII was lower than that in strips treated with sense ODNs or strips not treated with ODNs. Mean active force is quantified as the percentage of ACh-induced force in each strip before treatment. *, significantly lower response compared with muscles not treated with ODNs (n = 8, p < 0.05).

 
A significant increase in the ratio of Arp2 to N-WASp in N-WASp immunoprecipitates was observed in response to ACh stimulation in untreated and sense-treated muscle tissues. In contrast, ACh did not induce a significant increase in the ratio of Arp2/N-WASp in CrkII antisense-treated tissues (Fig. 9C, n = 4, p < 0.05). Similarly, ACh-stimulated tension development in antisense-treated strips was significantly inhibited compared with that in sense-treated muscle tissues or muscle tissues not treated with ODNs (Fig. 9D, np = 8, p < 0.05).

Expression of the SH3N CrkII Mutant Inhibits Increases in the F-actin/G-actin Ratio Stimulated by ACh in Smooth Muscle Tissues—We evaluated whether the SH3N CrkII mutant affects actin polymerization by assessing the effects of the CrkII mutant SH3N on the F-actin/G-actin ratio in smooth muscle. Smooth muscle strips treated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII and the CrkII mutant SH3N were stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min for the analysis of F-actin and G-actin. The ratio of F-actin/G-actin was analyzed by fractionation followed by Western blotting as described under "Experimental Procedures."

In the extracts of muscle tissues not treated with plasmids, the ratio of F-actin to G-actin was 4.09 ± 0.53 in unstimulated strips and 9.18 ± 1.29 in stimulated strips after 5 min stimulation with ACh (Fig. 10, p < 0.05, n = 4). Contractile stimulation led to an increase in the ratio of F-actin/G-actin in smooth muscle tissues expressing wild type CrkII; however, contractile stimulation did not significantly increase the ratio of F-actin/G-actin in strips expressing SH3N CrkII mutant (Fig. 10, p > 0.05, n = 4).



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  		FIG. 10.
Effects of expression of recombinant CrkII on F-actin/G-actin ratio in smooth muscle. Tracheal smooth muscle strips expressing wild type CrkII or the CrkII mutant SH3Nwere stimulated with 10-5 M ACh for 5 min. The relative concentrations of F-actin and G-actin were determined. *, F-actin/G-actin ratio in ACh-stimulated strips is significantly greater than the value for corresponding unstimulated strips (n = 4, p < 0.05). **, ACh-mediated F-actin/G-actin ratio in SH3N mutant-treated muscles is significantly lower than the ratios for ACh-stimulated strips expressing wild type CrkII or strips not treated with plasmids (n = 4, p < 0.05).

 



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  		FIG. 11.
Effects of expression of recombinant CrkII on myosin light chain phosphorylation in smooth muscle tissues. Myosin light chain phosphorylation was measured in smooth muscle strips (10-5 M ACh, 5 min) expressing wild type CrkII and CrkII mutant SH3N and in strips not treated with plasmids (No Plasmids). There were no significant differences in myosin light chain phosphorylation in strips not treated with plasmids and in strips expressing wild type CrkII or SH3N CrkII mutant. Values shown are mean ± S.E. (n = 4).

 
SH3N CrkII Mutant Does Not Affect Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation That Occurs in Response to Contractile Stimulation—Smooth muscle strips treated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII, SH3N CrkII mutant, or with no plasmids were frozen for the analysis of myosin light chain phosphorylation 5 min after contractile activation with acetylcholine. Force and myosin light chain phosphorylation in response to ACh stimulation are at a steady state by this time (39, 45). Although force production was dramatically depressed (Fig. 8), the increase in myosin light chain phosphorylation in strips expressing SH3N CrkII mutant was similar to that of the muscle strips not treated with plasmids (Fig. 11). The mean increases in myosin light chain phosphorylation 5 min after ACh stimulation in the tissues not treated with plasmids, and in the muscle tissues expressing wild type CrkII and SH3N CrkII mutant, were not significantly different (Fig. 5, n = 4–5, p > 0.05).

SH3N CrkII Mutant Inhibits Tension Development in Response to Stimulation with Ca2+ in Smooth Muscle Tissues Permeabilized with {alpha}-Toxin—We also evaluated the possibility that the Crk SH3N mutant inhibits tension development by disrupting signaling pathways that regulate the increase in intracellular Ca2+ in response to contractile stimulation. Smooth muscle tissues were treated with plasmids encoding either wild type CrkII, the SH3N CrkII mutant protein, or no plasmids. After 2 days of incubation, the tissues were permeabilized with {alpha}-toxin and stimulated to contract by increasing the concentration of Ca2+ in the bathing medium to pCa 5 (Fig. 12A). Tension in response to activation with Ca2+ in muscle strips treated with the SH3N CrkII mutant remained significantly reduced (34 ± 5.2%) relative to the force obtained in response to Ca2+ in muscle strips treated with plasmids encoding wild type CrkII proteins or no plasmids (Fig. 12B). Thus, tension development in SH2N CrkII-treated tissues remained depressed when they were stimulated directly with Ca2+ after permeabilization.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Contractile stimulation initiates actin polymerization in tracheal smooth muscle tissues (8, 15, 40). Contractile stimulation also initiates the interaction of N-WASp with the Arp2/3 complex in this tissue, and this requires activation of the small GTPase Cdc42 (25). Activation of the Arp2/3 complex by N-WASp is required for actin polymerization and tension development in response to contractile stimulation with acetylcholine in tracheal smooth muscle tissues (15). Our present results demonstrate that the coupling of CrkII to N-WASp is also required for N-WASp activation, actin polymerization, and tension development in smooth muscle. Furthermore, we find that CrkII regulates the activation of Cdc42 and the interaction of Cdc42 with N-WASp. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of N-WASp, actin dynamics, and active tension generation in smooth muscle. In tracheal smooth muscle, contractile stimulation triggers paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation and tyrosine-phosphorylated paxillin increases its binding to CrkII (12, 32, 33). The expression of non-phosphorylatable paxillin mutants inhibits the increase in the association of paxillin with CrkII and also inhibits actin polymerization (12). In the present study, contractile stimulation also increased the association of CrkII with N-WASp, suggesting that paxillin phosphorylation may regulate N-WASp activation via its coupling to CrkII. To evaluate the role of CrkII in regulating N-WASp activation in smooth muscle, we introduced plasmids encoding wild type CrkII and the CrkII mutant SH3N, which contains a point mutation within the SH3 domain that inhibits SH3 domain binding (35), into canine tracheal smooth muscle tissues by a method of reversible permeabilization (12, 15, 25, 41). Whereas expression of wild type CrkII in smooth muscle did not inhibit N-WASp activation, expression of the SH3N CrkII mutant inhibited the activation of N-WASp, as indicated by its coupling to Arp2. These results suggest that paxillin·CrkII·N-WASp complex formation is a critical step that is necessary for N-WASp activation in smooth muscle in response to stimulation with acetylcholine.



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  		FIG. 12.
Effect of expression of SH3N CrkII mutant on Ca2+-induced contraction in {alpha}-toxin-permeabilized muscle strips. Smooth muscle strips were incubated for 2 days with plasmids encoding wild type (WT) CrkII or plasmids encoding SH3N CrkII or with no plasmids. Force was measured in the intact muscle tissues following incubation in the plasmids. The tissues were then permeabilized with {alpha}-toxin and maintained in relaxing solution at pCa 9. Tissues were stimulated to contract by the exposure to a contracting solution at pCa 5. A, representative traces showing the increase in force of the {alpha}-toxin-permeabilized muscles in response to pCa 5 solution. B, mean active forces in response to pCa 5 solution in muscle tissues treated with no plasmids, plasmids encoding wild type CrkII, or plasmids encoding SH3N CrkII. Active force was normalized to the contractile response of no plasmid-treated muscle strips at pCa 5. *, significantly different from no plasmid and wild type groups. Values are means ± S.E. (n = 4, p < 0.05).

 
We recently demonstrated that activation of the small GTPase Cdc42 is required for the activation of N-WASp and acetylcholine-induced actin polymerization in smooth muscle; expression of the dominant-negative Cdc42 mutant Asn-17 in this tissue inhibits the activation of N-WASp (25). In the present report, expression of the CrkII SH3N mutant inhibited the association of N-WASp with Cdc42. Moreover, the CrkII SH3N mutant also inhibited the activation of Cdc42 in response to contractile activation. These results indicate that CrkII regulates both the activation of Cdc42 and the function of N-WASp in smooth muscle. Expression of the Cdc42 mutant Asn-17 did not inhibit the association of CrkII with N-WASp or the increase in paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation in response to acetylcholine stimulation. Because the Asn-17 Cdc42 mutant inhibits the interaction of endogenous Cdc42 with N-WASp and depresses N-WASp activation (25), the observations indicate that the association of both Cdc42 and CrkII with N-WASp are required for N-WASp activation during contractile stimulation of smooth muscle.

The role of Cdc42 in activating WASp family proteins is well documented (46, 47). Both WASp and N-WASp contain a G-protein binding domain, which includes a Cdc42/Rac interactive binding motif that binds to Cdc42 in its GTP-bound form (47–51). The binding of Cdc42 to N-WASp is believed to result in a conformational change in the structure of N-WASp that exposes the N-terminal domains required for N-WASp coupling to the Arp2/3 complex and G-actin, enabling the initiation of actin polymerization (19, 20).

The regulation of the activation of N-WASp by the SH2/SH3 adaptor protein CrkII has not been described; however, the SH2/SH3 adapter proteins Nck and Grb2 have been implicated in regulating N-WASp activation (19, 28, 29). Both of these proteins can bind to the proline-rich region of N-WASp via their SH3 domains (52). In reconstituted actin polymerization systems in vitro, Nck SH3 domains and PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate), which binds to conserved sequences near the Cdc42/Rac interactive binding motif of N-WASp, were found to act synergistically to activate N-WASp independently of Cdc42 (29). In contrast, Grb2 bound to N-WASp simultaneously with Cdc42 and enhanced N-WASp-mediated actin polymerization synergistically in an in vitro assay system (28). In the present study, we found that the interaction of CrkII with N-WASp was not sufficient to stimulate actin polymerization when the activation of Cdc42 was inhibited. These results suggest that the interaction of CrkII with N-WASp is necessary for Cdc42 to bind to and activate N-WASp.

The mechanisms by which CrkII might regulate Cdc42 and N-WASp activation are not known; however, observations of the role of intersectin-1 in the regulation of N-WASp and Cdc42 activation provide a possible model for the function of CrkII in regulating the Cdc42·N-WASp complex (53). Intersectin-I is a scaffolding protein with an SH3 domain that has guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity toward Cdc42 (53). In cultured cells, the direct binding of N-WASp to intersectin-1 up-regulates its guanosine nucleotide exchange factor activity enabling it to catalyze the generation of GTP-bound Cdc42; the GTP-bound Cdc42 then activates N-WASp (53).



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  		FIG. 13.
Proposed mechanism for regulation of actin polymerization in smooth muscle. Agonist activation stimulates paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation, increasing its coupling to the adapter protein CrkII. CrkII mediates the formation of a complex, including CrkII, Cdc42, and N-WASp, which facilitates activation of Cdc42 by an unknown GEF, and the consequent activation of N-WASp. N-WASp stimulates actin polymerization mediated by the Arp2/3 complex.

 
The amino-terminal SH3 domain of CrkII can bind to members of the DOCK180 family of proteins; DOCK180 proteins can function as critical regulators of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc 42 by activating the exchange of GDP for GTP (54). In smooth muscle tissues, CrkII may bind to and activate a guanine nucleotide exchange factor such as DOCK180 that regulates the activation of Cdc42, thus enabling the activation of N-WASp.

In the present study, filamentous actin increased by ~10% in response to contractile stimulation, which is consistent with our previous observations in this tissue (8, 12, 15, 25, 40). The mechanism by which a relatively small change in the amount of actin might regulate tension development remains speculative. In motile cells, WASp family proteins bind to the membrane upon activation where they activate the Arp2/3 complex to catalyze the nucleation of actin filaments that branch from existing actin filaments (19, 22, 27). The actin filaments of smooth muscle cells attach to the membrane at dense plaques (55), which are structurally similar to focal adhesion sites of cultured cells (56, 57). At these sites, the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane {beta}-integrins link to actin filaments via linker proteins, and extracellular regions of integrins engage with extracellular matrix. Thus, it is possible that the actin polymerization mediated by CrkII and Cdc42 occurs at dense plaques of smooth muscle cells during contractile stimulation. The branching of the cortical actin filaments might serve to strengthen the connections of actin filaments to extracellular matrix at dense plaques and thereby regulate tension development and cytoskeletal organization.

We also considered the possibility that the inhibition of tension development in smooth muscle in response to ACh by the SH3N CrkII mutant was caused by an inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ or a depression of myosin light chain phosphorylation. A rise in intracellular Ca2+ and the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin are recognized as primary mechanisms for the activation of crossbridge cycling and tension development during contractile stimulation (58, 59). However, we found that the expression of the SH3N CrkII mutant protein had no effect on myosin light chain phosphorylation in response to ACh stimulation, indicating that this was unlikely to be the mechanism for its inhibition of active tension development in these tissues. These observations are consistent with our previous findings that the inhibition of Cdc42 does not inhibit myosin light chain phosphorylation (25). Furthermore, the inhibition of tension development in tissues expressing the SH3N CrkII mutant proteins could not be reversed when the tissues were permeabilized with {alpha}-toxin and stimulated with Ca2+, indicating that suppression of the intracellular Ca2+ transient was unlikely to be the mechanism for the depression of tension development caused by the mutant CrkII protein.

In summary, contractile stimulation with acetylcholine increases the association of CrkII with N-WASp in tracheal smooth muscle tissues (Fig. 13). The expression of a CrkII mutant lacking effector binding ability in smooth muscle tissues inhibits the association of CrkII with N-WASp and inhibits the activation of Cdc42 and N-WASp. The depression of CrkII-mediated N-WASp activation by this mutant inhibits tension generation and prevents actin polymerization in response to contractile stimulation without significantly inhibiting myosin light chain phosphorylation. These results suggest that CrkII plays a critical role in the regulation of N-WASp activation, actin polymerization, and active tension generation in tracheal smooth muscle, by regulating the activation of cdc42. These studies suggest a novel signaling pathway for the activation of N-WASp that can regulate active tension development in response to contractile stimulation tracheal smooth muscle tissues.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by an American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant, Indiana Showalter Foundation and NHLBI, National Institutes of Health Grants HL-75388, HL-29289, and HL-74099. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr. Indianapolis, IN 46202. Tel.: 317-274-4108; Fax: 317-274-3318; E-mail: sgunst{at}iupui.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: SH2, Src homology 2; N-WASp, neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein; Arp, actin-related protein; PBD, p21-activated kinase binding domain; ACh, acetylcholine; G-actin, globular actin; F-actin, filamentous actin; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; TES, 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid; GST, glutathione S-transferase; DTT, dithiothreitol; MLC, myosin light chain; PIPES, 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Ping Tao for her technical assistance.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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