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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M500508200 on April 22, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 28, 25994-26001, July 15, 2005
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Targeting the NAD7 Subunit to Mitochondria Restores a Functional Complex I and a Wild Type Phenotype in the Nicotiana sylvestris CMS II Mutant Lacking nad7*

Bernard Pineau, Chantal Mathieu, Catherine Gérard-Hirne, Rosine De Paepe, and Philippe Chétrit{ddagger}

From the Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire Mitochondries et Métabolisme Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris-Sud, Unite Mixte de Recherche 8618, 91405 Orsay, France

Received for publication, January 14, 2005 , and in revised form, April 7, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The mitochondrial DNA of the Nicotiana sylvestris CMSII mutant carries a 72-kb deletion comprising the single copy nad7 gene that encodes the NAD7 subunit of the respiratory complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase). CMSII plants lack rotenone-sensitive complex I activity and are impaired in physiological and phenotypical traits. To check whether these changes directly result from the deletion of nad7, we constructed CMS transgenic plants (termed as CMSnad7) carrying an edited nad7 cDNA fused to the CAMV 35S promoter and to a mitochondrial targeting sequence. The nad7 sequence was transcribed and translated and the NAD7 protein directed to mitochondria in CMSnad7 transgenic plants, which recovered both wild type morphology and growth features. Blue-native/SDS gel electrophoresis and enzymatic assays showed that, whereas fully assembled complex I was absent from CMSII mitochondria, a functional complex was present in CMSnad7 mitochondria. Furthermore, a supercomplex involving complex I and complex III was present in CMSnad7 as in the wild type. Taken together, these data demonstrate that lack of complex I in CMSII was indeed the direct consequence of the absence of nad7. Hence, NAD7 is a key element for complex assembly in plants. These results also show that allotopic expression from the nucleus can fully complement the lack of a mitochondrial-encoded complex I gene.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Complex I, which couples electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone and proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane (1–3), is a large multimolecular complex containing more than 40 subunits in mammals or plants (4–6). In all organisms investigated so far (mammals, fungi, bacteria), the assembly of these subunits determines a hydrophobic membrane domain and a matrix protruding peripheral arm (7). The reaction mechanism of this large complex is not well understood, but the peripheral arm is thought to bear all the FMN and iron-sulfur cluster cofactors (8). Bacteria possess in their cytoplasmic membranes a functionally similar complex composed of 14 subunits representing the catalytic core, all of which have homologues in eukaryotic complexes (9, 10). Although less information about complex I structure is available in plants than in mammals or fungi, (11, 12) it has been shown that, in addition to the 14 subunits of prokaryotic origin, a large number of Arabidopsis complex I subunits have counterparts in mammals (6).

In all eukaryotes, complex I is composed of subunits of both nuclear and mitochondrial ("nad" genes) origin. However, the number of mitochondrially encoded complex I subunits varies among kingdoms. At least three nad genes, i.e. nad1, nad4, and nad5, are ubiquitously present in the mitochondrial DNA of eukaryotes with a functional respiratory chain involving complex I (13). Plant mitochondrial DNA encodes nine complex I subunits (14), which all have homologues in bacterial complex I. Of these, NAD7 and NAD9 are probably located in the matrix arm of the complex as are their homologues of the 49- and 30-kDa peptides of fungi or mammals, which are nuclear encoded (15, 8). The 49-kDa subunit (whose counterparts are named NuoD in bacteria, NAD7 in plants, NDUFS2 in humans), which belongs to the module connecting the NADH oxidizing moiety located in the peripheral arm to the membrane part, has been suggested to participate in ubiquinone reduction (16), although it is possibly not directly involved in the binding of an iron-sulfur cluster (17).

In humans, defects in components of the respiratory chain (many of which result from complex I alterations) lead to a number of pathologies that mainly affect mitochondria-rich tissues and lead to encephalomyopathies, cardiomyopathies, the Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and other mitochondrial diseases (18–21). The severity of the symptoms is dependent on multiple factors with biochemical or metabolic thresholds (20).

Unlike animals, plants and most fungi have rotenone-insensitive enzymes called alternative NAD(P)H-ubiquinone oxidoreductases, which can oxidize NAD(P)H. In contrast to complex I (rotenone-sensitive NDH-1-type enzyme), these NDH-2-type enzymes do not catalyze coupled electron transport. Meanwhile, their functions are not yet well characterized (22–26). The mitochondrial membranes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are devoid of complex I and only contain the alternative NDH-2 enzyme (27). The S. cerevisiae NDI1 gene has been used successfully to transfect a complex I-deficient Chinese hamster cell line (28) and a human cell line (29), restoring respiration capacity. Therefore, plant and fungi mutants with a deficient complex I are potentially viable. Plants also contain a non-phosphorylating terminal oxidase (alternative oxidase) that has the capacity to transfer electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen, bypassing the proton translocating complexes, III and IV (30).

A complex I mutant has previously been described in the tobacco species Nicotiana sylvestris. This mutant, named CMSII, exhibits reduced growth and abnormal morphological traits in leaves and flowers. We have shown that a recombination/amplification process resulted in a 72-kb deletion in the mutant mitochondrial genome (31, 32). A number of genes and orfs appeared to be deleted following this event or to exhibit rearranged promoter regions (33–35). Of the deleted sequences, only the nad7 gene is present as a single copy, whereas others such as nad3 or orf87 are duplicated in the mitochondrial genome. Further characterization of the CMSII complex I showed that, in addition to NAD7, other subunits, e.g. NAD9, NAD1, and the nuclear-encoded 23- and 38-kDa subunits were also missing (36, 37). As a result, CMSII plants are devoid of rotenone-sensitive respiration (complex I) but exhibit enhanced rotenone-insensitive NADH oxidation (NDH-2-type dehydrogenases), resulting in increased global leaf respiration (38, 39).

Here, we examined the structure of complex I in CMSII plants to determine whether the observed defects were correlated only with the loss of nad7. For this purpose, we used a strategy consisting of allotopic expression of nad7, and targeting the gene product to CMSII mitochondria.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Plant Material—The fertile wild type (WT)1 N. sylvestris was provided by the Institut des Tabacs (Bergerac, France). The CMSII mutant was obtained by protoplast culture (31) and maintained by pollination with the wild type. For CMSII transformation, seeds were sterilized in 10% calcium hypochloride and germinated on agar supplemented with standard nutritive medium under a 16-h photoperiod at a day/night temperature of 23/17 °C.

RNA Isolation and RT-PCR Amplification of the nad7 cDNA—For total RNA isolation, leaf tissue pieces (100 mg) from young leaves were harvested in liquid nitrogen. RNAs were extracted by the TRIzol-chloroform procedure (Invitrogen). RT-PCR was performed as follows. Reverse transcription (RT) reaction was performed for 1 h at 42 °C in a mix containing 2 µg of total RNAs, 1 µl of random hexamer mix (100 µM; Invitrogen), 6 µlof5x enzyme buffer, 2 µl of dNTP mix (10 mM), 2 µlof dithiothreitol (100 mM), 1 µl of RNAsin (50 units), 2 µl of M-MLV reverse transcriptase (400 units; Invitrogen). Aliquots (3 µl) of the RT reaction were then used in standard PCR amplification (25 µl of final volume) using specific primers designed from the nad7 genomic sequence (33). The upstream nad7 primer contained the NcoI site (underlined) for fusion of the nad7 cDNA with an upstream targeting sequence to mitochondria: 5'-GTCACCCATGGCGACTAAGAACAGG-3'. Downstream primer (PstI site): 5'-GTACCCTGCAGGTCCTATCTATCCACCTCTCC-3'. The targeting sequence was PCR amplified from a genomic clone of the potato formate dehydrogenase gene (40) using an upstream primer (XbaI site): 5'-GTACCTCTAGAAAAAATGGCGATGAGTCGT-3', and the downstream primer (NcoI): 5'-GTCACCCATGGAAGCCTGAAGTTCTCT-3'. To ensure a proper cleavage of the presequence, the downstream formate dehydrogenase primer carried 12 bp coding for the four amino acids located downstream the processing site. The construct was cloned under control of the 35S CAMV promoter in the pCW162 vector.

cDNA Cloning, Antibody Production—The RT-PCR (nad7 cDNA) and PCR products (targeting sequence) were digested with NcoI + PstI and NcoI + XbaI, respectively, purified on agarose gel, and ligated under standard conditions prior to insertion in the pCW162 vector (M. P. Doutrillaux., personal gift) derived from the binary pPZP111 vector (41). NM522 Escherichia coli cells were transformed and plated on agar medium containing chloramphenicol. Transformants were probed using the labeled nad7 exon 3 from N. sylvestris (33). Several positive clones were sequenced to check both the formate dehydrogenase presequence/nad7 junction and the editing of the cDNA. The LBA 4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was then transformed using a fully edited construct (42).

For antibody production, the nad7 cDNA was cloned in the expression vector pGEX-5X-2 (Amersham Biosciences). The GST-NAD7 fusion protein was purified from E. coli cells using Sepharose glutathione columns and SDS-PAGE. Antibody production was performed by Agro-Bio.

Plant Transformation—CMSII leaf explants from 6–8-week-old plantlets grown under sterile conditions were transformed with A. tumefaciens carrying the formate dehydrogenase-nad7 construct, using a procedure derived from that of Horsch et al. (43).

Day 1: A. tumefaciens cells were grown for 2 days at 28 °C in 2YT medium plus chloramphenicol (12.5 mg/l). CMSII leaf discs were placed on MS30 medium plus 6-benzylaminopurine (1 mg/l).

Day 4: Plant discs were incubated for 50 s in cultured cells, briefly dried on sterile filter paper, and returned to former plates.

Day 6: Discs were transferred to new plates containing MS30 medium plus 6-benzylaminopurine (1 mg/l), cefotaxime (200 mg/l), and kanamycin (100 mg/l).

The first shoots appeared on calli after 4 weeks and were transferred for rooting on MS30 medium plus cefotaxime (200 mg/l) and kanamycin (100 mg/l). Regenerated plantlets were grown in a greenhouse under a 16-h photoperiod at a day/night temperature of 23/17 °C and 60% relative humidity for further analyses.

DNA and RNA Gel Blot Analyses—Southern and Northern blot analyses were performed following standard protocols as described in Ref. 38.

Isolation of Mitochondria—Lamina of leaves (200 g) were briefly homogenized in a Waring blender in 1000 ml of medium consisting of 0.5 M mannitol, 0.04 M MOPS-KOH, 0.002 M EGTA, 0.6% insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.004 M cysteine, and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (slightly modified from Sabar et al., Ref. 38). A crude mitochondrial fraction was prepared by successive differential centrifugations of the crude homogenized leaf extract. Mitochondria were further purified by sedimentation in self-generated Percoll gradient using 32% Percoll medium as in Ref. 38. In the course of this study, an alternative step consisted of the use of two Percoll layers (28 and 48%) in 0.5 M mannitol, 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.2, 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Mitochondria were collected either in the lower part of the tube or at the interface between the two layers. They were washed extensively and stored at –80 °C if not used immediately.

Electrophoretic Techniques—For blue-native electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), 4–13% gradient acrylamide gels (1.5 mm thick) were cast according to Schägger et al. (44) except that gel buffer consisted of 0.025 M BisTris, 0.25 M aminocaproic acid, pH 7 and the cathodic buffer contained 0.012% Coomassie blue G250.

Typically, the mitochondrial pellet (~1 mg of proteins) was resuspended in 1.5 ml of 0.01 M Tes-NaOH, pH 7, 0.5 mM Pefabloc sc (Fluka, Switzerland) and disrupted by several brief bursts of ultrasounds. Mitochondrial membranes were then sedimented at 18,000 x g for 20 min and further resuspended in 100 µl of 0.05 M BisTris, 0.75 M aminocaproic acid, 1 mM Na2EDTA. To this suspension 15 µl of 10% dodecylmaltoside or 30 µl of 10% digitonin were added. After incubation on ice for 15–30 min and clarification by centrifugation (16000 x g, 8 min), samples were supplemented with 5% Coomassie blue G250 (dissolved in 0.75 M aminocaproic acid) to a final ratio detergent/blue of 4. Samples were then loaded onto a BN gel and run either for 5 h at 5 mA with a 300-volt limit or overnight with a 180-volt limit.

After electrophoresis, gel strips were excised and either stored at –20 °C in a small volume of 0.0625 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 20% glycerol or applied to a second dimension. For this procedure, gel strips were transferred in a new medium consisting of 0.0625 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 20% glycerol, 2% SDS and heated at 60 °C for 10 min. After addition of dithiothreitol to a final concentration of 50 mM for a further 10 min, the strips were introduced on top of a 4% polyacrylamide concentration gel cast over a 9–18% polyacrylamide gradient gel (1.55 mm thick) as previously reported (45).

After BN-PAGE, the gel was washed for 30 min in 0.1 M MOPS, pH 7.8. The NADH dehydrogenase activity of complex I was revealed in-gel by incubation in the presence of 1 mM nitro blue tetrazolium and 0.2 mM NADH in 0.05 M MOPS, pH 7.8. Alternately, after BN-PAGE, the gel was washed in water and transferred on a PVDF membrane in 0.025 M Tricine, 0.0075 M imidazole by a semidry blotting procedure. The PVDF membrane was then processed for incubation first with anti-NAD7 antibodies and then with secondary antibodies coupled to horseradish peroxidase (TMBZ (tetramethyl-3,3',5,5'-benzidine) substrate). After SDS-PAGE, the gels were either stained with Coomassie blue in methanol, acetic acid, or stained with Ag nitrate, or transferred on a PVDF membrane in 0.02 M Tris, 0.15 M glycine, 10% methanol and processed for incubating with anti-NAD7 or anti-AOX antibodies incubated with secondary antibodies coupled to horseradish peroxidase (TMBZ substrate).



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  		FIG. 1.
Nucleotide sequence of the formate dehydrogenase presequence-nad7 construct. Nucleotide sequence and translation of the potato formate dehydrogenase mitochondrial presequence fused to the N. sylvestris nad7 cDNA (the edited sites are highlighted, leucine residues resulting from editing are in bold). The arrow indicates the cleavage site of the targeting sequence.

 
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Peptides—Spots collected from BN/SDS-PAGE were analyzed by peptide mass fingerprint of tryptic peptides in a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Voyager D E super STR; Applied Biosystems).

Enzymatic Assays—NADH or deamino-NADH-cytochrome c reductases were measured at 550 nm in an assay medium consisting of 0.3 M sucrose, 20 mM MOPS-KOH, pH 7.2, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EGTA, 0.002% bovine serum albumin (26), and 0.1 mM KCN. The assay was supplemented with mitochondrial suspension membranes (10–40 µg), horse heart cytochrome c (50 µM), NADH or deamino-NADH (200 µM), and, when used, rotenone (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, 40 µM) and antimycin A (0.4 mg ml–1). The molar absorption coefficient of cytochrome c was 19.1 mM–1 cm–1.

NADH or deamino-NADH dehydrogenase activities were measured in the same medium (except the lack of KCN) supplemented with 40 µM decylubiquinone, 200 µM NADH or deamino-NADH, and 40–80 µg of mitochondrial suspension membranes. Kinetics were followed at 340 nm, and the evolution of the 400 nm absorption was periodically checked to take into account nonspecific variations of the absorption. The molar absorption coefficient of NADH was 6.22 mM–1 cm–1.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Transformation of CMSII with an Edited nad7 cDNA, Plant Regeneration, and Expression of the Transgene in CMSnad7— Sequencing of the genomic region spanning nad7 in N. sylvestris showed that this gene consisted of four exons interrupted by three cis-spliced introns, resulting in a complex transcription pattern (33). Sequencing of the 1185-bp nad7 cDNA and comparison with the genomic sequence revealed the presence of 28 editing sites (Fig. 1). Fourteen codon changes resulted in leucine residues, of which eleven consisted of serine to leucine transitions. Differences between the protein sequence (Fig. 1, coordinates 38, 53, 213, 218, 228, 360) derived from nuclear and mitochondrial nad7 genes in several species (46) and in N. sylvestris showed that, following edition, the N. sylvestris nad7 mRNA sequence matched better to the liverwort, bovine, or Neurospora nuclear-encoded nad7 gene than with the N. sylvestris genomic sequence. This was in agreement with the hypothesis of Kobayashi et al. (46) that the nuclear nad7 genes in these species originated from mitochondria-encoded and -edited mRNA molecules.

A number of regenerating plantlets from transformed explants grown on kanamycin plates were transferred in a greenhouse. All plants exhibited a restored phenotype (Fig. 2) at flowering time as regards plant height, leaf and flower shape, and set seeds. They were fertile, although the 35S promoter is not expressed in pollen, suggesting that enough stable complex I assembled in mother pollen cells can function and allow fertile pollen production in mature anthers.

In the kanamycin-resistant plants, PCR experiments (Fig. 3A) showed the presence of the full-length cDNA using total DNAs as template (three are shown in Fig. 3, A–C). This was observed without segregation in the progeny of the primary transformants over five generations. To analyze their mitochondrial genome, we used a probe consisting of a cloned 5.25-kb SacI fragment present in the WT mitochondrial DNA but absent in CMSII (32). The probe was hybridized on Southern blots carrying control and transformed plant total DNAs restricted with SacI. Fig. 3B shows that regenerants A, B, and C shared a SacI recombinant fragment of 11.8 kb specific to the CMSII mtDNA and, therefore, are of the mutant type.

To check for the presence of nad7 transcripts in the transgenic plants, blots carrying total RNAs were hybridized using the nad7 cDNA as a probe. As shown in Fig. 3C, all recombinant plants exhibited a 1.6-kb transcript corresponding to the transcription of the nad7 cDNA, whereas in the WT the transcription pattern of the cis-spliced nad7 mitochondrial gene typically consisted of three transcripts 1.5, 1.7, and 2.3 kb in size (33).

To determine whether the NAD7 polypeptide was produced from the nad7 cDNA sequence and was addressed to mitochondria, protein extracts from WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 leaf mitochondria were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and probed with anti-NAD7 antibodies. As observed in Fig. 4A, no signal could be seen in the CMSII extract, whereas a cross-reacting product in the range of 43 kDa was present in both WT and CMSnad7 extracts, indicating that a mature NAD7 polypeptide indeed accumulated in mitochondria of the transgenic line. Very comparable signals were obtained in the WT and in the transgenic line using total extracts from similar leaf surfaces (Fig. 4B). Thus, although the constitutive 35S promoter was used for nad7 expression, the NAD7 subunit did not over-accumulate in CMSnad7, suggesting the existence of a posttranslational regulatory process.



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  		FIG. 2.
Comparison of the WT (left), CMSII (middle), and transgenic CMSII plants (right) at flowering time.

 



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  		FIG. 3.
Molecular characterization of regenerated plants. A, PCR amplification of the nad7 cDNA with or without the following templates: lane 1, minus DNA (negative control); lane 2, nad7 cDNA construct (positive control); lane 3, CMS II total DNA; lane 4, WT total DNA; lanes 5–7, total DNA from three regenerated plants. B, comparison of the mitochondrial types of the regenerated and control plants using blotted SacI-restricted total DNAs of: lane 1, WT; lane 2, CMSII; lanes 3–5, three regenerated plants. The probe used was the WT 5.25 SacI fragment that allows distinguishing of both WT and CMSII mitochondrial genomes (35). C, Northern hybridization on total RNAs showing the 1.6-kb chimeric transcript and the absence of endogenous mitochondrial nad7 transcripts in the regenerated plants. Lane 1, WT; lane 2, CMSII; lanes 3–5, same as regenerated in panel A. Probe, nad7 cDNA.

 
Assembly of Complex I in Transgenic CMSII Plants—To compare the composition of complex I in the WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 lines, mitochondrial protein complexes were analyzed by BN-PAGE. The larger complexes, obtained after solubilization with dodecylmaltoside or digitonin, were separated on BN gels and their polypeptide composition further analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The polypeptide patterns obtained from dissociated complexes I, III, V, and from the two different migrating forms of complex IV were in good agreement with the results of Kruft et al. (47) and Eubel et al. (48).



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  		FIG. 4.
Accumulation of NAD7 in mitochondrial membranes and in leaves of the wild type and the CMSII and CMSnad7 lines of N. sylvestris. A, mitochondria were purified from WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 (Tr) leaves, and then membrane polypeptides (equivalent to 50 µg of mitochondrial proteins) were solubilized by SDS and resolved by SDS-PAGE. B, total extracts were prepared from leaf discs from the three lines of N. sylvestris, and then polypeptides (equivalent to 20-mm2 leaf area) were separated by SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, polypeptides were transferred on a PVDF membrane and probed with a serum raised against NAD7.

 



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  		FIG. 5.
Characterization of protein complexes from mitochondrial membrane of N. sylvestris. A–C, separation of the complexes by BN-PAGE. Mitochondria were isolated and purified from WT, CMSII (CM), and CMSnad7 (T) leaves, disrupted with ultrasounds, and incubated with dodecylmaltoside (ddm) or digitonin (dig), and protein complexes were resolved by BN-PAGE. Gel was stained by Coomassie blue (A), or by nitro blue tetrazolium in the presence of NADH (B). C, immunodetection of NAD7 in the first-dimensional gel (solubilization with ddm). I, complex I; III, complex III; V, ATP synthetase; SC, supercomplex, including complex I and complex III. The black circle indicates the position of complex I satellite band. D, immunodetection of NAD7 in the two-dimensional gels (see Fig. 6). Only the region of the immunological response in wild type (WT) or transgenic CMSII (T) gels and the corresponding part of CMSII (CM) gel is shown.

 
Complex I was identified in dodecylmaltoside-solubilized mitochondrial membranes as a blue band migrating in the 1,000-kDa range (Fig. 5A). This band was stained in violet color in the presence of NADH substrate and nitro blue tetrazolium because of its dehydrogenase activity (Fig. 5B) and cross-reacted with antibodies raised against NAD7 (Fig. 5C). Complex I gave a complex polypeptide pattern with 23 spots (Fig. 6A), of which one ~43 kDa spot was recognized by the anti-NAD7 antibodies (Fig. 5D). The main complex I band was often accompanied by a discrete faster migrating band detected with the anti-serum (Fig. 5C) and by histochemical staining (Fig. 5B). This satellite band contained a number of polypeptides having the same molecular mass as some complex I polypeptides.



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  		FIG. 6.
Polypeptide composition of the mitochondrial membrane complexes from the WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 lines of N. sylvestris. Mitochondrial membrane protein complexes, solubilized with dodecylmaltoside (A, C, E) or digitonin (B, D, F) were separated by BN-PAGE in the first dimension (see Fig. 5, A–C). Gel strips of the first dimension were analyzed by SDS-PAGE in the second dimension to resolve polypeptides (stained with silver nitrate) from WT (A, B), CMSII (C, D), and CMSnad7 (E, F). I, complex I; III, complex III; IV, complex IV (two forms); V, ATP synthetase; SC, supercomplex comprising complex I and complex III. White circles (left of complex I and the supercomplex) indicate the position of some complex I subunits. White stars (right of complex III or left of the supercomplex) indicate the position of some complex III subunits. The position of NAD7 was determined by immunodetection (see Fig. 5D) and mass spectrometry. The three spots analyzed by mass spectrometry are indicated by the three black arrows in panel E. The white arrow in panel C visualizes the position of complex I subunits in the WT.

 
As observed in Fig. 5, A and B, a fully assembled complex I was completely absent from dodecylmaltoside-solubilized CMSII mitochondrial membranes. No signal was visible at either the expected complex I or satellite band locations (Fig. 5, A–C). In the second dimension SDS gel, polypeptides were missing at the expected complex I position (Fig. 6C), and NAD7 was not detectable using the anti-NAD7 serum (Fig. 5D). The lower part of the BN gel gave no evidence of polypeptides that could be assigned to a partial complex I, strongly suggesting the total absence of complex I in CMSII. In contrast, complex I could be recovered from membranes of the CMSnad7 lines, following Coomassie blue staining (Fig. 5A), NADH and nitro blue tetrazolium staining (Fig. 5B), and cross-reaction with the anti-NAD7 serum (Fig. 5C). Second dimension polypeptide analysis (Fig. 6E) and anti-NAD7 polypeptide cross-reaction (Fig. 5D) gave similar results compared with the WT. In addition, following two-dimensional BN/SDS gel electrophoresis of dodecylmaltoside-solubilized CMSnad7 mitochondrial membranes, the assignment of three spots (the 76-kDa and NAD7 subunits of complex I and the mitochondrial processing peptidase of complex III, Fig. 6E, arrows) was confirmed by fingerprint mass spectrometry analyses.



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  		FIG. 7.
Deamino and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities in mitochondrial membranes purified from WT (A), CMSII (B), and transgenic CMSII (C) leaves. The data, expressed as nanomoles of cytochrome c-reduced min–1 mg–1 protein were the average of two to three experiments. The reducing rate of cytochrome c was measured first with deamino-NADH (d-NADH) without inhibitor and then in the presence of rotenone without or with NADH.

 
When mitochondrial membranes from the WT were solubilized with digitonin, a band of lower mobility than that of complex I (Fig. 5A) was stained with NADH and nitro blue tetrazolium (Fig. 5B) and contained polypeptides associated with complexes I and III (Fig. 6B). This band could be assigned to a supercomplex involving complex I and a dimer of complex III as reported in bovine, Arabidopsis, potato, bean, and barley mitochondrial membranes (48–50). As expected, CMSII mitochondria were devoid of this supercomplex (Fig. 6D), which in contrast was present in the mitochondria of the restored CMSnad7 (Fig. 6F). Polypeptides associated with the complex I satellite band of lower molecular mass including NAD7 were detectable in all the WT and transgenic patterns (Fig. 6, A, B, E, and F), but not in CMSII.

We thus concluded that in CMSnad7 leaves expression of the nad7 cDNA and efficient transport of NAD7 to mitochondria allowed the proper assembly of this subunit with its partner subunits, giving rise to a bona fide complex I. Moreover, a supercomplex associating complexes I and III was stabilized in the mitochondrial membranes of the transgenic line as in the WT.

Restoration of NADH Oxidation by Complex I in CMSnad7 Mitochondrial Membranes—The oxygen uptake in the presence of malate or NADH was maintained in isolated CMSII mitochondria (38). However, this oxidation was not sensitive to rotenone and was thus independent of complex I activity, involving most likely NDH-2-type alternative enzymes. We measured the rate of antimycin A-sensitive cytochrome c reduction in osmotically shocked mitochondria of the three lines using deamino-NADH as electron donor, a substrate for complex I that cannot be used by the alternative NADH dehydrogenases (51). As shown in Fig. 7, whereas the deamino-NADH-cytochrome c activity in WT membranes was fully sensitive to rotenone, addition of NADH restored a large capacity for cytochrome c reduction. As expected, the mitochondrial membranes from CMSII were not able to oxidize deamino-NADH for the reduction of cytochrome c and could oxidize NADH only. On the contrary, as indicated in Fig. 7, a high rate of cytochrome c reduction sensitive to rotenone was observed in the mitochondrial membranes of the CMSnad7 in the presence of deamino-NADH. This confirms, first, the lack of complex I activity in mitochondrial membranes isolated from CMSII and, second, shows that the complex activity was restored in the mitochondrial membranes of CMSnad7 plants. Similar conclusions were drawn from measurements of the rate of deamino-NADH oxidation in the presence of the acceptor decylubiquinone (not shown). Therefore, the assembly of complex I in the transgenic line was associated with restoration of its functional state.



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  		FIG. 8.
AOX level in WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 leaves. A, steady state level of AOX transcripts. B, accumulation of alternative oxidase protein in WT, CMSII, and CMSnad7 leaves. Total extracts were prepared from leaf disks of the three lines of N. sylvestris. Polypeptides corresponding to 20-mm2 leaf surface for WT, CMSII (CM), and CMSnad7 (Tr) or 5 mm2 for CMSII (CM*) were separated by SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, polypeptides were transferred on PVDF membrane. Immunodetection was carried out with alternative oxidase antibodies.

 
AOX Gene Expression—In isolated mitochondrial membranes of CMSII, the cyanide-resistant respiration via the alternative oxidase (AOX) was highly enhanced as were the AOX transcript and protein amounts (36, 38, 39). As observed in Fig. 8A, AOX transcript accumulation was similar in both CMSnad7 and WT. Fig. 8B shows that in the CMSII total extract, the antibodies raised against AOX gave strong signals likely corresponding to the monomeric and dimeric forms of AOX, in contrast with the weak response in the WT or CMSnad7 plants. Thus, recovery of the complex I activity in CMSnad7 was also associated with the reversion of the AOX expression pattern.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
A large mitochondrial DNA deletion comprising the nad7 gene encoding the complex I NAD7 subunit was previously shown to be associated with slow development, reduced vegetative and floral organs, and male sterility in the N. sylvestris CMSII mutant (36). Respiratory measurements demonstrated the absence of complex I activity and activation of endogenous NDH-2 enzymes in CMSII (38). However, these alternative enzymes cannot fully replace complex I to maintain a healthy phenotype. In this work we reported the successful rescue of the CMSII defective phenotype by restoring the synthesis of NAD7 via nuclear transformation with the corresponding cDNA. Such a strategy was first performed for mitochondrial genes to replace subunit 8 of ATPase in the aap 1 mutant of yeast (52). More recently this was done with the ATP6 mitochondrial subunit in a human cell line deficient in ATP synthesis (53). In these experiments, as mitochondrial and universal genetic codes differ in mammals and fungi, the chimeric genes required some modifications in their original sequence as well as the linking of a mitochondrial targeting sequence. In contrast, in plant mitochondria, because of the editing process, this strategy does not require such sequence changes prior to the cDNA cloning.

No Complex I Is Assembled in CMSII—The data presented here demonstrated the complete absence of complex I in the mitochondrial CMSII mutant of N. sylvestris previously shown to lack several nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded subunits (35–37). Indeed, no complex I polypeptides could be detected in the mutant at their expected locations in two-dimensional BN/SDS-PAGE. Consistent with the total absence of complex I, we did not detect any high molecular mass complex having NADH dehydrogenase activity in CMSII mitochondrial membranes that were not able to oxidize deamino-NADH, a specific substrate for complex I (51). The partial complex I (including NAD7) observed in WT mitochondrial membranes (see satellite band in Figs. 5, A–C, and 6A) was also absent from CMSII. This subcomplex is likely to correspond to that described in the NAD4-deficient mutants of maize (54) or Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (55). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that this subcomplex is a complex I intermediate devoid of most of the membrane arm (54).

The Lack of NAD7 Is Responsible for Complex I Misassembly—Nuclear expression of nad7 in CMSnad7 reestablished both complex I assembly and the wild type phenotype. These results demonstrate that the NAD7 subunit plays a key role in the complex I assembly in plants. The CMSII mutant compares well with the nuo49 (defective in the 49-kDa subunit) mutant of Neurospora crassa (27), which exhibits a total lack of peripheral arm of complex I, whereas in the nuo51 (defective in the 51 kDa harboring FMN and iron-sulfur cluster) an almost complete but not functional complex I is formed (27).

We previously proposed that loss of translational elements in the 5'-region of nad1/A (the first trans-spliced exon of nad1) could affect the translation of the nad1 mRNA that is present in CMSII (35). However, restoration of a fully assembled and functional complex I in CMSnad7 shows that the lack of NAD1 is in fact related to that of NAD7, as is the case for the other subunits previously shown to be missing in CMSII mitochondria (36, 37). These observations strongly suggest that the missing NAD1 subunit is in fact synthesized in CMSII but rapidly degraded in the absence of assembly with its partner subunits, as this was shown to occur for MWFE (an integral membrane subunit of complex I) in a Chinese hamster fibroblast mutant (57). Alternatively, and less probably, the synthesis of NAD1 could require the presence of either the NAD7 subunit or a subcomplex including NAD7. A number of data suggest that NAD7 is in a tight interaction with the other subunits of the connecting module known as 30-kDa, PSST, and TYKY subunits in mammals for the constitution of the ubiquinone binding pocket (3, 8, 16, 56). NAD1 was proposed to contain also a binding site for ubiquinone (4) and could thus be close to the 49-kDa subunit in the complex. Our results suggest that NAD7 is directly involved not only in the peripheral arm assembly but also in the formation and/or stability of components of the membrane arm. Whether a residual membrane arm is assembled in CMSII remains to be investigated.

In N. crassa, complex I mutant analyses established as a general rule that both the peripheral and membrane arms of complex I are independently assembled before their connection (58, 59). However, it was reported that a defect in a membrane arm subunit could prevent the proper formation of the peripheral arm (60). In the dum20 mutant of C. reinhardtii, the loss of ND1 prevents the assembly of any complex (55). In mammalians, the recent development of a conditional system for assembly of complex I gives evidence for the involvement of membrane arm subunits in the stability of the peripheral arm (61). Therefore, there is no consensus model for complex I assembly in the different organisms, and in human the assembly of subunits of the peripheral and membrane arms was recently proposed to depend on each other (62). Interestingly, a 310-kDa subcomplex involving the 49-kDa and NAD1 subunits was isolated from mitochondrial membranes of patients exhibiting complex I deficiencies. This subcomplex was proposed to represent an early intermediate in the assembly process of complex I (62).

Restoring the Organization of the Respiratory Chain in the CMSnad7—Numerous data, first obtained in yeast and mammalian mitochondria (63, 64), suggest that individual respiratory complexes are not randomly distributed in the inner mitochondrial membrane but rather are physically associated to form supercomplexes, including complexes I and III (the latter as a dimeric form) as core of the so-called "respirasome," and various amounts of complex IV (49). Metabolic flux control analysis of NADH oxidation in bovine heart mitochondria supports the view that association of complexes I and III expresses a functional organization of the respiratory chain (65).

Recently, a similar structural organization in respiratory supercomplexes was found in higher plant non-green tissues; these supercomplexes did not include the non-proton-pumping alternative NDH-2 dehydrogenase and the alternative oxidase enzymes (48, 50). Here, we have shown that a supercomplex associating complex I and complex III can be recovered from mitochondrial membranes purified from N. sylvestris leaves. Their two-dimensional polypeptide patterns (BN/SDS-PAGE) were very close to those obtained from non-green tissues in several plant species (48, 50). In addition to functional consequences as direct substrate channeling between complexes, the physical association between complexes I and III could have a major effect on the stability of each of them (66, 67). As expected, no supercomplex was found in CMSII. However, this absence did not lead to a significant reduction in the amount of complex III. Thus, in plants, a total lack of complex I did not result in a defective assembly or instability of complex III, in agreement with the results obtained in mouse or human mutant cell lines (68, 66). However, this result is in contrast with the data concerning patients exhibiting alteration in the NDUFS2 subunit (67). In CMSnad7 mitochondria, the presence of complex I was correlated with the formation of a supercomplex comprising complexes I and III as in the WT line, suggesting the recovery of a WT functional respirasome. The reversion of the alternative oxidase expression pattern observed in the CMSnad7 is another indication for the restoration of the wild type properties of the respiratory chain, because dysfunctions in the mitochondrial electron transport chain are sensed by the nucleus and result in the constitutive enhanced expression of the aox genes in maize (69) and Nicotiana (38, 39) mutants.

Transfer of NAD7 to Mitochondria—We showed here that nad7 is expressed in the transgenic CMSII and that a product with the same apparent molecular mass as the authentic NAD7 subunit is accumulated. This suggests that the formate dehydrogenase targeting peptide was correctly cleaved, likely by the mitochondrial processing peptidase. Most probably, the precursor protein, synthesized in the cytosol, was recognized by the TOM complex (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane) and imported into mitochondria in an unfolded form by the way of TIM23 translocase complex and the involvement of mitochondrial Hsp70 (70, 71). It can be assumed that the hydrophilic character of NAD7, which does not contain any hydrophobic transmembrane helix, favors its import to mitochondria. Following its total or partial transfer, the protein had to be refolded and assembled with its partner subunits. In a mutant of N. crassa lacking the subunit homologous to TYKY, the peripheral arm does not assemble (72). In this case, it was suggested that binding of the iron-sulfur cluster to this subunit is a necessary step for the assembly of the peripheral arm. NAD7 subunit is probably not involved directly in such a process, and the additional steps that are required by its synthesis outside the mitochondria in CMSnad7 did not alter the assembly of complex I.

Given the successful transfer and expression of nad7 in the nucleus and the proper assembly of complex I in transgenic CMSII, one can wonder why nad7 is still located in the mitochondrion in plants whereas it is nuclear-borne in so many eukaryotes. Finally, the synthesis of NAD7 inside mitochondria does not appear as a prerequisite for the assembly of plant complex I.


   FOOTNOTES
 
Addendum—A recent study supports the view that the protein complexes forming the mitochondrial respiratory chain are organized in respirasomes in spinach leaves (Krause, F., Reifschneider, N. H., Vocke, D., Seelert H., Rexroth, S., and Dencher, N. A. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 48369–48375).

* This work was supported by CNRS and Université Paris-Sud, UMR8618. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 33-1-69-15-34-07; Fax: 33-1-69-15-34-25; E-mail: chetrit{at}ibp.u-psud.fr.

1 The abbreviations used are: WT, wild type; AOX, alternative oxidase; BisTris, 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; BN, blue-native; MOPS, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; Tes, 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid; TMBZ, tetramethyl-3,3',5,5'-benzidine; Tricine, N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine; RT, reverse transcription; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank A. Guillot (Plateau d'Analyse Protéomique par Séquençage et Spectrométrie de Masse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France) for performing protein mass spectrometry analyses. We are grateful to Dr. T. E. Elthon for the gift of anti-AOX antibodies. We thank C. Colas des Francs-Small for the gift of the formate dehydrogenase clone and correcting the manuscript and R. Boyer for the photographic work.



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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
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