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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M411798200 on May 19, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 28, 26630-26639, July 15, 2005
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Role of Integrin-linked Kinase in Regulating Phosphorylation of Akt and Fibroblast Survival in Type I Collagen Matrices through a {beta}1 Integrin Viability Signaling Pathway*

Richard Seonghun Nho, Hong Xia, Judy Kahm, Jill Kleidon, Deanna Diebold, and Craig A. Henke{ddagger}

From the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

Received for publication, October 18, 2004 , and in revised form, March 25, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
A {beta}1 integrin phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates fibroblast survival in collagen matrices. When fibroblasts attach to collagen, Akt becomes phosphorylated, providing a survival signal. In contrast, in response to mechanical forces generated during collagen contraction, Akt is dephosphorylated and fibroblasts undergo apoptosis. The kinase(s) responsible for regulating Akt phosphorylation in response to matrix-derived mechanical signals are unclear. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is associated with the {beta}1 integrin in the focal adhesion complex and as such is a candidate kinase that may regulate Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability. Nevertheless, there is no direct evidence that matrix-derived mechanical forces regulate cell viability by modulating ILK activity. Here, we show that ILK activity decreased in response to collagen matrix contraction, which correlated with Akt dephosphorylation and induction of fibroblast apoptosis. In contrast, enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody preserved ILK and Akt activity during collagen matrix contraction, and this is associated with protection from collagen contraction-induced apoptosis. Knock-down of ILK by small, interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated Akt phosphorylation in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by collagen or activating antibody and enhanced fibroblast apoptosis in response to collagen contraction. Kinase dead ILK attenuated Akt phosphorylation and enhanced fibroblast apoptosis, whereas hyperactive and wild type ILK augmented Akt phosphorylation and protected fibroblasts from apoptosis. Constitutively active Akt preserved Akt activity and rescued ILK siRNA-treated fibroblasts from collagen contraction-induced apoptosis. These data establish that matrix-derived mechanical forces sensed by {beta}1 integrin are capable of modulating ILK activity which regulates fibroblast viability via an Akt-dependent mechanism.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
During tissue development and repair, cells respond to cues derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM),1 and in the process such cellular functions as cell viability may be modulated. As an example, in the early phase of tissue repair, proliferating fibroblasts deposit type I collagen in the wound space. However, during resolution of tissue repair fibroblasts contract the type I collagen matrix and subsequently undergo apoptosis (1). Although the precise mechanism governing the removal of fibroblasts during tissue repair is unclear, because fibroblasts are removed upon wound contraction biophysical signals derived from the ECM have been implicated as an important determinant (2, 3). The ability of the cell to detect alterations in the ECM and respond accordingly is mediated through integrins. Integrins are cell surface receptors that link the ECM with intracellular signaling molecules and the actin cytoskeleton (4, 5). ECM-integrin interaction may influence cell viability via at least two basic mechanisms. First, direct ligation of integrin by the ECM promotes anchorage-dependent cell survival (4, 5). Second, integrins also function as mechanoreceptors, and as such are capable of detecting matrix-derived mechanical signals that regulate cell viability (3, 6-11).

Mirroring the physiologic elimination of fibroblasts upon wound contraction, fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen gels undergo apoptosis in response to collagen matrix contraction (1, 2, 3, 11, 12). We have employed the three-dimensional collagen gel model to study the molecular mechanism by which collagen matrix contraction regulates fibroblast viability. We have found that in response to mechanical forces generated during collagen matrix contraction, a {beta}1 integrin/PI 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway regulates fibroblast viability (3, 11). During collagen matrix contraction FAK and Akt become dephosphorylated, and fibroblasts subsequently undergo apoptosis (11). Modulation in FAK and Akt activity are mediated through the {beta}1 integrin, as enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by activating {beta}1 integrin antibody up-regulates FAK and Akt activity and protects fibroblasts from contraction-induced apoptosis (11). Within the type I collagen matrix, FAK functions as an integrin-associated signaling molecule that is upstream of PI 3-kinase/Akt. FAK transduces type I collagen-{beta}1 integrin viability signals that modulate PI 3-kinase and Akt activity.

The identities of {beta}1 integrin-associated signaling molecule(s) downstream of PI 3-kinase that are responsible for directly modulating Akt phosphorylation in response to collagen contraction-derived mechanical signals are not known. It has been demonstrated that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody phosphorylates serine 473 of Akt corresponding to full activation of the kinase (3). However, the precise kinase(s) responsible for phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt remain unclear. One such candidate kinase that has been implicated in direct phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt is integrin-linked kinase or ILK (13-16). ILK is a serine-threonine kinase that couples integrins to downstream signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cellular functions including cell viability. In this respect, in some systems ILK has been shown to function downstream of PI 3-kinase in promoting phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt (14-16). The mechanism by which ILK may facilitate Akt phosphorylation is controversial. Several studies suggest that ILK activity may be responsible for phosphorylating serine 473 of Akt (13-16). However, other studies indicate that ILK functioning as an adapter protein rather than a kinase may facilitate activation of Akt (17, 18). Moreover, a recent report found that ILK was capable of regulating endothelial cell survival in an Akt-independent manner (19). Thus, the role of ILK in regulating cell survival appears to be complex and, depending on the cell system being analyzed, may involve Akt-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Multiple exogenous stimuli have been shown to activate ILK; these include direct integrin ligation by the ECM and growth factor and chemokine activation (20, 21). Although these data suggest a possible link between ILK activity and the regulation of Akt phosphorylation, currently there is no direct evidence that matrix-derived mechanical forces sensed by integrin receptors modulate ILK activity and cell viability in an Akt-dependent manner. In the present study, we present data establishing that collagen matrix contraction-derived mechanical signals sensed by {beta}1 integrin are capable of modulating ILK activity, which regulates fibroblast viability through an Akt-dependent mechanism.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture—Human lung fibroblasts (CCL-210, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Sigma) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and used between passages 9 and 11.

Antibodies and Reagents—TS2/16 {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody was produced from hybridoma cell culture (ATCC, HB-243). Mouse monoclonal antibody P5D2 (raised against the human {beta}1 integrin sub-unit) was provided by Dr. Leo Furcht (University of Minnesota). Anti-polyclonal Akt antibody, anti-phosphorylated Akt antibody, the cleaved form of caspase-9 antibody, GSK3{beta} antibody, and ILK antibody were purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA). Anti-monoclonal ILK for immunoprecipitation was from Upstate%20Biotechnology">Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY). Wortmannin was from Sigma-Aldrich, and anti-monoclonal {beta}1 integrin antibody was purchased from Chemicon (Temecula, CA). Myc-His-tagged Akt1 (activated), hyperactive ILK cDNA (S343D mutation), and kinase dead ILK (E359K) in pUSE amp vector under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter were purchased from Upstate%20Biotechnology">Upstate Biotechnology; FuGENE 6 transfection reagent (Roche Applied Science) was used for the transfection of ILK and Akt (activated) constructs to fibroblasts.

Collagen Gel Assay—Collagen gels were prepared as described previously (3). Human lung fibroblasts (1.2 x 105) were resuspended in 2.0 ml of 1.5x Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Vitrogen (3 mg/ml; Cohesion, Palo Alto, CA) was added to the cell suspension to achieve a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The cell/collagen solution was incubated in a water bath for 10 min at 37 °C, poured into 3.5-cm uncoated plastic dishes, and placed in a cell culture incubator at 10% CO2 and 37 °C, where the gels polymerized in ~30-60 min.

ILK and Control siRNA—siRNA duplexes were synthesized by Qiagen-Xeragon (Germantown, MD). Twenty-one base sequences of the human ILK gene targeting the pleckstrin homology domain of ILK (ILK-H) were chosen as described previously with minor modifications (22). ILK sense siRNA sequence is 5' GCU CAA CGA GAA UCA CUC UdTT 3'; ILK antisense siRNA sequence is 5' AGA GUG AUU CUC GUU GAG CdTT 3'. A control non-silencing siRNA was derived from bacteria, Thermotoga maritima. Control sense sequence is 5' UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG UdTT 3'; control antisense sequence is 5' ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGA AdTT 3'. Transient transfection of HLF-210 fibroblasts was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Immunoprecipitation and Western Analysis—Fibroblasts were lysed in lysis buffer containing 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Nonidet P-40, 2.5 mM Na2P2O7, 1 mM glycerolphosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1x protease inhibitor mixture (Calbiochem), and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Lysates were precleared for 1 h at 4 °C with protein G-coupled agarose beads and immunoprecipitated overnight (16 h) at 4 °C with the appropriate primary antibody. Western analysis of human lung fibroblasts was performed as described previously (3). Briefly, equal amounts of protein from cell lysates were subjected to 8-10% SDS-PAGE and transferred (45 min, 24 V) to nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked with 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 137 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20 containing 6% nonfat dry milk, incubated with the primary antibody, washed, and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. The membranes were developed using the ECL method (Amersham Biosciences).

In Vitro ILK Assay—Human lung fibroblasts were transfected with ILK or control siRNA. Alternatively, cells were transfected with hyperactive ILK or kinase dead ILK. Cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with 4 µg of anti-ILK antibody. 1 µg of GSK3{beta} fusion protein (Cell Signaling) was then added to the immunoprecipitated lysates in 1x kinase buffer (25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM {beta}-glycerolphosphate, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM MgCl2) followed by incubation for 30 min at 30 °C. After reaction, 20 µl of 3x SDS sample buffer (187.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 6% SDS, 30% glycerol, 150 mM dithiothreitol, 0.03% bromphenol blue) was added to terminate reaction. Samples were analyzed by Western analysis with phospho-GSK3{beta} and total GSK3{beta} antibodies.

Anoikis Assay—Anoikis assays were performed as described by Frisch and Francis (23). Tissue culture plates were coated twice with poly-HEME (4 mg/ml in ethanol; Sigma) and rinsed extensively with phosphate-buffered saline. Fibroblasts resuspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium were plated on the PolyHeme plates. At the indicated times, the cells in suspension were recovered and analyzed by fluorescence TUNEL assay.

TUNEL Assay—Fibroblasts recovered from anoikis assays and type I collagen gels were analyzed for apoptosis using an in situ cell death detection kit (fluorescence TUNEL assay; Roche Molecular Biochemicals) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, recovered cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) for 60 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 2 min at 4 °C. The cells were resuspended in TUNEL reaction mixture, incubated for 60 min at 37 °C, washed, and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (24).

Statistical Analysis—Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. Experiments were performed three times. For assessment of the percentage of apoptotic cells within collagen gels or on dishes coated with PolyHeme using the TUNEL assay, microscopic analysis of at least 200 cells/slide was performed. Paired evaluations were made for experimental and control conditions within each experiment, and significance was determined by Student's t test. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
ILK and Akt Activity Decrease during Collagen Matrix Contraction—When fibroblasts are cultured in three-dimensional contractile collagen matrices, they initially attach and spread. This is associated with phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt (3). However, subsequently with the onset of collagen matrix contraction, the fibroblasts become progressively round in appearance, which correlates with dephosphorylation of Akt and induction of apoptosis (3). To begin to assess whether changes in ILK activity modulate Akt activity and fibroblast viability, we first examined ILK activity as a function of time during collagen matrix contraction. Fibroblasts incorporated into contractile collagen gels were lysed directly in the gels at various times during contraction. ILK was immunoprecipitated, and phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} and total GSK3{beta} were examined by Western analysis. ILK phosphorylates serine 9 of GSK3{beta} and therefore has been used as a surrogate marker of ILK activity (22, 25). Within the first hour of fibroblast incorporation into collagen gels, both ILK and Akt activity increased slightly (Fig. 1A). This correlated with initial fibroblast attachment and spreading within the matrix. However, within 3 h, ILK activity had begun to decline; this decline correlated with the onset of collagen matrix contraction (Fig. 1B). Akt activity was still preserved at the 3-h time point. Moreover, as collagen matrix contraction progressed, ILK activity became markedly suppressed, and this was associated with a progressive decline in Akt activity. Note that by 22 h, a time point at which we had previously found that collagen matrix contraction is mostly completed and fibroblast apoptosis is triggered (3, 11), both ILK and Akt activity were largely abrogated. In contrast, ILK and Akt activity increased in non-contractile collagen gels as a function of time (Fig. 1C). This is consistent with our previous finding that Akt activity does not decrease under non-contractile conditions and that fibroblasts remain viable (3, 11). These data indicate that collagen contraction down-regulates ILK activity. The correlation between the decline in ILK and Akt activity, with decreases in ILK activity preceding Akt, was consistent with a causal role for ILK in regulating fibroblast viability in contractile collagen matrices via modulation of Akt activity.



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  		FIG. 1.
ILK and Akt activity decrease during collagen matrix contraction. A and B, human lung fibroblasts were incorporated into 0.5 mg/ml type I collagen gels, and the gels were allowed to contract for the indicated time periods. The cells were lysed by directly adding lysis buffer, and proteins were extracted. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was then carried out using anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml), and the levels of phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} were determined by Western blot analysis (WB) using the appropriate primary antibodies. The levels of phosphorylated Akt in the cell lysates were determined by Western analysis using a phospho-serine 473 antibody. C, human lung fibroblasts were incorporated into 0.5 mg/ml non-contractile collagen gels. The cells were lysed directly in the gels, ILK was immunoprecipitated, and the levels of phosphorylated and total GSK3{beta} were determined by Western analysis. Phosphorylated Akt in the cell lysis was determined by Western analysis. Shown are 0 and 22 h time points. Note that both ILK and Akt activity were increased at the 22 h time point in non-contractile collagen matrices, whereas ILK and Akt activity was markedly decreased at the 22 h time point in contractile collagen gels (22 h = matrix contraction largely completed).

 
Ligation of {beta}1 Integrin by Type I Collagen or by {beta}1 Integrin-activating Antibody Phosphorylates Serine 473 of Akt in a PI 3-Kinase-dependent Fashion—We have previously shown that fibroblast viability in type I collagen matrices is regulated by the {beta}1 integrin and involves a PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway (3). Upon ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody, serine 473 of Akt becomes phosphorylated in a PI 3-kinase-dependent fashion indicating full activation of the kinase (3, 11) (Fig. 2). For these experiments, lung fibroblasts were plated on type I collagen-coated dishes, and phosphorylation of Akt was examined by Western analysis at the indicated times. Akt phosphorylation increased in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 2A). The increase in Akt activity was inhibited by {beta}1 integrin-blocking antibody (data not shown) or wortmannin pretreatment (Fig. 2A). Similarly, Akt activity increased when lung fibroblasts were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (Fig. 2B).



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  		FIG. 2.
Ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody phosphorylates serine 473 of Aktina PI3-kinase-dependent fashion. A, normal human lung fibroblasts were serum-starved for 48 h. The cells were preincubated in the presence or absence of wortmannin (200 nM) for 30 min. The cells were then plated on type I collagen-coated dishes (100 µg/ml) for the indicated times. The levels of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt-Ser473) and total Akt were determined by Western analysis. B, serum-starved lung fibroblasts in suspension culture were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (10 µg/ml) for 30 min, and the levels of phospho-Akt-Ser-473 and total Akt were examined by Western analysis. IgG is the isotype control antibody.

 
Ligation of {beta}1 Integrin by Type I collagen or by {beta}1 Integrin-activating Antibody Increases ILK Activity—Because ILK has been implicated in the phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt downstream of PI 3-kinase, we examined the effect of ligation of {beta}1 integrin by collagen or activating antibody on ILK activity. Serum-starved fibroblasts were plated on type I collagen dishes, and phosphorylation of serine 9 of GSK3{beta} and total GSK3{beta} levels were examined. We found that phosphorylation of serine 9 of GSK3{beta} increased as a function of time as fibroblasts spread and adhered on type I collagen (Fig. 3A, left panel). Total GSK3{beta} levels did not change. The increase in phosphorylation of serine 9 of GSK3{beta} could be inhibited by blocking {beta}1 integrin-type I collagen interaction by preincubating the cells with {beta}1 integrin-blocking antibody (Fig. 3A, right panel). These data indicate that ILK activity increases as fibroblasts adhere to type I collagen and that the increase in ILK activity is dependent on {beta}1 integrin-type I collagen interaction.

As shown in Fig. 2, enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody promotes phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt (3). Therefore, we sought to examine the effect of ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody on ILK activity. In these experiments serum-starved fibroblasts were plated in suspension culture, {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody was added to the cells in suspension, and GSK3{beta} phosphorylation was measured. Similar to ligation of {beta}1 integrin with type I collagen, we found that enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin antibody increased phosphorylation of serine 9 of GSK3{beta} (Fig. 3B, left panel). To determine whether this increase in ILK activity was dependent upon PI 3-kinase, the cells were preincubated with wortmannin prior to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody. Wortmannin effectively inhibited the increase in ILK activity in response to enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (Fig. 3B, right panel). These data suggested that ILK may be down-stream of PI 3-kinase in mediating phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody.



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  		FIG. 3.
Ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody increases ILK activity. A, left panel, normal human lung fibroblasts were serum-starved for 48 h and plated on type I collagen-coated dishes (100 µg/ml) for 30 min. Cells were collected, lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml), and probed with phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} antibodies as indicated. As a positive control, serum-starved cells (S) were treated with 10% serum for 30 min, and ILK activity was assessed. Right panel, cells were preincubated with {beta}1 integrin-blocking antibody (10 µg/ml) for 30 min and plated on type I collagen-coated dishes (100 µg/ml) for the indicated times. Cells were then lysed, and the lysates immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml) and probed with phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} antibodies as indicated. WB, Western blot. B, normal human lung fibroblasts were serum-starved for 48 h and placed in suspension culture. Left panel, the cells in suspension culture were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody for the indicated times and immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml), and the levels of phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) or total GSK3{beta} were determined by Western analysis. Right panel, the cells were preincubated in the presence of wortmannin (200 nM) for 30 min. The cells were then treated with 10 µg/ml {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody, immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml), and probed with phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} antibodies as indicated.

 
Ligation of {beta}1 Integrin with {beta}1 Integrin-activating Antibody Promotes Association of ILK with {beta}1 Integrin and Akt—Following ligation of {beta}1 integrin, ILK can be found in the focal adhesion complex associated with {beta}1 integrin. Therefore, we sought to determine whether enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody would promote the association of ILK with {beta}1 integrin. Serum-starved fibroblasts were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody, ILK was immunoprecipitated, and {beta}1 integrin was immunoblotted. The physical association of ILK with {beta}1 integrin increased in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 4A). These data demonstrate that ILK is recruited to {beta}1 integrin in response to ligation with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody. We next investigated the effect of ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody on the association of ILK with Akt. The association of ILK with Akt increased in a time-dependent fashion, and this interaction correlated with the degree of phosphorylation of Akt (Fig. 4B). These data indicate that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody promotes the interaction of ILK with {beta}1 integrin and the association of ILK with Akt, and this correlates with phosphorylation of Akt. Therefore, these results, combined with our previous data demonstrating that enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody promotes both an increase in ILK activity and the phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt, suggested a link between the increase in ILK activity and phosphorylation of Akt.



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  		FIG. 4.
Ligation of {beta}1 integrin with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody promotes association of ILK with {beta}1 integrin and Akt. A, serum-starved human lung fibroblasts in suspension culture were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (10 µg/ml). The cells were then lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml) followed by probing with anti-{beta}1 integrin antibody. IgG is the isotype control antibody. C, control (immunoprecipitation without cell extracts); WB, Western blot. B, serum-starved cells were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (10 µg/ml) for the indicated times, and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml). The levels of phosphorylated Akt and total Akt were determined by Western analysis. IgG is the isotype control antibody.

 
Enforced Activation of {beta}1 Integrin by {beta}1 Integrin-activating Antibody Inhibits the Decrease in ILK and Akt Activity Associated with Collagen Matrix Contraction—We have previously shown that enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by addition of activating antibody to the collagen gels preserves Akt activity and protects fibroblasts from collagen matrix contraction-induced apoptosis (3). Because ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody also increases ILK activity, we sought to examine the effect of activating antibody on ILK and Akt activity during collagen matrix contraction. Lung fibroblasts were incorporated into collagen matrices. Prior to gel contraction (1 h after incorporation of fibroblast into the matrices), {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody was added to the collagen gels. ILK and Akt activity was determined as a function of time during collagen contraction. In contrast to collagen gels not treated with activating antibody, where ILK and Akt activity are suppressed during contraction (see Fig. 1), enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody inhibited the suppression in ILK and Akt activity associated with collagen matrix contraction (Fig. 5). Control IgG antibody had no effect on ILK and Akt activity or fibroblast viability in contractile collagen gels (data not shown). These data, combined with our previously published results, suggest that collagen contraction-related mechanical signals down-regulate a {beta}1 integrin survival signal pathway by decreasing ILK and Akt activity. Enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody preserves this signal pathway and protects fibroblasts from apoptosis.



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  		FIG. 5.
Enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody inhibits the decrease in ILK and Akt activity associated with collagen matrix contraction. Lung fibroblasts were incorporated into collagen matrices (0.5 mg/ml). Prior to gel contraction (1 h after incorporation of fibroblasts into the matrices) 10 µg/ml {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody was added to the collagen gels. The gels were collected, and the cells were lysed by adding lysis buffer to the gels. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was carried out using anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml) as a function of time during collagen contraction. ILK activity was determined by Western blot analysis (WB) by measuring the levels of phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} using the appropriate primary antibodies. Phosphorylated Akt was determined by Western analysis using phospho-serine 473 Akt antibody.

 
ILK siRNA Knocks Down ILK mRNA, Protein Expression, and ILK Activity and Inhibits the Increase in Akt Activity Brought about by Ligation by Type I Collagen and {beta}1 Integrin-activating Antibody—To directly assess the role of ILK in regulating phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin antibody, we examined the effect of down-regulation of ILK by double-stranded RNA interference (siRNA) on Akt phosphorylation. To knock down ILK expression we used an ILK siRNA, which targets the pleckstrin homology domain of ILK and has previously been shown effective in silencing ILK (22). A non-silencing siRNA was used as a control. To confirm that the ILK siRNA knocks down ILK expression, we examined ILK mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis and ILK protein levels by Western analysis. To perform these preliminary experiments, we used non-serum-starved fibroblasts in order to optimize ILK expression and facilitate analysis of the effectiveness of ILK siRNA on knocking down ILK expression and activity. Lung fibroblasts treated with ILK or control siRNA were grown on tissue culture plates. Both ILK mRNA levels and ILK protein levels were knocked down in response to 100 nM ILK siRNA but not with the non-silencing control (Fig. 6, A and B). The effect of ILK siRNA on ILK activity was examined by measuring the level of phosphorylation of a GSK3{beta} fusion protein using an in vitro kinase assay (14, 26). ILK siRNA decreased ILK activity but not control (Fig. 6C). Furthermore, using Lipofectamine we examined the effect of transfection of ILK siRNA into lung fibroblasts on the level of Akt phosphorylation. ILK siRNA suppressed phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt, whereas the non-silencing control had no effect on the level of Akt phosphorylation (Fig. 6B). These data demonstrate that ILK siRNA effectively knocks down ILK protein expression and activity and inhibits Akt phosphorylation.

Having confirmed that ILK siRNA functionally knocks down ILK, we next wanted to examine the effect of the knock-down of ILK activity on Akt phosphorylation in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin antibody. To perform these experiments, ILK or control siRNA-transfected human lung fibroblasts were serum-starved for 48 h. Cells were then plated on type I collagen-coated dishes for 30 min. ILK siRNA knocked down ILK protein expression and inhibited the increase in Akt phosphorylation in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen. Control siRNA did not affect the increased level of ILK protein expression or Akt phosphorylation associated with plating the cells on collagen (Fig. 6D). We also investigated the effect of ILK siRNA on Akt activity in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody. ILK siRNA effectively knocked down the increase in Akt phosphorylation in response to the activating antibody. Control siRNA had no effect on Akt phosphorylation (Fig. 6E). As a control, we examined the level of phospho-Akt, total Akt, and total ILK under basal conditions (basal integrin activation). Basal conditions consisted of ILK or control siRNA-treated fibroblasts that were serum-starved and plated on uncoated tissue culture plates (Fig. 6D). ILK siRNA also decreased the basal level of Akt phosphorylation associated with attachment to tissue culture plate. These data demonstrate that ILK plays a role in regulating Akt activity in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody.

Knock-down of ILK Decreases Akt Phosphorylation and Augments the Level of Apoptosis of Fibroblasts in Type I Collagen Matrices—We have previously shown that fibroblasts undergo apoptosis in response to type I collagen matrix contraction. In response to collagen contraction, Akt becomes dephosphorylated. However, up-regulation of Akt activity by enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody or by ectopic expression of constitutively active PI 3-kinase protects fibroblasts from apoptosis (3, 11). Therefore, we examined the effect of knock-down of ILK on fibroblast viability in type I collagen matrices. We have previously shown that in response to collagen matrix contraction, Akt becomes dephosphorylated and fibroblasts spontaneously undergo apoptosis. Human lung fibroblasts were transfected with ILK or control siRNA and incorporated into contractile type I collagen gels. The gels were allowed to contract for 48 h. The gels were then digested with collagenase, and the recovered cells were examined for the level of phosphorylated Akt and cleaved caspase-9. Previous studies have shown that ILK inhibition induces activation of caspase-9, promoting apoptosis (27, 28). Cell viability was assessed by TUNEL assay. We first examined the level of Akt phosphorylation following 48 h of collagen matrix contraction. The level of phosphorylated Akt was largely abrogated in fibroblasts transfected with ILK siRNA and subjected to collagen matrix contraction, compared with cells treated with control siRNA (Fig. 7A). We also measured the level of the cleaved form of caspase-9 in contractile collagen matrices gels in the presence or absence of ILK siRNA. The level of cleaved caspase-9 was increased in contractile gels treated with ILK siRNA compared with contractile gels treated with control siRNA. As a control, the levels of phosphorylated Akt and cleaved caspase-9 in untransfected fibroblasts recovered from collagen gels are shown (Fig. 7A). Fibroblast viability in contractile collagen matrices treated with ILK or control siRNA was evaluated by TUNEL assay at 48 h. Shown in Fig. 7B are fluorescent microscopic pictures of DAPI (left panel) and TUNEL (right panel) staining performed on fibroblasts recovered from collagen matrices. Note the increase in TUNEL positivity in cells transfected with ILK siRNA compared with control siRNA. Interestingly, we found that although the level of Akt phosphorylation was significantly decreased by ILK siRNA, the level of apoptotic fibroblasts at 48 h after collagen contraction was only modestly increased. At 48 h after gel contraction, 18% of recovered fibroblasts treated with control siRNA were apoptotic compared with 29% of ILK siRNA-transfected cells (Fig. 7C). The level of apoptosis in untransfected fibroblasts recovered from contractile collagen gels at 48 h was ~ 15%. These data support the hypothesis that ILK regulates Akt activity and fibroblast viability in collagen matrices.



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  		FIG. 6.
ILK siRNA knocks down ILK mRNA, protein expression, and ILK activity and inhibits the increase in Akt activity brought about by ligation by type I collagen and {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody. A, non-serum-starved human lung fibroblasts were transfected with 100 nM ILK or control siRNA. 24 h post-transfection, reverse transcriptase-PCR was performed to assess ILK mRNA expression. I, ILK siRNA; C, control siRNA; U, untransfected cells; N/C, negative control. B, non-serum-starved fibroblasts were transfected with ILK siRNA or control siRNA (0, 50, 100 nM). 24 h post-transfection, the cells were lysed, and Western analysis was performed to assess ILK, phosphorylated Akt, (phospho-Akt-ser473), and total Akt levels. C, the effect of ILK siRNA on ILK activity was examined using an in vitro kinase assay. Fibroblasts were transfected with ILK siRNA or control siRNA (100 nM). 24 h post-transfection, the cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with anti-ILK antibody (4 µg/ml). Upper panels, in vitro kinase assay. 1 µg of GSK3{beta} fusion protein was added to the immunoprecipitated lysates. The levels of phosphorylated GSK3{beta} (Ser-9) and total GSK3{beta} were determined by Western analysis. Lower panels, Western blot analysis from cells transfected with ILK siRNA or control siRNA showing total ILK levels. Actin is shown as a loading control. D, human lung fibroblasts were transfected with ILK or control siRNA (100 nM) and then serum-starved for 48 h. The cells were plated on uncoated tissue culture plates (NT, control (not treated)) or type I collagen (100 µg/ml)-coated plates for 30 min. The cells were then lysed, and Western analysis was performed to assess the levels of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt-ser473), total Akt, and total ILK. E, serum-starved fibroblasts transfected with ILK or control siRNA were treated with {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody (10 µg/ml) for 30 min, and Western analysis was performed using the indicated antibodies.

 
ILK Activity Regulates the Level of Akt Phosphorylation and Fibroblast Viability in Type I Collagen Matrices—Several studies suggest that ILK activity is required for phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt (13, 14, 15, 22), whereas other studies using kinase dead ILK indicate that ILK functions as an adaptor molecule, indirectly promoting Akt activation (17, 18). Our results suggested that ILK activity is responsible for regulating Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability. However, to address this issue directly, we examined the effect of kinase dead ILK and wild type or hyperactive ILK on Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability in collagen matrices. Mutation of glutamic acid 359 to lysine (E359K) results in kinase dead ILK, which functions as a dominant negative construct (13, 29). In contrast, substitution of serine 343 with aspartic acid (S343D) retains kinase activity and has been shown to be more active than wild type ILK in phosphorylating serine 473 of Akt (30). We transfected our fibroblasts with kinase dead and wild type or hyperactive ILK constructs and incorporated them into contractile collagen gels. At 48 h the cells were recovered and analyzed for ILK activity using the in vitro kinase assay. As shown in Fig. 8A at 48 h, in contrast to cells transfected with wild type ILK in which the level of ILK activity was slightly increased, no ILK activity could be detected in recovered cells transfected with kinase dead ILK. Furthermore, significantly elevated levels of phosphorylated serine 9 of GSK3{beta} could be detected in the cells transfected with hyperactive ILK (Fig. 8B). The level of total GSK3{beta} is shown as a loading control. Consistent with these findings, the level of phosphorylated Akt in cells treated with kinase dead ILK was nearly undetectable, whereas the level of phosphorylated Akt was increased compared with controls in cells transfected with wild type and hyperactive ILK constructs (Fig. 8, A and B). Total Akt is shown as a loading control. Furthermore, we found that the level of cleaved caspase-9 in fibroblasts recovered from contractile gels transfected with kinase dead ILK was increased, whereas wild type or hyperactive ILK suppressed the level of cleaved caspase-9 (Fig. 8, A and B). As a control, the levels of ILK and Akt activity and cleaved caspase-9 in untransfected fibroblasts recovered from contractile collagen gels at 48 h are shown (Fig. 8, A and B). We also assessed the effect of kinase dead and hyperactive ILK on fibroblast viability in contractile collagen gels. Shown in Fig. 8C are DAPI (left panels) and TUNEL (right panels) staining of fibroblasts transfected with hyperactive ILK, kinase dead ILK, or untransfected cells recovered from contractile collagen matrices at 48 h. Note the paucity of TUNEL positive cells in fibroblasts treated with hyperactive ILK. In contrast, there was an increase in TUNEL positivity in fibroblasts transfected with the kinase dead construct. We found that after 48 h in contractile collagen gels, 35% of recovered fibroblasts transfected with kinase dead were apoptotic, whereas >10% of cells expressing hyperactive ILK were apoptotic. Approximately 18% of the untransfected cells recovered from collagen gel were apoptotic at 48 h (Fig. 8D). Collectively these data indicate that ILK functioning as a kinase regulates the level of Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability in collagen matrices.



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  		FIG. 7.
Knock-down of ILK decreases Akt phosphorylation and augments the level of apoptosis of fibroblasts in type I collagen matrices. A, human lung fibroblasts were transfected with either control siRNA or ILK siRNA (100 nM). 24 h post-transfection the cells were incorporated into collagen gels (0.5 mg/ml), and the gels were allowed to contract for 48 h. Shown is a Western blot demonstrating the levels of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt-ser473) and cleaved caspase-9 in control siRNA and ILK siRNA-transfected fibroblasts at 48 h in contractile collagen gels. Actin is shown as a loading control. Note the marked down-regulation of phospho-Akt-Ser-473 and increased levels of cleaved caspase-9 in ILK siRNA-transfected fibroblasts. B, the cells were harvested from the gels by collagenase treatment, and the levels of apoptosis in the recovered cells were quantified by TUNEL assay. Shown is the fluorescent DAPI staining (left panels) and TUNEL staining (right panels) of the recovered cells. Increased numbers of TUNEL positive cells were present in fibroblasts transfected with ILK siRNA and recovered from contractile collagen gels. C, shown is the percentage of control siRNA and ILK siRNA-transfected fibroblasts recovered from contractile collagen gels undergoing apoptosis (*, p < 0.03 versus control).

 
Constitutively Active Akt Rescues ILK siRNA-treated Fibroblasts from Collagen Contraction-induced Apoptosis—Our data suggest that mechanical forces generated during collagen matrix contraction modulate ILK activity, which in turn regulates fibroblast viability by altering the level of Akt phosphorylation. However, a recent report found that ILK was capable of regulating endothelial cell survival in an Akt-independent manner (19). This leaves open the possibility that the ability of ILK to regulate fibroblast viability in our system may at least in part be due to an Akt-independent mechanism. To evaluate this possibility, the effect of constitutively active Akt on rescuing ILK siRNA-treated fibroblasts from the proapoptotic stimulus of collagen contraction was examined. Lung fibroblasts transfected with ILK or control siRNA and empty vector or constitutively active Akt were incorporated into contractile collagen gels. At 48 h after collagen matrix contraction, the level of phosphorylated Akt was examined. The level of phosphorylated Akt in cells transfected with constitutively active Akt and control siRNA was elevated compared with cells transfected with empty vector. Moreover, we found that the level of phosphorylated Akt in cells transfected with constitutively active Akt and treated with ILK siRNA was relatively preserved compared with cells transfected with empty vector (Fig. 9A). The level of actin is shown as a loading control. Furthermore, at 48 h after contraction, the cells were recovered from the gels, and the level of apoptotic cells was quantified by TUNEL analysis. We found that the level of apoptosis in fibroblasts transfected with ILK siRNA and either constitutively active Akt or empty vector was 18 ± 1 and 32 ± 12%, respectively (Fig. 9B). In addition, the level of apoptosis in fibroblasts transfected with control siRNA and either constitutively active Akt or empty vector was 7.7 ± 1 and 22 ± 4%, respectively. As a comparison, the level of apoptosis in untransfected fibroblasts recovered from contractile collagen gels at 48 h was 15 ± 1%. Our data indicate that constitutively active Akt protected ILK siRNA-treated fibroblasts from the proapoptotic stimulus of collagen matrix contraction. These data suggest that the ability of ILK to modulate fibroblast viability during collagen matrix contraction operates largely through an Akt-dependent mechanism.



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  		FIG. 8.
ILK activity regulates the level of Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability in type I collagen matrices. Human lung fibroblasts were transfected (FuGENE 6) with 4 µg of wild type ILK, hyperactive ILK (S343D), or kinase dead (E359K) ILK mutant construct. 24 h post-transfection the cells were incorporated into 0.5 mg/ml contractile collagen gels. At 48 h, the gels were either collected for Western blot analysis or dissolved with collagenase, and the recovered cells were analyzed for TUNEL staining. A, upper panels, in vitro kinase assay. ILK was immunoprecipitated (IP), and ILK activity was determined by an in vitro kinase assay using a GSK3{beta} fusion protein to assess the levels of phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} (Ser-9). Total GSK3{beta} was used as a loading control. Note that kinase dead ILK abrogated ILK activity, and wild type ILK increased ILK activity. Lower panels, the level of phosphorylated Akt (phospho-Akt-ser473), total Akt, and cleaved caspase-9 were determined by Western blot analysis (WB). B, upper panels, in vitro kinase assay. ILK was immunoprecipitated, and ILK activity was determined by an in vitro kinase assay using a GSK3{beta} fusion protein to assess the levels of phosphorylation of GSK3{beta} (Ser-9). Total GSK3{beta} was used as a loading control. Note that kinase dead ILK abrogated ILK activity, and hyperactive ILK increased ILK activity. Lower panels, the level of phosphorylated Akt, total Akt, and cleaved caspase-9 were determined by Western analysis. C, shown is fluorescent DAPI (left panel) and TUNEL (right panel) staining of fibroblasts transfected with hyperactive ILK (HA ILK) or kinase dead ILK (KD ILK) and recovered from contractile gels at 48 h. Also shown is DAPI and TUNEL staining of untransfected cells (UN) recovered from contractile collagen gels at 48 h, to illustrate the level of apoptosis in untransfected cells. D, shown is the percentage of untransfected, kinase dead, and hyperactive ILK fibroblasts recovered from contractile gels undergoing apoptosis at 48 h (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.04 versus control).

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Upon completion of tissue repair, fibroblasts contract a type I collagen matrix and undergo apoptosis (1). The elimination of fibroblasts upon completion of tissue repair is an essential process permitting the restoration of normal anatomic architecture and physiologic function. However, the molecular mechanism regulating fibroblast removal is incompletely understood. Using an in vitro collagen gel model of wound repair (2), the signaling process regulating fibroblast apoptosis during contraction of a type I collagen matrix has begun to be elucidated. During collagen matrix contraction, the {beta}1 integrin, functioning as a mechanoreceptor, detects changes in mechanical forces in the ECM and regulates fibroblast viability by modulating a PI 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway (3). In this signal pathway our studies indicate that FAK transduces ECM-{beta}1 integrin-mediated signals upstream of PI 3-kinase, thereby regulating Akt activity (11). However, the kinase(s) down-stream of PI 3-kinase responsible for regulating Akt phosphorylation and fibroblast viability in response to matrix-derived mechanical signals is unclear.

ILK is a serine-threonine kinase that has been shown to function downstream of PI 3-kinase (22, 31, 32) and has been implicated in the phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt and full activation of the kinase. ILK is present in the focal adhesion complex and is associated primarily with the {beta}1 integrin (33-35). Nevertheless, there is no direct evidence that matrix-derived mechanical forces regulate cell viability by modulating ILK activity. We have found that when fibroblasts are incorporated into collagen matrices, they initially attach and spread, and this is associated with increases in ILK and Akt activity. However, as collagen matrix contraction ensues, the cells become progressively round, which is associated with Akt dephosphorylation and induction of apoptosis. In this report we demonstrate that ILK activity also decreases in response to collagen matrix contraction. Moreover, the decline in ILK activity precedes Akt dephosphorylation, suggesting a relationship between ILK and Akt activity.



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  		FIG. 9.
Constitutively active Akt preserves Akt activity and rescues ILK siRNA-treated fibroblasts from collagen contraction-induced apoptosis. Lung fibroblasts transfected (Lipofectamine) with ILK or control siRNA (100 nM) and 3 µg of empty vector or constitutively active Akt were incorporated into contractile collagen gels (0.5 mg/ml). A, at 48 h after collagen matrix contraction, gels were collected, and cells were lysed for Western analysis with phosphorylated Akt antibody. Actin is shown as a loading control. B, shown is the percentage of ILK and control siRNA-treated fibroblasts transfected with either activated Akt or empty vector and recovered from contractile collagen gels at 48 h to illustrate the level of apoptosis (*, p < 0.05 versus control siRNA with activated Akt transfected cells).

 
To further investigate the effect of matrix-derived signals on the regulation of ILK activity, we examined the effect of ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody on ILK activity. In prior studies, we have demonstrated that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by collagen or antibody promotes the phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt. Similarly, we have now found that when fibroblasts attach and spread on type I collagen, or when {beta}1 integrin is ligated by antibody, ILK activity increases. Interestingly, this response mirrors the initial increase in ILK activity that occurs when fibroblasts first attach and spread in three-dimensional collagen matrices prior to gel contraction. Because {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody promotes ILK activity, we assessed the effect of adding the activating antibody to the collagen gels on ILK activity during collagen matrix contraction. We have previously demonstrated that enforced activation of {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody preserves Akt activity and protects fibroblasts from collagen matrix contraction-induced apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that activating antibody also preserves ILK activity during collagen contraction. Taken together, these data establish that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by collagen or by antibody increases the Akt survival signal by promoting ILK activity. In contrast, collagen matrix contraction-derived mechanical signals are capable of down-regulating ILK and Akt activity, triggering induction of fibroblast apoptosis. Currently, the mechanism by which collagen matrix contraction down-regulates ILK activity is unclear. However, PTEN phosphatase has been shown to inhibit ILK activity. Thus, activation of specific phosphatase(s) by matrix signals might be responsible for down-regulating ILK and Akt activity. Furthermore, the mechanism by which {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody enhances ILK activity, thereby protecting fibroblasts from collagen matrix contraction-induced apoptosis, is unclear. One possibility is antibody ligation of unligated integrin. Alternatively, collagen matrix contraction may promote alteration of the integrin conformation state from active to inactive, whereas activating antibody may facilitate maintenance of integrin in an active conformation.

The current working model for integrin outside-in signaling indicates that upon ligation of integrin by ECM, various kinases are recruited into the {beta}1 integrin-associated focal adhesion complex (36-39). Although {beta}1 integrin has no known intrinsic kinase function, it is feasible that ECM-{beta}1 integrin interaction facilitates the association of ILK with {beta}1 integrin in the focal adhesion complex, thereby activating Akt. Our immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that upon ligation of {beta}1 integrin with activating antibody, ILK becomes physically associated with {beta}1 integrin. Furthermore, we found that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by activating antibody promoted the association of ILK with Akt, and this correlated with the level of Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, these data suggest that ligation of {beta}1 integrin by collagen or activating antibody promotes the physical association of {beta}1 integrin, ILK, and Akt within the focal adhesion complex and the activation of the Akt survival signal.

Studies indicate that ILK may regulate cell viability by either an Akt-dependent or -independent mechanism. The above studies suggest that in our system ILK regulated fibroblast viability by modulating Akt activity. To address directly whether ILK regulates fibroblast viability by modulating Akt activity, we first knocked down ILK function using ILK siRNA; then we examined Akt activity in response to ligation of {beta}1 integrin by type I collagen or by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody. Knock-down of ILK function by ILK siRNA abrogated the increase in Akt phosphorylation brought about by cell adhesion to type I collagen and by ligation of {beta}1 integrin by {beta}1 integrin-activating antibody. Our prior work indicates that the level of Akt activity is an important determinant governing fibroblast viability within collagen matrices (3, 11). In response to collagen matrix contraction, Akt becomes progressively dephosphorylated and fibroblasts undergo apoptosis. Therefore, we were interested in examining the effect of up- and down-regulation of ILK function on Akt activity and fibroblast survival in response to collagen matrix contraction. Both ILK siRNA and kinase dead ILK attenuated Akt phosphorylation and increased the level of fibroblast apoptosis during collagen matrix contraction. In contrast, hyperactive ILK and wild type ILK preserved Akt activity and protected fibroblasts from collagen matrix contraction-induced apoptosis. In addition, constitutively active Akt partially reversed the decrease in Akt activity in response to ILK siRNA and effectively rescued fibroblasts from the enhanced level of apoptosis associated with ILK knock-down and collagen matrix contraction. Collectively, these data suggest that collagen contraction-derived mechanical forces are capable of modulating ILK activity, which in turn regulates fibroblast viability through an Akt-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, the mechanism by which ILK promotes phosphorylation of serine 473 of Akt is controversial. Several studies indicate that the ILK activity is directly responsible for Akt phosphorylation (13-15, 26). However, other studies suggest that ILK may function in the role of an adapter protein rather than a kinase in regulating Akt activity (17, 18). Our results are consistent with ILK functioning as a kinase. Kinase dead ILK decreased ILK and Akt activity and augmented apoptosis, whereas hyperactive ILK increased ILK and Akt activity and protected fibroblasts from apoptosis.

Interestingly, although knock-down of ILK activity by ILK siRNA enhanced Akt dephosphorylation and augmented fibroblast apoptosis in response to contraction of type I collagen matrices, the increase in the level of apoptosis was modest. One possible explanation for this finding is that collagen matrix contraction maximally or nearly maximally decreases Akt phosphorylation and promotes apoptosis so that further down-regulation of Akt activity by ILK siRNA only modestly affects these parameters. Furthermore, because up- and down-regulation of ILK activity with subsequent alteration in Akt activity modestly affected fibroblast survival, this leaves open the possibility that an ILK/Akt-independent mechanism may also regulate fibroblast viability during collagen matrix contraction (36-40).

In summary, our working model of the molecular mechanisms regulating fibroblast viability in collagen matrices indicates that matrix-derived mechanical forces sensed by the {beta}1 integrin are capable of modulating ILK activity down-stream of PI 3-kinase, which in turn regulates the Akt viability signal. This model provides insight into the mechanism by which fibroblasts are eliminated during tissue repair.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: Box 276, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455. Tel.: 612-624-0999; Fax: 612-625-2174; E-mail: henke002{at}umn.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: ECM, extracellular matrix; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick end labeling; DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; PI, phosphatidylinositol; ILK, integrin-linked kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase. Back



   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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P. Laplante, M.-A. Raymond, A. Labelle, J.-I. Abe, R. V. Iozzo, and M.-J. Hebert
Perlecan Proteolysis Induces an {alpha}2beta1 Integrin- and Src Family Kinase-dependent Anti-apoptotic Pathway in Fibroblasts in the Absence of Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation
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 Genes Dev.Home page
G. Bendig, M. Grimmler, I. G. Huttner, G. Wessels, T. Dahme, S. Just, N. Trano, H. A. Katus, M. C. Fishman, and W. Rottbauer
Integrin-linked kinase, a novel component of the cardiac mechanical stretch sensor, controls contractility in the zebrafish heart
Genes & Dev., September 1, 2006; 20(17): 2361 - 2372.
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M. Esfandiarei, A. Suarez, A. Amaral, X. Si, M. Rahmani, S. Dedhar, and B. M. McManus
Novel Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Modulation of Coxsackievirus B3 Replication and Virus-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury
Circ. Res., August 18, 2006; 99(4): 354 - 361.
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S.-P. Lee, S.-W. Youn, H.-J. Cho, L. Li, T.-Y. Kim, H.-S. Yook, J.-W. Chung, J. Hur, C.-H. Yoon, K.-W. Park, et al.
Integrin-Linked Kinase, a Hypoxia-Responsive Molecule, Controls Postnatal Vasculogenesis by Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Ischemic Tissue
Circulation, July 11, 2006; 114(2): 150 - 159.
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D. Sun and K. R. McCrae
Endothelial-cell apoptosis induced by cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa) is matrix dependent and requires the generation of reactive oxygen species
Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4714 - 4720.
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X. Shi-wen, L. A. Stanton, L. Kennedy, D. Pala, Y. Chen, S. L. Howat, E. A. Renzoni, D. E. Carter, G. Bou-Gharios, R. J. Stratton, et al.
CCN2 Is Necessary for Adhesive Responses to Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 in Embryonic Fibroblasts
J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2006; 281(16): 10715 - 10726.
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