Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M409567200 on May 20, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 29, 27085-27092, July 22, 2005
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
280/29/27085    most recent
M409567200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kawakita, T.
Right arrow Articles by Tseng, S. C. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kawakita, T.
Right arrow Articles by Tseng, S. C. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Keratocan Expression of Murine Keratocytes Is Maintained on Amniotic Membrane by Down-regulating Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Signaling*

Tetsuya Kawakita{ddagger}, Edgar M. Espana{ddagger}, Hua He{ddagger}, Armand Hornia{ddagger}, Lung-Kun Yeh§, Jie Ouyang§, Chia-Yang Liu§, and Scheffer C. G. Tseng{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}TissueTech, Inc. and Ocular Surface Center, Miami, Florida 33173 and §Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136

Received for publication, August 19, 2004 , and in revised form, April 20, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Keratocytes in the corneal stroma express keratan sulfate-containing proteoglycans including cornea-specific keratocan. On plastic dishes, human, bovine, and rabbit keratocytes lose their characteristic dendritic morphology and keratocan expression when cultured in serum-containing media. Herein, we demonstrated that murine keratocytes also acquired a fibroblastic shape and lost keratocan expression after first passage when cultured on plastic in the presence of serum. In contrast, cells expanded on human amniotic membrane (AM) stromal matrix maintained a three-dimensional dendritic morphology and expressed keratocan mRNA and protein for at least 8 passages before senescence. When keratocytes were cultured on AM, the promoter activity of transforming growth factor (TGF)-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta} receptor II was down-regulated as compared with that on plastic. Furthermore, cells on AM continuously retained Smad 2 and Smad 4 in the cytoplasm and did not express {alpha}-smooth muscle actin, even when 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 was added in a serum-free medium for up to 5 days. In parallel to such down-regulation of TGF-{beta} signaling, keratocan promoter-driven ECFP expression was observed in cells cultured either on AM in the presence of serum or on plastic containing serum treated with a neutralizing antibody to TGF-{beta}. Collectively, these results indicate that down-regulation of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling is an important mechanism for cultured keratocytes to maintain a normal phenotype while continuously expanded in a serum-containing medium. This strategy of suppressing TGF-{beta} signaling, achieved by AM stromal matrix in part via suppression of TGF-{beta} gene transcription, can be used to expand keratocytes in culture without the use of AM in the future.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Keratocytes, a unique population of neural crest-derived cells embedded in the corneal stroma, play a major role in maintaining corneal transparency. Different culturing methods have been explored to study the mechanism whereby normal keratocytes are regulated in vitro. Bovine (1), rabbit (2), and human (3, 4) keratocytes cultured on plastic rapidly lose their characteristic dendritic morphology and acquire a fibroblastic morphology when exposed to a fetal bovine serum (FBS)1-containing medium. Furthermore, these exposed cells down-regulate the expression of keratan sulfate-containing proteoglycans (5-8), keratocan (3, 9), and CD34 (4) and up-regulate that of chondroitin-dermatan sulfate-containing proteoglycans (9, 10) and {alpha}-SMA (2, 4, 9, 11). Similarly, murine corneal fibroblasts cultured on plastic in a FBS-containing medium lose expression of corneal stroma-specific keratocan mRNA but continue to express mimecan and lumican mRNAs (12, 13). To overcome such a detrimental effect of FBS, a serum-free culture system has to be used to maintain a normal dendritic morphology and expression of keratan sulfate-containing proteoglycans at the expense of cell expansion (1).

TGF-{beta} signaling is essential for corneal development and plays a pivotal role in normal and abnormal wound healing (14, 15). One important mediator of TGF-{beta} signaling is the Smad pathway. The binding of TGF-{beta} ligands to TGF-{beta} receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad 2 and Smad 3. Smad 4 binds with phosphorylated Smad 3 in a complex and is translocated to the nucleus to transactivate target genes (16). Therefore, the translocation of these Smads into the nucleus is a common effector in the Smad-mediated pathway (17). In 1% serum or a serum-free medium, addition of TGF-{beta}1 differentiates keratocytes into myofibroblasts with prominent focal adhesions and up-regulates expression of {alpha}-SMA, integrin {alpha}5{beta}1, cadherins, type I and III collagens, biglycan, and the EDA (EIIIA) form of fibronectin (9-11, 18). It remains unclear whether suppression of TGF-{beta} signaling is not only important to prevent myofibroblast differentiation but also essential for maintaining the normal keratocyte phenotype.

Recently, we reported a culture system that can achieve effective expansion of human keratocytes by growing them on the stromal surface of the AM in an FBS-containing medium (3, 4). They maintained a dendritic morphology, continued to express corneal stroma-specific keratocan for at least 5 passages (at 1:2 split), and did not express {alpha}-SMA under serum-containing conditions or on addition of TGF-{beta}1 (4). Previously, we have reported that transcript expression of TGF-{beta}2, TGF-{beta}3, and TGF-{beta}RII is suppressed in both serum-containing and serum-free media, the latter of which was challenged by exogenous TGF-{beta}1, in cultured human corneal and limbal fibroblasts (19) as well as human conjunctival and pterygium fibroblasts (20). Suppression of TGF-{beta} signaling is coupled with down-regulation of {alpha}-SMA, integrin {alpha}5, and the EDA form of fibronectin transcripts. Herein, we report that murine keratocytes can be similarly expanded on AM for at least 8 passages without losing their normal phenotype in a serum-containing medium and that suppression of the Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling pathway is pivotal in maintaining a keratocan-expressing phenotype.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Isolation and Culture of Keratocytes on Plastic or AM—Six- to 10-week-old CD-1 albino mice were obtained from Charles Rivers (Boston, MA) and handled according to The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. (ARVO) guidelines for care of animals in ophthalmic research. After euthanasia, the eyes were enucleated by forceps, washed profusely in phosphate-buffered saline, and incubated in DMEM containing 20 mM HEPES, 15 mg/ml dispase II (Roche Applied Science), and 100 mM sorbitol at 4 °C for 18 h as previously reported (21, 22). The entire corneal epithelium loosened by this treatment was subsequently removed by vigorous shaking. Under a dissecting microscope, the corneal stroma was separated from the sclera at the corneoscleral limbus by pressing down the limbus with a 27-gauge needle while the eye was held with a forcep. Isolated corneal stromas were incubated overnight at 37 °C in DMEM containing 1.25 mg/ml collagenase A (Roche Applied Science), 50 µg/ml gentamicin, and 20 mM HEPES in a non-coated plastic dish until the tissue became "smeared" onto the dish bottom. Digested corneal stromas in collagenase A were centrifuged at 800 x g for 5 min. Keratocytes were resuspended in DMEM containing 20 mM HEPES, ITS (5 µg/ml insulin, 5 µg/ml transferrin, and 5 ng/ml sodium selenite), 50 µg/ml gentamicin, and 1.25 µg/ml amphotericin B with or without 10% FBS. This keratocyte-containing cell suspension was then seeded on plastic dishes or on the stromal side of the AM (Bio-Tissue, Miami, FL) fastened to a culture insert as previously described (23).

The suspension of keratocytes prepared from three to four murine corneal buttons was seeded on a 35-mm plastic dish or on the stromal surface of one 32-mm AM insert as previously reported (3). Cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (DMEM/10% FBS), and the medium was changed every 2-3 days. When cells reached 80-90% confluence, they were dissociated into single cells by incubation in 0.05% trypsin and 0.53 mM EDTA in Hanks' balanced salt solution at 37 °C for 5 min in plastic dishes or for 20 min in AM inserts, followed by vigorous pipetting. After centrifuging at 800 x g for 5 min, cells were resuspended in DMEM/10% FBS and seeded on a plastic dish or AM stroma. They were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 50 µg/ml gentamicin, and 1.25 µg/ml amphotericin B.

TGF-{beta}1 Challenge and Neutralizing Antibody—To assess whether TGF-{beta}1 affected the cell phenotype, triggered Smad 2 and Smad 4 nuclear translocation, and differentiated keratocytes into myofibroblasts, 10 ng/ml human recombinant TGF-{beta}1 (Sigma) was added to serum-free DMEM/ITS cells for 3 h or 5 days when cells expanded on AM were passed to 24-well plastic dishes and AM inserts, respectively. In addition, primary keratocytes were seeded and cultured on AM or plastic for 3 days in DMEM/ITS or DMEM/10% FBS for 24 h, the latter of which was treated with or without 10 µg of a monoclonal antibody neutralizing TGF-{beta}1, TGF-{beta}2, and TGF-{beta}3 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) per milliliter of DMEM for 48 h before adenoviral transfection.

Morphological Analysis—The corneal stroma after immediate surgical isolation was assessed for cell morphology by phase-contrast microscopy and for viability by Live/Dead Assay® (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) according to a previously published method (24) by incubation for 30 min with 2.5 ml of 2 mM calcein-AM and 4 mM ethidium homodimer in phosphate-buffered saline. Morphology of primary and subcultured cells on plastic and AM was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. Images were photographed with a NikonTe-2000u Eclipse epifluorescent microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).

Assays of Cell Proliferation—To verify that cells indeed proliferated on AM, the passage 2 (P2) cells that were continuously cultured on either AM or plastic were subcultured at a density of 10,000 cells/24-well plastic dish in DMEM/ITS or DMEM/10% FBS or on AM in DMEM/10% FBS. Cells were terminated at day 3 and day 7 for 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (Roche Applied Science) according to the manufacturer's instruction. This assay (absorbance, 550 nm) yielded a linear correlation for cell numbers above 2500 cells using P2 murine corneal fibroblasts (data not shown). Cells at day 7 were also immunostained using an anti-Ki67 antibody. The number of Ki67-positive nuclei was randomly measured in 10 fields under high magnification (x400) for each culture. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Transient Transfection and TGF-{beta} Promoter Assays—Freshly isolated cells expanded on AM were subcultured on plastic and AM inserts. Upon reaching 60-80% confluence, cells in each 24-well or AM insert were co-transfected with 1.0 µg/ml plasmid DNA containing TGF-{beta}2 or TGF-{beta}RII promoter-luciferase and 1.0 µg/ml pCMV/Sport/Bgal (Invitrogen) using GeneJammer® (Stratagene) according to manufacturer's protocol. The plasmid containing TGF-{beta}2 or TGF-{beta}RII promoter-luciferase was constructed by inserting either human TGF-{beta}2 promoter (-1729 to +63) or TGF-{beta}RII promoter (-1883 to +50) upstream of Luc+ in pGL3-basic (Promega, Madison, WI). TGF-{beta}2 promoter (25) was kindly provided by Dr. Seong-Jin Kim (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and was inserted into KpnI and HindIII of pGL3-basic. TGF-{beta}RII promoter (26) was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of human corneal fibroblast as the template, forward primer 5'-GTACGGTACCCATCAAAGAAGTTATGGTTC-3', and reverse primer 5'-GTACAAGCTTACTCAACTTCAACTCAGCGC-3'. The PCR program used was 30 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 55 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 2 min. The amplified TGF-{beta}RII promoter fragment was then digested with KpnI and Hind III, gel-purified (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and inserted at the same sites on pGL3-basic. TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII promoter activities were measured by the Luciferase Assay System® (Promega) and normalized with the {beta}-galactosidase activity.

Adenoviral Transfection—A pKerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA plasmid DNA was constructed by insertion of an ECFP fragment generated by PCR using pECFP-N1 (Clontech) as template and two restriction enzyme site-tagged primers (ECFP-RI, 5'-GATCGAATTCCCACCGGTCGCCACCATGGTG-3'; ECFP-SalI, 5'-GTTACTCGACTTACTTGTACATCTCGTCCATG-3'). The resulting PCR fragment was digested with EcoRI and SalI simultaneously and then ligated to the EcoRI and SalI sites of the pKera3.2-int-MCS-BPA plasmid vector (12). The fidelity of PCR-amplified ECFP was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Next, the Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA DNA fragment (6.0 kb) was excised from the pKerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA plasmid with NotI and KpnI digestion and ligated into pAd-Track plasmid vector, which was kindly provided by Dr. Wei Li (Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL) and contains a CMV-EGFP expression cassette (27). The final construct was designated as pAd-Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA and used to generate recombinant adenoviral plasmid by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli according to a previously published method (27) and replication-deficient recombinant adenoviruses in the 293 cells according to previously published method (28). Large scale adenovirus preparation was prepared as previously described (12). Purified viruses were aliquoted in 50% glycerol and stored at -80 °C. The viral titer (plaque-forming units/ml) for adenovirus preparation was determined in 293 cells using 96-well plates and a series of diluted virus for transfection. After 7 days, we checked the green fluorescent protein expression under an inverted fluorescence microscope and estimated titer. The Adentrack-Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA adenovirus had a titer of 3 x 1011 infectious particles/ml (plaque-forming units/ml). Cells were then transfected by aden-track-Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA adenovirus (50 plaque-forming units) for 24 h. Transfection efficiency was judged by expression of EGFP, and expression of keratocan was judged by expression of ECFP in the same cell using a NikonTe-2000u Eclipse epifluorescent microscope equipped with appropriate filters.

Immunostaining—To assess protein expression of {alpha}-SMA, keratocan, CD34, fibronectin, Smad 2, and Smad 4, culture dishes or frozen sections were fixed in cold methanol for 10 min at -20 °C and blocked and permeabilized as previously described (29). After blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin and 1% goat serum for 30 min, cells were incubated overnight with antibodies to {alpha}-SMA (1:100; DAKO), CD34 (1:100; Santa Cruz), fibronectin (1:100; Sigma), Smad 2 (1:50; Santa Cruz), Smad 4 (1:50; Santa Cruz), and keratocan (1:50; rabbit antiserum against mouse keratocan N-terminal peptide; VRQAYEIQDPEDWDVHDDFYC; Invitrogen) (27). This peptide was conjugated to a SulfoLink® column (Pierce), which was then used to purify anti-mouse keratocan antibody according to the manufacturer's instruction. The secondary antibodies (Sigma) used at 1:100 dilution were anti-rabbit, fluorescein isothiocyanate anti-mouse, and fluorescein isothiocyanate anti-goat antibodies for immunofluorescence. ABC method (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine was applied to CD34 and fibronectin staining. Cell nuclei were counterstained with 10 µg/ml Hoechst 33342, propidium iodine, or hematoxylin (all from Sigma).

Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction—Total RNAs were extracted by TRIzolTM reagent from cells cultured on plastic or AM and from two murine corneas as a positive control. Total RNAs equivalent to 1 x 105 cultured cells or 2 corneas were subjected to RT-PCR as recommended by Promega. The final concentration of RT reaction was 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM KCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mM each deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 1 unit/µl recombinant RNase in ribonuclease inhibitor, 15 units of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, 0.5 µg of oligo(dT)15 primer, and total RNA in a total volume of 20 µl. The reaction was kept at 42 °C for 60 min. One-tenth of the sample from RT was used for subsequent PCR with the final concentration of PCR reaction being 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM Mg(OAc)2, and 1.25 units of Taq DNA polymerase in a total volume of 50 µl using the primers. The PCR mixture was first denatured at 94 °C for 5 min and then amplified for 30 cycles (94 °C for 1 min, 60 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 1 min) using PTC-100 Programmable Thermal Controller (MJ Research Inc.). After amplification, 15 µl of each PCR product and 3 µl of 6x loading buffer were mixed and electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel in 0.5x Tris-boric acid-EDTA containing 0.5 µg/ml ethidium bromide. Gels were photographed and scanned.



View larger version (79K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1.
In vivo keratocyte morphology and keratocan expression. An enucleated CD-1 albino mouse eye showed a distinguishable limbal region under transillumination (A, marked by stars). The corneal stroma was dissected from the adjacent sclera (see "Materials and Methods") (B). Under high magnification, Live/Dead Assay® showed a dendritic morphology of all viable (stained green) keratocytes distributed in a three-dimensional manner (more visible on the plane in focus) (C). Dead cells (stained red) were found only in the excised stromal edge (C, inset, white arrows). Immunostaining demonstrated keratocan expression exclusively in the corneal stroma (D). Corneal epithelial cells and endothelial cells did not express keratocan (D, inset).

 
Western Blot Analysis—Two normal murine corneas were minced with a blade as a positive control. Conditioned media were collected from passage 2 plastic and AM cultures. These samples and cells cultured on either plastic or AM were extracted from two dishes at 4 °C overnight with 1 ml of 4 M guanidine-HCl containing 10 mM sodium acetate, 10 mM sodium EDTA, 5 mM aminobenzamidine, and 0.1 M {epsilon}-amino-n-caproic acid. The extracts were dialyzed exhaustively overnight against distilled water, and the water-insoluble fraction was dissolved in 0.1 M Tris acetate solution (pH 6.0) containing 6 M urea. The protein concentration was measured by spectrophotometer at 280 nm. Protein aliquots (100 µg) were incubated with 0.1 unit/ml endo-{beta}-galactosidase (Seikagaku, Tokyo, Japan) or 0.1 unit/ml keratanase II (Seikagaku) in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C overnight. Each sample was added with an equal volume of 2x SDS sample buffer, boiled for 5 min, electrophoresed on a 4-15% gradient SDS-PAGE gel, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. These membranes were pre-incubated with the blocking buffer, probed with affinity-purified antiserum against mouse keratocan and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce) as a secondary antibody, and visualized with Western Blue® (Promega).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
In Vivo Morphology and Keratocan Expression of Murine Keratocytes—In CD-1 albino murine globes, there is a visible boundary that demarcates the limbus between the cornea and the sclera (Fig. 1A). Such a demarcation facilitated the surgical isolation of the corneal stroma. Following the removal of an intact sheet of the ocular surface epithelium from the globe by dispase II (22), the corneal stroma was dissected from the adjacent sclera (Fig. 1B). Live/Dead Assay® revealed that an overwhelming majority of keratocytes were viable (stained green) and exhibited a three-dimensional dendritic morphology in the corneal stroma (Fig. 1C). Some dead cells (stained red) were found in the cut edge of the excised stroma (Fig. 1C, inset, marked by arrowheads). Keratocytes in the stroma expressed keratocan as evidenced by positive staining with an affinity-purified antibody against mouse keratocan peptide (Fig. 1D). In contrast, corneal epithelial cells or endothelial cells were not stained (Fig. 1D, inset). These results indicated that in vivo murine keratocytes also exhibited a characteristic dendritic morphology and specifically expressed keratocan.

In Vitro Morphology and Proliferation of Keratocytes Cultured on AM—Keratocytes were then isolated from the corneal stroma by collagenase digestion. An average of 5000 cells/mouse cornea was obtained. Cells were seeded at a density of 3000 cells/cm2 on either plastic or AM in DMEM/10% FBS. Within 12 h after seeding, cells attached on either substrate and exhibited a distinctly different morphology. Cells on plastic dishes were evenly distributed on the flat surface and adopted a spindle-shaped morphology with a broad stellate cytoplasm (Fig. 2, A and B). They became confluent in 4-5 days. In contrast, cells on AM were dendritic or satellite in shape, had a triangular cell body and a scanty cytoplasm that formed extensive intercellular networks, and projected their dendritic processes in a three-dimensional manner (Fig. 2, D and E). They became confluent in 10 days.

Upon reaching 80-90% confluence, cells expanded on AM or plastic were trypsinized and continuously passaged onto the same type of substrate as used in the primary culture (passage 0, P0). Cells subcultured on plastic at passage 1 (P1) became more flattened (Fig. 2C). In contrast, cells expanded on AM subcultures still maintained a dendritic morphology with pronounced intercellular contacts (Fig. 2F). They continuously preserved such a dendritic morphology until passage 8, when cells became senescent (data not shown). Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, cells of P2 plastic cultures in DMEM/ITS did not show an increase of cell number during the 1-week period of culturing, whereas cells on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS rapidly expanded in number (Fig. 2G). The number of cells cultured on AM in DMEM/10% FBS was intermediate between the number of cells cultured under the two conditions described above (Fig. 2G, p < 0.05 cf. DMEM/ITS and p < 0.01 cf. DMEM/10% FBS). At day 7, the number of Ki67-positive nuclei in cells cultured on AM in DMEM/10% FBS was significantly greater than that of cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS but less than that of cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 2H, both p < 0.01). Collectively, these results confirmed that cells cultured on AM continued to proliferate and maintained a dendritic morphology in a FBS-containing medium.



View larger version (87K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2.
Cellular morphology and proliferation on plastic and AM cultures. Passage 0 (P0) cells expanded on plastic were spindle-shaped with a broad satellite cytoplasm (A and B) and became more flattened after subculture to P1 (C). In contrast, cells on AM maintained a triangle-shaped cell body and a scanty cytoplasm with dendritic processes (D and E), even after subculture to P1 (F). Extensive intercellular cell-cell contacts were evident in cells expanded on AM. A and D were taken at the same magnification, and B-F were taken at higher magnification. Both 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (G) and quantitation of Ki67 nuclear staining (H) showed that cells on AM in DMEM/10% FBS had a higher proliferative activity than cells on plastic in DMEM/ITS but a lower proliferative activity than cells on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS. G and H: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

 
Phenotypic Characterization of Cells Expanded on AM—To confirm that dendritic cells expanded on AM were indeed keratocytes and not myofibroblasts, immunostaining was performed for the expression of keratocan and {alpha}-SMA, respectively. For primary cultures (P0), a majority of dendritic cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS for 5 days (Fig. 3A) expressed keratocan (Fig. 3B) but not {alpha}-SMA (Fig. 3C). In contrast, cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS were not dendritic (Fig. 3D) and did not express keratocan (Fig. 3E); instead, some cells expressed {alpha}-SMA (Fig. 3F). However, dendritic cells expanded on AM in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 3G) maintained keratocan expression (Fig. 3H) and did not express {alpha}-SMA (Fig. 3I). In DMEM/10% FBS, CD34 was not expressed by cells cultured on plastic (Fig. 4A), but CD34 was expressed by cells cultured on AM (Fig. 4C). In contrast, fibronectin was expressed extracellularly and intracellularly by cells cultured on plastic (Fig. 4B), but it was not expressed by cells cultured on AM (Fig. 4D). These results collectively indicate that the keratocyte phenotype was maintained by AM.

To confirm transcript expression of keratocan, total RNAs were extracted from cells on plastic and AM and subjected to RT-PCR. The results showed that the keratocan transcript (size, 1065 bp) was expressed by cells cultured on plastic at passage 0 but was lost at passage 1 (Fig. 5A) and thereafter (data not shown). In contrast, the keratocan transcript was continuously expressed in an abundant amount from passage 0 to passage 3 (Fig. 5A) and up to passage 8 (data not shown) when cultured on AM.



View larger version (97K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3.
Keratocan and {alpha}-SMA expression. On plastic, cells of primary cultures (P0) in serum-free DMEM/ITS had a dendritic morphology (A) and expressed keratocan (B), but not {alpha}-SMA (C). Cells cultured in DMEM/10% FBS expanded in number (D) but completely lost keratocan expression (E), whereas some cells expressed {alpha}-SMA (F). In contrast, P2 cells expanded on AM in DMEM/10% FBS continued to be dendritic, formed cell-cell networks (G) similar to P0 cultures, and expressed keratocan (H), but not {alpha}-SMA (I).

 
To verify the keratocan protein expression, insoluble matrix proteins were extracted by 4 M guanidine HCl and subjected to Western blot analysis using an antibody against the core protein of keratocan. The sample from the normal murine corneal stroma, which was used as the positive control, showed a dense smearing in the high molecular mass region (Fig. 5B, K, lane U). Nevertheless, the same sample after digestion with endo-{beta}-galactosidase showed a positive protein band of ~50 kDa (Fig. 5B, K, lane D). The undigested sample of AM cultures at passages 6 and 8 showed a similar faint smearing in the same high molecular mass region (Fig. 5B, AM, P6 and P8, lanes U, respectively). Both samples after digestion with endo-{beta}-galactosidase showed a strong positive protein band of 50 kDa (Fig. 5B, AM, P6 and P8, lanes D, respectively). A similar 50-kDa band was obtained from P2 cultures on AM, but not from P2 cultures on plastic using digestion by keratanase II (Fig. 5B, K II, P2, lanes AM and PL). In contrast, there was no smearing in the undigested sample, nor was the protein band detected after digestion in plastic cultures at passage 1 (Fig. 5B, PL, P1, lanes U and D) and thereafter (data not shown). The negative control of pure AM extract alone without any cultured cells did not contain any keratocan without (data not shown) or with endo-{beta}-galactosidase digestion (Fig. 5B, AM, lane D). Because keratocan expression was strongly observed in the extracellular matrix of in vivo murine corneas, conditioned media from P2 murine keratocyte cultures were also examined for keratocan expression. The result showed that the digested samples of the conditioned medium from AM culture, but not plastic cultures, showed a 50-kDa band (Fig. 4B). Collectively, these data indicated that in DMEM/10% FBS, cells expanded on AM (but not plastic) and expressed keratocan in the matrix and the conditioned medium.



View larger version (165K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 4.
CD34 and fibronectin expression. CD34 was not expressed by P2 cells cultured on plastic (A), but fibronectin was expressed intracellularly and extracellularly by P2 cells cultured on plastic (B). In contrast, CD34 was maintained by P2 cells cultured on AM (C), whereas fibronectin was not expressed by P2 cells cultured on AM (D).

 



View larger version (69K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 5.
Expression of keratocan transcript and proteins. A, expression of keratocan transcript (size, 1065 bp) was maintained in AM cultures from P0 to P3. In contrast, such expression was maintained on plastic at P0 but lost at P1. {beta}-Actin was used as a loading control. B, cornea stroma extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl from the normal corneal stroma (K), cells cultured on AM at P6 and P8 (designated as A6 and A8 cells, respectively), and cells cultured on plastic at P1 were treated with (lanes D) or without (lanes U) endo-{beta}-galactosidase to remove keratan sulfate and subjected to Western blot using an antibody to murine keratocan. The undigested samples of the normal cornea and A6 and A8 showed high molecular mass smearing, whereas the digested counterparts revealed a 50-kDa band of keratocan (arrow). A similar 50-kDa band was obtained from P2 cultures on AM, but not from P2 cultures on plastic by keratanase II digestion (K II). AM alone without cells (AM) did not express keratocan. The digested sample of the conditioned media of P2 AM cultures, but not those of P2 plastic cultures, also showed a 50-kDa band.

 



View larger version (86K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 6.
Suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling by AM. A, immunostaining showed that Smad 4 nuclear translocation takes place only in a small percentage of cells (13%) cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS, but this percentage increased to 67% and 85% after 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 was added for 3 h and 5 days, respectively. A similar trend was noted for Smad 2 nuclear localization. B, nuclear localization of Smad 4 was noted in 40% of cells on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS but noted in 10% of cells when TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody was added for 2 days. C, expression of {alpha}-SMA was noted in 39% of cells cultured on plastic after 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 for 5 days, but {alpha}-SMA expression was not noted in cells cultured on AM.

 
Transient and Sustained Suppression of Smad-dependent TGF-{beta} Signaling in Keratocytes Cultured on AM—Because FBS contains TGF-{beta}1 (30), and TGF-{beta} signaling is involved in promoting myofibroblast differentiation (9-11, 18), we speculated that suppression of TGF-{beta} signaling might also be involved in the maintenance of the normal keratocyte phenotype. We added 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 to both plastic and AM cultures containing DMEM/ITS and examined the Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling by immunolocalization of Smad 2 and Smad 4. As shown in Fig. 6, cells on AM or plastic responded differently to exogenous addition of TGF-{beta}1. Nuclear localization of Smad 4 was found in 13% of cells on plastic without TGF-{beta}1 but increased to 67% and 85% of cells cultured on plastic after 3 h and 5 days of TGF-{beta}1 challenge, respectively (Fig. 6A). A similar trend was noted for nuclear localization of Smad 2 (Fig. 6A). In contrast, no cell cultured on AM showed nuclear localization of Smad 2 and Smad 4 at 3 h and 5 days of TGF-{beta}1 challenge (Fig. 6A). These results indicated that TGF-{beta} signaling mediated by Smad was continuously suppressed in cells cultured on AM, even in the presence of 10% FBS.

To confirm that TGF-{beta} was indeed responsible for Smad signaling in DMEM/10%FBS, we added a neutralizing antibody to three TGF-{beta} isoforms in the plastic cultures and noted that nuclear translocation of Smad 4was indeed prevented (Fig. 6B). To demonstrate whether nuclear localization of Smad 4 also correlated with downstream TGF-{beta} signaling, we quantified {alpha}-SMA expression in parallel. Thirty-nine percent of cells cultured on plastic differentiated into {alpha}-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts, but no cell on AM expressed {alpha}-SMA even after 5 days of continuous stimulation with TGF-{beta}1 (Fig. 6C). Taken together, these results demonstrated that Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling was inhibited in cells cultured on AM and that suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling correlated with prevention of cells from differentiating into myofibroblasts.

Inhibition of TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII Transcriptional Activity in Keratocytes Cultured on AM—To determine whether the aforementioned down-regulation of TGF-{beta} signaling was mediated by suppressing TGF-{beta} genes at the transcriptional level, TGF-{beta}2 and TGF{beta}-RII promoter activities were evaluated by transient transfection. As compared with cells cultured on plastic and adjusted by background transfection with CMV-{beta}-Gal, the promoter activity of TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII was decreased 4.1-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, in cells cultured on AM (Fig. 7, both p < 0.001). These data supported the notion that down-regulation of TGF-{beta} signaling was indeed mediated by suppressing TGF-{beta}2 and TGF{beta}-RII genes at the transcriptional level in cells expanded on AM.



View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 7.
Suppression of TGF-{beta} promoter activity by AM. Mouse corneal fibroblasts (P1) cultured on plastic and AM were co-transfected with TGF-{beta}2 promoter-luciferase plus CMV-{beta}-galactosidase or TGF-{beta}RII promoter-luciferase plus CMV-{beta}-galactosidase for 48 h. Cell extracts were assayed for both activities of luciferase and {beta}-galactosidase. The relative luciferase unit of the promoter activity of TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII was suppressed in cells cultured on AM (**, p < 0.01).

 



View larger version (66K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 8.
Keratocan promoter activity. Aden-track-Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA adenovirus (50 multiplicity of infection) was used to transfect primary cultures in DMEM/ITS on plastic (A), DMEM/10% FBS on AM (B), and DMEM/10% FBS on plastic without (C) or with TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody (D). Transfection efficiency determined by EGFP expression (green fluorescence) was >80% in these experiments (I). On the same field, cells expressing EGFP were then analyzed for keratocan promoter activity by monitoring ECFP expression (blue fluorescence). Keratocan expression was noted in 59 ± 9.5% cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS (E) and 46 ± 6.2% of cells on AM cultures in DMEM/10% FBS (F) and significantly reduced in cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS (13 ± 2.6%, G) but was partially restored to 25 ± 5.6% (**, p < 0.01, J) when added with a TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody (H).

 
Suppression of TGF-{beta} Signaling Maintained Keratocan Expression—To demonstrate a direct link between down-regulation of TGF-{beta} signaling and keratocan expression, 50 multiplicity of infection of Aden-track-Kerapr3.2-intron-ECFP/BpA was added to cells cultured on plastic in either DMEM/ITS or DMEM/10% FBS, the latter of which was further treated with or without an antibody to neutralize all three TGF-{beta} isoforms. Transfection efficiency was revealed by EGFP (green fluorescence) driven by CMV in the same construct, whereas expression of keratocan promoter was revealed by ECFP (blue fluorescence) in the same cell. Cells retained the dendritic morphology after transfection in the positive control cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS (Fig. 8A) or on AM in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 8B). Cells also maintained a flattened bipolar morphology in the negative control cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 8C). These results indicated that transfection itself did not alter their respective characteristic cell morphology. Interestingly, the fibroblastic morphology did not revert to a dendritic morphology after the addition of TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody for 2 days (Fig. 8D). The overall transfection efficiency was >80% in these experiments (Fig. 8I). Under such a high transfection rate, keratocan promoter-driven ECFP expression was observed in 30-40% of cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/ITS (Fig. 8E) and 15-20% of cells cultured on AM in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 8F) but in <2% of cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS (Fig. 8G). These results corroborated with the aforementioned pattern of keratocan transcript and protein expression in these three cultures (Fig. 5). ECFP expression was restored to 10-15% of cells cultured on plastic in DMEM/10% FBS when TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody was added (Fig. 8H). Collectively, these results indicated that TGF-{beta} in 10% FBS was indeed responsible for the suppression of keratocan expression for cells cultured on plastic and that keratocan expression by cells cultured on AM in 10% FBS was correlated with suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
In this report, we have demonstrated that murine keratocytes expanded in an FBS-containing medium preserved a native three-dimensional dendritic morphology with extensive intercellular contacts and continuously expressed keratocan and CD34, but not fibronectin and {alpha}-SMA, for up to 8 passages, as long as they were cultured on AM stromal matrix (Figs. 2, 3, 4). These findings are in agreement with what we have reported in human corneal keratocytes (3, 4). Previously, it has been noted that other small leucine-rich proteoglycans are maintained or up-regulated in plastic cultures of murine fibroblasts at late passages (12, 13). We noted herein that expression of keratocan transcript and protein was lost by cells cultured on plastic in the presence of 10% FBS as early as passage 1 but was continuously maintained by cells on AM for up to passage 8 (at 1:2 split) before senescence (Fig. 5). Furthermore, based on the digestibility with endo-{beta}-galactosidase and keratanase II, keratocan expressed by these keratocytes expanded on AM was glycosylated with keratan sulfate, secreted into the conditioned medium, and deposited in the extracellular matrix (Fig. 5). This feature is known to be unique to keratocytes in the corneal stroma (31). In the presence of 10% FBS, cells cultured on AM were indeed proliferating to a lesser extent than their counterparts cultured on plastic (Fig. 2). Therefore, we conclude that the phenotype of murine keratocytes, defined by a dendritic morphology, positive expression of keratan sulfate-containing keratocan and CD34, and negative expression of fibronectin and {alpha}-SMA, is maintained on AM even when cells are stimulated to proliferate by 10% FBS.

We speculate that TGF-{beta} is a factor in FBS that is responsible for the loss of the normal keratocyte phenotype when cells are cultured on plastic dishes. TGF-{beta} is well known for its action in stimulating fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts (32, 33). Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether suppression of TGF-{beta} signaling, which can prevent myofibroblast differentiation, is also essential for maintaining the normal keratocyte phenotype. Although an earlier study showed that addition of TGF-{beta}1 in DMEM supplemented with 1% platelet-poor horse serum (deficient in TGF-{beta}1) decreases the expression of keratan sulfate proteoglycans at the transcript and protein levels in bovine cells (9, 10), expression of keratocan was not defined in these two studies. In the present study, we noted that the keratocyte phenotype correlated not only with negative expression of {alpha}-SMA and fibronectin expression, i.e. myofibroblast differentiation (Figs. 3 and 4), but also with suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling (Fig. 6). It is known that Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling, judged by nuclear translocation of Smad 2 and Smad 4, takes place in less than an hour and is maximized in 3-4 h (34). However, subsequent interplay and cross-talk between Smad-mediated signaling and other signaling pathways can modify the final outcome of transactivation of targeted genes (for review, see Refs. 32 and 33). That was why we examined nuclear localization of Smad 2 and Smad 4 not only at 3 h but also at 5 days to make sure that cross-talks and interplays with other signaling pathways would not deter Smad signaling. Our results showed that following exognenous addition of 10 ng/ml TGF-{beta}1 in DMEM/IT'S, the proportion of cells exhibiting nuclear translocation of Smad 2 and Smad 4 on plastic cultures continuously increased from 3 h to 5 days presumably due to TGF-{beta}1 autoinduction (35), eventually resulting in expression of {alpha}-SMA in 5 days (Fig. 6). Chronic nuclear localization of Smads ensures expression of Smad-targeted genes including {alpha}-SMA (36, 37). Indeed, such chronic nuclear location of Smad 2 and Smad 4 correlated with eventual expression of {alpha}-SMA gene in 5 days (Fig. 6) and up-regulation of TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII promoter activities (Fig. 7). On the contrary, if TGF-{beta} signaling is intercepted or modified by other signaling pathways, the nuclear translocation of Smad will be transient (for review, see Refs. 32 and 33). In this study, however, we showed that nuclear exclusion of Smad 2 and Smad 4 occurred at both 3 h and 5 days in cells cultured on AM, eventually leading to suppression of {alpha}-SMA (Fig. 6). Furthermore, by suppressing Smad-mediated signaling to the nucleus, subsequent transcription of TGF-{beta}2 and TGF-{beta}RII was also aborted, as evidenced by their promoter activities (Fig. 7). These results strongly support the notion that suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling by AM is potent, complete, and sustained for a prolonged period of time despite exogenous challenge of TGF-{beta}1. They also explain why clinical transplantation of AM is effective in reducing scar formation during ocular surface reconstruction in ophthalmology (for reviews, see Refs. 38-40).

To draw a causative link between suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling and keratocan expression, we added TGF-{beta} neutralizing antibody to the plastic cultures in DMEM containing 10% FBS. Such a maneuver effectively blocked Smad 4 nuclear translocation (Fig. 6B) and, at the same time, up-regulated keratocan promoter activity (Fig. 8). Collectively, these findings further support that suppression of Smad-mediated TGF-{beta} signaling is pivotal not only in preventing myofibroblast differentiation, but also in sustaining the keratocan-expressing keratocyte phenotype. From such a strategy of suppressing TGF-{beta} signaling, we have developed a serum-free medium to promote keratocyte proliferation while maintaining their normal phenotype.2 Furthermore, our preliminary studies showed that such suppression of TGF-{beta} signaling was retained in soluble AM extracts (data not shown), suggesting that this action does not require cell-matrix contact. Recently, we reported that soluble non-glycosylated lumican isolated from AM promotes mouse corneal wound healing (41). Investigation is under way to identify the exact molecular component(s) in AM soluble extracts that is responsible for down-regulating TGF-{beta} signaling so that we might develop new therapeutics in combating scar formation in the future.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by a research grant from TissueTech, Inc. and in part by an unrestricted grant from the Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation (Miami, FL) and National Institutes of Health Grants EY06819 (to S. C. G. T.) and EY12486 (to C.-Y. L.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ocular Surface Center, 7000 SW 97 Ave., Ste. 213, Miami, FL 33173. Tel.: 305-274-1299; Fax: 305-274-1297; E-mail: stseng{at}ocularsurface.com.

1 The abbreviations used are: FBS, fetal bovine serum; {alpha}-SMA, {alpha}-smooth muscle actin; AM, human amniotic membrane; TGF, transforming growth factor; TGF-{beta}RII, TGF-{beta} receptor II; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; CMV, cytomegalovirus; ECFP, enhanced cyan fluorescent protein. Back

2 T. Kawakita, E. M. Espana, H. He, A. Hornia, L.-K. Yeh, J. Ouyang, C.-Y. Liu, and S. C. G. Tseng, manuscript in preparation. Back



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Beals, M. P., Funderburgh, J. L., Jester, J. V., and Hassell, J. R. (1999) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 1658-1663[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Jester, J. V., Barry-Lane, P. A., Cavanagh, H. D., and Petroll, W. M. (1996) Cornea 15, 505-516[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. Espana, E. M., He, H., Kawakita, T., Di Pascuale, M. A., Raju, V. K., Liu, C. Y., and Tseng, S. C. (2003) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 5136-5141[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Espana, E. M., Kawakita, T., Liu, C.-Y., and Tseng, S. C. G. (2004) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 2985-2991[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Dahl, I. M., Johnsen, W., Anseth, A., and Prydz, H. (1974) Exp. Cell Res. 88, 193-197[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Dahl, I. M., and Coster, L. (1978) Exp. Eye Res. 27, 175-190[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Dahl, I. M. (1981) Exp. Eye Res. 32, 419-433[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  8. Hassell, J. R., Schrecengost, P. K., Rada, J. A., SundarRaj, N., Sossi, G., and Thoft, R. A. (1992) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 547-557[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Funderburgh, J. L., Mann, M. M., and Funderburgh, M. L. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 45629-45637[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Funderburgh, J. L., Funderburgh, M. L., Mann, M. M., Corpuz, L., and Roth, M. R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 44173-44178[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Petridou, S., and Masur, S. K. (1996) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37, 1740-1748[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Liu, C., Arar, H., Kao, C., and Kao, W. W. (2000) Gene (Amst.) 250, 85-96[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Gendron, R. L., Liu, C. Y., Paradis, H., Adams, L. C., and Kao, W. W. (2001) Mol. Vis. 7, 107-113[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Jester, J. V., Petroll, W. M., and Cavanagh, H. D. (1999) Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 18, 311-356[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Saika, S., Saika, S., Liu, C. Y., Azhar, M., Sanford, L. P., Doetschman, T., Gendron, R. L., Kao, C. W., and Kao, W. W. (2001) Dev. Biol. 240, 419-432[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  16. Attisano, L., and Wrana, J. L. (2002) Science 296, 1646-1647[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Shi, Y., and Massague, J. (2003) Cell 113, 685-700[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Jester, J. V., and Ho-Chang, J. (2003) Exp. Eye Res. 77, 581-592[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  19. Tseng, S. C., Li, D. Q., and Ma, X. (1999) J. Cell. Physiol. 179, 325-335[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Lee, S.-B., Li, D.-Q., Tan, D. T. H., Meller, D., and Tseng, S. C. G. (2000) Curr. Eye Res. 20, 325-334[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  21. Espana, E. M., Romano, A. C., Kawakita, T., Di Pascuale, M., Smiddy, R., and Tseng, S. C. (2003) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 4275-4281[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Kawakita, T., Espana, E. M., He, H., Yeh, L. K., Liu, C. Y., and Tseng, S. C. (2004) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 3507-3512[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Meller, D., Pires, R. T. F., and Tseng, S. C. G. (2002) Br. J. Ophthalmol. 86, 463-471[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Poole, C. A., Brookes, N. H., and Clover, G. M. (1993) J. Cell Sci. 106, 685-692[Abstract]
  25. Noma, T., Glick, A. B., Geiser, A. G., O'Reilly, M. A., Miller, J., Roberts, A. B., and Sporn, M. B. (1991) Growth Factors 4, 247-255[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Bae, H. W., Geiser, A. G., Kim, D. H., Chung, M. T., Burmester, J. K., Sporn, M. B., Roberts, A. B., and Kim, S. J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29460-29468[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Chen, J., Huber, B. T., Grand, R. J., and Li, W. (2001) J. Immunol. 167, 1297-1305[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. He, T. C., Zhou, S., da Costa, L. T., Yu, J., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 2509-2514[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Grueterich, M., Espana, E., and Tseng, S. C. (2002) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 63-71[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Kropf, J., Schurek, J. O., Wollner, A., and Gressner, A. M. (1997) Clin. Chem. 43, 1965-1974[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Liu, C.-Y., Siraishi, A., Kao, C. W.-C., Converse, R. L., Funderburgh, J. L., Corpuz, L. M., Conrad, G. W., and Kao, W. W.-Y. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22584-22588[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Massague, J., and Wotton, D. (2000) EMBO J. 19, 1745-1754[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  33. Derynck, R., and Zhang, Y. E. (2003) Nature 425, 577-584[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Inman, G. J., Nicolas, F. J., and Hill, C. S. (2002) Mol. Cell 10, 283-294[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  35. Ghahary, A., Shen, Q., Shen, Y. J., Scott, P. G., and Tredget, E. E. (1998) J. Cell. Physiol. 174, 301-309[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  36. Valcourt, U., Kowanetz, M., Niimi, H., Heldin, C. H., and Moustakas, A. (2005) Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 1987-2002[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Lan, H. Y., Mu, W., Tomita, N., Huang, X. R., Li, J. H., Zhu, H. J., Morishita, R., and Johnson, R. J. (2003) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 1535-1548[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Tseng, S. C. G. (2002) Biosci. Rep. 21, 481-489
  39. Sippel, K. C., Ma, J. J. K., and Foster, C. S. (2001) Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 12, 269-281[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  40. Dua, H. S., Gomes, J. A., King, A. J., and Maharajan, V. S. (2004) Surv. Ophthalmol. 49, 51-77[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  41. Yeh, L.-K., Chen, W. L., Li, W., Espana, E. M., Ouyang, J., Kawakita, T., Kao, W. W., Tseng, S. C., and Liu, C. Y. (2005) Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 479-486[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 IOVSHome page
T. Kawakita, E. M. Espana, H. He, R. Smiddy, J.-M. Parel, C.-Y. Liu, and S. C. G. Tseng
Preservation and Expansion of the Primate Keratocyte Phenotype by Downregulating TGF-{beta} Signaling in a Low-Calcium, Serum-Free Medium
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2006; 47(5): 1918 - 1927.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
280/29/27085    most recent
M409567200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kawakita, T.
Right arrow Articles by Tseng, S. C. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kawakita, T.
Right arrow Articles by Tseng, S. C. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement