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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M507154200 on September 2, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 44, 36691-36700, November 4, 2005
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The TagB Protein in Bacillus subtilis 168 Is an Intracellular Peripheral Membrane Protein That Can Incorporate Glycerol Phosphate onto a Membrane-bound Acceptor in Vitro*

Amit P. Bhavsar1, Ray Truant, and Eric D. Brown2

From the Antimicrobial Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada

Received for publication, July 1, 2005 , and in revised form, September 1, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Genes involved in the synthesis of poly(glycerol phosphate) wall teichoic acid have been identified in the tag locus of the model Gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis 168. The functions of most of these gene products are predictable from sequence similarity to characterized proteins and have provided limited insight into the intracellular synthesis and translocation of wall teichoic acid. Nevertheless, critical steps of poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid polymerization continue to be a puzzle. TagB and TagF, encoded in the tag locus, do not show sequence similarity to characterized proteins. We recently showed that recombinant TagF could catalyze glycerol phosphate polymerization in vitro. Based largely on homology to TagF, the TagB protein has been proposed to catalyze either an intracellular glycerophosphotransfer reaction or the extracellular teichoic acid/peptidoglycan ligation reaction. Here we have taken steps to characterize TagB, particularly through in vivo localization studies and in vitro biochemical assay, in order to make a case for either role in teichoic acid biogenesis. We have shown that TagB associates peripherally with the intracellular face of the cell membrane in vivo. We have also produced recombinant TagB and used it to demonstrate the enzymatic incorporation of labeled glycerol phosphate onto a membrane-bound acceptor. The data collected from this and the accompanying study (Schertzer, J. W., Bhavsar, A. P., and Brown, E. D. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 36683–36690) are strongly supportive of a role for TagB in B. subtilis 168 teichoic acid biogenesis as the CDP-glycerol:N-acetyl-{beta}-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenyl glycerophosphotransferase. Here we use the trivial name "Tag primase."


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The major class of anionic polymer in Gram-positive bacteria is teichoic acid. Growing evidence suggests that these phosphate-rich polyol polymers are essential to the viability of the model Gram-positive, Bacillus subtilis (1–5). The bulk of the genes for teichoic acid biosynthesis in B. subtilis 168 are indispensable and situated in the tag operons, tagAB, tagDEF, and tagGH, which code for the synthesis of a poly(glycerol phosphate) polymer (6, 7). Indeed, we recently verified that the tagB and tagF gene products were essential to the viability of B. subtilis 168 (8). Functional predictions have been made for most of the gene products on the basis of homology to characterized enzymes. It is noteworthy that biochemical characterization of these functions has been restricted so far to TagD, the CDP-glycerol pyrophosphorylase (9, 10), TagF, the teichoic acid glycerol phosphate (Tag)3 polymerase (11), and MnaA, the N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (12). A model for teichoic acid biogenesis has been proposed based largely on the functional predictions for the tag genes (13). Significant gaps remain, however, in our understanding of teichoic acid biogenesis. Most notably, the step immediately preceding glycerol phosphate polymerization, the transfer of glycerol phosphate to an undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmannosamine acceptor, and also the final step in teichoic acid biogenesis, the ligation of teichoic acid to peptidoglycan (14), remain essentially uncharacterized.

We are particularly interested in identifying the unknown enzymes catalyzing the glycerophosphotransfer and ligation reactions outlined above. The reactions are chemically similar (see Fig. 1), since they both entail a transesterification reaction where the acceptor substrate is a sugar hydroxyl (either the 4-hydroxyl of N-acetylmannosamine or the 6-hydroxyl of N-acetylmuramic acid) and the activated donor has a pyrophosphate moiety (either CDP-glycerol or prenyl-pyrophosphate-disaccharide-polymer) that will undergo cleavage. Indeed, the enzymes catalyzing both reactions might be expected to share mechanistic similarity and perhaps homology with the glycerol phosphate polymerase, TagF.

Intriguingly, TagF shows no homology to characterized enzymes but does share extended homology over its carboxyl terminus, ~30% identity and 50% similarity, to the TagB protein (7). Unfortunately, little is known about how the structure of TagF, a nearly 90-kDa protein, relates to its activity as a glycerol phosphate polymerase, so its carboxyl-terminal sequence similarity to TagB does not immediately yield an accurate functional prediction for TagB. Nevertheless, the thesis that TagB catalyzes either the glycerophosphotransfer to the undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-disaccharide or the polymer ligation to muramic acid (peptidoglycan) is a reasonable one based on homology to TagF, as noted by Karamata's group (15).

The physiological literature on TagB is also unclear. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive B. subtilis mutant, tag-1, generated by random mutagenesis and attributed to a lesion in tagB, demonstrated that the strain accumulated cytosolic pools of CDP-glycerol when grown at the restrictive temperature (16). This would be consistent with a role for TagB as a glycerophosphotransferase that acts downstream of the glycerol phosphate cytidylyltransferase (TagD). It was also reported, however, that the same strain retained susceptibility to phage {Phi}29, which recognizes glucosylated teichoic acid as a receptor (16). This implies that teichoic acid was synthesized and exported to the extracellular face of the membrane and would be consistent with a teichoic acid/peptidoglycan ligase function for TagB.



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  		FIGURE 1.
Chemical similarity of the reactions carried out by the teichoic acid glycerol phosphate polymerase (Tag polymerase) and the unidentified teichoic acid glycerol phosphate primase (Tag primase) and teichoic acid/peptidoglycan ligase. The double line indicates the cell membrane, and the proposed subcellular location of each reaction is indicated. Reactions are listed in temporal order as denoted by the arrows. Intermediate steps are not shown. The enzyme catalyzing each reaction is listed. C55, undecaprenyl; R, glucose or alanine; AcN, N-acetyl.

 
Predictions based on sequence analysis of TagB (TMHMM version 2.0) (17) and TMPred (18) indicate the presence of a transmembrane helix situated between residues 6 and 25. Furthermore, topological predictions suggest that TagB is a Type II membrane protein, where the bulk of the protein is localized extracellularly. Also of interest is the identification by Karamata and co-workers (7) of a potential lipoprotein modification signal, LANC, which matches the consensus lipobox sequence, LXXC, identified by Hayashi and Wu (19). Lipid modification in B. subtilis typically results in localization of modified proteins to the extracellular face of the membrane. Thus, the predictions from sequence analysis are most consistent with a role for TagB as the teichoic acid/peptidoglycan ligase.

In this work, we have investigated both the in vivo and in vitro properties of TagB to determine its biochemical role in teichoic acid biosynthesis. To characterize the localization of TagB we have developed a preparation of pure recombinant TagB and produced TagB polyclonal antiserum. We have provided experimental evidence for membrane localization and have characterized this association to show that it is peripheral and intracellular. Using fluorescence microscopy and a fusion of TagB to the green fluorescent protein (GFP), we have provided the first in vivo visualization of a teichoic acid biosynthetic protein, which showed localization of TagB to the cell periphery and septa. Further, we have demonstrated that recombinantly purified TagB is capable of catalyzing the incorporation of glycerol phosphate from CDP-glycerol to a membrane-bound acceptor in vitro. Thus, all experimental results support a role for TagB as the CDP-glycerol:N-acetyl-{beta}-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenyl glycerophosphotransferase. Here we refer to this enzyme as the "Tag primase," due to its temporal and functional relationship with the Tag polymerase, TagF.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Bacterial Strains, Reagents, and General Methods—The strains used in this study are listed in TABLE ONE. All chemicals, unless otherwise noted, were purchased from Sigma. General cloning methods for Escherichia coli and B. subtilis were performed as outlined by Sambrook et al. (20) and Cutting and Youngman (21), respectively. Reagents for molecular cloning were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA). Unless otherwise noted, the growth medium used was a derivative of Luria-Bertani, and antibiotic selection was as follows: 50 µg/ml ampicillin and 25 µg/ml kanamycin.


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  		TABLE ONE
Strains and plasmids used in this study

 
Construction of Strains Used in This Study—To generate the amino-terminal hexahistidine-tagged TagB, the tagB open reading frame was amplified by PCR using primers tagBhisfor (5'-GGGGACAAGTTTGTACAAAAAAGCAGGCTTAATGAAAATAAGATCACTAATGGCGAATTGC-3') and tagBhisrev (5'-GGGGACCACTTTGTAACAAGAAAGCTGGGTCTCAGCTTATTAAATTTTCGATGAAATTCAATAAATTTTGGC-3'). The amplified product was recombined into vector pDONR201 and subsequently vector pDEST17 of the Gateway expression system (Invitrogen Canada Inc., Burlington, Canada) to yield an amino-terminal hexahistidine fusion. Following recombination into pDEST17, the additional residues added to the amino terminus of TagB were MSYYHHHHHHLESTSLYKKAGL.

To allow protein expression of carboxyl-terminal hexahistidine-tagged TagB or TagBH126A, the open reading frames tagBhis and tagBH126Ahis were amplified from pBStagBoptrbs (22) and pRBtagBH126A (22) with primers tagBoptrbsfor (22) and tagBfullrev2his (5'-GGAAAAGCTTTTAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGCTTATTAAATTTTCG-3'). The products were cloned into the EcoRV site of pBluescript, generating pBStagBhis and pBStagBH126Ahis, respectively, and selected such that the 5'-end of the coding strand was proximal to the KpnI site of the polylinker. All expression constructs were verified by nucleotide sequencing of the open reading frames.

For in vivo TagB localization experiments, the tagBhis open reading frame was cloned from pBStagBhis into pRB374 (23), using SalI and BamHI restriction sites to generate pRBtagBhis. The tagBhis insert was replaced by tagB from pBStagBoptrbs to generate pRBtagB.

To generate carboxyl-terminal fusions of GFP to TagB, the gfp open reading frame was cloned from pPL51 (a spectinomycin-resistant derivative of pDL50b (24)) into pBluescript II SK+ to create pBSgfp. Gene tagB was amplified by PCR with primers T7 (5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3') and tagBRImutgfprev2 (5'-GGGCTCGAGGCTTATTAAATTTTCGATGAAATTCAATAAATTTTGGCTTGAGTTCCCATCAG-3', which introduces a silent mutation at the EcoRI restriction site in the coding sequence of tagB) and cloned into pBSgfp upstream of, and in frame with, the gfp gene. The resulting plasmid, pBStagBgfp, has the additional amino acids leucine and glutamate between the TagB and GFP open reading frames. The entire open reading frame was then excised and used to replace tagB in pRBtagB, generating plasmid pRBtagBgfp. All pRB374-derived constructs were transformed into B. subtilis 168 following passage through E. coli MC1061 (25). Transformants were selected for kanamycin resistance and verified by diagnostic digestion of plasmid isolated from the transformed cells.

Purification of Amino-terminally Hexahistidine-tagged TagB (HisTagB), TagBhis, and TagBH126Ahis—Plasmid pDESTtagBhis was transformed into BL21-SI cells (Invitrogen) for protein expression. Cells were grown in LBON medium (Luria-Bertani medium without NaCl) supplemented with ampicillin at 30 °C with shaking at 250 rpm and induced with 300 mM NaCl at an optical density at 600 nm (A600) of ~0.5. Following induction, cells were grown at room temperature with shaking at 200 rpm for ~16 h. Cells were harvested, washed, and stored at –20 °C. The cell pellet was suspended in lysis buffer (20 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol, 10 µg/ml DNase, 10 µg/ml RNase, Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture) (Roche Applied Science) and disrupted by passage through a French pressure cell. Lysate was centrifuged at 20,000 x g for 15 min, and the supernatant was centrifuged at 35,000 rpm in a Beckman Ti50.2 rotor for 1 h. The resulting pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of Buffer A (20 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.4, 500 mM NaCl, 20% glycerol), and CHAPS was added to 2%. Solubilization was for 1 h on ice with occasional inversion followed by centrifugation at 35,000 rpm for 1 h in a Beckman Ti50.2 rotor. The supernatant was then diluted 5-fold with Buffer A, and imidazole was added to 25 mM prior to loading onto a HiTrap chelating column charged with Ni2+ (Amersham Biosciences). Elution of HisTagB was performed using a discontinuous gradient from 25 to 500 mM imidazole. HisTagB eluted at ~300 mM imidazole. Pooled protein was buffer-exchanged into water and then subjected to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry at the McMaster Regional Centre for Mass Spectrometry. HisTagB protein was buffer-exchanged into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) plus 20% glycerol and sent for antibody production in rabbits (Cocalico Biologicals, Reamstown, PA). Affinity purification of anti-TagB antiserum was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions using purified HisTagB coupled to Affi-Gel 10 matrix (Bio-Rad).

We took advantage of the T7 promoter on pBluescript to express the carboxyl-terminal hexahistidine-tagged TagB proteins. BL21-AI-competent cells (Invitrogen) were transformed with pBStagBhis and pBStagBH126Ahis. For protein purification, cells were grown in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin for 3 h at 37°C with shaking at 250 rpm and induced with 0.2% arabinose (A600 ~1). Cultures were grown an additional4hat30°C with shaking at 200 rpm. The purification was similar to that outlined for HisTagB (above) except that the soluble lysate was used for purification, rendering detergent solubilization unnecessary. Pooled proteins from the nickel affinity column were further purified on an S200 preparative gel filtration column (Amersham Biosciences) using GF Buffer (25 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol). Pooled fractions were frozen at –80 °C. Protein concentrations were determined by the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as a protein standard (26).

Fluorescence Microscopy—Both fixed and live B. subtilis cells were examined by fluorescence microscopy. Live cells were from a midlog phase culture that was diluted 10-fold and applied to an acid-etched, poly-L-lysine-treated coverslip, adhered to the bottom of a 1.5-inch Petri dish. The Petri dish was centrifuged at ~300 rpm in a Beckman Allegra 6 centrifuge to adhere cells to the coverslip. B. subtilis cell fixation was performed according to the procedure of Harry et al. (27). Fixed samples were adhered to freshly prepared poly-L-lysine-treated coverslips and sealed. Images were captured on a Nikon TE200 inverted fluorescence microscope with a 175-watt xenon lamp source (Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA), x63 plan apochromat oil objective (Nikon Canada, Mississauga, Canada), computer-controlled shutters, and filter wheels (Sutter Instruments), with Compix SimplePCI version 5.2 software (Nikon Canada). Enhanced GFP fluorescence was filtered with the enhanced GFP-specific excitation and emission filter sets (Chroma Technologies, Rockingham, VT), and images were captured using a Hamamatsu ORCA 100 digital camera at 1024 x 1024 8-bit pixel resolution.

Immunodetection of TagB in B. subtilis—Strains EB889 and EB890 were grown in 150 ml of LB medium supplemented with kanamycin with shaking (250 rpm) at 30 °C until an approximate A600 value of 1.2. Cells were harvested, washed, and stored at –20 °C. Cell pellets were resuspended in Bacillus lysis buffer (PBS, pH 7.3, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 µg/ml DNase, 10 µg/ml RNase, Complete protease inhibitor mixture) and normalized to the same A600 value. Cells were disrupted by passage through a French pressure cell, and the lysate was centrifuged at 11,000 rpm in a Beckman MLA-80 rotor for 10 min to remove unbroken cells. The supernatant was centrifuged at 24,000 rpm in a MLA-80 rotor for 20 min, and the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 45,000 rpm in an MLA-80 rotor for 1 h. Supernatant from this centrifugation step was considered soluble lysate, and the pellet was resuspended in an equivalent volume of membrane resuspension buffer (PBS, pH 7.3, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM EDTA) and considered the membrane fraction. Samples were separated by either 12 or 15% SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane. Immunodetection was performed using either affinity-purified anti-TagB antibody, anti-FtsY polyclonal antiserum, anti-TagD polyclonal antiserum, or anti-EzrA polyclonal antiserum. Donkey anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (BIO/CAN Scientific, Mississauga, Canada) was used as secondary antibody. Immunoblots were detected using the Western Lightning chemiluminescence reagent kit (PerkinElmer Life Science Products) according to the manufacturer's specification.

Extraction of B. subtilis Membranes—Membrane fractions from EB890 were precentrifuged at 90,000 rpm in a Beckman TLA-120.1 rotor for 30 min, and the pellet was resuspended in membrane resuspension buffer. One volume of membrane suspension was added to three volumes of extraction agent, and extractions were performed as previously reported (28), except that 0.1 M NaOH was used for alkali conditions. Following extraction, samples were layered onto a 0.5 M sucrose cushion (12 volumes) containing the appropriate extraction agent. Samples were centrifuged at 45,000 rpm in a MLA-80 rotor for 30 min. The samples were fractionated into top (sample volume), middle (sucrose cushion volume), and bottom (pellet) fractions. The top and middle fractions were precipitated with ice-cold trichloroacetic acid, followed by an ethanol/ether wash. The trichloroacetic acid precipitates and pellet fraction were suspended in the same volume of membrane resuspension buffer. Top, middle, and bottom fractions were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane. Immunodetection was performed as outlined above.

Protease Protection Analysis of TagB in B. subtilis—Protoplasts were generated from strain EB890 using essentially the method of Breitling and Dubnau (29), except that the STM buffer contained 28% sucrose. Membranes from EB890 (generated as inverted membrane vesicles via passage through a French pressure cell as outlined above) were centrifuged at 55,000 rpm in a Beckman TLA 120.1 rotor for 30 min, and the pellet was resuspended in an equivalent volume of STM. Both membranes and protoplasts were treated with either 0.5 mg/ml Proteinase K or 1% Triton X-100 plus 0.5 mg/ml Proteinase K. The final concentration of sucrose in all reactions was ~25% to maintain the integrity of the protoplasts. Reactions were incubated for 30 min at room temperature and halted by the addition of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride to 4 mM. Protoplast samples were centrifuged at maximum speed in a microcentrifuge for 5 min, and the resulting supernatant was saved for analysis. The pellet was washed three times in STM plus phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (4 mM) and resuspended in an equivalent volume of STM. Membrane samples were centrifuged at 55,000 rpm in a TLA-120.1 rotor for 30 min, and the resulting supernatant was saved for analysis. The pellet was washed three times with STM plus phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride using 8-min centrifugation steps at 106,000 rpm in a TLA-120.1 rotor. Following washes, the pellet was resuspended in an equivalent volume of STM. Both supernatant and pellet samples were separated by 15% SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane. Immunodetection was performed as outlined above.

Synthesis of [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol—[{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol was synthesized stepwise with the initial formation of [32P]glycerol phosphate. This reaction contained 100 µM ATP, 100 µM glycerol, 250 µCi of [{gamma}-32P]ATP (~3000 Ci/mmol; Amersham Biosciences), and one unit of glycerokinase (Sigma). The reaction buffer contained 50 mM Hepes, pH 8, 10 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM dithiothreitol. The reaction was incubated for 2 h at room temperature and subsequently centrifuged twice through an Ultrafree-MC 5000 NMWL centrifugal filter (Fisher) to remove glycerokinase. The reaction product was then converted to CDP-glycerol according to Ref. 11.

In Vitro Assay for TagB—The assay was essentially performed according to Schertzer and Brown (11), except that B. subtilis membranes were preheated at 100 °C for 20 min prior to use in the assay to decrease the background activity. Unless otherwise stated, the assay (250-µl volume) consisted of 200 nM TagBhis, 1.5 mg B. subtilis 168 membrane protein/ml, and 50 µM CDP-glycerol (~1 µCi [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol) in assay buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 40 mM MgCl2) incubated for 30 min at room temperature and quenched with urea to 4 M. Kinetic parameters were calculated using Sigma Plot 8.0 (SPSS Scientific, Chicago, IL).

Extraction of TagB Reaction Product—TagBhis reactions were carried out as above, and following the final wash membranes were resuspended in assay buffer (200 µl for butanol extractions and 250 µl for mild acid extraction). Butanol extractions were performed according to Amer and Valvano (30), and mild acid extraction was performed according to McArthur et al. (31) (i.e. 0.1 M HCl for 10 min at 100 °C). Reactions were neutralized prior to analysis.

Size Analysis of TagB Reaction Product—The TagB reaction was modified to ~700 nM TagBhis, 3 mg of B. subtilis 168 membrane protein/ml, and 10 µM CDP-glycerol (~15 µCi of [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol) and incubated for 15 h at room temperature. A control reaction omitting TagBhis was also performed. To reduce background radioactivity, the membranes were washed four times with assay buffer. Membranes, recovered by ultracentrifugation, were subjected to mild acid extraction as outlined above. The soluble fraction was isolated after ultracentrifugation and filtration through an Ultrafree-MC 5000 NMWL centrifugal filter. A portion of the recovered material was acidified to 1 M HCl and heated at 100 °C for 3 h to reduce the TagB reaction product to its glycerol phosphate component (11, 32). All samples were neutralized and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Waters Ultrahydrogel 120 column (Mississauga, Canada) with GF2 elution buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA) at 0.5 ml/min.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Purification of Recombinant TagB—We report here the first purification of recombinant TagB from E. coli. Amino-terminally hexahistidine-tagged TagB (HisTagB) was enriched in the membrane fraction of E. coli, and we found that approximately 20–30% of HisTagB could be solubilized from the membrane in the presence of a nonionic detergent (CHAPS). Furthermore, solubilized HisTagB could be purified to homogeneity using a single nickel-chelating affinity chromatography step (data not shown). To verify the identity of TagB, we performed immunodetection analysis of the purified protein and determined that it was immunoreactive to a commercially available anti-hexahistidine antibody (data not shown). We also subjected the purified protein to analysis by mass spectrometry and determined a molecular mass of 47,079 daltons (data not shown), in exact agreement with the calculated mass of HisTagB after cleavage of the initiating methionine residue. We used this protein as antigen to produce an anti-TagB polyclonal antibody. The HisTagB protein was also used to affinity-purify the anti-TagB polyclonal antiserum.

TagB Is Localized to the Membrane in B. subtilis—To facilitate detection of TagB in vivo, the tagB gene was cloned into a plasmid that allows constitutive expression from the PvegII promoter (23). Lysates generated from strains EB889 and EB890 were analyzed for immunodetection of TagB. Fig. 2A shows clear detection of TagB in EB890 lysate but no corresponding signal from EB889 lysate. Equivalent lysate loading was verified by comparison of FtsY protein levels. Fig. 2A also highlights our inability to detect endogenous levels of TagB in B. subtilis, presumably due to a low copy number of this protein, a possibility that has been previously noted upon analysis of the ribosome binding site and codon usage of the tagB gene (7).

To determine the localization of TagB in vivo, lysate from strain EB890 was fractionated by differential centrifugation. Immunodetection analysis of the fractionated lysate showed that TagB was almost exclusively localized to the membrane of B. subtilis (Fig. 2B). Detection of two control proteins, TagD, a soluble glycerol phosphate cytidylyltransferase involved in teichoic acid biosynthesis (9), and EzrA, a membrane protein involved in cell division (33), was used to test the integrity of the cellular fractionation. Fig. 2B shows fractionation between soluble lysate and membrane samples with low levels of membrane contamination in the soluble lysate (as judged by EzrA detection). The latter finding suggests that TagB may be exclusively membrane-associated.



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  		FIGURE 2.
TagB is enriched in the membrane of B. subtilis 168. A, immunodetection of TagB in lysate from strains EB889 (lane 1) and EB890 (lane 2). Immunodetection of FtsY protein levels was used as a loading control. B, immunodetection of TagB from lysate (lane 1), soluble lysate (lane 2), and membrane (lane 3) fractions of EB890 following differential centrifugation. Immunodetections of TagD and EzrA proteins were used as soluble lysate and membrane fractionation controls, respectively.

 
TagB Is Peripherally Associated with the Membrane—Bioinformatics-based prediction programs (e.g. TMHMM version 2.0 (17) and TMPred (18)) indicated the presence of a transmembrane helix between residues 6 and 25 of TagB. Closer inspection of this sequence indicated an amphipathic nature to the putative helix (Fig. 3A). To discriminate between transmembrane and peripheral membrane association of TagB, the membrane fraction derived from strain EB890 was extracted with chaotropic salt or alkaline treatment. Extracted samples were centrifuged through a sucrose cushion to enhance separation of extracted protein from the membrane fraction. In contrast to the unextracted control, samples extracted with either chaotropic salt (1.5 M NaI) or alkaline conditions (0.1 N NaOH) showed complete extraction of TagB from the membrane pellet (Fig. 3B). These results suggest that TagB is peripherally associated with the cell membrane, an unexpected finding given sequence-based predictions of transmembrane topology.

TagB Associates with the Cytosolic Face of the Membrane—We conducted a topological analysis of the interaction of TagB with the membrane to determine whether TagB associated with the cytoplasmic or extracellular face of the cell membrane. Protoplasts and inverted membrane vesicles generated from strain EB890 were used in a traditional protease protection assay. Reactions were separated by centrifugation to discriminate between protected species and protease-resistant species. Following protease treatment of EB890 protoplasts, the majority of TagB protein was detected in the pelleted fraction and observed to be of similar size to full-length protein (Fig. 3C, top panel, compare lanes 2 and 4). A minor amount of a faster migrating, immunoreactive TagB species was detected in the supernatant fraction. We believe that this represents a protease-resistant form that probably derived from the small amount of TagB found in the supernatant fraction of the untreated sample. Neither the protected nor the resistant TagB species was evident when protoplasts were incubated with detergent prior to incubation with protease.



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  		FIGURE 3.
TagB is peripherally associated with the intracellular face of the cell membrane. A, helical wheel representation of residues 6–25 from TagB. Note the alignment of the polar residues (Asn-9, Ser-16, and Gln-23) to one face of the helix (shown in black). B, immunodetection of TagB in EB890-derived membranes extracted with chaotropic agent (NaI) or alkali treatment (NaOH). Reactions were centrifuged through a sucrose cushion and separated into top (lane 1), middle (lane 2), and bottom (lane 3) fractions (see "Experimental Procedures"). C, immunodetection of TagB in EB890-derived protoplasts (top panels) or inverted membrane vesicles (IMVs, bottom panels) following treatment with protease (Proteinase K; PK), in the presence or absence of detergent (Triton X-100; TX). Reactions were separated into supernatant (lanes 1, 3, and 5) and pellet (lanes 2, 4, and 6) fractions by centrifugation. Full-length TagB is the slower migrating species.

 
In contrast to the protoplast samples, a full-length species of TagB was not evident when inverted membrane vesicles were incubated with protease in the absence of detergent (Fig. 3C, bottom panel, compare lanes 2 and 4). We noted an increase in the protease-resistant immunoreactive species of TagB found in the supernatant. Again, this protease-resistant form of TagB was not observed in the presence of the detergent. Thus, the data from the inverted membrane vesicle experiment complements that of the protoplast studies and clearly demonstrates that TagB is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane. This topology has also been independently demonstrated using the reciprocal reporter enzyme methodology of Manoil (34), where fusions to the E. coli lacZ and phoA genes were made to tagB after the 30th (following the putative amphipathic helix) and penultimate codons (data not shown).

Fluorescence Microscopy Allows in Vivo Visualization of TagBGFP Fusion Protein—To localize TagB in vivo, a translational fusion was made to the green fluorescent protein at the carboxyl terminus of TagB. Upon examination of strain EB892 by fluorescence microscopy, we found GFP fluorescence predominantly localized to the cell periphery of B. subtilis (Fig. 4A). Imaging of live EB892 cells showed fluorescence signal localized in a ringlike structure when cells were examined in cross-section (Fig. 4C). These data suggest that TagB is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane in B. subtilis, consistent with the results obtained by biochemical analysis. Indeed, immunodetection of TagBGFP in soluble lysate and membrane fractions of strain EB892 showed essentially the same enrichment in the membrane fraction as that seen with strain EB890 (data not shown). Thus, we conclude that the GFP fusion does not impact on the localization of TagB. Interestingly, we noted that GFP fluorescence was significantly increased at the junction between tightly apposed cells, even in the absence of an obvious division between adjacent cells as judged by light microscopy (arrows in Fig. 4, A and B).

The TagBGFP fusion protein was also tested for its ability to complement a B. subtilis strain (L5058) carrying the tag-1 allele that contains a lethal thermosensitive mutation in tagB (2, 7). We observed that the TagBGFP fusion was able to complement the tag-1-containing strain when grown at the restrictive temperature in a manner similar to unfused TagB (data not shown). This indicates that the fusion protein was functional in vivo and, therefore, that the localization of the TagB-GFP fusion protein was physiologically relevant.



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  		FIGURE 4.
TagBGFP is localized to the cell periphery and septa of B. subtilis 168. EB892 cells were examined by fluorescence microscopy (A and C) and by light microscopy (B and D). The arrows highlight putative cell division sites. Bar, 2 µm. Note that cells shown in C and D were imaged live, whereas cells in A and B were fixed.

 
In Vitro Incorporation of Labeled Glycerol Phosphate onto a B. subtilis Membrane Acceptor—Schertzer and Brown (11) reported on an assay that monitored the incorporation of labeled glycerol phosphate, from substrate CDP-glycerol, onto an uncharacterized acceptor in B. subtilis membranes. That assay was robust in demonstrating the polymerization of glycerol phosphate by TagF. We reasoned that the same assay might permit the detection of a single glycerol phosphate molecule incorporated onto the presumed undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-disaccharide acceptor in B. subtilis membranes. However, we were cognizant that the anticipated signal from a "primase" activity would be much lower than that for the polymerase. In question is the amount of prenylpyrophosphate-disaccharide acceptor in the membrane preparations. In addition, the anticipated signal generated by the primase would be significantly lower than the polymerase, due to the fact that the latter incorporates some 35 residues of glycerol phosphate for every residue incorporated by the primase. Accordingly, we modified the assay to utilize a 32P-labeled CDP-glycerol substrate. [32P]glycerol phosphate starting material was not commercially available, so we employed a two-step enzymatic synthesis for the production of [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol. In the first enzymatic reaction, glycerol was phosphorylated with [{gamma}-32P]ATP using glycerokinase, a step that went to 99% completion based upon HPLC analysis (data not shown). The labeled glycerol phosphate was then converted to CDP-glycerol using glycerol-3-phosphate cytidylyltransferase and CTP (see "Experimental Procedures"). Typically, this reaction went to ~95% completion (data not shown).

Given the membrane localization of TagB in vivo and the prediction for a membrane targeting sequence at the amino terminus of TagB, we were mindful that our recombinantly purified HisTagB had a significant extension (22 amino acids) at its amino terminus. Therefore, we designed a second recombinant TagB construct that placed a hexahistidine fusion at the carboxyl terminus of the protein, leaving native sequence at the amino terminus intact (TagBhis). We noted that expression of this construct yielded more soluble protein than the amino-terminal fusion. Using recombinantly purified TagBhis and [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol in the membrane incorporation assay, we were able to observe low but significant incorporation of radiolabel into the membrane fractions of both B. subtilis 168 and W23. As shown in Fig. 5A, this assay was linear for at least 30 min with 50, 100, and 200 nM TagBhis. Assay linearity was also observed with membranes isolated from B. subtilis W23 (data not shown). A turnover number of 0.25 h–1 for TagBhis was calculated (Fig. 5A, inset) from this finding.

Given the slow turnover for this enzyme, we attempted to determine whether the amount of membrane acceptor (i.e. B. subtilis membranes) was limiting to the reaction. Fig. 5B shows that the TagBhis reaction showed a dependence on membrane concentration, and regression analysis fit to the Michaelis-Menten equation indicated an observed Km value of 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/ml for the membrane substrate. Since the linearity experiments were conducted with 1.5 mg/ml B. subtilis 168 membrane, it appears that the amount of membrane was not limiting in the reaction, and thus, this cannot explain the slow turnover of TagBhis. However, this calculated turnover is in very good agreement with the putative ribitol-phosphate primase of B. subtilis W23, TarK.4



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  		FIGURE 5.
Characterization of TagB biochemical activity in vitro. A, linearity of TagBhis assay with time and enzyme concentration. Duplicate reactions using 0 (•), 50 ({triangledown}), 100 ({blacksquare}), and 200 nM ({diamond}) TagBhis and 1.5 mg/ml B. subtilis 168 membranes were quenched after 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and quantified. Inset, corrected reaction rates from the curves in A were plotted as a function of TagBhis concentration. B, membrane dependence of TagBhis. 200 nM TagBhis was reacted with ~0.3, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg/ml B. subtilis 168 membranes for 30 min. The rate was plotted as a function of membrane concentration. Reactions were performed in duplicate except at the highest membrane concentration, where the reaction was performed only once.

 

Characterization of TagBhis in Vitro Reaction Product—We hypothesized that TagB catalyzes the addition of glycerol phosphate to the 4-hydroxyl of the N-acetylmannosamine component of the undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-disaccharide acceptor molecule. Due to the lipophilic nature of the undecaprenyl moiety, the TagB reaction product should be readily extractable into an organic phase. Similarly, the pyrophosphate component of the TagB reaction product should render it sensitive to cleavage by dilute acid treatment (32). We conducted in vitro TagBhis primase assays and isolated the membrane fraction that was then subjected to extraction with either dilute acid (0.1 M HCl) or butanol. The results are shown in TABLE TWO and demonstrate that ~65% of the radioactive material incorporated onto the membrane by TagBhis could be extracted by either treatment. As a control, the butanol partitioning of the labeled CDP-glycerol substrate was also tested and found to be 900-fold less efficient (see TABLE TWO).


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  		TABLE TWO
Chemical characterization of TagB reaction product

 
We further characterized the TagBhis reaction product via size analysis of the mild acid hydrolysate using size exclusion chromatography. As shown in Fig. 6A, the cleaved TagBhis reaction product eluted in two overlapping peaks. The larger of the two peaks centered on 12.7 min and co-eluted with a polycytidine 5-mer (12.7-min elution; data not shown). The smaller peak eluted at ~14 min and co-eluted with a glycerol phosphate standard (13.9 min elution; data not shown). Prolonged concentrated acid treatment of the original acid hydrolysate resulted in the elution of the bulk of the radioactive signal at 14 min (Fig. 6B). Control reactions showed no appreciable radioactive signal in the absence of TagB protein.

In Vitro Primase Activity Is Specifically Attributable to TagBhis—To verify that the activity we observed in the membrane incorporation assay was due to TagBhis and not to a contaminating enzyme, we attempted to "knock down" the TagBhis activity. In the accompanying paper (22), we showed that two conserved histidine residues in TagB and TagF were strictly required for their ability to complement a temperature-sensitive lesion in their respective allele in vivo. In addition, the histidine variants severely abrogated TagF activity in vitro (22). We thought to extend these results to TagB and purified a carboxyl-terminal hexahistidine-tagged version of TagBH126A (TagBH126Ahis) to determine its activity in the in vitro primase assay. Wild type (TagBhis) and variant (TagBH126Ahis) enzymes were assayed, and the results are shown in Fig. 7. TagBH126Ahis showed ~75% less activity relative to the wild type protein. A representative aliquot of both enzyme preparations was examined by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining to verify similar levels of TagB protein in the assay (Fig. 7, inset). Although TagB levels were similar between the two enzyme preparations, it was readily apparent that the relative amount of contaminating protein in the TagBH126Ahis preparation was significantly higher. We reasoned that if the observed assay activity was due to a contaminating factor(s) in the sample preparation, one would expect a higher activity from the TagBH126Ahis preparation. That we actually observed a decrease in activity with this sample strengthens our conclusion that the observed glycerophosphotransfer activity is attributable to TagB.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The synthesis of polyol phosphate polymers linked to peptidoglycan, wall teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria, remains largely uncharacterized by biochemical experimentation. In particular, the critical steps of priming, polymerization, and linkage of poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid to the N-acetylmuramic acid residues of peptidoglycan continue to be a puzzle. Based largely on its homology to TagF, the Tag polymerase, it has been posited that the TagB protein may catalyze either the primase or ligase reaction, where these functions are expected to be intracellular and extracytoplasmic, respectively. In the work described here, we have provided the first evidence for membrane association of this protein and have shown that TagB associates peripherally with the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane. These observations, together with data demonstrating the enzymatic incorporation of glycerol phosphate from precursor CDP-glycerol to a membrane-bound acceptor that is specifically attributable to recombinant TagB, represent the first direct biochemical characterization of TagB and implicate TagB as the Tag primase in B. subtilis 168.



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  		FIGURE 6.
Size analysis of in vitro TagB reaction product. Membranes from B. subtilis 168 and labeled CDP-glycerol were incubated with TagBhis (solid lines) or control buffer (dashed lines). Membranes were collected by ultracentrifugation and washed prior to extraction with mild acid treatment (see "Experimental Procedures"). The soluble material was recovered after ultracentrifugation and analyzed by HPLC-based gel filtration chromatography (A). The mild acid-extractable material was subjected to prolonged concentrated acid hydrolysis (see "Experimental Procedures") and reanalyzed by HPLC-based gel filtration chromatography (B). Note that 45 and 15 µl of sample were injected for chromatograms A and B, respectively.

 



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  		FIGURE 7.
Effect of H126A mutation on TagBhis activity in vitro. Wild type TagBhis (200 nM; dark gray bar), TagBH126Ahis (equivalent amount; light gray bar), and an uncatalyzed control (white bar) were reacted with 3 mg/ml B. subtilis W23 membranes for 90 min. Reactions were performed in quadruplicate. Inset, volumes of TagBhis (lane 1) and TagBH126Ahis (lane 2) equivalent to those used in the assay were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. Approximate protein sizes (in kDa) are listed. TagB protein is the prominent species below the 45-kDa marker.

 
Our in vivo studies of TagB highlighted several interesting observations that may lead to a better understanding of its role in teichoic acid biogenesis. Fractionation, immunodetection, and in vivo fluorescence microscopy of TagB were consistent with membrane association of this teichoic acid biosynthetic protein. This is perhaps not unexpected. Teichoic acid biosynthesis occurs on an isoprenoid molecule embedded in the cell membrane, and, as such, the assembly of teichoic acid is thought to occur in close proximity to the cell membrane. TagO, the first enzyme acting in the biosynthetic pathway, is predicted to span the membrane multiple times (35). In addition, the Tag polymerase, TagF, has been shown to associate with membranes purified from B. subtilis (11, 15). The notable exception to this trend is the cytosolic synthesis of nucleotide-activated precursors used in the assembly of teichoic acid.

Our analysis of the association of TagB with B. subtilis membranes indicated a peripheral interaction, in contrast to what was suggested by sequence-based prediction programs. These predictions indicated the presence of an {alpha}-helix situated between residues 6 and 25 of TagB that would be responsible for insertion of the protein through the membrane bilayer. Although we have demonstrated that TagB is not an integral membrane protein, we were interested to note that examination of this sequence revealed a putative amphipathic {alpha}-helical motif. A similar motif has been identified at the carboxyl terminus of the MinD and FtsA proteins, both involved in cell division, and shown to be responsible for the peripheral association of these proteins with the membrane in E. coli (36–38). Unlike the MinD amphipathic helix, the putative helix in TagB does not contain any charged residues, an uncommon characteristic for an amphipathic helix. It may be that the polar but uncharged face of the putative TagB helix may facilitate interaction with an unidentified receptor protein situated on the membrane. Investigations into the amphipathicity and requirement for a membrane-bound receptor protein are currently under way. However, it should be noted that even under conditions of high expression, TagB was found associated with the membrane, suggesting that membrane binding may not be saturable. This would suggest that membrane association is independent of a membrane-bound receptor.

We have also demonstrated by both protease protection experiments and reciprocal reporter enzyme activity assays that TagB is localized inside the cell and must therefore associate with the cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane. This finding makes TagB an unlikely candidate for lipid modification. Lipoproteins are thought to be restricted to the extracellular face of the cell membrane in Gram-positive bacteria (39, 40). This suggests that the LANC sequence found between residues 7 and 10 of TagB is not a bona fide lipobox, despite matching the canonical LXXC sequence. In support of our findings, a comprehensive bioinformatic study of the lipid-modified protein complement in B. subtilis, conducted by van Dijl and co-workers (41), failed to identify TagB.

We have confirmed the membrane localization of TagB in vivo by visualization of a fusion of TagB to the green fluorescent protein. This represents the first in vivo localization of a protein involved in teichoic acid synthesis and paves the way toward investigating the potential interactions between the teichoic acid biosynthetic machinery and other cellular components involved in cell wall biosynthesis in B. subtilis. Of note, we did not observe TagBGFP localization into specific structures such as filaments or helices. This would suggest that TagB does not interact with the newly identified cytoskeletal proteins Mbl and MreB that have been shown to influence nascent peptidoglycan incorporation (42, 43). It should be noted, however, that our fluorescent construct was highly overexpressed with respect to native protein levels, and this may have precluded our ability to observe discrete localization patterns. Nevertheless, we were interested to note a relatively large signal for TagBGFP protein at potential division sites, even when individual cells could not be discriminated by light microscopy. Given the indispensable nature of teichoic acid biosynthesis, this observation tempts us to renew the suggestion that there may be a role for Tag enzymes in cell septation. Karamata's group (44) has previously suggested that specific Tag enzymes are involved in septum biogenesis, leading to a difference in the teichoic acid structure between septum and cell cylinder. However, it is unclear if the increased intensity of GFP signal corresponded to TagB protein in the closely apposed membranes of newly divided cells.

Prior to this work, the only clue to the biochemical function of TagB was its homology to the TagF protein and preliminary analysis of the tag-1 mutant strain. These two proteins are part of a growing family of TagF-like proteins, identified bioinformatically, although possessing no sequence similarity to proteins of known function (22). With the recent demonstration that recombinant TagF could catalyze poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerization in vitro (11), it was plausible that, based on its homology to TagF, the TagB protein was a candidate to catalyze the uncharacterized priming or peptidoglycan attachment reactions, both of which are chemically related to that carried out by the polymerase.

The demonstration that TagB could catalyze the incorporation of [32P]glycerol phosphate from [{beta}-32P]CDP-glycerol to a membrane-bound acceptor is the first observed direct biochemical activity for TagB to our knowledge. Although the level of signal relative to background was modest, the assay was robust, as evidenced by the linearity of incorporation with both time and enzyme concentration. Whereas the estimation of TagB turnover number is significantly lower than that for TagF (~4000-fold), it is important to note that the reaction dependence on CDP-glycerol concentration was not determined in this study, and thus, we cannot be confident that the turnover number was determined at saturating concentration of this substrate. Indeed, to ensure the incorporation of a detectable amount of labeled glycerol phosphate in the TagB in vitro assay, the concentration of unlabeled CDP-glycerol was fixed at 50 µM, whereas the saturating concentration of CDP-glycerol in the TagF polymerase assay was determined to be 1.2 mM (11). Alternatively, the low TagB turnover value calculated in this study may be a consequence of the heat treatment of the membranes prior to use in the in vitro assay. We cannot rule out the possibility that such treatment reduces the efficiency of glycerol phosphate incorporation or, perhaps, inactivates other factors that may impact upon TagB activity. Interestingly, the dependences on membrane acceptor of both TagB and TagF were very similar (apparent Michaelis constants of 400 versus 650 µg/ml, respectively), suggesting that the two reactions may be coordinated in vivo as suggested in models of teichoic acid biosynthesis.

Characterization of the in vitro TagB reaction product demonstrated that it was extractable from the membrane using both mild acid and butanol treatment. These results are consistent with the proposed composition of the reaction product (specifically, that it contains lipophilic (undecaprenyl) and acid-sensitive (pyrophosphate linkage) chemical components). It stands to reason that these two components would also be found in the membrane-bound acceptor. If anything, the addition of glycerol phosphate to the acceptor should decrease the lipophilicity of the molecule (31) while leaving the mild acid susceptibility relatively unaffected.

Furthermore, our size analysis of the TagB reaction product indicated that both glycerol phosphate and a larger molecule were liberated by mild acid extraction. In the absence of molecular standards for the proposed reaction intermediates of teichoic acid biogenesis, we previously compared the elution of the TagF reaction product with polycytidine standards. That reaction product eluted in a very broad peak centered on a 20-mer of polycytidine, consistent with a role for TagF as the poly(glycerol phosphate) polymerase (11). Here we demonstrate co-elution of the TagB reaction product with a 5-mer of polycytidine, a product considerably smaller than the TagF product and consistent with the addition of a single glycerol phosphate to the lipid-linked disaccharide. Nevertheless, we acknowledge here that, due to the inherent difficulties in characterizing the reaction product by molecular size, we cannot rule out the possibility that TagB transfers more than a single glycerol phosphate molecule to the disaccharide intermediate.

In aggregate, the data generated in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that TagB catalyzes the transfer of glycerol phosphate from CDP-glycerol to an undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-disaccharide acceptor molecule. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the Tag primase activity resides within another protein that requires TagB for activity.

Initial in vitro activity experiments were performed with the aminoterminally tagged version of TagB (HisTagB). We were unsuccessful at detecting meaningful incorporation of labeled glycerol phosphate onto the membrane acceptor using this protein. It is unclear if the lack of activity was due to the position of the hexahistidine fusion, perhaps impairing membrane association, or instead due to inactivation following solubilization in nonionic detergent. The latter consideration prompted us to utilize the more soluble carboxyl-terminal hexahistidine fusion protein. Our studies also indicated that membrane acceptor from both B. subtilis 168 and W23 strains were functional in the TagB assay. This is not surprising, given that the glycerol phosphate primase reaction is thought to occur on identical membrane-bound substrates in the two organisms, since the point of divergence between the two pathways occurs after the addition of at least one molecule of glycerol phosphate to the undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-disaccharide unit (13). In support of this observation, the putative ortholog of TagB from B. subtilis W23 (TarB) shares almost 50% protein sequence identity with TagB.

The decreased activity of the TagBH126Ahis variant indicated that TagB was specifically responsible for the observed enzymatic activity in this study. In the accompanying paper (22), we describe the identification of key conserved residues in both TagB and TagF (including His126) whose mutation abrogates the conditional suppression of a temperature-sensitive teichoic acid biosynthesis lesion in each respective allele. The 25% residual enzymatic activity for the TagBH126Ahis variant was surprising, given that the analogous histidine variant in TagF (TagFH474A) was catalytically impaired by ~5000-fold (22). Currently, our understanding of the reaction pathways for both TagB and TagF are limited, such that it is unclear what steps in these pathways are rate-limiting to either enzyme. Given that TagF is a polymerase and TagB is a primase, it is conceivable that the rate-limiting steps may be different. Nevertheless, the histidine residue in question (TagFH474 and TagBH126) may have the same role in both reaction pathways (e.g. as a catalytic base) but be rate-limiting in our in vitro assay only in the case of TagF. Interestingly, despite 25% residual activity of TagBH126Ahis in vitro, this variant was unable to functionally complement the tag-1 strain (22). However, it is not known what threshold level of TagB activity is required for complementation of this allele.

Nevertheless, the phenotypic parity between TagB and TagF implies a conservation of mechanism that, in addition to the evidence provided in this paper, strongly suggests that TagB is the CDP-glycerol:N-acetyl-{beta}-D-mannosaminyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenyl glycerophosphotransferase, or Tag primase. Furthermore, these studies directly implicate, for the first time, the homologous domain of the "TagF-like" proteins as a catalytic domain involved in glycerophosphotransfer.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Grant MOP-15496 (to E. D. B.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Supported by a Canada Graduate Scholarship from the CIHR. Back

2 Holder of a Canada Research Chair in Microbial Biochemistry. To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada. Tel.: 905-525-9140 (ext. 22392); Fax: 905-522-9033; E-mail: ebrown{at}mcmaster.ca.

3 The abbreviations used are: Tag, teichoic acid glycerol phosphate; GFP, green fluorescent protein; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography. Back

4 M. P. Pereira and E. D. Brown, unpublished observations. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We acknowledge the generosity of the following: Dr. Petra Levin, who provided pPL51 and anti-EzrA antibody; Dr. David Andrews who provided anti-FtsY antibody; and members of the laboratory for helpful discussions and assay reagents.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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Two Conserved Histidine Residues Are Critical to the Function of the TagF-like Family of Enzymes
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