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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M411035200 on November 16, 2004 Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M411035200 on November 15, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 5, 3151-3158, February 4, 2005
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DOK1 Mediates SHP-2 Binding to the {alpha}V{beta}3 Integrin and Thereby Regulates Insulin-like Growth Factor I Signaling in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells*

Yan Ling, Laura A. Maile, Jane Badley-Clarke, and David R. Clemmons{ddagger}

From the University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599

Received for publication, September 24, 2004 , and in revised form, November 3, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) to the phosphorylated {beta}3 subunit of the {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin is required for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-stimulated cell migration and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Because SHP-2 does not bind directly to {beta}3, we attempted to identify a linker protein that could mediate SHP-2/{beta}3 association. DOK1 is a member of insulin receptor substrate protein family that binds {beta}3 and contains YXXL/I motifs that are potential binding sites for SHP-2. Our results show that IGF-I induces DOK1 binding to {beta}3 and to SHP-2. Preincubation of cells with synthetic peptides that blocked either DOK1/{beta}3 or DOK1/SHP-2 association inhibited SHP-2 recruitment to {beta}3. Expression of a DOK1 mutant that does not bind to {beta}3 also disrupts SHP-2/{beta}3 association. As a result of SHP-2/{beta}3 disruption, IGF-I dependent phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and its ability to stimulate cell migration and proliferation were significantly impaired. These results demonstrate that DOK1 mediates SHP-2/{beta}3 association in response to IGF-I thereby mediating the effect of integrin ligand occupancy on IGF-IR-linked signaling in smooth muscle cells.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC)1 migration and proliferation play significant roles in atherosclerotic plaque formation (1). Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a potent stimulant of SMC migration and proliferation responses (2). We have shown previously that ligand occupancy of the {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin is required for SMC to respond appropriately to IGF-I (3). Blocking the ligand occupancy of {alpha}V{beta}3 inhibits IGF-I-dependent downstream signaling including phosphorylation of IRS-1 (3) and the trans-membrane, scaffolding protein Src homology 2 domain containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1), as well as cell migration and proliferation (4). One important event that occurs in response to ligand occupancy of {alpha}V{beta}3 is the phosphorylation of the {beta}3 subunit, and previous studies have shown that this is required for IGF-I-dependent signaling and biologic actions (5). SMCs expressing a mutant form of {beta}3 in which the two tyrosines in the cytoplasmic domain of {beta}3 were substituted with phenylalanines did not respond to IGF-I with an increase in DNA synthesis (5). Therefore in SMC phosphorylation of the {beta}3 subunit of {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin plays a key role in regulating IGF-I dependent cellular responses.

Our prior studies have shown that ligand occupancy of {alpha}V{beta}3 regulates IGF-IR signaling by regulating the transfer of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 (4, 5). In high density cultures, the {beta}3 subunit is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) can be co-immunoprecipitated with phosphorylated {beta}3 (5). This association correlates with membrane localization of SHP-2 and is required for the subsequent transfer of SHP-2 to its membrane substrate protein SHPS-1 following IGF-I stimulation (5). The disruption of SHP-2 and {beta}3 association results in the elimination of SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 (5). As a result, IGF-I-dependent cell migration and DNA synthesis are both decreased (5, 6). These results suggest that the association of SHP-2 and the {beta}3 subunit is a prerequisite for proper SHP-2 transfer and that this is required for IGF-I-stimulated biologic actions.

We have previously shown that the addition of IGF-I to subconfluent cultures induces an increase in {beta}3 phosphorylation and a corresponding increase of SHP-2 association (5). The incubation of SMC cultures with a Src-family kinase inhibitor PP2 inhibits {beta}3 phosphorylation and blocks SHP-2 association with {beta}3 (5), suggesting a phosphorylation-dependent association between SHP-2 and the {beta}3 subunit. The {beta}3 cytoplasmic domain contains one NPXY motif. This motif has been shown to interact with proteins containing phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains (7). SHP-2 does not contain a PTB domain, but it has two SH2 domains, which have been shown to mediate binding to phosphorylated tyrosine residues that are followed by a specific motif YXXL/I (8). Therefore it is likely that a linker protein containing both PTB domain and YXXL/I motif(s) modulates SHP-2 binding to {beta}3. The adaptor proteins insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS-1, IRS-2) contain both motifs, and IRS-1 has been shown to bind SHP-2 upon insulin receptor activation (9). In addition, IRS-1 can be co-immunoprecipitated with {beta}3 in response to insulin in rat fibroblasts that overexpress insulin receptors (10). However, although both IRS-1 and IRS-2 are expressed in primary SMC cultures, we could not detect co-immunoprecipitation of IRS-1 or IRS-2 with {beta}3, excluding them as linker proteins for SHP-2 and {beta}3 association.

DOK1 is a member of the IRS family of proteins that contains a PH domain followed by a PTB domain in its N terminus. It has multiple tyrosine residues in its C-terminal sequence that undergo phosphorylation upon tyrosine kinase activation (11, 12). DOK1 has been shown to function as a scaffolding protein that recruits key signaling molecules such as, the Ras-GTP-activating protein (Ras-GAP) and the adaptor protein Nck (13, 14) following its tyrosine phosphorylation. These associations have suggested that DOK1 plays a role in regulating cell functions such as migration, proliferation, and transformation (14–16). It is not known whether SHP-2 binds DOK1; however, tyrosines 203 and 337 of DOK1 reside in YXXL motifs and therefore have the potential to bind to the SH2 domains of SHP-2. The PTB domain of DOK1 has been shown to be necessary for its regulatory role in cell transformation (15). Recently, DOK1 has been shown to bind to the NPXY motif of {beta}3 via its PTB domain (17). However, the functional significance of the DOK1-{beta}3 interaction has yet to be determined. Because of these properties DOK-1 seemed a likely candidate for mediating phosphotyrosine-dependent binding of SHP-2 to {beta}3.

In the current studies, we determined whether DOK1 mediated the association of SHP-2 with {beta}3 and analyzed the functional consequences of disrupting this association on SHP-2 transfer to downstream signaling molecules. In addition, we further determined whether disruption of this interaction was associated with a change in IGF-IR-linked signaling and biologic actions.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Human IGF-I was a gift from Genentech (South San Francisco, CA). Immobilon-P membranes were purchased from Millipore Corp. (Bedford, MA). DMEM containing 4500 mg of glucose/liter (DMEM-H) was purchased from Invitrogen. Streptomycin and penicillin were purchased from Invitrogen. A polyclonal antibody for the {beta}3-subunit of porcine {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin was generated using two synthetic peptides containing the amino acid sequences encompassing positions 36–63 and 623–648. Polyclonal antibodies for SHPS-1, SHP-2, and the hemagglutinin epitope (HA) were obtained from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY). Anti-phosphotyrosine (Tyr(P)) and anti-DOK1 were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA). Antibodies against phospho-p44/p42MAPK, p44/p42MAPK, phospho-Akt, and Akt were from BD Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY). A synthetic peptide was prepared that contained the TAT sequence that confers cell permeability (18) followed by 11 residues of the DOK1 sequence (underlined) YARAAARQARA201WPYTLLRRYGRD211. This DOK-1 sequence contains the known site that mediates binding to {beta}3 (17). A second peptide that contained the TAT sequence followed by a SH2 domain recognition sequence within DOK-1 was also prepared, YARAAARQARA334KPLYWDLYE342. These two peptides are referred to hereafter as DOK1-{beta}3 and DOK1-SHP-2 blocking peptides, respectively. The peptides were synthesized by the Protein Chemistry Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Purity and sequence confirmation were determined by mass spectrometry.

Cell Culture—pSMCs were prepared from porcine aortas as described previously (19). The cells were maintained in DMEM-H with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT) streptomycin (100 ng/ml), and penicillin (100 units/ml). The smooth muscle cells that were used in these experiments were used between passages 4–16.

Generation of pLenti Expression Vectors—The full-length human DOK1 cDNA was generated by reverse transcription-PCR from mRNA that had been derived from human fibroblasts (GM10 Coriell Inst., Camden, NJ). The full-length DOK1 sequence was PCR-amplified and cloned into pcDNA-3.1 vector to generate pcDNA-DOK1 wild type (WT). The forward and reverse primers that were used to generate the PCR product were 5'-CACCATGTACCCATACGATGTTCCAGATTACGCTGACGGAGCAGTGATGGAAGGGCCGCT-3' and 5'-TCAGGTAGATCCCTCTGACTTGACCCCA-3'. The wild type DOK1 construct contains a hemagglutinin sequence at the 5'-end of the coding sequence (underlined). Arg207 and Arg208 were mutated to alanines to generate what is referred to hereafter as the DOK1-AA mutant. The mutant construct was generated by first synthesizing two DNA fragments that contained the mutations using pcDNA-DOK1WT as a template. The primers used to generate the first fragment were the forward primer from above plus 5'-CCTTGTCCCGGCCATAGGCAGCCAACAGAGTGTAGGGCC-5'. The primers used to generate the second fragment were 5'-GGCCCTACACTCTGTTGGCTGCCTATGGCCGGGACAAGG-3' plus the reverse primer from above. The two fragments were designed to overlap across the region of the mutation (bold letters). They were annealed and subsequently extended by Taq polymerase (Clontech) to generate a full-length DOK1 sequence containing the alanine substitutions. The final PCR products containing a Kozac sequence (CACC) followed by a sequence encoding the HA epitope at the 5'-end of the DOK1 coding sequence were cloned into the pLenti6/V5-D-TOPO expression vector (Invitrogen). The complete sequence was verified by DNA sequencing.

Generation of Virus Stocks—293FT cells (Invitrogen) were prepared for generation of virus stocks of each individual pLenti construct. Cells were plated at 5 x 106/75 cm2 flask (Corning Inc., Corning, NY) the day before transfection in the growth medium (DMEM-H with 10% FBS with streptomycin at 100 ng/ml and penicillin at 100 units/ml). On the day of transfection, the culture medium was replaced with 5 ml of Opti-MEM I (Invitrogen) without antibiotics or serum. DNA-LipofectamineTM 2000 complexes for each transfection sample were prepared and added along with total 8 ml of Opti-MEM I medium according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen). The next day the medium containing the DNA-LipofectamineTM 2000 complexes was removed and replaced with 12 ml of growth medium. The virus-containing supernatants were harvested at 48-h post-transfection, filtered through a 0.2-µm filter, and stored as 1-ml aliquots at –80 °C.

Establishment of SMCs Expressing pLenti Constructs—pSMCs (passage 4–5) were seeded at 3 x 105/well in 6-well plates (Falcon, catalog number 353046) the day before transduction. The viral stocks were thawed, and the viral complexes precipitated as follows. For each 1 ml of virus stock, 1 µl of an 80 mg/ml solution of chondroitin sulfate (Sigma, C4384) was added, then mixed gently, and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. 1 µl of 80 mg/ml Polybrene (Sigma, H9286) was subsequently added and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min to pellet the virus, and the supernatant was removed. For transduction, the pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of growth medium and 1 µl of Polybrene (40 mg/ml) was added, and then the mixture was incubated with the cells for 24 h. The virus-containing medium was removed and changed to 2 ml of growth medium for another 24 h, then replaced with selection medium (growth medium containing 4 µg/ml blasticidin, Invitrogen). The cultures were grown until they reached confluent density. The expression of the HA-tagged DOK1 proteins was detected by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with an anti-HA antibody (1: 1000) followed by an horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody.

Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting—Cells were seeded at 5 x 105 cells/10-cm plate (BD Biosciences) and grown for 7 days to reach confluency. Subconfluent cultures were used 3 days after plating. The cultures were incubated in serum-free DMEM-H for 12–16 h prior to the addition of IGF-I (100 ng/ml). For the experiments in which the cell-permeable peptides were added, 10 µg/ml of each peptide was added directly to the serum-free media for 1 h prior to adding IGF-I. The cell monolayers were lysed in a modified radioimmune precipitation assay buffer (1% Nonidet P-40, 0.25% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mM EGTA, 150 mM NaCl, and 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)) in the presence of protease inhibitors (10 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 µg/ml pepstatin) and phosphatase inhibitors (25 mM sodium fluoride and 2 mM sodium orthovanadate). The cell lysates were centrifuged at 14,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was exposed to a 1:330 dilution of anti-DOK1, anti-{beta}3, or anti-SHPS-1 antibody overnight at 4 °C. The immunoprecipitates were immobilized using protein A-Sepharose beads for 2 h at 4°C and washed three times with the same buffer. The precipitated proteins were eluted in 40 µl of 2x Laemmli sample buffer, boiled for 5 min, and separated with a 7.5 or 8% SDS-PAGE. The proteins were then transferred to Immobilon-P membranes that were blocked for 1 h in 1% bovine serum albumin in Tris-saline buffer with 0.2% Tween 20. The blots were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the indicated antibodies (1:500 for Tyr(P) and SHP-2 or 1:1000 for antibodies against {beta}3-subunit or DOK1). To detect the phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK, 30 µl of cell lysate was removed prior to immunoprecipitation and mixed with 25 µlof2x Laemmli sample buffer then separated by SDS-PAGE using an 8% gel. Anti-phospho-p44/p42MAPK (1:1000) and anti-phospho-Akt (1:1000) were used to detect activated MAPK and Akt. Total p44/p42MAPK and Akt protein were detected using a monoclonal anti-Erk antibody (1:1000) or anti-Akt (1:1000). The proteins were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Pierce Chemical Co.), and their abundance was analyzed using the GeneGnome CCD image system (Syngene, Ltd., Cambridge, UK). The images obtained were also scanned using an Agfa Scanner. Densitometric analyses of the images were undertaken using NIH Image, version 1.61. All experiments were conducted at least three times.

Cell Migration Assay—pSMCs were seeded in 6-well dishes and grown to confluency. A razor blade was used to scrape an area of cells, leaving a denuded area and a sharp visible wound line. The wounded monolayers were then incubated with 0.2% fetal bovine serum-DMEM-H in the presence or absence of the DOK1-{beta}3, DOK1-SHP2 peptide (10 µg/ml) with or without 100 ng/ml IGF-I for 48 h at 37 °C. The cells were then fixed and stained (Diff Quick, Dade Behring, Newark, DE), and the number of cells migrating into the wound area was counted. Eight of the previously selected 1-mm areas at the edge of the wound were counted for each data point. Each experiment was repeated three times and the results are the means ± S.E. of eight determinations in each of the three separate experiments.

Cell Proliferation Assay—Assessment of SMC proliferation was performed as described previously (20). Cells were incubated in the presence or absence of the DOK1-{beta}3, DOK1-SHP2 peptide (10 µg/ml) with or without IGF-I (50 ng/ml) for 48 h, and the cell number in each well was counted. Each treatment was analyzed in triplicate, and the results represent mean values of six independent experiments.

Statistical Analysis—Student's t test was used to compare the differences between control and treatment groups or control cells and cells expressing mutant proteins. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
DOK1 Is Associated with Phosphorylated {beta}3 Subunit in pSMCs—Consistent with our previous finding (5), tyrosine phosphorylation of the {beta}3 subunit was detected at high level in the basal state in confluent cultures, and IGF-I stimulation decreased the level of phosphorylated {beta}3 (89.8 ± 5% reduction, mean ± S.E., n = 3, p < 0.01). In contrast, in subconfluent cultures, there was a low level of {beta}3 phosphorylation basally, and IGF-I stimulated an increase in {beta}3 phosphorylation (4.22 ± 0.13-fold increase compared with basal level, mean ± S.E., n = 3, p < 0.01) (Fig. 1). When DOK1 and {beta}3 association was evaluated, the amount of {beta}3 that associated with DOK1 correlated with levels of {beta}3 phosphorylation. IGF-I decreased the amount of DOK1 associated with {beta}3to14 ± 5% of the basal level in high density cultures and stimulated a 3.00 ± 1.06-fold increase in subconfluent cultures (mean ± S.E., n = 3, p < 0.01 in both cases). These results suggested the association between DOK1 and the {beta}3 subunit was phosphorylation-dependent, and they are consistent with previous studies showing a direct association between DOK1 and the {beta}3 subunit (17). In contrast, we could not detect an association between {beta}3 and IRS-1 or IRS-2 or between {beta}3 and Grb-2-associated binder 2 (Gab2).



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  		FIG. 1.
IGF-I induces {beta}3 phosphorylation and its association with DOK1. A, confluent (high density) or subconfluent (low density) cultures of non-transfected pSMCs were placed in serum-free medium for 14 h then incubated with IGF-I (100 ng/ml) for indicated times. The cell lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-{beta}3 or anti-DOK1 antibodies. The membranes were immunoblotted with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (pTyr, first panel) or anti-{beta}3 antibody (third panel). The total amount of {beta}3 and DOK1 that had been immunoprecipitated was detected by reprobing the membrane with either anti-{beta}3 or anti-DOK1 antibody. B, densitometry analysis of {beta}3 phosphorylation and DOK1/{beta}3 association. The results are the mean ± S.E. of three separate experiments. **, p < 0.01.

 
Inhibition of DOK1-{beta}3 Association Blocks SHP-2 Association with the {beta}3 Subunit—To test the hypothesis that DOK1 may mediate SHP-2 association with the {beta}3 subunit, we incubated subconfluent SMCs with a synthetic peptide that contained the region of sequence that had been shown to mediate DOK1-{beta}3 association prior to IGF-I stimulation (17). It would be predicted that because this peptide is added in excess, it would bind phosphorylated {beta}3 and prevent the binding of DOK1 to {beta}3. In control cultures, IGF-I induced DOK1 binding to {beta}3 after 5 min (Fig. 2A, first panel) and at the same time point, there was a corresponding increase of SHP-2 association with {beta}3 (Fig. 2A, third panel). Exposure to the peptide abolished the IGF-I-induced increase in DOK1 binding to {beta}3, and it markedly inhibited SHP-2 association with {beta}3. However, there was no significant impairment of IGF-I-induced {beta}3 phosphorylation. Quantitative analysis of the tyrosine phosphorylation of {beta}3 showed that IGF-I induced a 4.36 ± 0.84-fold increase in control cultures and a 4.08 ± 1.59-fold increase in {beta}3 phosphorylation in the presence of the blocking peptide (mean ± S.E., n = 3, p = 0.86). These results suggested that DOK1 might be mediating SHP-2 association with {beta}3. To confirm this hypothesis, we generated SMCs expressing a DOK1 mutant that had had arginines 207 and 208 substituted with alanines (DOK1-AA). The expression of a mutant containing these substitutions blocked phosphotyrosine-mediated binding of DOK1 and altered the function of DOK1 in NIH-3T3 cells (15). Fig. 2B shows that DOK1WT and DOK1-AA were expressed in SMCs at similar levels. In cells expressing wild type DOK1, IGF-I increased the binding of DOK1 to {beta}3, and this was associated with a corresponding increase in the association of SHP-2 with {beta}3. However, in cells expressing the DOK1-AA mutant, the ability of IGF-I to stimulate an increase in DOK1 binding to {beta}3 was abolished, and the association between {beta}3 and SHP-2 was decreased (Fig. 2C). These results provided in vivo evidence that DOK1 binds to {beta}3 via its PTB domain and this binding mediates the recruitment of SHP-2 to the {beta}3 subunit.



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  		FIG. 2.
Inhibition of DOK1-{beta}3 subunit association impairs SHP-2 association with {beta}3. A, subconfluent cultures of non-transfected pSMCs were placed in serum-free medium overnight then incubated with IGF-I (100 ng/ml) for the indicated times in the absence or presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 blocking peptide. The lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-DOK1 or anti-{beta}3 antibodies and immunoblotted with anti-{beta}3 or anti-SHP-2 antibody. Levels of DOK1 or {beta}3 protein were evaluated by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting (IB) as shown in the second and fourth panels. {beta}3 phosphorylation was detected by immunoblotting with Tyr(P) antiserum. The peptide sequence is illustrated with DOK1 sequence underlined. B, the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with an anti-HA antibody followed by anti-HA immunoblotting to detect the expression of exogenously expressed DOK1 protein in transduced cells compared with non-transduced pSMCs (upper panel). Levels of exogenously expressed DOK1 proteins were also compared with endogenous levels of DOK1 expression by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with anti-DOK1 antibody (lower panel). C, pSMCs expressing pLenti-DOK1WT or pLenti-DOK1AA were serum-deprived then incubated with IGF-I for the indicated times. The lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-DOK1 or anti-{beta}3 and further immunoblotted with anti-{beta}3 or anti-SHP-2 antibodies. DOK1 and {beta}3 protein levels were analyzed by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting as shown in the second and fourth panels.

 
Disruption of DOK1 and SHP-2 Association Inhibits SHP-2 Binding to {beta}3—Because we showed that DOK1 is required for SHP-2 binding to {beta}3 and DOK1 contains the YXXL motifs that are potential binding sites for SHP-2, we hypothesized that DOK1 would bind to SHP-2 through this domain and that this interaction was required for SHP-2 binding to {beta}3. Therefore we determined whether 1) DOK1 bound SHP-2 through its YXXL motifs and 2) whether disrupting the binding altered the interaction between {beta}3 and SHP-2. Fig. 3A illustrates the regions of DOK1 that contain the PH domain at the N terminus followed by the PTB domain. Multiple tyrosine residues, including Tyr203 and Tyr337, that are located within YXXL motifs are also shown. In the basal state, there is low level of SHP-2 association with DOK1, and the level is significantly enhanced after IGF-I stimulation for 5 min (2.73 ± 0.28-fold increase compared with basal state, p < 0.05, Fig. 3, B and C). Pretreatment of cultures with the synthetic peptide that contains a DOK-1 SH2 recognition sequence (i.e. Y337WDL) abolished the association between SHP-2 and DOK1 (Fig. 3D, first panel). In contrast to the disrupting peptide used in Fig. 2A this peptide did not block DOK1 and {beta}3 subunit association (Fig. 3D, second panel). {beta}3 and SHP-2 association was also inhibited following peptide exposure (Fig. 3D, fourth panel). These results further support the conclusion that SHP-2 binding to {beta}3 is mediated by DOK1.



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  		FIG. 3.
DOK1 mediates the binding of SHP-2 to the {beta}3 subunit. A, schematic drawing of DOK1. DOK1 contains a pleckrin-homology domain (PH) and one phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) at the N terminus. The C terminus of DOK1 contains multiple tyrosines that can be phosphorylated. B, subconfluent pSMCs were serum-starved and incubated with IGF-I for 5 min. The cell lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-DOK1 antibody and immunoblotted (IB) with anti-SHP-2. The DOK1 protein levels were determined by reprobing the membrane with anti-DOK1. C, densitometric analysis of DOK1 and SHP-2 association. The results are the mean ± S.E. of three separate observations. D, subconfluent cultures were serum-starved overnight and stimulated with IGF-I with or without pretreatment of a DOK1-SHP-2 blocking peptide as illustrated (underlined sequence is derived from DOK1). The lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-{beta}3 or anti-DOK1 antibodies. The association between DOK1 and SHP-2 as well as {beta}3 and SHP-2 was detected by immunoblotting with anti-SHP-2 (first and fourth panels). DOK1 and {beta}3 association was evaluated by immunoblotting the DOK1 immunoprecipitates with an anti-{beta}3 antibody (second panel). As a control the levels of DOK1 and {beta}3 were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting as shown in the third and fifth panels.

 
Inhibiting SHP-2-{beta}3 Association Impairs SHP-2 Recruitment to SHPS-1—Our previous studies have shown that inhibiting of SHP-2 and {beta}3 association by inhibiting {beta}3 phosphorylation leads to impaired SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 upon IGF-I stimulation (5). Therefore we analyzed SHP-2 recruitment to SHPS-1 in the presence of either the DOK1-{beta}3 or the DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptide. In control cultures, IGF-I induced SHP-2 association with SHPS-1 after 5 min. However, this association was abolished following exposure to either the DOK1-{beta}3 or the DOK1-SHP-2 blocking peptide (Fig. 4, A and B). Compared with SMCs expressing DOK1-WT, in which IGF-I induces a significant increase in SHP-2 binding to SHPS-1, expression of the DOK1-AA mutant also inhibited the increase in the amount of SHP-2 that is transferred to SHPS-1 after IGF-I stimulation (Fig. 4, C and D). These results suggested that the degree of DOK1-AA expression is sufficient to exert a dominant negative effect on SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 following IGF-I stimulation.



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  		FIG. 4.
Inhibition of DOK1-{beta}3 association and DOK1-SHP2 binding impairs SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 following IGF-I stimulation. A, non-transfected pSMCs were serum-starved overnight then incubated with IGF-I for the indicated times in the absence or presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 blocking peptide or the DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptide. The cell lysates were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-SHPS-1 antibody. The association of SHP-2 with SHPS-1 was detected by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-SHP-2 antibody, and the SHPS-1 protein level is shown as control. B, scanning units of the amount of SHP-2 that is transferred to SHPS-1 are shown as mean ± S.E. from three experiments. C, pSMCs expressing pLenti-DOK1WT or pLenti-DOK1AA were serum-starved overnight then incubated with IGF-I for the indicated times. The lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-SHPS-1 antibody followed by immunoblotting with an anti-SHP-2 antibody. SHPS-1 protein level is evaluated by immunoblotting with SHPS-1 anti-serum. D, densitometric analysis of IGF-I induced SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 in cells expressing DOK1-WT versus DOK1-AA mutant. The results are the mean ± S.E. of three separate experiments.

 
IGF-I-mediated Phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK Is Decreased in the Presence of DOK1-{beta}3 and DOK1-SHP2 Blocking Peptide or in Cells Expressing the DOK1-AA Mutant— Impaired recruitment of SHP-2 to SHPS-1 or expression of a SHP-2 mutant with attenuated phosphatase activity have been linked to deficient MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in response to growth factor stimulation including insulin and IGF-I (21–23). We therefore analyzed IGF-I-induced phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK in control cultures and in SMCs that had been exposed to either the DOK1-{beta}3 blocking peptide or the DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptide prior to IGF-I addition. Fig. 5 shows that IGF-I induced a significant increase of phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK after 5 and 10 min in control cultures. In the presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 blocking peptide, however, the IGF-I-induced responses were significantly decreased. Similarly, prior exposure to the DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptide also significantly decreased IGF-I-dependent phosphorylation of both Akt and p44/p42MAPK. To confirm this result the phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK in response to IGF-I was compared between SMCs expressing DOK1-WT and the DOK1-AA mutant. IGF-I dependent Akt and MAPK phosphorylation were significantly impaired in cells expressing the DOK1-AA mutant (Fig. 6). Because blocking the association of DOK1 and {beta}3 has an effect on the ability of IGF-I to stimulate Akt and p44/p42MAPK phosphorylation that is similar to blocking SHP-2 and DOK1 association, these results indicate that IGF-I-dependent activation of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK pathways requires association of SHP-2-{beta}3 association and that DOK1 and {beta}3 association alone is not sufficient.



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  		FIG. 5.
Inhibition of SHP-2/{beta}3 association decreased IGF-I dependent phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK. A, non-transfected pSMCs were serum-starved overnight then incubated with IGF-I for the indicated times in the absence or presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 or DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptides. 30 µl of cell lysate was used to detect phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-phospho-Akt and anti-phospho-p44/p42MAPK. The protein levels were shown by probing the membrane with anti-Akt or anti-p44/p42MAPK antibodies. Densitometric analysis of phosphorylation of Akt (B) and p44/p42MAPK (C) were derived from at three independent experiments. Results are the mean ± S.E.

 



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  		FIG. 6.
Effects of DOK1-AA mutant on IGF-I dependent phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK. A, pSMCs expressing DOK1WT or DOK1-AA mutant were serum-starved overnight then incubated with IGF-I for the indicated times. 30 µl of cell lysate was used to detect phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42MAPK by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-phospho-Akt and anti-phospho-p44/p42MAPK. The protein levels were deleted by probing the membrane with anti-Akt or anti-p44/p42MAPK antibodies. Densitometric analysis of phosphorylation of Akt (B) and p44/p42MAPK (C) were derived from three independent experiments. Results are the mean ± S.E.

 
IGF-I-dependent Cell Migration and Proliferation Are Impaired in the Presence of DOK1-{beta}3 or the DOK1-SHP2 Blocking Peptide and in Cells Expressing the DOK1-AA Mutant—We have previously shown that activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK pathways are responsible for IGF-I-mediated cell migration and proliferation in cultured SMCs (24). To evaluate the consequences of impaired DOK1-{beta}3 association and hence inhibition of SHP-2 transfer to {beta}3 and subsequently to SHPS-1, we analyzed IGF-I-dependent cell migration and proliferation responses in the presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 blocking peptide and in SMCs expressing the DOK1-AA mutant. The effects of DOK1-SHP-2 blocking peptide were also analyzed. Fig. 7A shows that IGF-I induced a 2.28 ± 0.30-fold increase in cell migration and a 2.21 ± 0.12-fold increase in proliferation in control cultures. In the presence of the peptide that blocks the DOK1-{beta}3 association, the cell migration response to IGF-I was significantly decreased 1.21 ± 0.14-fold increase (p < 0.01 compared with control cultures). The increase in cell proliferation was also decreased (e.g. Fig. 7, 1.42 ± 0.24-fold, *, p < 0.05 compared with control). Prior exposure of SMCs to the DOK1-SHP-2 blocking peptide also significantly decreased IGF-I-dependent cell migration and proliferation responses (e.g. a 1.46 ± 0.11 in migration and a 1.30 ± 0.22-fold increase in cell proliferation, p < 0.05 in both cases compared with control). Compared with SMCs expressing DOK1WT in which IGF-I induced 1.95 ± 0.19 and 2.12 ± 0.36-fold increases in cell migration and proliferation, respectively, cells expressing the DOK1-AA mutant showed significant impairment of the IGF-I-stimulated increase in cell migration (Fig. 7, 1.24 ± 0.18-fold, **, p < 0.01 compared with DOK1WT) and in cell proliferation (Fig. 7B, 1.05 ± 0.07-fold, *, p < 0.05). As an additional control, IGF-I was shown to induce 2.34 ± 0.21-fold increase in migration and 2.27 ± 0.17-fold increase in proliferation in non-transfected wild type pSMCs. These responses are not significantly different compared with the responses of SMCs expressing wild type DOK1 (Fig. 7B, p = 0.375 in migration, p = 0.465 in proliferation). In addition, there was no significant difference in the basal growth rate of wild type SMCs as compared with SMCs expressing DOK1-WT (data not shown).



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  		FIG. 7.
IGF-I dependent cell migration and proliferation are impaired in the absence of functional DOK1. A, analysis of cell migration and proliferation responses to IGF-I in the absence or presence of the DOK1-{beta}3 or DOK1-SHP2 blocking peptides. Cell migration and proliferation were analyzed as described under "Experimental Procedures." **, p < 0.01 and *, < 0.05 when the results of cells exposed to the blocking peptides were compared with control group for migration and proliferation assay. n = 8 for migration and n = 6 for proliferation assay. B, analysis of cell migration and proliferation responses to IGF-I in non-transduced SMCs. SMCs expressing DOK1-WT or DOK1-AA mutant were analyzed as described under "Experimental Procedures." **, p < 0.01 and *, p < 0.05 compared with DO 12p1-WT. n = 8 in migration assay and n = 6 in proliferation assay. All results are the mean ± S.E.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
In other cell types, activation of SHP-2 catalytic activity has been shown to correlate with the capacity of IGF-I to stimulate phosphatidylinositol 3-(21) or MAP kinase (25). However the role of transfer of SHP-2 to {alpha}V{beta}3 or other integrins in mediating their activation was not examined. We have previously shown that SHP-2 associates with the {beta}3 subunit of the {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin in response to high culture density or following stimulation of low density cultures with IGF-I. This association is dependent upon {beta}3 phosphorylation, and it is required for SHP-2 localization to the plasma membrane as well as its transfer to SHPS-1 and for IGF-I to stimulate mitogenesis (5).

The tyrosines that are phosphorylated in the {beta}3 subunit are contained within NXXY motifs and cannot bind directly to SHP-2, because SHP-2 does not contain a PTB domain. Our current study shows that DOK1 mediates the association of SHP-2 with {beta}3. This requires two distinct binding sites within DOK1, its PTB domain that binds to phosphorylated {beta}3 and the Y337WDL SH2 recognition sequence that binds to the SH2 domain of SHP-2. Our studies also demonstrate that inhibition of SHP-2 association with {beta}3 either by blocking DOK1 binding to {beta}3 or by blocking DOK1 binding to SHP-2 was associated with impaired IGF-I-induced activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK pathways and, hence, failure to stimulate increases in cell migration and proliferation. These findings support the conclusion that DOK1-mediated SHP-2 recruitment to {beta}3 is an important step in IGF-I receptor-linked signaling in pSMC.

Our results suggest that phosphorylation of {beta}3 is a key event in DOK1/SHP-2 transfer. {beta}3 phosphorylation can be accomplished by growing the cultures to high density or by stimulation with IGF-I. The addition of {alpha}V{beta}3 ligands to subconfluent cultures or the increased availability of these ligands in confluent cultures also stimulates {beta}3 phosphorylation (5). Our current findings therefore emphasize the role of cooperativity between integrin ligand occupancy and IGF-IR activation in modulating cellular responses to IGF-I and the necessity for activation of both signaling pathways to obtain an optimal IGF-I response.

It has been reported that IRS family proteins including IRS-1 and Gab1 can associate with integrin {beta} subunits. For example, in rat fibroblasts that overexpress insulin receptors, IRS-1 can associate with the {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin in response to insulin stimulation (10). Similarly, Chinese hamster ovary cells that have been transfected with {beta}1A subunit show coimmunoprecipitation between {beta}1A and IRS-1, whereas expression of {beta}1C in these cells induces binding of Gab1 and SHP-2 to the {beta}1C subunit (26). These associations correlate with the enhanced extracellular matrix protein-mediated cell attachment in response to growth factor stimulation (10, 26), and in the case of the {alpha}V{beta}3 integrin with an enhanced mitogenic response to insulin (10). Our studies show that in primary SMC cultures where there is no exogenous expression of either {alpha}V{beta}3 or IGF-IR, DOK1 but not IRS-1, IRS-2 or Gab2 associates with the {beta}3 subunit. Most importantly, we provided functional evidence of a role for DOK1 by demonstrating that a blockade of DOK1-mediated SHP-2 binding to {beta}3 leads to a disruption in both MAP kinase activation and the mitogenic response to IGF-I.

Both in vitro and in vivo evidence have been provided for DOK1 binding to the cytoplasmic tail of {beta}3 integrin (17). A GST·PTB domain fusion protein of DOK1 was shown to bind to the recombinant integrin {beta}3 tail in vitro, and intact DOK1 was shown to co-immunoprecipitate with the {alpha}IIb{beta}3 integrin in Chinese hamster ovary cells that were stably expressing {alpha}IIb{beta}3 (17). This interaction was dependent upon the integrity of the NPXY motif within the {beta}3 cytoplasmic tail, because the mutation of the tyrosine residue in the NPXY motif blocked DOK1 and {beta}3 association (17). Furthermore, when the two arginines within the PTB domain of DOK1 were mutated to alanines, the interaction between DOK1 and the phosphotyrosine moiety was disrupted (15). Those results demonstrated that DOK1 and {beta}3 association is a direct interaction that occurs via the PTB domain of DOK1 and the NPXY motif of the {beta}3 subunit. Our results are consistent with these observations, because the exposure of SMC to a peptide encompassing part of the PTB domain of DOK1 containing the Arg207, Arg208 sequence or overexpression of the DOK1-R207A, R208A mutant disrupted association between DOK1 and {beta}3. Our finding of lack of association between IRS-1, IRS-2, and {beta}3 was also supported by the studies of Calderwood et al. (17) in which they screened a large series of recombinant PTB domains for their ability to bind to {beta}3. They were able to identify DOK1 and Numb, a negative regulator of Notch signaling but not IRS-1 or IRS-2.

The significance of disruption of the interaction between DOK1 and {beta}3 is that SHP-2 binding to {beta}3 is inhibited. We have previously shown that SHP-2 and {beta}3 association is a prerequisite for recruitment of SHP-2 to SHPS-1 and for the appropriate timing of SHP-2 transfer to IGF-IR (5). SHP-2 binding to {beta}3 therefore plays an important role in regulating its subsequent transfer to SHPS-1, which is necessary for IGF-I to stimulate cell migration and proliferation (5, 6). The current study illustrates that SHP-2 transfer to {beta}3 is mediated by the binding of its SH2 domain to DOK1 and that it also requires binding of DOK1 to tyrosine phosphorylated {beta}3. Inhibition of either of these events resulted in failure to transfer SHP-2 to {beta}3 and to SHPS-1. In addition, the fact that a blockade of DOK1-SHP-2 association, which did not alter DOK1 association with {beta}3, elicited effects on SHP-2 transfer that were comparable with blocking DOK1-{beta}3 association indicated that DOK1 functions as a linker protein that mediates SHP-2 transfer to {beta}3 and thereby facilitates its subsequent transfer to phosphorylated SHPS-1. We have shown previously that SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1 is required for IGF-I stimulated increases in MAP kinase activation as well as stimulation of SMC migration and proliferation (24). Our current results confirm those earlier studies by showing that blocking DOK1-mediated transfer of SHP-2 to {beta}3, which resulted in impaired SHP-2 to transfer to SHPS-1, also resulted in an impaired cell migration and proliferation responses to IGF-I.

Previous studies have provided support for the conclusion that DOK1 is a positive regulator of cell growth and migration. Hosooka et al. (27) reported that expression of a functional dominant negative DOK1 mutant suppressed cell migration and Ras activation and thereby cellular proliferation in mouse melanoma cells. In addition, overexpression of wild type DOK1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells enhanced insulin-stimulated migration (28). However, other studies have suggested that DOK1 is a negative regulator for mitogenic signaling (5, 14, 16). For example, overexpression of wild type DOK1 inhibited PDGF-induced MAPK activation (16) as well as Ras and Erk activation induced by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines (14). Recruitment of Ras-GAP, a negative regulator of Ras activation, to DOK1 following DOK1 phosphorylation has been proposed to be responsible for decreasing mitogenic signaling (14). In our current study, we did not characterize the association of Ras-GAP with DOK1. It is possible that disruption of DOK1-SHP-2 binding may lead to sustained DOK1 phosphorylation and enhanced binding of Ras-GAP, thereby subsequently inhibiting IGF-IR-linked downstream signaling. Nevertheless, our results indicate that DOK1 has a direct role in mediating SHP-2 and {beta}3 association and inhibition of this interaction resulted in impaired IGF-IR-mediated stimulation of MAP kinase activation and cell proliferation.

The association between SHP-2 and DOK1 is a novel finding. This association appears to be mediated via the YXXL/I motifs because pre-incubating cells with the DOK1 blocking peptide abolished SHP-2 association with DOK1. The SH2 domain of SHP-2 has been shown to bind phosphorylated tyrosines that are contained in the YXXL/I motifs (8). Therefore these results suggest that IGF-I induced phosphorylation of DOK1, leads to enhanced SHP-2 recruitment. This is consistent with the concept that DOK1 can function as a scaffolding protein for signaling molecule assembly. In addition to Ras-GAP, the adaptor protein Nck (29), the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Csk (30), and the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome gene product SH2D1A (30) have all been shown to be associated with tyrosine-phosphorylated DOK1. These associations are required for DOK1 to facilitate downstream signaling. For example, Nck binding to Tyr361 of DOK1 is required for RET tyrosine kinase-mediated JNK phosphorylation in neuroectodermal cell line (14), whereas association of SH2D1A with phosphorylated DOK1 at Tyr449 has been shown to be important in the normal effective host response to Epstein-Barr virus infection (30). Here we demonstrate that by mediating SHP-2 recruitment, tyrosine phosphorylation of DOK1 plays a positive role for IGF-IR downstream signaling.

In summary, our studies provide evidence that in SMCs, DOK1 associates with SHP-2 in response to IGF-I and that the DOK1·SHP-2 complex associates with the tyrosine-phosphorylated {beta}3 subunit. Therefore DOK1 acts as a linker protein for SHP-2 association with the {beta}3 and thereby positively regulates IGF-IR-linked downstream signaling events and IGF-I-stimulated cell migration and proliferation.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by Grants HL56850 and AG02331 from the National Institutes of Health. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} To whom correspondence should be addressed: CB# 7170, 6111 Thurston-Bowles, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7170. Tel.: 919-966-4735; Fax: 919-966-6025; E-mail: endo{at}med.unc.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: SMC, smooth muscle cell; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; SH, Src homology; SHPS-1, SH2 domain containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1; SHP-2, SH2 domain tyrosine phosphatase; PTB, phosphotyrosine binding; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; GAP, GTP-activating protein; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; HA, hemagglutinin; WT, wild type; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Laura Lindsey for help in preparing the manuscript.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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