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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M409965200 on November 19, 2004

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 5, 3376-3381, February 4, 2005
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Altered Oxyanion Selectivity in Mutants of UhpT, the Pi -linked Sugar Phosphate Carrier of Escherichia coli*

Jason A. Hall{ddagger} and Peter C. Maloney§

From the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21205

Received for publication, August 30, 2004 , and in revised form, November 9, 2004.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
In Escherichia coli, the UhpT transporter catalyzes the electroneutral accumulation of sugar 6-phosphate by exchange with internal inorganic phosphate (Pi). The substrate specificity of UhpT is regulated at least in part by constituents of an Asp388-Lys391 intrahelical salt bridge, and mutations that remove one but not both of these residues alter UhpT preference for organophosphate substrates. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we examined the role played by these two positions in the selection of the oxyanion countersubstrate. We show that derivatives having aliphatic or polar residues at positions 388 and 391 are gain-of-function mutants capable of transporting SO4 as well as Pi. These oxyanions share similar structures but differ significantly in the presence of a proton(s) on Pi. Our findings therefore lead us to suggest that the Asp388-Lys391 ion pair acts normally as a filter that prevents substrates lacking a proton that can be donated from occupying the UhpT active site.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The MFS1 is the largest known collection of evolutionarily related secondary transporters showing great diversity in both substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism (1–4). Despite this heterogeneity, members of the MFS appear to share a common architectural theme characterized by the presence of ~12 transmembrane segments that transverse the membrane in an {alpha}-helical conformation. The recent publication of high resolution structures for several of the best studied (yet unrelated) members of this superfamily (5–7) indicates that this structural theme is indeed correct, providing a framework by which to study helix relationships and domain function using site-directed mutagenesis and the modification chemistry it affords. We have applied these techniques to the study of UhpT, the Pi-linked hexose phosphate antiport carrier of Escherichia coli (8–10), to identify determinants of substrate selectivity.

In previous work, TM11 of UhpT was shown to contain an intrahelical salt bridge with the constituents Asp388 and Lys391 that lie on the substrate translocation pathway (11). Further analysis indicated that these two positions play a direct role in determining substrate specificity (11, 12). Thus, derivatives having an uncompensated cationic charge at either position 388 or 391 are gain-of-function mutants in which substrate preference is strongly biased in favor of phosphoenolpyruvate, a substrate that carries one more negative charge than sugar 6-phosphate. If, however, an uncompensated anionic charge is placed at position 388, one observes behavior consistent with an increased preference for monovalent rather than divalent sugar 6-phosphate, as though the resident anion were acting as an anionic charge entering on sugar phosphate. Here, we provide evidence that when non-ionic residues occupy these two positions, UhpT can accept both Pi and SO4, suggesting that this region also plays a role in discriminating between these two oxyanions.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Strains and Plasmids—Strain XL1-Blue (recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thi1 hsdR17 supE44 relA1 lac (F' proAB lacIqZ{Delta}M15 Tn10)) (Stratagene Cloning Systems) was used for all cloning steps. Strain RK5000 (araD139 {Delta}(argF-lac)U169 relA1 rpsL150 thi gyrA219 non metE780 {Delta}(ilv-uhpABCT')2056 recA), a gift from R. J. Kadner, University of Virginia (13), served as the host for tests of function of plasmid-encoded UhpT. Plasmid pTrc (HisC0S6) encodes the N-terminal His10-tagged, cysteineless UhpT (11) that served as parent for the derivatives described in this study.

Mutagenesis—Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using the sequential polymerase chain reaction (14). Mutant uhpT alleles were sequenced at the Biosynthesis and Sequencing Facility of the Johns Hopkins Medical School to confirm the desired mutation and to rule out the presence of other changes.

Whole Cell Transport Assays—Unless noted otherwise, overnight cultures were diluted 200-fold into M63 minimal medium, pH 7 (15), containing thiamine (2 µg/ml), required amino acids (50 µg/ml), antibiotics (100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 µg/ml ampicillin), and 0.2% (w/v) glucose as a carbon source. The high Pi content of M63 ensured maximal repression of other Pi transporters (Pst and Pit) so that most Pi transport occurred via UhpT (11, 16). Cells were grown at 37 °C to a density of 2–5 x 108 cells/ml, harvested by centrifugation, and then washed twice and resuspended in buffer A (50 mM MOPS/K, pH 7) at an optical density at 660 nm of 1.4, equivalent to about 2 x 109 cells/ml. After equilibration at room temperature, tests of Glc-6-P, SO4, or Pi transport were initiated by adding a 0.1 or 0.05 volume of labeled substrate to a final concentration of 50 µM, 1mM, or 100 µM, respectively. At indicated times, aliquots were removed for filtration on Millipore filters (0.45-µm pore size) followed by two washes with 5 ml of buffer A.

Protein Purification, Reconstitution, and Transport Assays—His10-tagged, cysteineless UhpT and its D388V/K391C derivative were purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid metal affinity chromatography. Overnight cultures were diluted 50-fold into 400 ml of M63 medium (as above) and grown at 37 °C to OD660 1.0–1.2. To induce UhpT expression, isopropyl 1-thio-{beta}-D-galactopyranoside was added to 0.5 mM, and cells were harvested after 2 h. Cells were then washed twice with 20 ml of 100 mM potassium Pi, pH 7.5, and resuspended in 20 ml of 100 mM potassium Pi, pH 7, containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 200 µg of DNase I. Cells were disrupted in the cold using a French pressure cell (16,000 p.s.i.), and after removal of unbroken cells and cell debris by low speed centrifugation (12,000 x g for 30 min), membranes were pelleted (150,000 x g for 1 h) and resuspended in 8 ml of buffer B (100 mM potassium Pi, 20% glycerol, 5 mM {beta}-mercaptoethanol, 200 mM NaCl, 0.2% E. coli phospholipid, 1.5% n-dodecyl-{beta}-maltoside, pH 7.5). After incubation for 1 h on ice, insoluble materials were removed by centrifugation (150,000 x g, 1 h), and the supernatant was added to a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose slurry preequilibrated in buffer B. This mixture was incubated for 2 h at 4 °C with gentle shaking, after which the resin was loaded onto a QUIK-SEP column (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) and washed with 6 times with 2 ml of buffer B adjusted to pH 7 and containing 0.25% E. coli phospholipid and 50 mM imidazole. Histidine-tagged UhpT was then eluted from the resin by adding 400 µl of buffer B, pH 7, containing 0.25% E. coli phospholipid and 250 mM imidazole instead of 200 mM NaCl. Purified material, estimated to be 70–80% UhpT by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was stored at -80 °C until use.

To reconstitute purified UhpT into proteoliposomes, 2 µg of protein, assayed using the procedure of Brown et al. (17), was mixed for 20 min on ice in a total volume of 375 µl with a buffer, pH 7, containing 100 mM potassium Pi, 1mM dithiothreitol, 1.5% octyl-{beta}-D-glucoside, and 3.75 mg of E. coli phospholipid. Proteoliposomes were formed by a 40-fold dilution into chilled buffer of 50 mM MOPS/potassium, 100 mM potassium Pi, pH 7, and isolated by centrifugation (150,000 x g, 1 h) at 4 °C. The proteoliposome pellet was then washed twice and resuspended in 15 ml of 50 mM MOPS/K, 161 mM KCl, pH 7, again isolated by centrifugation, washed and resuspended in 375 µl of the same buffer, and stored on ice prior to assay.

To assay UhpT-mediated transport, reconstituted proteoliposomes were diluted 10-fold into 50 mM MOPS/K, 161 mM KCl, pH 7, and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before the addition of radiolabeled substrate. Transport activity was examined using the same general procedures employed to assay substrate transport in whole cells except that 0.22-µm filters were used.

Chemicals—[14C]Glc-6-P (49.3 µCi/µmol), [32P]potassium Pi (1 Ci/mmol), and [35S]Na2SO4 (550–600 µCi/µmol) were from PerkinElmer Life Sciences. E. coli phospholipid was obtained from Avanti%20Polar%20Lipids">Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL), and both n-dodecyl-{beta}-maltoside and octyl-{beta}-D-glucoside were from Calbiochem.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Isolation of Mutants That Transport SO4—Within the MFS, UhpT belongs to a coherent family of organophosphate transporters and receptors, each having high specificity for some organic phosphate ester and low affinity for Pi (1, 3, 8). We showed previously that both Asp388 and Lys391, normally associated in a TM11 intrahelical salt bridge, can play a direct role in determining substrate specificity (11, 12). For example, elimination of the anionic partner, which introduces an uncompensated positive charge in this region, alters UhpT substrate bias so as to favor organophosphate substrates with increased electronegative character. Such findings prompted us to ask whether this region might also play a role in discriminating between the low affinity Pi substrate and other oxyanions, such as SO4, that are normally excluded.

In the present study we explored the role of TM11 in oxyanion selectivity, beginning with an analysis of the UhpT D388C/K391C variant, a mutant whose behavior is markedly affected by the presence of SO4. Thus, in the absence of salts and in the presence of KCl, this variant and its parent transported 32Pi with comparable efficiency; by contrast, 32Pi transport by the mutant was strongly inhibited when K2SO4 was added to the assay medium (Fig. 1). This finding suggests that SO4 is either a substrate for or an inhibitor of transport by the D388C/K391C variant, and because this mutant displays normal levels of Pi self-exchange in the absence of salts (Figs. 1 and 4, Table I), we could address this issue by measuring the relative effectiveness with which added SO4 caused loss of internal Pi during heterologous exchange (Fig. 2). As expected, the addition of both Glc-6-P and Pi led to a marked loss of internal phosphate from cells carrying either cysteineless or D388C/K391C UhpT, whereas SO4 induced significant Pi efflux only in the D388C/K391C mutant. These findings strongly argue that D388C/K391C is a gain-of-function mutation that allows UhpT to recognize and transport both Pi and SO4. This supposition was confirmed by the finding that this mutant, and not its parent, was able to transport SO4 (Fig. 3).



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  		FIG. 1.
Transport of Pi in the presence of various salts. Pi self-exchange was measured for strain RK5000 without ({blacktriangleup}) and with (•) plasmids expressing the parental cysteineless UhpT; transport by Uhp or its D388C/K391C derivative ({blacksquare}) was measured in the absence of additional salt (MOPS/K alone) (A) and after the addition of either 200 mM KCl (B) or 100 mM K2SO4 (C). Transport was measured as described under "Experimental Procedures." The data, from a single experiment, are representative of findings made in four independent trials.

 



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  		FIG. 4.
Transport of Glc-6-P, Pi, and SO4. Transport of Glc-6-P (A), Pi (B), and SO4 (C) by the parental cysteineless UhpT and its derivatives is shown. Rates of transport were monitored by a 5-min incubation of cells with labeled substrate as described under "Experimental Procedures." Values shown are means ± S.E. for three independent experiments.

 


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  		TABLE I
Transport properties of UhpT mutants displaying increased affinity for SO4

 



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  		FIG. 2.
Substrate transport by UhpT and its D388C/K391C derivative. Pi transport by parental cysteineless (A) and D388C/K391C (B) variants was assayed as described under "Experimental Procedures." Cells were incubated with radio-labeled Pi; at the time point indicated by the arrow, the control tube was divided into five portions, and each portion was given either additional buffer A ({blacksquare}) or buffer A containing unlabeled 1 mM Pi ({blacktriangleup}), 1 mM Glc-6-P (•), 10 mM KCl ({circ}), or 10 mM K2SO4 ({triangleup}). Data are from three separate trials and are shown as means ± S.E.

 



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  		FIG. 3.
SO4 transport by UhpT and its D388C/K391C derivative. Transport of SO4 by parental cysteineless ({blacksquare}) and D388C/K391C (•) UhpT-expressing strains was assayed as described under "Experimental Procedures." Data are from three separate trials and are shown as means ± S.E.

 
Having found that the D388C/K391C mutation enabled UhpT to transport SO4, we next asked whether this gain-of-function phenotype reflects the presence of cysteine at these two positions or the absence of the constituents of the Asp388-Lys391 salt bridge. Analysis of UhpT relatives suggests that although some residues within TM11 are highly conserved, the Asp388-Lys391 ion pair is restricted to family members that transport sugar 6-phosphate (11, 19). By contrast, in examples that do not transport sugar 6-phosphate, either aliphatic (Ala or Val) or polar residues (Asn, Ser, or Thr) are found at these two positions. With this in mind, we generated UhpT double mutants in which Asp388 was replaced by Ala, Cys, or Val and Lys391 was replaced with either a Cys or Thr. All of these variants, unlike their parent, are able to transport Glc-6-P and Pi as well as SO4 (Fig. 4). A more detailed analysis indicated that removal of the Asp388-Lys391 salt bridge, although associated with modest changes in the affinities for Glc-6-P or Pi, led to a marked increase in the ability to accept SO4 from an unquantifiably low level to Km values in the range of 10–35 mM (Fig. 5, Table I). We believe these observations are consistent with the idea that the Asp388-Lys391 ion pair in UhpT normally aids in defending the active site against SO4.



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  		FIG. 5.
Kinetics of SO4 transport. Rates of SO4 transport were estimated as described under "Experimental Procedures" for cells expressing parental cysteineless UhpT ({square}) and its D388C/K391C ({blacktriangleup}), D388V/K391C (•), D388A/K391T ({triangleup}), D388A/K391C ({circ}), and D388C/K391T ({blacksquare}) derivatives. Data from three independent trials are shown as means ± S.E. Km and Vmax conditions values for UhpT variants under these are shown in Table I.

 
Characterization of UhpT SO4 Transport—Among the gain-of-function mutants described above, the D388V/K391C derivative exhibits the highest affinity for SO4 (Table I), making this variant the most convenient model with which to characterize this novel transport reaction. Our first tests analyzed the response to changes in external pH. We found that acidification diminished the activity of both the parental and mutant (D388V/K391C) proteins. For Pi transport, this reflects reduced turnover because, as pH fell from 7.5 to 5.2, Vmax values were reduced 10–50-fold with little change (1–2-fold) in the Km for Pi (not shown) (20). For SO4 transport, however, we observed significant changes in both kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) over this same pH range (Fig. 6). In particular, as assay pH became more acidic, the Km for SO4 transport by the mutant decreased significantly, showing a nearly 10-fold drop from its value of 18 mM at pH 7.5 to near 2 mM at pH 6.1 and below (Fig. 6). Because SO4 exists as a divalent species and E. coli maintains a slightly alkaline cytoplasmic pH under physiological conditions (21), one would not expect this change in affinity to arise from a change in stoichiometry for the exchange of external SO4 and internal substrate (Pi or Glc-6-P). Instead, this decrease in affinity is better explained by changes in the protonation state of a residue on the translocation pathway. Because SO4 affinity in the D388V/K391C variant is greatest at a pH near 6.1, this role may be played by histidine (pK2 6.0). Analysis of the UhpT primary sequence suggests His168 (in TM5) as a possible candidate in this regard. His168 is conserved within the family of organophosphate transporters and receptors, and crystallography of GlpT, the glycerol 3-phosphate antiporter of E. coli, shows this residue positioned close to the two essential arginines known to interact with UhpT substrates (7).



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  		FIG. 6.
Effects of pH on kinetic constants for SO4 transport. Km and Vmax values for D388V/K391C UhpT are shown. Assays were performed as described under "Experimental Procedures," except that assay and wash buffers used MES/MOPS rather than MOPS. The concentrations of SO4 used to estimate kinetic constants were 100 µM to 20 mM. Kinetic constants were determined as in Table I and are reported as means ± S.E. for two independent experiments.

 
We next examined the homologous and heterologous exchange reactions in the D388V/K391C variant relative to its parent. As illustrated in Fig. 7, both proteins mediated Pi self-exchange and the heterologous exchange of internal Pi with external Glc-6-P; only in the gain-of-function derivative was Pi efflux induced by the addition of SO4 to the external medium (Fig. 7B). Further study indicated that the mutant also displays SO4 efflux when either Glc-6-P, Pi, or SO4 acts as the external countersubstrate. We noted, however, that Pi, despite having a relatively high affinity for this UhpT variant, provoked low rates of SO4 efflux relative to those found with SO4 and Glc-6-P. We attribute this to a futile Pi self-exchange that obscures the net heterologous reaction (Pi for SO4). This phenomenon is often found when two substrates with widely different affinities for exchange are used (8, 22). In the present case, this phenomenon would reflect that as (unlabeled) Pi accumulates, this relatively high affinity substrate competes successfully with (labeled) SO4 for efflux. On the other hand, because Glc-6-P is readily metabolized, exogenous Glc-6-P would not elicit this response when added to intact cells.



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  		FIG. 7.
Substrate transport by UhpT and its D388V/K391C derivative. Pi transport by parental cysteineless (A) and D388V/K391C (B) UhpT-expressing strains and SO4 transport by both strains (C) was assayed as described under "Experimental Procedures." Cells were incubated with radiolabeled Pi or SO4; at the time point indicated by the arrow, the control tube was divided into five portions, and each portion was given either additional buffer A ({blacksquare}) or buffer A containing unlabeled 1 mM Pi ({blacktriangleup}), 1mM Glc-6-P (•), 10 mM KCl ({circ}), or 10 mM K2SO4 ({triangleup}). Transport of SO4 (C) by the cysteineless UhpT-expressing strain ({square}) is also shown. Data are from three separate experiments and are shown as means ± S.E.

 
To circumvent the complexities associated with evaluating UhpT-mediated SO4 exchange in whole cells, we purified and reconstituted both the D388V/K391C protein and its parent. Proteoliposomes were prepared to contain Pi as the sole internal substrate, and homologous as well as heterologous Pi-linked exchanges were documented (Fig. 8). As anticipated from work with intact cells, we found comparable behavior for both mutant and parental proteins in regard to Pi and Glc-6-P transport; SO4 transport, which could be blocked by both Pi and Glc-6-P, was noted only in preparations containing the mutant protein (Fig. 8C). These findings conform to the general behavior of the gain-of-function mutant as tested in intact cells and, when taken together with our other findings, lead us to conclude that the region in and around positions 388 and 391 serves as one determinant of UhpT oxyanion selectivity.



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  		FIG. 8.
Transport of Glc-6-P, Pi, and SO4 in proteoliposome vesicles. Purified parental cysteineless ({blacksquare}) and D388V/K391C (•) UhpT were reconstituted into proteoliposomes loaded with Pi and assayed for Glc-6-P (A), Pi (B), and SO4 (C) transport activities as described under "Experimental Procedures." D388V/K391C UhpT SO4 transport activity was also assayed in the presence of 1 mM unlabeled Glc-6-P ({square}) and Pi ({circ}). Values shown are means ± S.E. for 3–5 separate trials.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Instances of altered substrate specificity within the MFS have been demonstrated for a number of transporters. For example, point mutations in LacY, the lactose permease of E. coli, can lead to a preference for maltose (23), malto-oligosaccharides (24), sucrose (25), or arabinose (26). Similarly, single amino acid changes in the CitA citrate transporter of Salmonella typhimurium and the MelY melibiose-H+ symporter of Enterobacter cloacae alter substrate specificity so as to allow isocitrate and maltose transport, respectively (27, 28). In earlier work with UhpT, we reported comparable effects arising from mutations (at positions 388 and 391) in TM11 that can lead to a bias favoring phosphoenolpyruvate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid over the normal sugar 6-phosphate substrates (11, 12). Such precedents argue that small structural perturbations may result in physiologically significant differences in substrate preference. Here, we expand upon such work by identifying alterations of the TM11 intrahelical salt bridge (Asp388-Lys391) that allow UhpT to transport SO4.

The notion that positions in TM11 might act as determinants of both UhpT organophosphate and oxyanion substrate specificity, and thus line the transport pathway, is in agreement with both bioinformatic information and the known structures of members of the MFS. Thus, the general helix-packing model proposed by Goswitz and Brooker (29) suggests that TM11 is within the core of potential pathway-lining segments of MFS transporters. Further, all three solved MFS transporter structures (GlpT (7) and lactose permease (LacY) (6) of E. coli and the oxalate:formate exchange protein (OxlT) (5) of Oxalobacter formigenes) confirm that residues on TM11 form part of the transport pathway. Interestingly, by using the GlpT structural template, a homology model of UhpT in which Asp388 and Lys391 orient toward the transport pathway can be derived.2 Although this model (and the GlpT structure) depicts a conformation that faces the cytoplasmic membrane, it seems likely that during the global conformational changes that occur as UhpT (GlpT) fluctuates between cytoplasm and periplasm open states, these positions could be exposed to the substrate translocation path at some, if not all, times during the reaction cycle. This supposition is reinforced by our biochemical studies with both lysine- and thiol-specific probes that indicate that a large tract of TM11, including the surface containing positions 388 and 391, lies on the aqueous permeation pathway within UhpT (12, 30).

Our current findings not only substantiate earlier work that places positions 388 and 391 on the transport pathway but also provide insight into the mechanism by which UhpT discriminates between Pi and SO4. Despite the structural similarity of these oxyacids, UhpT has a marked preference for Pi relative to SO4 (Fig. 4, Table I), suggesting the presence of a molecular "filter" that discriminates between the two. The nature of such a filter may now be at least partially explained by analogy with the periplasmic Pi-binding protein of E. coli. In that case, crystallography shows that the stringent specificity of this receptor for Pi is because of a single carboxylate group that not only accepts a proton donated by Pi but also disallows SO4 binding via charge repulsion (31, 32). Because UhpT-mediated SO4 transport is only observed when non-ionic residues occupy both positions 388 and 391, one role of Asp388 may be to aid in defending the active site against SO4. We suggest that this is accomplished through charge stabilization. Although contributing to the inability of fully ionized SO4 to achieve an electrostatic balance at the substrate binding site, Asp388 assists in the recognition of Pi via acceptance of a hydrogen bond. The idea that such a function can be attributed to this residue is strengthened by the earlier finding (12) that the protonation state of Asp388 in the K391C UhpT variant aids in determining whether mono- or divalent sugar phosphate is transported. We also note that the Asp388-Lys391 ion pairing is restricted to members of the organophosphate transporter family that accept sugar 6-phosphate, yet SO4 is rejected as a countersubstrate for all members of this family (8). It seems likely, therefore, that the discrimination provided by TM11 in UhpT is supplemental to a more general oxyanion exclusion mechanism shared by all family members.

Together with previous studies, the work presented here allows elements required for UhpT function and specificity to be added to the scaffolding provided by recent publication of MFS transporter structures. For example, Arg45 and Arg275, both essential and conserved throughout the UhpT family (19), lie at the center of the substrate translocation pathway and take part in recognizing the anionic phosphoryl group of the organosubstrate (7, 12). The constituents of the Asp388-Lys391 salt bridge, on the other hand, are positioned near the cytoplasmic edge of the pathway (12) and, although not required for sugar phosphate transport function, appear to act as supplemental oxyanion and organophosphate charge filters. The location of these specificity determinants ensures that the inorganic substrate only binds to the active site when it is capable of both donating a proton (i.e. mono- or divalent phosphate groups) and establishing an electroneutral environment within the binding pocket. Only when these conditions are satisfied is UhpT capable of facilitating substrate exchange through interconversion between the cytoplasm and periplasm open conformations.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM24195. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{ddagger} Present address: Dept. of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0647. Back

§ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205-2185. Tel.: 410-955-8325; Fax: 410-955-4438; E-mail: pmaloney{at}jhmi.edu.

1 The abbreviations used are: MFS, major facilitator superfamily; TM, transmembrane segment; Glc-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; MOPS, 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid; MES, 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid. Back

2 Q. Yang and P. C. Maloney, manuscript in preparation. Back



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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