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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M508739200 on October 12, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 50, 41494-41503, December 16, 2005
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Novel Antibody Hinge Regions for Efficient Production of CH2 Domain-deleted Antibodies*

Scott M. Glaser{ddagger}1, Ina E. Hughes{ddagger}, Jennifer R. Hopp§, Karen Hathaway§, Daniel Perret§, and Mitchell E. Reff{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Department of Protein Engineering and the §Department of Protein Chemistry, Biogen Idec, Inc., San Diego, California 92122

Received for publication, August 9, 2005 , and in revised form, October 3, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
HuCC49{Delta}CH2 is a heavy chain constant domain 2 domain-deleted antibody under development as a radioimmunotherapeutic for treating carcinomas overexpressing the TAG-72 tumor antigen. Mammalian cell culture biosynthesis of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 produces two isoforms (form A and form B) in an approximate 1:1 ratio, and consequently separation and purification of the desired form A isoform adversely impact process and yield. A protein engineering strategy was used to develop a panel of hinge-engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibodies to identify hinge sequences to optimize production of the form A isoform. We found that adding a single proline residue at Kabat position 243, immediately adjacent to the carboxyl end of the core middle hinge CPPC domain, resulted in an increase from 39 to 51% form A isoform relative to the parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody. Insertion of the amino acids proline-alanine-proline (PAP) at positions 243-245 enhanced production of the form A isoform to 72%. Insertion of a cysteine-rich 15-amino acid IgG3 hinge motif (CPEPKSCDTPPPCPR) in both of these mutant antibodies resulted in secretion of predominantly form A isoform with little or no detectable form B. Yields exceeding 98% of the form A isoform have been realized. Preliminary peptide mapping and mass spectrometry analysis suggest that at least two, and as many as five, inter-heavy chain disulfide linkages may be present.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Radioimmunotherapy has been shown to be efficacious in treating hematological diseases, such as relapsed or refractory B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with two radioimmunotherapeutic drugs currently approved for use in humans (1, 2). However, the treatment of solid tumors with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)2 has achieved only modest clinical responses due, in part, to poor tumor localization and dose-limiting toxicities, primarily bone marrow toxicity, associated with exposure of unbound radiolabeled antibody in the circulatory system (3-5). CH2 domain-deleted antibodies are a class of genetically engineered antibody reagents that recently have shown promise for radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors (6-8). HuCC49{Delta}CH2, a humanized CH2 domain-deleted CC49 mAb (~122 kDa), has high affinity for the TAG-72 glycoprotein tumor antigen expressed on a majority of human carcinomas, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, lung, and ovarian (9, 10). In human tumor mouse xenograft models, radiolabeled HuCC49{Delta}CH2 was shown to accumulate and be retained to appreciable levels in tumor, exhibit favorable tumor to normal tissue ratios, but demonstrate rapid serum clearance compared with full-length HuCC49 IgG (9). Recent clinical studies with low dose 131I-HuCC49{Delta}CH2 in a small group of patients with meta-static colorectal carcinoma have shown the radioimmunotherapeutic to be well tolerated and to exhibit a demonstrably reduced serum half-life (mean serum half-life of ~20 h) compared with earlier studies with the 131I-murine CC49 IgG (11). HuCC49{Delta}CH2, by virtue of its rapid serum half-life and presumably reduced risk of eliciting a human anti-murine antibody response, holds promise as being clinically useful for both radioimmunotherapeutic and radioimmunodiagnostic applications (12, 13).

The variable light and variable heavy domains of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 are humanized. The light chain constant domain is a human C{kappa}, and the human {gamma}1 chain has been genetically modified to produce a heavy chain composed of a CH1 domain followed by a partial IgG1 hinge region tethered to the CH3 heavy chain domain by addition of a flexible 10-amino acid GGGSSGGGSG spacer; thus HuCC49{Delta}CH2 can be described as containing an atypical hinge region. Native human antibody hinge regions can be structurally defined as consisting of an upper hinge region (UH) extending from the last residue of CH1 up to but not including the first inter-heavy chain cysteine, a middle hinge region (MH) extending from the first inter-heavy chain cysteine to a proline residue adjacent to the carboxyl-end of the last MH cysteine, and a highly conserved 7-8-amino acid lower hinge (LH) (14). The atypical hinge region in HuCC49{Delta}CH2 is similar to that described in the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen minibody (15), whereas the MH proline at position 243 (Kabat numbering system (16)) and the entire CH2 domain, including the LH residues, APELLGGP (the first eight amino-terminal residues of the IgG1 CH2 domain), are deleted and replaced by the 10-amino acid peptide Gly/Ser spacer.

Biosynthesis of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary cells has been observed to produce two homodimeric isoforms present in approximately a 50:50 mixture.3 The presence of two species has also been shown previously with protein G-purified chimeric B72.3 or chimeric CC49 CH2 domain-deleted antibodies (7, 8). For HuCC49{Delta}CH2, one isoform, referred to as form A, contains covalent interchain disulfide bonds at heavy chain MH positions 239 and 242, Kabat numbering system. The second isoform, form B, is held together by noncovalent interactions through the CH3 domains, and it fails to develop an interchain hinge disulfide bond as evidenced by the formation of a 60-kDa product following nonreducing, denaturing gel electrophoresis (Fig. 1). The form B isoform is thought to contain heavy chain intrachain disulfide bonds covalently linking the cysteine residue at position 239 to that at position 242. Compound stability studies support form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 as the preferred molecule for therapeutic development, and methods for the separation and purification of form A from form B using hydrophobic interaction chromatography have been described (17). However, we projected that development of a cell line that expressed only form A would avoid synthesis of unwanted antibody by-product and, in turn, eliminate the requirement for physical separation of form A from form B, resulting in a more efficient recombinant protein production process. We hypothesized that generation of the two HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody isoforms is a consequence of hinge heterogeneity because of variation in disulfide bond formation. It follows, therefore, that stabilization of the hinge region should favor production of the desired form A isoform. By using a protein engineering strategy, we describe here a series of variant hinge-connecting peptides that were found to improve significantly the homogeneity and yield of CH2 domain-deleted antibodies.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Construction of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 Hinge Variant Vectors
Synthetic oligonucleotides (Sigma Genosys) encoding the various hinge region connecting peptides were introduced into the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 vector using PCR and splicing by overlap extension (SOE) methods. The HuCC49{Delta}CH2 vector contains a translation-impaired modified (intron-containing) neomycin phosphotransferase gene to select for transcriptionally active integration events and a murine dihydrofolate reductase gene to permit amplification with methotrexate (18).

Middle and lower hinge mutations were introduced into the parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 heavy chain gene by PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis (19). PCR primer sets were designed with 5' AgeI and 3' XhoI restriction sites for cloning the hinge region PCR products into HuCC49{Delta}CH2 as AgeI/XhoI fragments. PCRs consisted of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 DNA template, the 5' primer, MB-04F 5'-CTTCCCCGAACCGGTGACGGTG-3' and the following 3' primers: Pro-243 (MB-06R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCGGGGCACGGTGGGCATGTGTG-3'); PAP (MB-010R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCCGGTGCGGGGCACGGTGGGCATGTGTG-3'); C242S + Pro-243 (MB-08R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCGGGGGACGGTGGGCATGTGTG-3'); C242S + PAP (MB-09R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCCGGTGCGGGGGACGGTGGGCATGTGTG-3'); C239S + Pro-243 (MB-11R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCGGGGCACGGTGGGGATGTGTG-3'); and C239S + PAP (MB-012R, 5'-GATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCAGGTGCTGGGCACGGTGGGGATGTGTG-3'). PCRs were initiated with HotStarTaqTM DNA polymerase (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cycle conditions were of 15 min denaturation at 95 °C followed by 30 cycles of 30 s of denaturation at 94 °C, 30 s of annealing at 54 °C, and 1 min of synthesis at 72 °C, followed by a final strand extension for 10 min at 72 °C.

Construction of hinge regions containing a cysteine-rich 15-amino acid IgG3 hinge insertion (CPEPKSCDTPPPCPR) in addition to middle and lower hinge mutations were performed using SOE (20). PCR primer sets were also designed with 5' AgeI and 3' XhoI restriction sites and consisted of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 DNA template, the 5' primer MB-04F, and the following 3' primers: G1/G3 "SOE overlap" (MB-13R, 5'-GCACCGTGGGCATGGGGGAGGTGTGTCACAAGATTTGGGCTCTGGGCACGGTGGGCATGTG-3'); G1/G3:PAP (MB-14R, 5'-GGATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCAGGTGCTGGGCACCGTGGGCATGGGGGAG-3'); and G1/G3:P243 (MB-15R, 5'-GGATCCGCCTCCACTCGAGCCACCTCCTGGGCACCGTGGGCATGGGGGAG-3'). Briefly, the first PCR contained DNA template, 0.8 µM of the forward primer MB-04F, and a limiting concentration (0.2 µM) of the reverse SOE primer MB-13R. The reaction mixture was denatured for 15 min at 95 °C followed by 20 cycles of 30 s of denaturation at 94 °C, 30 s of annealing at 54 °C, and 1 min of synthesis at 72 °C. The second PCR was performed by adding either 0.8 µM MB-14R or MB-15R reverse primer for an additional 20 cycles of 30 s of denaturation at 94 °C, 30 s of annealing at 54 °C, 1 min of synthesis at 72 °C followed by 10-min extension at 72 °C. PCR products were purified, digested with restriction endonucleases, and ligated into AgeI/XhoI-digested HuCC49{Delta}CH2 vector. Escherichia coli strain XL-1 Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was used for plasmid propagation. Correct modifications to the hinge region were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis.

Protein Expression and Western Blot Analysis
Plasmid DNA was used to transform CHO DG44 cells for stable production of antibody protein. The CHO cell line, DG44, was grown in CHO-SSFMII medium supplemented with hypoxanthine and thymidine (Invitrogen). Approximately 1 µg of PacI-linearized plasmid DNA was transfected into 4 x 106 CHO cells by electroporation using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser II electroporation device (Bio-Rad). Conditions for electroporation were 350 V, 600 microfarads, with high capacitance setting. Each electroporation was plated into a 96-well dish (about 400,000 cells/well). Dishes were fed with media containing 400 µg/ml G418 (Geneticin; Invitrogen) beginning 2 days after electroporation and thereafter every 2nd or 3rd day until colonies arose. Supernatants from colonies were assayed for the presence of antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for human antibody.

Colonies producing various amounts of antibody were further tested by Western blot analysis to evaluate the secreted isoforms. Briefly, 3 ng of total antibody protein was analyzed by nonreducing 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen) followed by Western blot probed with an anti-human {kappa} antibody (Roche Applied Science), and then an anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase antibody (Amersham Biosciences) to detect form A and form B isoforms. Membranes were processed with the ECL Western blotting analysis system according to the manufacturer (Amersham Biosciences). Colonies producing the highest amount of antibody were expanded, and supernatant dilutions ranging from 30 to 0.23 ng were tested by Western blot analysis as described above. Band intensities corresponding to the A and B isoforms were semi-quantified by imaging the developed film with a CCD camera (Alpha Innotech Corp., San Leandro, CA). Band intensities from four lanes that fell within the linear range of the exposed film were measured using the spot densitometry function. The relative ratios of the form A and B isoforms were calculated (mean ± S.E.).

Protein Purification and Characterization
Select G418-resistant CHO cell lines producing HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies were adapted to CD-CHO media (21). Cell line cultures were scaled up in 25-liter cell bags in a WAVE BIOREACTOR (wave BIOTECH, LLC; Bridgewater, NJ), and supernatants were harvested for affinity purification by protein G-Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences). In some cases protein G-enriched immunoglobulin isoforms were further purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The elution peaks representing form A and form B isoforms were separately pooled, dialyzed, and concentrated, and the amount of protein determined by modified Lowry (Bio-Rad) proteins were analyzed for purity by scanning densitometry (SI 375 personal densitometer; Amersham Biosciences) of reduced and nonreduced SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue. Size exclusion HPLC was used to analyze the percentage of monomer antibody products.

Competitive Binding Assay
A 96-well assay plate was coated with 8 µg/ml bovine submaxillary mucin, a source of the TAG-72 antigen, and blocked with 1% phosphate-buffered saline:bovine serum albumin. HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies were incubated for 2 h at room temperature starting at 100 µg/ml in 3.5-fold serial dilution with 0.2 µg/ml of Eu3+-labeled HuCC49{Delta}CH2 tracer, followed by incubation with 200 µl/well DELFIA enhancement solution (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Time-resolved fluorescence was read using the Europium protocol. IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism 4.0 (San Diego, CA).



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  		FIGURE 1.
Schematic diagram of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody isoforms and Western blot. HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody is secreted from transfected CHO cells as two heterodimer isoforms, an interchain disulfide-bonded "form A isoform" and a noncovalently assembled "form B isoform." Supernatant from a HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody secreting cell line was electrophoresed on nonreduced, SDS denaturing gel. Membrane was prepared and probed with an anti-human {kappa} antibody, followed by an anti-rabbit secondary antibody, and detected using the ECL Western blotting analysis system. Both HuCC49{Delta}CH2 A and B isoforms are visible as well as {kappa} chain dimer and monomer.

 
Characterization of Hinge Region Disulfides by Peptide Mapping
Trypsin Digestion of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 and Hinge Variant Antibodies—Samples of the HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies were denatured, reduced, and digested with trypsin as follows. Aliquots of 150 µg were diluted to 100 µl in HPLC water and denatured in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0. The samples were reduced by the addition of 20 mM DTT and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. The reduced samples were alkylated with 50 mM iodoacetic acid for 30 min at 37 °C. The alkylation reaction was quenched by the addition of excess DTT. The reduced and alkylated samples were buffer-exchanged into 25 mM Tris, 20 mM CaCl2, pH 7.5, using PD-10 columns. Trypsin was added to each sample in a 1:15 (w/w) ratio and incubated for 4 h at 37°C. The digestion was stopped by the addition of trifluoroacetic acid to a final concentration of 0.1%. Trypsin-digested samples (15 µg) were then analyzed according to the chromatographic procedure described below under "HPLC/Mass Spectrometry Analysis."

Endoproteinase Lys-C Digestion of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 and Hinge Variant Antibodies (Determination of Disulfide Linkages)—Denatured and reduced samples were prepared by adding a final concentration of 4 M guanidine HCl and 25 mM DTT to 1.5 mg/ml sample. Nonreduced samples were prepared by adding a final concentration of 4 M guanidine HCl to 1.5 mg/ml sample. Samples were incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Digestion buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.0, and 0.062 absorbance units/ml endoproteinase Lys-C) was then added to the samples at 1:1 (v/v), and samples were incubated for 15 h at 37 °C. At 15 h, a second aliquot of enzyme (0.29 milli-absorbance units/µg of antibody) was added, and samples were incubated for an additional 6 h at 37°C. To quench the reaction, trifluoroacetic acid was added at 0.1% final concentration. Nonreduced and reduced endoproteinase Lys-C digested samples (12 µg) were then analyzed according to the procedure described below.

HPLC/Mass Spectrometry Analysis—Samples were analyzed on an Agilent 1100 HPLC system connected to an Agilent MSD single quadrupole mass spectrometer. A reverse phase C18 column (Vydac catalog number 218TP52) was used with an eluant system of water, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v) (Buffer A) and acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v) (Buffer B), at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. A post-column "trifluoroacetic acid fixative" solution of acetonitrile and acetic acid (1:1 v/v) at 0.1 ml/min was added to enhance ionization. The column temperature was controlled at 45 °C, and the elution profile was monitored by absorbance at 215 and 280 nm. The total ion chromatogram was monitored in positive ion mode. Samples were injected onto the column, and the gradient was held at 0% Buffer B for 5 min. Elution was accomplished with a linear gradient of 0-50% Buffer B over 125 min, followed by a 75% Buffer B wash over 10 min and a 0% Buffer B re-equilibration over 30 min.



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  		FIGURE 2.
Western blot analysis of form A and B isoforms of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 and hinge-engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibodies. Supernatants from representative transfected cell lines were chosen for analysis. Samples are 2-fold serial dilutions ranging from 30 to 0.23 ng antibody. A, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 parent antibody and the Pro-243 and PAP hinge variants. B, C239S:Pro-243, C239S:PAP, C242S:Pro-243, and C242S:PAP hinge variants. C, G1/G3:Pro-243 and G1/G3:PAP hinge variants. Markers indicate expected location of form A and B isoforms.

 

   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Hinge-engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 Antibodies, Expression, and Western Blot Analysis—To examine the effect that hinge region modifications have on the secreted fraction of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 form A and form B isoforms, a series of genetically engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 hinge variants were constructed and the proteins expressed in CHO cells. TABLE ONE shows the UH and MH amino acid sequences for the parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody and the engineered hinge variants. Supernatants from ~10 individually isolated transfected cell lines representing each hinge variant were collected, and the concentration of antibody in the culture supernatants was determined by immunoassay. Expression levels among the entire set of hinge variants ranged from 300 to 1200 ng/ml with no set of variants showing preferentially high or low expression (data not shown). This would imply that the hinge modifications do not have a major effect on protein expression. 3 ng of total antibody protein from each isolate was analyzed by nonreducing SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot with an anti-human {kappa} chain antibody to detect HuCC49{Delta}CH2 form A and form B isoforms using methods shown in Fig. 1 (data not shown). This preliminary screen showed that differences in the observed ratios of the A:B isoforms among the different engineered antibodies were independent of expression levels and also indicated that the A:B isoform ratios were consistent within the set of approximate 10 clones for each of the hinge-engineered variants. We then performed a more comprehensive Western blot analysis examining a series of supernatant dilutions from representative cell lines for each of the hinge-engineered antibodies (Fig. 2). Under these denaturing conditions, form A antibodies migrate as single 120-kDa disulfide-linked homodimers, and form B antibodies, which fail to form inter-heavy chain disulfide bonds, migrate as two 60-kDa half-molecules. Also visible are disulfide-linked {kappa} dimers and {kappa} chain monomers. A number of lesser intense bands are visible between the A and B antibody isoforms and most likely represent degradation products. The HuCC49{Delta}CH2 Pro-243 antibody contains an insertion of a single middle hinge proline residue at Kabat position 243, resulting in a modest increase in the form A isoform fraction relative to parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody as evidenced by the presence of a 120-kDa band relative to the 60-kDa band at dilute sample concentrations (Fig. 2A). The HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP antibody containing the MH and LH PAP insertion (Kabat positions 243-245) further enhances production of the form A isoform (Fig. 2A). Substituting the cysteine at position 239 with serine in both molecules HuCC49{Delta}CH2 C239S:Pro-243 and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 C239S:PAP conversely favored production of the form B isoform (Fig. 2B). Substituting the cysteine at position 242 with serine in HuCC49{Delta}CH2 C242S:Pro-243 had a marginal effect on the relative quantity of secreted A:B isoforms, yet in contrast it dramatically increased production of the B isoform in HuCC49{Delta}CH2 C242S:PAP (Fig. 2B). Both antibodies containing the cysteine-rich 15-amino acid IgG3 hinge peptide CPEPKSCDTPPPCPR, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:Pro-243 and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP, produced predominantly form A isoform with little or no detectable form B (Fig. 2C). In a similar trend as seen with the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP antibody, the presence of the PAP addition in the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibody resulted in a greater enhancement of secreted form A isoform compared with HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:Pro-243 containing only the Pro-243 insertion.


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  		TABLE ONE
Parental HuCC49{Delta}CH2 hinge and variant hinge region amino acid sequences

Positions (Kabat numbering system) and amino acid sequences of hinge region constructs (single letter amino acid format) are shown. The parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 hinge is composed of an IgG1 UH EPKSCDKTHT, a portion of the IgG1 MH CPPC, followed by the 10-amino acid Gly/Ser connecting peptide, GGGSSGGGSG. Eight hinge region variants were constructed. The chimeric IgG1/IgG3 hinges (G1/G3) include amino acid residues derived from the IgG3 MH region corresponding to positions 241EE through 241SS. DNA sequences incorporating these hinge designs into HuCC49{Delta}CH2 were constructed and plasmids were used to transform CHO host cells to G418 drug resistance.

 



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  		FIGURE 3.
SDS-PAGE analysis of purified HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies. G418-resistant CHO cell lines expressing HuCC49{Delta}CH2 and hinge variant antibodies were scaled up in 25-liter cell bags. Antibodies were purified by protein G chromatography, and in the case of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, the form A and form B isoforms were further purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The peaks representing form A and B isoforms were separately pooled, dialyzed, and concentrated. 5-µg samples were run under nonreducing denaturing conditions and visualized with Coomassie Blue stain. Lane M, mark 12 marker; lanes 1-3, HuCC49{Delta}CH2; lanes 4-6, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP; lane 7, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP. Lanes 1, 4, and 7, antibodies following protein G chromatography; lanes 2 and 5, purified form A following hydrophobic interaction chromatography; lanes 3 and 6, purified form B following hydrophobic interaction chromatography. HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP (lane 7) was essentially >98% pure following a single protein G purification step.

 
Spot densitometry was used to semi-quantify form A and form B band intensities from exposed films shown in Fig. 2 (TABLE TWO). Addition of a single proline residue at position 243 showed modest, albeit statistically insignificant, enhanced production levels of form A relative to the parent HuCC49{Delta}CH2 molecule (51 ± 7.2% versus 39 ± 7.5%, respectively). Addition of PAP at positions 243-245 increased the fraction of form A to 72 ± 3.1%, whereas the addition of the cysteine-rich 15-amino acid IgG3 hinge peptide sequence plus PAP resulted in up to 98 ± 1.2% secreted form A.


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  		TABLE TWO
Semi-quantitation of A and B isoforms secreted by CHO cell lines expressing HuCC49{Delta}CH2 hinge region variant antibodies

The developed films from Fig. 2 were imaged with a CCD camera, and band intensities from multiple lanes that fell within the linear range of the exposed film were semi-quantitated using the spot densitometry function. The relative fractions of the form A and B isoforms were calculated and expressed as mean ± S.E.

 
Protein Purification and Characterization—HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies were selected for scale-up biosynthesis by mammalian expression in CHO cells. Antibodies from precleared culture supernatants harvested from 10- to 25-liter capacity cell bags were purified by protein G affinity chromatography. HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP form A antibody was efficiently purified using protein G. 41.3 mg of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP form A antibody was recovered by protein G chromatography from 7.5 liters of supernatant for a yield of 5.5 mg/liter and purity of 98.2% as assessed by scanning densitometry of Coomassie Blue-stained polyacrylamide gels. 213 mg of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP form A:form B mixture was recovered by protein G chromatography with the form A isoform being further purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography for a final yield of 138 mg from 25 liters or 5.52 mg/liter. Final purity of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP A isoform was 98.4%.



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  		FIGURE 4.
Gel filtration HPLC analysis of A isoform antibodies. Elution profiles were monitored by UV absorbance HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP antibody (A) and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP antibody (B).

 



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  		FIGURE 5.
Competitive binding assay of hinge-engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibodies. A 96-well plate was coated with 8 µg/ml bovine submaxillary mucin, a source of the TAG-72 antigen, and blocked with phosphate-buffered saline, 1% bovine serum albumin. Antibodies were incubated for 2 h at room temperature starting at 100 µg/ml in 3.5-fold serial dilution with 0.2 µg/ml of Eu3+-labeled HuCC49{Delta}CH2 tracer, followed by incubation with 200 µl/well DELFIA enhancement solution. Time-resolved fluorescence was read using the Europium protocol.

 
Nonreducing SDS-PAGE analysis of purified HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibodies showed that the protein G affinity chromatography step resulted in form A protein yields consistent with the results seen by Western blot analysis (Fig. 3, lanes 1, 4, and 7). HuCC49{Delta}CH2 yielded ~45% form A antibody, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP yielded 83% form A, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP yielded 98.2% form A antibody.

Form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibody elution profiles were analyzed by gel filtration HPLC (Fig. 4). Both antibodies eluted predominantly as single peaks with similar retention times. No aggregates or breakdown products were detected.

Competitive Binding Activity—The binding activities of purified HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP form A antibodies were compared in a DELFIA time-resolved fluorescence competitive binding assay to bovine submaxillary mucin, a source of the TAG-72 antigen (Fig. 5). In this assay increasing concentrations of unlabeled hinge-engineered antibodies are used to compete with a Eu3+-labeled form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody for binding to antigen. The data were analyzed using a one-site competition equilibrium binding model. For both of the hinge-engineered antibodies, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP, the binding activities were indistinguishable from that of the parent form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody.

Characterization of the Engineered Hinge Regions by Peptide Mapping—Peptide mapping was used to determine the integrity of disulfide bond formation in the heavy chain hinge regions of HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP antibodies. Fig. 6 shows the A215 chromatographic profiles of the samples digested with endo Lys-C nonreduced (Fig. 6A), endo Lys-C reduced (Fig. 6B), and trypsin (Fig. 6C). Endo Lys-C mapping was performed under both nonreducing and reducing conditions to compare the expected molecular masses of the unlinked, monomeric hinge region peptides to the corresponding disulfide-linked hinge peptides (TABLE THREE). Finally, tryptic mapping was performed under reducing conditions to confirm the identities of the hinge region peptides for each construct (TABLE THREE). The masses of tryptic fragments differ from the reduced endo Lys-C fragments because of digestion procedure and specificity of enzymatic cleavage.


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  		TABLE THREE
Peptide mapping/MS analysis of HuCC49{Delta}CH2, HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP, and HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP antibody hinge region peptides

Theoretical and observed molecular masses of hinge-derived peptide fragments are shown.

 
Approximately 99% amino acid coverage was obtained by endo Lys-C mapping under nonreducing conditions, confirming the identity of each construct. Disulfide-linked fragments were detected in the variable light, CL, variable heavy, hinge, CH1, and CH3 regions, as expected, for all constructs (data not shown). The G1/G3:PAP sample showed an additional inter-heavy chain disulfide linkage in fragment (H232-275), below the original (H224-227) CPPC hinge region.

Theoretical and observed masses for the nonreduced hinge region peptides digested with endo Lys-C are summarized in TABLE THREE. The HuCC49{Delta}CH2 hinge peptide (residues H221-257) had an observed Mr of 7419.1, in good agreement with the calculated mass of 7419.4 g/mol for a linked hinge containing two inter-chain disulfide bridges. The HuCC49{Delta}CH2 PAP hinge peptide (residues H221-260) had an observed Mr of 7949.7, also in good agreement with the calculated mass of 7949.8 g/mol for a linked hinge containing two inter-chain disulfide bridges. Two hinge peptide fragments resulted from digestion of HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP by endo Lys-C, because of an internal lysine residue at Kabat position 241II in the 15-amino acid IgG3 hinge peptide (TABLE ONE). Peptide fragment THTCPPCPEPK (residues H221-231) had an observed Mr of 2414.3, in good agreement with the calculated mass of 2413.0 for a linked hinge containing at least one and possibly two inter-chain disulfide bridges. Peptide fragment SCDTPPPCPRCPAPGGGSSGGGSGGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTK (residues H232-275) had an observed Mr of 8782.6, in good agreement with the calculated mass of 8782.0 g/mol for a linked fragment containing at least two and possibly three disulfide linkages with at least one of these linkages as an inter-chain disulfide bridge. Although our preliminary peptide mapping/MS analyses do not permit us to discriminate mass differences in the H221-275 hinge region to definitively account for all possible disulfide linkage arrangements, it is apparent from these studies that the engineered hinge region of the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:AP antibody possesses a minimum of two, and perhaps as many as five, inter-chain hinge disulfide bonds.



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  		FIGURE 6.
Detection of interchain hinge region disulfide bonds in hinge-engineered HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibodies. Enzymatically digested and denatured samples were fractionated by reverse phase-HPLC and the elution profiles monitored at 215 and 280 nM. A, endo Lys-C digest, nonreduced. B, endo Lys-C digest, reduced. C, tryptic digest, reduced. Both fragments 29 (H221-231) and 30 (H232-275) in the nonreduced endo Lys-C HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP sample contain interchain disulfide bonds. The chromatograms revealed a conserved point mutation (Leu -> Met) in HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP CH1 domain that was subsequently corrected.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
We sought to improve the production of form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 by using a protein engineering strategy focusing on the hinge region sequences. We approached this problem from the following three perspectives: 1) adding back middle and lower hinge residues may alter hinge conformation and favor stable disulfide bond formation; 2) deleting one of the two core middle hinge cysteine (CPPC) residues might favor interchain bond formation if only one pair of cysteine residues were available for disulfide formation; and 3) engineering a hinge containing additional hinge disulfide bonds beyond those contributed by the core middle hinge cysteines may facilitate stable interchain formation. In HuCC49{Delta}CH2, a flexible Gly/Ser spacer immediately follows the core CPPC hinge region. This Gly/Ser spacer is required for proper assembly of the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 homodimer antibody, and deletion of the Gly/Ser spacer in HuCC49{Delta}CH2 results in formation of a HuCC49{Delta}CH2 tetrameric species (homotetramer antibody) presumably through tail-to-tail interactions mediated by the CH3 domains.4

Pioneering work by Moroder and co-workers (22, 23) using synthetic peptides of human IgG1 hinge core region showed that antibody hinge dimers could be assembled into a disulfide-bonded, parallel configuration that were conformationally similar to the hinge seen in native IgG structures. It is thought that the conserved middle and lower hinge amino acid residues (Pro-243, Ala-244, and Pro-245) immediately adjacent to the core CPPC hinge region could influence the stability of the hinge disulfides. Based on this information, we speculated that re-introducing these residues into the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 molecule might augment the formation of hinge interchain disulfide bonds favoring secretion of the form A isoform. Indeed, we found that adding back the single middle hinge proline residue at position 243 gave a modest improvement in the yield of secreted HuCC49{Delta}CH2 form A. Addition of lower hinge residues proline, alanine, and proline at positions 243, 244, and 245, respectively, further increased the yield of the domain-deleted HuCC49 form A isoform up to 72%. The two lower hinge residues Ala-244 and Pro-245 are completely conserved across all human IgG subclasses and have not been found to account for differences in FcR binding or effector function among these immunoglobulin subclasses; therefore, we would not expect the addition of these residues to HuCC49{Delta}CH2 to restore effector function to any significant degree (24).

CH2 domain-deleted antibodies share a similar characteristic with IgG4 antibodies with respect to possessing hinge heterogeneity. IgG4 mAbs exist as mixtures of disulfide-bonded heterotetramers and as two half-molecules held together through noncovalent associations (25). These two forms can be easily distinguished by nonreducing, denaturing SDS-PAGE. Peptide mapping studies of recombinant IgG4 have provided chemical evidence that noncovalently assembled half-molecules contain intrachain hinge disulfide bonds (26). It has been proposed that the two forms reflect equilibrium products, but little is known about what mechanisms might lead to the interchange, although disulfide exchange oxidation/reduction reactions may play a role perhaps through enzymatic activity of protein-disulfide isomerases (27). Preferential synthesis of the interchain disulfide-bonded form of IgG4 has been achieved using site-directed mutagenesis to mutate the core CPSC middle hinge region, substituting the serine at position 241 with a proline resulting in the "IgG1-like" sequence CPPC (28). This strategy would not apply to the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 molecule because the IgG1 core hinge already contains proline at position 241. However, in a series of experiments investigating the assembly of disulfide bonds in an IgG4 molecule, Schuurman et al. (29) mutated the cysteine at Kabat position 239 within the core CPSC hinge region to a serine with the thought that if one member of the pair of core cysteines were absent, then formation of an intrachain disulfide bond would be impossible, favoring assembly of interchain disulfide form (29). This construct was shown to reduce dramatically the proportion of half-molecules compared with that seen with the native hinge. By extending this concept to HuCC49{Delta}CH2, we designed and constructed a series of hinge-connecting peptides substituting the core CPPC hinge region cysteines with serine at either Kabat position 239 or 241 on both the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 Pro-243 and PAP backgrounds. In contrast to our expectations, we found that the Cys -> Ser mutations had an overall negative effect on the yield of form A antibody compared with the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 Pro-243 and PAP variants, lowering the yield to as much as 22% form A with a concomitant increase of form B up to 78%. Clearly, these results highlight the importance of maintaining hinge disulfide residues in the CH2 domain-deleted antibodies.



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  		FIGURE 7.
Models of possible HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP hinge disulfide arrangements. Ribbon models of proposed hinge disulfide arrangements deduced from MS peptide mapping analyses were calculated using Modeler (31) and graphically displayed using ViewerLite (2002 version; Discovery Studio®, Accelrys Software Inc.). The two pairs of interchain disulfide bridges toward the amino-terminal end (top of figure) of the hinge are formed from cysteine residues corresponding to Kabat positions 239 and 241EE (see TABLE ONE). The three remaining cysteine residues at Kabat positions 241KK, 241QQ, and 242 can participate in various disulfide arrangements as represented by all three models.

 
These studies led us to a second generation design where we hypothesized that hinge stability could be achieved by increasing the number of hinge disulfide bonds in combination with the addition of middle and lower hinge Pro-243 and PAP residues. We engineered recombinant chimeric hinges consisting of segments of human IgG1 upper and middle hinges and IgG3 middle hinge with either the Pro-243 or PAP insertion. The IgG1 upper hinge segment preserves the heavy chain disulfide bond of Cys-230 to the carboxyl-terminal cysteine of the {kappa} light chain, and the middle hinge segment contributes one core hinge cysteine residue (Cys-239). The IgG3 middle hinge segment is a natural source of four cysteine residues. The genetic fusion of these two subclass hinge fragments reconstructs a core "IgG1-like" CPPC hinge (TABLE ONE, residues 239-241EE) leaving three additional cysteine residues to participate in a total of five potential interchain disulfide bonds. Importantly, the G1/G3:PAP hinge was found to produce preferentially an interchain disulfide-bonded form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2 with essentially no detectable form B isoform. The slight improvement observed in the amount of secreted form A isoform antibody containing the G1/G3: PAP hinge over that with the G1/G3:Pro-243 hinge (98 versus 91% secreted form A fraction, respectively) suggests that insertion of the lower hinge residues Ala-244 and Pro-245 is necessary for the enhanced yield. HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP form A antibody could be purified to >98% purity by single step protein G chromatography and was not found to contain any detectable aggregated material as assessed by size exclusion chromatography using UV monitoring but has not yet been examined using more sensitive methods such as dynamic light scattering (30).

Fig. 7 shows schematic structural representations of three proposed hinge disulfide arrangements deduced from the MS peptide mapping analyses. Although we do not include models showing unpaired hinge cysteine residues, we do not exclude the possibility they may, in fact, be present, and this will be further addressed by additional peptide mapping studies. Hinge regions are naturally quite flexible and are likely to assume many conformations. These models merely illustrate possible HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3: PAP hinge disulfide arrangements consistent with the MS peptide mapping data. The model 1 image of Fig. 7 portrays a HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP hinge where all five of the hinge cysteine residues form interchain disulfide bonds. Cysteine residues corresponding to Kabat positions 239 and 241EE (see TABLE ONE) are shown forming the two amino-terminal interchain disulfide bridges, whereas the remaining cysteine residues (corresponding to Kabat positions 241KK, 241QQ, and 242, see TABLE ONE) are shown forming an additional three interchain disulfide bridges. The MS data also support two alternative models where the Cys-241KK, Cys-241QQ, and Cys-242 hinge residues may participate in forming a single interchain disulfide bond and two intrachain disulfide bonds (Fig. 7, models 2 and 3).

In summary, we have shown that a protein engineering strategy has been used to design and produce a novel chimeric antibody hinge region for the efficient production of form A HuCC49{Delta}CH2. Our studies highlight the importance of hinge region disulfides as well as residues located outside of the core hinge region in producing a homogeneous preparation of the HuCC49{Delta}CH2 antibody. Incorporation of the G1/G3:PAP hinge into CH2 domain-deleted antibodies is expected to result in significant improvements in manufacturing and cost savings. In addition, production of mini-bodies, another class of CH2 domain-deleted engineered antibodies, may also benefit from our G1/G3:PAP hinge design and is worth investigating (15). We are currently further studying the activity of 111I-labeled HuCC49{Delta}CH2 G1/G3:PAP by examining pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties in a murine xenograft model.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Biogen Idec, Inc., 5200 Research Place San Diego, CA 92122. Tel.: 858-401-8645; Fax: 858-401-8714; E-mail: scott.glaser{at}biogenidec.com.

2 The abbreviations used are: mAb, monoclonal antibody; CH2, heavy chain constant domain 2; {Delta}CH2, CH2 domain-deleted; C, constant; UH, upper hinge; MH, middle hinge; LH, lower hinge; TAG-72, tumor associated glycoprotein-72; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PAP, proline-alanine-proline; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; DTT, dithiothreitol; CPPC, core middle hinge domain (Cys-Pro-Pro-Cys); SOE, splicing by overlap extension; MS, mass spectrometry; endo, endoproteinase; Hu, human. Back

3 P. Chinn, personal communication. Back

4 G. Brawslasky, personal communication. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of Mike Favis for cell culture scale-up and Dr. Alexey Lugovskoy with the molecular modeling. We also thank Drs. Michael LaBarre, Paul Chinn, Brian Miller, and Stephen Demarest for valuable discussions and Kathleen Murphy for assistance with manuscript preparation.



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