Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M504497200 on October 5, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 50, 41628-41635, December 16, 2005
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental Data
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
280/50/41628    most recent
M504497200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer, J. K.
Right arrow Articles by D'Souza-Schorey, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer, J. K.
Right arrow Articles by D'Souza-Schorey, C.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Endocytosis Resumes during Late Mitosis and Is Required for Cytokinesis*{boxs}

Jill Kuglin Schweitzer{ddagger}1, Erin E. Burke{ddagger}, Holly V. Goodson§, and Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey{ddagger}2

From the Departments of {ddagger}Biological Sciences, §Chemistry and Biochemistry, and the Walther Cancer Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369

Received for publication, April 25, 2005 , and in revised form, September 26, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Recent work has underscored the importance of membrane trafficking events during cytokinesis. For example, targeted membrane secretion occurs at the cleavage furrow in animal cells, and proteins that regulate endocytosis also influence the process of cytokinesis. Nonetheless, the prevailing dogma is that endosomal membrane trafficking ceases during mitosis and resumes after cell division is complete. In this study, we have characterized endocytic membrane trafficking events that occur during mammalian cell cytokinesis. We have found that, although endocytosis ceases during the early stages of mitosis, it resumes during late mitosis in a temporally and spatially regulated pattern as cells progress from anaphase to cytokinesis. Using fixed and live cell imaging, we have found that, during cleavage furrow ingression, vesicles are internalized from the polar region and subsequently trafficked to the midbody area during later stages of cytokinesis. In addition, we have demonstrated that cytokinesis is inhibited when clathrin-mediated endocytosis is blocked using a series of dominant negative mutants. In contrast to previous thought, we conclude that endocytosis resumes during the later stages of mitosis, before cytokinesis is completed. Furthermore, based on our findings, we propose that the proper regulation of endosomal membrane traffic is necessary for the successful completion of cytokinesis.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cytokinesis completes the process of cell division and gives rise to two new daughter cells, each with a complete array of chromosomes and intracellular organelles as well as an intact plasma membrane and cytoskeleton. Throughout mitosis and cytokinesis, cytoskeletal elements are required to mediate both nuclear and cellular division events. Microtubules reorganize to form the mitotic spindle that facilitates chromosome separation, whereas actin filaments build the contractile ring that physically separates the cytoplasm of the dividing cell (1). Although cytokinesis requires the action of the cytoskeleton, membrane components, such as intracellular membrane vesicles and the plasma membrane, are not simply passive participants in this process. In fact, recent work has highlighted a role for membrane remodeling events during cytokinesis in animal cells (2-7). During cell cleavage in Xenopus and sea urchin embryos, microtubules direct the insertion of Golgi-derived membrane at the furrow (8-10). Furthermore, SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) proteins, which mediate membrane fusion events, and annexins, calcium-binding proteins known to be involved in membrane trafficking, are important for cytokinesis in animal cells (11-15).

In addition to secretory membrane traffic, it is clear that endosomal traffic is also important during cytokinesis (reviewed in Refs. 6 and 16). Previous research has indicated that endocytosis ceases during mitosis and is thought not to resume until cell division is complete (17). However, recent work has shown that proteins known to regulate endocytosis in interphase cells, such as clathrin and dynamin, also influence the process of cytokinesis (18-20). Recent studies have also shown that proteins that govern recycling endosome function (Rab11 and Nuf/FIP3) localize near the furrow and are required during cellularization in Drosophila and cytokinesis in mammalian cells (21, 22). Furthermore, work from our laboratory has shown that the ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6)3 GTPase, a key regulator of endocytosis and endosomal recycling, plays a role during cytokinesis in mammalian cells (23). Nonetheless, endocytosis and endosomal membrane trafficking events during cytokinesis have not been well studied in mammalian cells.

In this study, we have investigated endocytic membrane trafficking during mammalian cell cytokinesis. Consistent with previous studies, we have found that endocytosis ceases during early mitosis. However, we have shown that endocytosis resumes during late mitosis in a spatially and temporally regulated manner, describing for the first time endocytic events that occur during mammalian cell cytokinesis. We have found that endocytosis occurs from the plasma membrane at the polar region of dividing cells during cleavage furrow ingression and from the midbody area during late cytokinesis. In addition, we have found that vesicles endocytosed from the polar region during cleavage furrow ingression are trafficked to the midbody region during late cytokinesis. Finally, we have shown that cytokinesis is inhibited when clathrin-mediated endocytosis is blocked via expression of the GTPase-defective ARF6 mutant or other dominant negative proteins. The latter findings suggest that endocytosis is required for cytokinesis and that ARF6-GTP induces cytokinesis defects, at least in part by its effect on endosomal trafficking during cytokinesis.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Reagents—Phalloidin conjugates, human transferrin conjugates, and dextran (Mr 10,000) were from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Draq5 (a DNA stain) was from Alexis Biochemicals (Carlsbad, CA).

Antibodies and Immunofluorescence—Mouse monoclonal antibody against {alpha}-tubulin was from Sigma. The rabbit polyclonal antibody against ARF6 has been described elsewhere (23). Mouse monoclonal antibody against the transferrin receptor was from Zymed Laboratories Inc. (San Francisco, CA). Secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence were from Amersham Biosciences when conjugated to Cy3, from ICN when conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and from Amersham Biosciences when conjugated to Cy5. Procedures for cell fixation, immunofluorescent staining, and microscopy were performed as described previously (24). To label nuclei, cells were incubated with Draq5 (5 µm in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) for 3-10 min before fixation. Micrographs were obtained using a Nikon Diaphot 200 fluorescence microscope and a Bio-Rad MRC 1024 confocal system. Images were manipulated using Adobe Photoshop, version 7.0.

Cell Culture and Plasmid Transfection—HeLa cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin (complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) at 37 °C and 5%CO2. U-2OS cells were maintained in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin. The pIRES-EGFP plasmid containing ARF6(Q67L) has been described elsewhere (23). pEGFP bearing {alpha}-tubulin was kindly provided by Dr. Doug Fishkind. A mammalian expression plasmid containing FLAG-tagged assembly protein (AP)180 was kindly provided by Lois Greene (National Institutes of Health), and the GFP-tagged Eps15 constructs were a gift from Alexander Benmerah. The pEYFP-Golgi plasmid (Clontech) encodes a fusion protein consisting of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) and the N-terminal 81 amino acids of human {beta} 1,4-galactosyltransferase, which targets the fusion protein to the trans-medial region of the Golgi apparatus. For plasmid transfection, HeLa cells were seeded on 60-mm dishes and transfected with 4 µg of DNA using 12 µl of FuGENE reagent (Roche Applied Science), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Cell Synchronization—To obtain mitotic cells, cells were synchronized using a single thymidine block followed by nocodazole treatment as described previously (23). For immunofluorescence analysis, collected mitotic cells were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde during cytokinesis. To analyze mitotic cells transfected with the plasmids described above, synchronization was begun 12-18 h after transfection.

Endocytosis Assays—Isolated mitotic cells were seeded on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips in serum-free medium. At various times throughout mitosis and cytokinesis, the cells were incubated with fluorescently labeled markers for 5-7 min. Internalization was performed in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin with or without 5 µM Draq5. Human transferrin conjugates were used at a concentration of 100 µg/ml and dextran at 1 mg/ml. After incubation with endocytic markers, the cells were washed three times with cold PBS and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde.

Time-lapse Microscopy—HeLa cells were transiently transfected with pEGFP bearing {alpha}-tubulin ~24-48 h before imaging. For imaging, cells were incubated in Hepes-buffered Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium without phenol red (Invitrogen) and placed on the microscope stage that was prewarmed in a 32 °C room. Cells were observed using epifluorescent illumination (HQ-Endow-GFP and HQ-Cy3 filters; Chroma) on an inverted microscope (Eclipse TE2000-U; Nikon) with a 60x oil immersion lens plus a 1.5x Optivar. Images were acquired and analyzed using Metamorph 6.2r4 (Universal Imaging Corp.) and a Cascade 512B camera (Photometrics). To monitor transferrin internalization and trafficking, dividing cells were incubated with 100 µg/ml transferrin-AlexaFluor-546 (Molecular Probes) for 3 min either during cleavage furrow ingression or after the furrow was maximally ingressed. After the 3-min incubation, the cells were washed three times with PBS (total time 1 min) and incubated in serum-free medium for the remainder of the imaging session. To visualize both transferrin and tubulin-GFP, images were acquired sequentially in each fluorescent channel every 30-60 s.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Endocytosis Resumes during Cytokinesis—To examine endosomal traffic during cytokinesis, we first monitored the endocytic uptake of extracellular ligands in mitotic HeLa cells. For these experiments, we collected cells arrested at G2/M, released them into mitosis, and performed short incubations with endocytic markers throughout mitotic progression. To examine receptor-mediated endocytosis, we used FITC- or Texas Red-conjugated human transferrin. After a 7-min incubation with transferrin, the cells were washed, fixed, and analyzed using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Consistent with the current understanding that endocytosis ceases during mitosis, we found that mitotic cells at prometaphase and metaphase exhibited no detectable ligand internalization (data not shown). However, as cells progressed through anaphase and telophase, we observed substantial internalization of transferrin (Fig. 1A).

We found that, as cells progressed from anaphase to cytokinesis, endocytosis resumed in a distinct manner. During anaphase and early telophase, cells displayed prominent pools of internalized transferrin near the mitotic spindle poles or polar region (Fig. 1A, top row). In these cells, internalized transferrin was seen near the plasma membrane at the polar region and in juxtanuclear pools near the mitotic spindle poles, but there was little to no transferrin label at the cleavage furrow or equatorial region. However, cells at late telophase and cytokinesis (in which the furrow was fully ingressed) displayed transferrin labeling in both the polar and equatorial or midbody regions (Fig. 1A, bottom row). These results suggest that receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs first from the plasma membrane near the polar region and then from the plasma membrane at the equatorial region as mitotic cells progress from anaphase to cytokinesis. To further confirm that receptor-mediated endocytosis resumes predominantly from the polar region of dividing cells during the early stages of cleavage furrow ingression, we incubated dividing cells with FITC-transferrin very briefly (2 min) and then washed and fixed them. As expected, we found that transferrin labeling was observed prominently on the polar region of the plasma membrane of anaphase and early telophase cells (Fig. 1B, top row), whereas there is strong labeling at the ingressed cleavage furrow in cells at late telophase/cytokinesis (Fig. 1B, bottom row). Finally, we assessed the localization of the transferrin receptor in dividing cells. Consistent with our transferrin internalization uptake results, we found that transferrin receptor was localized predominantly at the polar region of late anaphase cells (Fig. 1C, top row) but was present at both the polar and equatorial regions in late telophase cells (Fig. 1C, bottom row). We also analyzed transferrin uptake during cytokinesis in the U-2OS cell line and found an identical pattern of endocytosis during cleavage furrow ingression and cytokinesis (supplemental Fig. 1). This finding suggests that endocytosis resumes during cytokinesis in a similar way in mammalian cells in general. During cytokinesis, Golgi fragments also coalesce in two juxtanuclear pools at the polar and equatorial regions of dividing cells (25). However, we used pEYFP-Golgi to label the Golgi and determined that the Golgi pools were distinct from the transferrin-positive compartments during cytokinesis (supplemental Fig. 2).

Next, we examined the uptake of a fluid phase marker, dextran conjugated to AlexaFluor-594, during mitosis. Similar to our transferrin results, we found that early mitotic cells exhibited no dextran uptake, whereas cells at telophase and cytokinesis displayed substantial dextran internalization (Fig. 1D). In anaphase cells, the amount of dextran internalization was less significant and more variable than what we observed for transferrin uptake. Nonetheless, the general pattern of uptake was the same for both ligands. When late mitotic cells were incubated with dextran and transferrin simultaneously, we observed a similar pattern of internalization for both ligands as well as partially overlapping cytoplasmic vesicles (Fig. 1E). In sum, these results demonstrate that endocytosis of both receptor-mediated and fluid phase markers resumes during cytokinesis in a spatially and temporally regulated manner.



View larger version (48K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1.
Endocytosis of extracellular ligands during cytokinesis. Synchronized mitotic HeLa cells were incubated with Texas Red-transferrin for 7 min (A) or FITC-transferrin plus Draq5 (to label DNA) for 2 min (B) and then washed and fixed. A, cells were fixed at 100 min (top row) or 120 min (bottom row) after mitotic entry and immunostained for {alpha}-tubulin (green). Cells at anaphase and early telophase exhibit prominent transferrin internalization near the spindle poles (top row), whereas cells at late telophase/cytokinesis exhibit transferrin internalization near the ingressed cleavage furrow as well as at the polar regions (bottom row). B, cells were fixed at 105 min after mitotic entry. Cells at anaphase and early telophase exhibit prominent transferrin labeling on the polar region of the plasma membrane (top row), whereas cells at late telophase/cytokinesis exhibit transferrin labeling along the entire plasma membrane as well as the internalized transferrin label. C, cells were fixed at 90 min after mitotic entry and labeled with FITC-phalloidin to visualize actin and immunostained for transferrin receptor (Tfn-R, pseudocolored green in the merged image). D, HeLa cells were transfected with {alpha}-tubulin-pEGFP, synchronized, and incubated in serum-free medium after release from nocodazole arrest. During mitosis, cells were incubated with AlexaFluor-594-dextran for 5 min, washed three times with cold PBS, and fixed. Cells at late anaphase and early telophase exhibit dextran internalization predominantly at the spindle pole region (top row; fixed at 95 min), whereas cells at late telophase exhibit prominent dextran uptake at the furrow and spindle poles (bottom row; fixed at 120 min). E, synchronized mitotic HeLa cells were incubated with FITC-transferrin, AlexaFluor-594-dextran, and Draq5 for 7 min and then washed and fixed. The top row depicts an anaphase cell (fixed at 90 min), and the bottom row depicts a late telophase cell (fixed at 100 min). Throughout cytokinesis, cells internalize dextran and transferrin in a similar manner. Each image represents a single confocal plane. Scale bars, 10 µm.

 
Endocytosed Vesicles Are Trafficked to the Midbody Region—Our results revealed a strong labeling of endocytic markers at the cleavage furrow during late telophase and cytokinesis. However, we questioned whether or not the label at the cleavage furrow resulted exclusively from active endocytosis at the ingressed cleavage furrow or from the traffic of endocytosed vesicles from the polar region to the equatorial region. To answer this question, we "pulsed" mitotic cells with transferrin for 5 min during early cleavage furrow ingression (85-90 min after mitotic entry) and then fixed them after a 30-min "chase" (120 min after mitotic entry). Cells fixed immediately after the 5-min uptake were predominantly in anaphase and early telophase. As shown in Fig. 2A, these cells contained internalized transferrin near the spindle poles. However, when these cells were incubated for an additional 30 min before fixation, most of them had progressed to late telophase and cytokinesis and displayed transferrin labeling at both the spindle poles and the cleavage furrow (Fig. 2B). This result suggests that transferrin internalized from the polar region during anaphase and telophase is trafficked to the midbody region during late telophase and cytokinesis.

To confirm the traffic of endocytosed vesicles from the polar region to the ingressed cleavage furrow, we performed live cell imaging analysis using cells transiently transfected with tubulin-GFP. For these experiments, cells undergoing cleavage furrow ingression were incubated with AlexaFluor-546-transferrin for 3 min and then the ligand was washed out. Pictures of the dividing cells were captured before, during, and after transferrin addition. In these experiments, we found that initially transferrin was internalized prominently from the plasma membrane at the periphery of the dividing cell and trafficked to the mitotic spindle pole region. Subsequently, after cleavage furrow ingression was complete, there was further traffic of transferrin-positive vesicles to the cleavage furrow, flanking each side of the midbody. Images from representative time-lapse videos (supplemental Figs. 3 and 4), showing both transferrin labeling and tubulin-GFP, are shown in Fig. 3A.



View larger version (17K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2.
Endocytosed transferrin is trafficked to the cleavage furrow region during late cytokinesis. At 85 min after mitotic entry, mitotic HeLa cells were incubated with Texas Red-transferrin (plus Draq5, a DNA dye) (A) for 5 min. Thereafter, cells were washed with PBS and either fixed immediately (A) or allowed to proceed through mitosis. At 115 min after mitotic entry, cells were then incubated with Draq5 alone (B) or Draq5 plus FITC-transferrin (C) for 5 min. Finally, cells were washed three times with cold PBS and then fixed. Cells at anaphase and early telophase exhibit Texas Red-transferrin internalization near poles (A). After a 30 min chase, internalized Texas Red-transferrin is present at the cleavage furrow and spindle poles of telophase cells (B). FITC-transferrin internalized late during cytokinesis is present mostly at the ingressed cleavage furrow whereas Texas Red-transferrin internalized earlier during cleavage furrow ingression is present at both the furrow and spindle poles of telophase cells (C). Each image represents a single confocal plane. Scale bars, 10 µm.

 
We also determined whether or not there was additional endocytosis at the midbody during late cytokinesis. For this experiment, we pulsed mitotic cells with Texas Red-transferrin during early anaphase and telophase as described above, but before fixation at 120 min, we incubated the cells with a second ligand, FITC-transferrin, for 5 min. We reasoned that, if there is new endocytosis at the ingressed cleavage furrow, we would see internalized FITC-transferrin at the midbody in addition to Texas Red-transferrin that was internalized during anaphase and telophase and trafficked to the midbody. As shown in Fig. 2C, cells at late telophase displayed FITC-transferrin at the midbody as well as Texas Red-transferrin that was internalized earlier during anaphase and telophase. This result suggests that, in addition to the traffic of endocytosed vesicles from the polar region of dividing cells to the cleavage furrow, new endocytosis occurs at the ingressed cleavage furrow as well. Furthermore, we found that in the late telophase cells, the Texas Red-transferrin label (added during anaphase and early telophase) was stronger at the spindle poles than at the furrow, whereas the FITC-transferrin label (added after cleavage furrow ingression) was more intense near the ingressed furrow (Fig. 2C), supporting our contention that endocytosis resumes first at the polar region during cleavage furrow ingression and then at the midbody region during late cytokinesis.

To further confirm that endocytosis occurs in the midbody region after cleavage furrow ingression, we performed live cell imaging analysis using cells transiently transfected with tubulin-GFP. Cells at late cytokinesis (that had already undergone cleavage furrow ingression) were incubated with AlexaFluor-546-transferrin for 3 min and then the ligand was washed out. Pictures of the dividing cells were captured before, during, and after transferrin addition and still images from representative time-lapse videos (supplemental Figs. 5 and 6) are shown in Fig. 3B. In these experiments, we found that internalized transferrin was present in the midbody region immediately after transferrin washout, suggesting that endocytosis occurs at the ingressed cleavage furrow. In addition, we found that several minutes after transferrin washout, there was a further concentration of the internalized transferrin label on either side of the forming midbody. Together, these results indicate that endocytosis occurs in the region of the ingressed furrow and that, even at this late stage of cytokinesis, endosomal vesicles are trafficked at the midbody area in a distinct manner.

Inhibition of Receptor-mediated Endocytosis Induces Cytokinesis Defects—ARF6 is a small GTPase that regulates endocytosis and endosomal recycling as well as actin rearrangements during interphase (26-35). In a previous study, we showed that endogenous ARF6 is transiently activated during cytokinesis. In addition, we found that overexpression of a GTP hydrolysis-defective mutant, ARF6(Q67L), in mitotic cells led to a variety of cytokinesis defects without affecting actin polymerization at the cleavage furrow (23). Thus, we decided to investigate a role for ARF6 in the regulation of endocytic traffic during cytokinesis. For these experiments, we monitored the receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin during cytokinesis in cells transfected with ARF6(Q67L)-pIRES-EGFP. As shown in Fig. 4, cells transfected with ARF6(Q67L) displayed little to no transferrin internalization during cleavage furrow ingression and cytokinesis. When compared with neighboring non-transfected cells, ARF6(Q67L)-transfected cells consistently exhibited dramatically reduced transferrin labeling throughout anaphase to cytokinesis (Fig. 4). Using laser confocal sectioning, we found few to no transferrin-positive vesicles throughout the Z-axis of dividing ARF6(Q67L)-transfected cells (Fig. 4, B and C). Next, we examined the endocytosis of dextran during cytokinesis in ARF6(Q67L)-expressing cells. In general, dividing ARF6(Q67L) cells displayed a low amount of dextran uptake during cytokinesis (data not shown), but the effect was more variable and less conclusive than our findings with transferrin. In sum, our results indicate that ARF6(Q67L) overexpression profoundly inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis during cytokinesis. Our results are consistent with recent reports that ARF6-GTP inhibits transferrin internalization during interphase (36, 37). These findings suggest that ARF6(Q67L) induces cytokinesis defects, at least in part, via an inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis.

To further investigate the importance of endocytosis during cytokinesis, we sought to examine how an inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis would affect the process of cytokinesis. Eps15 is an accessory protein that is found in clathrin-coated pits, binds AP-2, and is essential for early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Expression of a dominant negative form called Eps15-EH29 blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis by inhibiting coated pit formation (38, 39). To this end, we transfected cells with GFP-tagged Eps15-EH29 and assessed its impact on cytokinesis. We found that mitotic cells expressing Eps15-EH29 progressed through mitosis at the same pace as non-transfected cells observed in the same experiment (data not shown). However, along with a block in transferrin internalization, we found that, on average, over 95% of mitotic cells expressing Eps15-EH29 exhibited cytokinesis defects, such as excessive cell blebbing throughout the cleavage furrow region and binucleated cell formation (Fig. 5, A and C). It is possible that the cell blebbing phenotype we observed may not be a specific cytokinesis defect; however, we only observed this type of aberrant cell morphology during cytokinesis and not during interphase and earlier mitotic stages. Transfection with the control construct, GFP-tagged Eps15DIII{Delta}2, had no effect on mitotic progression or cytokinesis (data not shown). Next, we wanted to confirm the effect of inhibiting endocytosis on cytokinesis by using a different endocytic protein. Assembly proteins bind clathrin and stimulate the formation of clathrin triskelions during coated pit formation. Overexpression of APs, such as the neuronal-specific proteins AP180 and auxilin, has been shown to markedly inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis by mislocalizing clathrin away from nascent pits (40). For this experiment, we transfected cells with FLAG-tagged AP180 and monitored their progression through mitosis. We found that mitotic cells expressing AP180 progressed through mitosis at the same pace as non-transfected cells observed in the same experiment (data not shown). However, similar to our findings with Eps15-EH29-expressing cells, we found significant cytokinesis defects in AP180-transfected cells. Along with a block in transferrin internalization, we found that, on average, over 85% of mitotic cells expressing AP180 exhibited cytokinesis defects, such as excessive cell blebbing throughout the cleavage furrow region and binucleated cell formation (Fig. 5, B and C). We have classified the cell division defects in Eps15-EH29- and AP180-transfected cells as cytokinesis defects, because we did not notice any defective phenotypes in transfected cells during the earlier stages of mitosis. Nonetheless, we cannot rule out the possibility that problems occur during late mitotic stages just prior to cytokinesis that prevent the completion of cytokinesis in Eps15-EH29- and AP180-transfected cells. It is important to note that, in some experiments with mitotic Eps15-EH29- and AP180-transfected cells, we observed chromosome segregation failures in which all the genetic material segregated to one daughter cell. This was a rare phenotype (<2% of the cells) that we only observed in some repetitions of the mitotic experiments. Because AP180 can bind to clathrin and Eps15 to AP-2 (a clathrin-binding protein), this chromosome segregation failure phenotype may be due to a mislocalization of clathrin away from the mitotic spindle poles, as clathrin has recently been shown to have a role in maintaining the integrity of the mitotic spindle (41).



View larger version (39K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3.
Time-lapse microscopy of vesicular trafficking during cytokinesis. HeLa cells transiently transfected with {alpha}-tubulin-GFP were examined by time-lapse video microscopy during cytokinesis. AlexaFluor-546-transferrin was added for 3 min during cleavage furrow ingression (A) or after the cleavage furrow was maximally ingressed (B). Fluorescent images were acquired before, during, and after transferrin addition and washout. Representative stills of GFP-tubulin (top row) and AlexaFluor-546-transferrin (bottom row) show the pattern of transferrin internalization and trafficking observed during early (A) and late (B) stages of cytokinesis. The complete videos are available as on-line supplemental material (A, supplemental Figs. 3 and 4; B, supplemental Figs. 5 and 6).

 
To confirm that each method of inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis effectively blocked transferrin uptake, we monitored the inhibition of transferrin uptake (10-min incubation) in interphase cells overexpressing AP180, Eps15-EH29, or ARF6(Q67L). We found that each method resulted in equivalent inhibition of transferrin uptake as observed by confocal microscopy (supplemental Fig. 7). Taken together, our results support the notion that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for the successful completion of cytokinesis and point toward an essential role for endocytosis during the process of cytokinesis.



View larger version (43K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4.
ARF6(Q67L) inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis during cytokinesis. HeLa cells were transfected with ARF6(Q67L)-pIRES-EGFP and then synchronized for mitotic analysis. Mitotic cells in serum-free medium were incubated with Texas Red-transferrin (A) or Texas Red-transferrin plus Draq5, a DNA dye, (B and C) for 7 min during cytokinesis. Thereafter, the cells were washed, fixed, and processed for immunofluorescence. Cells were fixed at 90, 105, or 120 min after mitotic entry, as indicated, and immunolabeled for {alpha}-tubulin (pseudocolored green in the merged image). Cells transfected with ARF6(Q67L)-pIRES-EGFP exhibit little to no transferrin internalization during cytokinesis. Scale bars, 15 µm. Each image represents a single confocal plane (A). Cells were fixed at 100 min after mitotic entry and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Confocal sections were acquired every 0.8 µm, and select sections are displayed (B and C). Internalized Texas Red-transferrin is shown in B, and a merged image of Draq5 and GFP is shown in C. In this field of view, a non-transfected cell and an ARF6(Q67L)-transfected cell are shown. ARF6(Q67L)-transfected cells display little to no internalized transferrin at any plane. Scale bars, 10 µm.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Cytokinesis relies upon the elegant regulation of both cytoskeletal and membrane elements. Although membrane fusion events have been shown to accompany the successful completion of cytokinesis, the involvement of new membrane internalization, or endocytosis, has not been thoroughly examined. In the past, it was thought that endocytosis and endosomal trafficking does not occur during mitosis but instead resumes during the G1 phase (17, 42-44). Previous work asserts that fluid phase endocytosis begins after cells exit cytokinesis, especially because endocytic marker internalization is not observed in early or late mitotic cells (17). In addition, other studies have shown that the mitotic phosphorylation of epsin and Eps15 by CDK1 prevents their efficient interaction with {alpha}-adaptin, providing one mechanism by which clathrin-dependent endocytosis is specifically inhibited during mitosis (45). Our current studies revealed that, although endocytosis ceases during early mitosis, it resumes during late mitotic stages and occurs throughout the process of cytokinesis. Our findings support recent reports demonstrating the requirement for endocytic proteins during cytokinesis and the localization of endocytic markers at the cleavage furrow in zebrafish eggs (18-20,46). Altogether, these results point toward an important role for endocytosis and endosomal trafficking during the process of cytokinesis.



View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5.
Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis induces cytokinesis defects. HeLa cells were transfected with Eps15-EH29-pEGFP (dominant negative Eps15) or FLAG-tagged AP180, synchronized for mitotic analysis, and fixed during cytokinesis. Mitotic cells in serum-free medium were incubated with Draq5, a DNA dye (A) or Draq5 plus FITC-transferrin (B) for 6 min before fixation. Thereafter, cells were washed, fixed, and immunolabeled for {alpha}-tubulin (red in A) or FLAG (red in B). Along with endocytic defects, cells transfected with Eps15-EH29-pEGFP or AP180 display defects during cytokinesis, including excessive blebbing at cleavage furrow and throughout dividing cell (A and B) as well as binucleated cell formation. Scale bars, 10 µm. Each image represents a single confocal plane. Cells transfected with Eps15-EH29-pEGFP or AP180 were scored for their cytokinesis phenotype ("normal," "binucleated," or "blebbed") 115 min after mitotic entry (C) (see "Results" for further phenotypic description). Results were averaged from three independent experiments. Over 100 transfected cells were counted in each experiment. Standard error bars are included.

 



View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 6.
Model for endocytic traffic during cytokinesis. During the early stages of mitosis, no endocytosis of extracellular ligands is detected. During anaphase and early telophase, internalized ligand is observed in the polar regions of the dividing cell but not in the region of the cleavage furrow. Our results suggest that, as cells begin cleavage furrow ingression, endocytosis resumes first at the polar regions of the dividing cell. After cleavage furrow ingression, internalized ligand is found at the polar region and near the ingressed furrow. From our fixed and live cell studies, we know that vesicles endocytosed during cleavage furrow ingression are trafficked to the cleavage furrow during late cytokinesis and that endocytosis also occurs at the ingressed cleavage furrow. Endocytosed vesicles trafficked from the polar region to the ingressed cleavage furrow may deliver cargo required for fission of the daughter cells during cytokinesis. New endocytosis at the ingressed cleavage furrow may help to complete the final stages of cytokinesis and to balance membrane addition and retrieval in the midbody region.

 
In this study, we showed that, during late mitosis, endocytosis begins again in a distinct manner, first from the polar region of a dividing cell as cleavage furrow ingression commences and then from the equatorial region after furrow ingression is complete (Fig. 6). We propose that there are at least two different ways in which endocytosis and endosomal traffic may participate in the process of cytokinesis. First, we find that vesicles endocytosed from the polar region during cleavage furrow ingression are trafficked to the midbody region during late cytokinesis. The traffic of endocytosed vesicles and their cargo to the cleavage furrow may represent a mechanism by which membrane or protein components needed for cytokinesis can be moved to the cleavage furrow. Second, we find that endocytosis occurs at the ingressed cleavage furrow, perhaps providing a means for terminating cytokinesis through the internalization of cytokinesis components that are no longer needed. In addition, endocytosis at the ingressed cleavage furrow may help to physically seal off daughter cell membranes, facilitating the final completion of cytokinesis. It is also likely that endocytosis at the midbody helps to balance membrane delivery and retrieval and thereby maintain proper plasma membrane surface area.

Previously we have shown that the ARF6 GTPase, which regulates endosomal membrane traffic in interphase cells, plays a role during mitosis and is essential for the proper completion of cytokinesis. We have demonstrated that endogenous ARF6 localizes near the cleavage furrow and is transiently activated during cytokinesis. Although a dominant negative ARF6 mutant, ARF6(T27N), did not impact mitotic progression, we have found that overexpression of a GTPase defective ARF6 mutant, ARF6(Q67L), induced cytokinesis defects (23). Recently, we have found that ARF6(T27N) is likely not dominant negative for ARF6 function during cytokinesis, as depletion of endogenous ARF6 levels does block the completion of cytokinesis (47). In the current study, we showed that ARF6(Q67L) also inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis during cytokinesis in mammalian cells. This finding is consistent with recent reports that describe direct roles for ARF6 during clathrin-mediated endocytosis, i.e. its interaction with SMAP1, an ARF6-GAP that is essential for clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and its recruitment of AP-2 to membranes (36, 37, 48). Furthermore, direct inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis via overexpression of dominant negative Eps15 or AP180 also leads to pronounced cytokinesis defects. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis, mediated in part by ARF6, is essential during cytokinesis. Further work in this area will help to elucidate the details by which ARF6 regulates endosomal traffic during cytokinesis and how these membrane trafficking events contribute to the successful completion of cytokinesis.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by grants from the United States Department of Defense and the American Cancer Society (RSG 03-023-01-CSM) (to C. D-S.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

{boxs} The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. 1-7, of which supplemental Figs. 3-6 consist of both still images and videos. Back

1 Recipient of a Special Fellow Career Development Award from The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Back

2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369. Tel.: 574-631-3735; Fax: 574-631-7413; E-mail: D'Souza-Schorey.1{at}nd.edu.

3 The abbreviations used are: ARF6, ADP ribosylation factor 6; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; GFP, green fluorescent protein; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; AP, assembly protein. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. Doug Fishkind for supplying the GFP-tubulin expression plasmid, Alexander Benmerah for the Eps15 plasmids, and Lois Greene for the AP180 plasmid.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Glotzer, M. (2001) Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17, 351-386[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  2. Straight, A. F., and Field, C. M. (2000) Curr. Biol. 10, R760-R770[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  3. O'Halloran, T. J. (2000) Traffic 1, 921-926[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  4. Xu, H., Boulianne, G. L., and Trimble, W. S. (2002) Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 13, 77-82[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Finger, F. P., and White, J. G. (2002) Cell 108, 727-730[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Schweitzer, J. K., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2004) Exp. Cell Res. 295, 1-8[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Albertson, R., Riggs, B., and Sullivan, W. (2005) Trends Cell Biol. 15, 92-101[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  8. Danilchik, M. V., Funk, W. C., Brown, E. E., and Larkin, K. (1998) Dev. Biol. 194, 47-60[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Shuster, C. B., and Burgess, D. R. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 3633-3638[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Danilchik, M. V., Bedrick, S. D., Brown, E. E., and Ray, K. (2003) J. Cell Sci. 116, 273-283[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Burgess, R. W., Deitcher, D. L., and Schwarz, T. L. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 138, 861-875[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Xu, H., Brill, J. A., Hsien, J., McBride, R., Boulianne, G. L., and Trimble, W. S. (2002) Dev. Biol. 251, 294-306[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  13. Low, S. H., Li, X., Miura, M., Kudo, N., Quinones, B., and Weimbs, T. (2003) Dev. Cell 4, 753-759[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Skop, A. R., Liu, H., Yates, J., III, Meyer, B. J., and Heald, R. (2004) Science 305, 61-66[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Tomas, A., Futter, C., and Moss, S. E. (2004) J. Cell Biol. 165, 813-822[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Strickland, L. I., and Burgess, D. R. (2004) Trends Cell Biol. 14, 115-118[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  17. Berlin, R. D., and Oliver, J. M. (1980) J. Cell Biol. 85, 660-671[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Gerald, N. J., Damer, C. K., O'Halloran, T. J., and De Lozanne, A. (2001) Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 48, 213-223[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  19. Thompson, H. M., Skop, A. R., Euteneuer, U., Meyer, B. J., and McNiven, M. A. (2002) Curr. Biol. 12, 2111-2117[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  20. Motley, A., Bright, N. A., Seaman, M. N., and Robinson, M. S. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 162, 909-918[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Riggs, B., Rothwell, W., Mische, S., Hickson, G. R., Matheson, J., Hays, T. S., Gould, G. W., and Sullivan, W. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 163, 143-154[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Wilson, G. M., Fielding, A. B., Simon, G. C., Yu, X., Andrews, P. D., Hames, R. S., Frey, A. M., Peden, A. A., Gould, G. W., and Prekeris, R. (2005) Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 849-860[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Schweitzer, J. K., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 27210-27216[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Boshans, R. L., Szanto, S., van Aelst, L., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 3685-3694[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Dunster, K., Toh, B. H., and Sentry, J. W. (2002) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 81, 117-124[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. D'Souza-Schorey, C., Li, G., Colombo, M. I., and Stahl, P. D. (1995) Science 267, 1175-1178[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Radhakrishna, H., Klausner, R. D., and Donaldson, J. G. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 134, 935-947[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Radhakrishna, H., and Donaldson, J. G. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 139, 49-61[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. D'Souza-Schorey, C., van Donselaar, E., Hsu, V. W., Yang, C., Stahl, P. D., and Peters, P. J. (1998) J. Cell Biol. 140, 603-616[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Franco, M., Peters, P. J., Boretto, J., van Donselaar, E., Neri, A., D'Souza-Schorey, C., and Chavrier, P. (1999) EMBO J. 18, 1480-1491[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  31. Peters, P. J., Gao, M., Gaschet, J., Ambach, A., van Donselaar, E., Traverse, J. F., Bos, E., Wolffe, E. J., and Hsu, V. W. (2001) Traffic 2, 885-895[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  32. Palacios, F., Price, L., Schweitzer, J., Collard, J. G., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2001) EMBO J. 20, 4973-4986[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  33. Palacios, F., Schweitzer, J. K., Boshans, R. L., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2002) Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 929-936[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Prigent, M., Dubois, T., Raposo, G., Derrien, V., Tenza, D., Rosse, C., Camonis, J., and Chavrier, P. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 163, 1111-1121[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Paterson, A. D., Parton, R. G., Ferguson, C., Stow, J. L., and Yap, A. S. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21050-21057[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  36. Paleotti, O., Macia, E., Luton, F., Klein, S., Partisani, M., Chardin, P., Kirchhausen, T., and Franco, M. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21661-21666[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Tanabe, K., Torii, T., Natsume, W., Braesch-Andersen, S., Watanabe, T., and Satake, M. (2005) Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 1617-1628[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  38. Benmerah, A., Bayrou, M., Cerf-Bensussan, N., and Dautry-Varsat, A. (1999) J. Cell Sci. 112, 1303-1311[Abstract]
  39. Benmerah, A., Poupon, V., Cerf-Bensussan, N., and Dautry-Varsat, A. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 3288-3295[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Zhao, X., Greener, T., Al-Hasani, H., Cushman, S. W., Eisenberg, E., and Greene, L. E. (2001) J. Cell Sci. 114, 353-365[Abstract]
  41. Royle, S. J., Bright, N. A., and Lagnado, L. (2005) Nature 434, 1152-1157[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  42. Sager, P. R., Brown, P. A., and Berlin, R. D. (1984) Cell 39, 275-282[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  43. Warren, G., Davoust, J., and Cockcroft, A. (1984) EMBO J. 3, 2217-2225[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  44. Bergeland, T., Widerberg, J., Bakke, O., and Nordeng, T. W. (2001) Curr. Biol. 11, 644-651[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  45. Chen, H., Slepnev, V. I., Di Fiore, P. P., and De Camilli, P. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3257-3260[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Feng, B., Schwarz, H., and Jesuthasan, S. (2002) Exp. Cell Res. 279, 14-20[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  47. Schweitzer, J. K., and D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2005) Exp. Cell Res., in press
  48. Krauss, M., Kinuta, M., Wenk, M. R., De Camilli, P., Takei, K., and Haucke, V. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 162, 113-124[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
E. Zweifel, J. Smith, D. Romero, T. H. Giddings Jr., M. Winey, J. Honts, J. Dahlseid, B. Schneider, and E. S. Cole
Nested Genes CDA12 and CDA13 Encode Proteins Associated with Membrane Trafficking in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila
Eukaryot. Cell, June 1, 2009; 8(6): 899 - 912.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JCBHome page
J. W. Goss and D. K. Toomre
Both daughter cells traffic and exocytose membrane at the cleavage furrow during mammalian cytokinesis
J. Cell Biol., October 22, 2008; 181(7): 1047 - 1054.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. L. Wallander, K. B. Zumbrennen, E. S. Rodansky, S. J. Romney, and E. A. Leibold
Iron-independent Phosphorylation of Iron Regulatory Protein 2 Regulates Ferritin during the Cell Cycle
J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 2008; 283(35): 23589 - 23598.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Cell Sci.Home page
R. Prekeris and G. W. Gould
Breaking up is hard to do - membrane traffic in cytokinesis
J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2008; 121(10): 1569 - 1576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eukaryot CellHome page
M. Onishi, M. Iida, T. Koga, S. Yamada, A. Hirata, T. Iwaki, K. Takegawa, Y. Fukui, and H. Tachikawa
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Sst4p, a Conserved Vps27/Hrs Homolog, Functions Downstream of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pik3p To Mediate Proper Spore Formation
Eukaryot. Cell, December 1, 2007; 6(12): 2343 - 2353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
S. D. Arden, C. Puri, J. S.-Y. Au, J. Kendrick-Jones, and F. Buss
Myosin VI Is Required for Targeted Membrane Transport during Cytokinesis
Mol. Biol. Cell, December 1, 2007; 18(12): 4750 - 4761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
M. G. Giansanti, G. Belloni, and M. Gatti
Rab11 Is Required for Membrane Trafficking and Actomyosin Ring Constriction in Meiotic Cytokinesis of Drosophila Males
Mol. Biol. Cell, December 1, 2007; 18(12): 5034 - 5047.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. Lanzetti, V. Margaria, F. Melander, L. Virgili, M.-H. Lee, J. Bartek, and S. Jensen
Regulation of the Rab5 GTPase-activating Protein RN-tre by the Dual Specificity Phosphatase Cdc14A in Human Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 18, 2007; 282(20): 15258 - 15270.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
E. Boucrot and T. Kirchhausen
Endosomal recycling controls plasma membrane area during mitosis
PNAS, May 8, 2007; 104(19): 7939 - 7944.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Kasahara, Y. Nakayama, Y. Nakazato, K. Ikeda, T. Kuga, and N. Yamaguchi
Src Signaling Regulates Completion of Abscission in Cytokinesis through ERK/MAPK Activation at the Midbody
J. Biol. Chem., February 23, 2007; 282(8): 5327 - 5339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental Data
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
280/50/41628    most recent
M504497200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer, J. K.
Right arrow Articles by D'Souza-Schorey, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Schweitzer, J. K.
Right arrow Articles by D'Souza-Schorey, C.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2005 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement