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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.C500358200 on October 19, 2005

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 51, 41893-41899, December 23, 2005
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JAK1 and Tyk2 Activation by the Homologous Polycythemia Vera JAK2 V617F Mutation

CROSS-TALK WITH IGF1 RECEPTOR*

Judith Staerk{ddagger}§12, Anders Kallin§13, Jean-Baptiste Demoulin§, William Vainchenker¶4, and Stefan N. Constantinescu{ddagger}§5

From the {ddagger}Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels B-1200, Belgium, the §Christian de Duve Institute for Cellular Pathology and the MEXP Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels B-1200, Belgium, and the INSERM U362, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France

Received for publication, August 22, 2005 , and in revised form, October 17, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The majority of polycythemia vera (PV) patients harbor a unique somatic mutation (V617F) in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2, which leads to constitutive signaling. Here we show that the homologous mutations in JAK1 (V658F) and in Tyk2 (V678F) lead to constitutive activation of these kinases. Their expression induces autonomous growth of cytokine-dependent cells and constitutive activation of STAT5, STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling in Ba/F3 cells. The mutant JAKs exhibit constitutive signaling also when expressed in fibrosarcoma cells deficient in JAK proteins. Expression of the JAK2 V617F mutant renders Ba/F3 cells hypersensitive to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), which is a hallmark of PV erythroid progenitors. Upon selection of Ba/F3 cells for autonomous growth induced by the JAK2 V617F mutant, cells respond to IGF1 by activating STAT5, STAT3, Erk1/2, and Akt on top of the constitutive activation characteristic of autonomous cells. The synergic effect on proliferation and STAT activation appears specific to the JAK2 V617F mutant. Our results show that the homologous V617F mutation induces activation of JAK1 and Tyk2, suggesting a common mechanism of activation for the JAK1, JAK2, and Tyk2 mutants. JAK3 is not activated by the homologous mutation M592F, despite the presence of the conserved GVC preceding sequence. We suggest that mutations in the JAK1 and Tyk2 genes may be identified as initial molecular defects in human cancers and autoimmune diseases.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
We and others (1–5) have recently reported that the majority of polycythemia vera (PV)6 patients harbor a unique somatic mutation in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 (V617F), which constitutively activates signaling. Approximately 25–30% of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and 50% of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) had this mutation also, while healthy people or patients with secondary erythrocytosis did not. The mutation is somatic and may become a key molecular marker for hematological diseases (6). Overall, the prevalence of the JAK2 V617F mutation as found by six different studies was between 66 and 85% in PV, 25% in ET, and 50% in IMF (7).

There are four Janus kinases (JAKs) in mammals, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2 that transduce signals for over 25 cytokines, which regulate blood formation and the immune response (8). JAKs share an architecture that contains a kinase (JAK homology 1, JH1) domain at the carboxyl terminus, preceded by a pseudokinase, JAK homology 2 (JH2) domain, and an amino terminus comprising a FERM domain (protein 4.1, ezrin, moezin, radixin homologous) and an SH2 domain (8). Exactly how JH2 regulates the activity of JAKs is not clear, although JAKs require intact JH2 domains for activation via ligand-activated cytokine receptors. Work on Drosophila JAK identified a point mutant E695K in the JH2 pseudokinase domain, which constitutively activates the enzyme and leads to lympho-hemato-proliferation (9). The homologous E665K mutation in JAK2 also leads to constitutive activation of the enzyme (9), while it had no effect in JAK3 (10). Moreover, it has been shown that the kinase activity of JH1 is inhibited when appended to JH2 (11). These results strongly suggest that one role of the JH2 domain, at least in JAK2, is to keep the kinase domain inactive in the absence of cytokines. Furthermore, upon phosphorylation, Tyr570 in the JH2 domain of JAK2 negatively regulates activity (12, 13). This is in contrast to other phosphorylation sites, such as the positively acting Tyr221 (13), Tyr813 (14) and, of course, the activation loop Tyr1007, which is required for activation (15). But JH2 domains were shown to be structurally required for the activity of JAK3 (10) and especially of Tyk2 (16, 17). Taken together, all available evidence supports a crucial role for JH2 domains in the structure and function of JAK proteins, both before and after cytokine receptor activation.

Strikingly, the valine residue at position 617 is conserved in JAK1 and Tyk2, while in JAK3 it is replaced by a methionine. We asked the question of whether a homologous V -> F mutation would result in activation of JAK1 and Tyk2 and whether a M -> F mutation would activate JAK3. Here we show that the homologous mutations V658F for JAK1 and V678F for Tyk2 lead to strong constitutive activation of these kinases. The homologous M592F mutation in JAK3 does not lead to activation of JAK3, further showing that JAK3 is different from the other three JAKs. We also show that the mutant JAK2 specifically synergizes with IGF1 to induce proliferation of Ba/F3 cells and IGF1-dependent activation of STAT5 and STAT3 on top of the constitutive levels induced by the JAK2 mutant. Since hypersensitivity to IGF1 is one characteristic of PV erythroid progenitors (18–20), we discuss how this JAK2 V617F/IGF1R cross-talk may take place and what role this could play in the natural evolution of myeloproliferative diseases.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Generation of the Different JAK Mutants—The cDNA for the human Tyk2 tagged with the vesicular stomatitis virus epitope YTDIEMNRLGK at the carboxyl terminus (21) was kindly provided by Dr. Sandra Pellegrini, Institut Pasteur, Paris. Mutagenesis reactions for the human Tyk2, human JAK3, and murine JAK1 were performed using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). All constructs were cloned in the bicistronic retroviral vector pMX-IRES-GFP (JAK1) or pMX-IRES-CD4 (Tyk2, JAK3) (22, 23) and verified by sequencing. The human JAK2 V617F mutant was described previously (1).

Cell Lines, Retroviral Transductions, and Cytokines—The JAK1-deficient U4C human fibrosarcoma cells (24) were a kind gift of Dr. Ian Kerr, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London and Dr. George Stark, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. The Tyk2-deficient 11,1 human fibrosarcoma cells (25, 26) were a kind gift of Dr. Sandra Pellegrini, Pasteur Institute, Paris. Ba/F3 cells are murine IL3-dependent cells. Wild type (wt) or mutant JAK1, JAK3, or Tyk2 cDNAs were transfected into the BOSC packaging cells to produce retroviruses, as described (23). Ba/F3 cells were then infected and GFP- or CD4-positive cells were sorted 72 h after infection. Ba/F3 cells were normally cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and cytokines (IL3). After retroviral infection and sorting, cells were washed in RPMI medium and cultured in the absence of cytokines for assaying cytokine-independent growth or cultured in the presence of IGF1. Cell numbers were recorded using a Coulter cell counter. IL9 was a kind gift of Drs. Jean-Christophe Renauld and Jacques Van Snick, Ludwig Institute, Brussels, while murine Tpo, IL3, and IGF1 were purchased from R&D Systems.

Dual Luciferase Assays—Transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins was assessed by measuring luciferase expression in cells transfected with the following luciferase constructs: pGRR5-Luc, a reporter that responds to STAT5, STAT3, and STAT1 (27); pGL3bPpr2-Luc construct, a luciferase reporter that responds to STAT3 (28) or the pLHRE-Luc reporter, which preferentially responds to STAT5 (29), as described (23). Transcriptional activity induced by STAT3 upon JAK1 activation was measured in JAK1-deficient U4C cells that were transfected with the pGL3bPpr2-Luc construct, along with cDNAs coding for JAK proteins to be tested and components of the IL9 receptor complex. Transcriptional activity induced by STAT3 upon Tyk2 activation was measured in Tyk2-deficient 11,1 cells that were transfected with the cDNA coding for pGL3bPpr2-Luc construct, along with the STAT3 cDNA, the cDNAs coding for the JAK proteins to be tested and for the TpoR. Experiments were performed as described previously (1). Transcriptional activity of STAT5 and STAT3 in Ba/F3 cells expressing various mutant JAK proteins was assessed by using the general STAT reporter pGRR5-Luc.

Western Blotting—Ba/F3 cells were washed three times in RPMI to remove residual IL3 and fetal bovine serum and then starved for 6 h in 0.1% bovine serum albumin in RPMI. The cells were counted and diluted to 2.5 million cells per ml of medium. Four cell lines were analyzed for each JAK protein, namely the Ba/F3 parental cells, Ba/F3 cells sorted for wild type JAK (wt), or mutant JAK expression and cells selected for cytokine-independent growth due to the expression of the mutant JAK. Cells were divided in aliquots of 1 ml and stimulated with either IGF1 or IL3 for 5, 15, or 30 min or left untreated. After stimulation, the cells were centrifuged and the pellets lysed in 250 µl of Laemmli buffer using a 20-gauge syringe. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE on 8% gels by loading the equivalent of ~250,000 cells per well and were then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking the membranes in 5% milk/TBS-Tween, immunoblotting was performed by overnight incubations in the cold with primary antibodies in 0.1% TBS-Tween, using the dilution recommended by the manufacturer. After 3 x 5 min of washing in 0.1% TBS-Tween, the membranes were incubated with secondary anti-rabbit-horseradish peroxidase antibodies from Cell Signaling, diluted 1:5,000 in 0.1% phosphate-buffered saline-Tween. After 3 x 5 min of washing, ECL was performed using Santa Cruz Western blotting Luminol Reagent and exposed on Kodak Biomax Light Film.



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  		FIGURE 1.
Characterization of the homologous polycythemia vera JAK2 V617F mutation in JAK1, JAK3, and Tyk2. A, comparison of the relevant JH2 amino acid sequence of human JAK1, JAK2, Tyk2, and JAK3. B, Ba/F3 cells expressing either the wt JAK1, JAK2, Tyk2, and JAK3 or the mutants JAK1 V658F, JAK2 V617F, Tyk2 V678F, JAK3 M592F were sorted for equal expression levels between each pair of wt and mutant JAK, as assessed by equal expression of the markers coded by the bicistronic retroviruses (GFP or CD4). Cells were grown in the absence of any cytokines. Cell numbers (average of triplicates ± S.D.) were counted at the indicated time points (days). All cells responded similarly to IL3 (data not shown).

 
Phosphorylation of signaling proteins was investigated by using Western blots and probing with the following phospho-specific antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology: anti-pY1007/1008 JAK2, anti-pY1022/1023 JAK1, anti-pY1054/1055 Tyk2, anti-pY694 STAT5, anti-pY727 STAT3, anti-pS473 Akt, anti-pYpT Erk1/2, and anti-pY1131 IGF1R/pY1146. Antibodies to detect protein levels of STAT5, STAT3, Akt, and IGF1R{alpha} were also from Cell Signaling Technology. For the detection of Erk1/2 levels an anti Erk1/2 rabbit anti-EETARFQPGYRS antiserum was used. To detect protein levels of JAK2 and Tyk2, we used the anti-JAK2 (C-20) and the anti-Tyk2 (C-20) antibodies from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, for JAK1 we used the anti-JAK1 from Upstate%20Biotechnology">Upstate Biotechnology, and for JAK3 we used anti-JAK3 (C-21) antibodies from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Conservation of JAK2 Val617 and Surrounding Sequence—In mammals there are four known JAKs, JAK1, JAK2, Tyk2, and JAK3 (8). We aligned the protein sequences coding for the Janus kinases and noted that the JAK2 Val617 is conserved in JAK1 (Val658) and Tyk2 (Val678) and is replaced by methionine in JAK3 (Met592) (Fig. 1A). The preceding sequence, GVC, is stringently conserved in all four Janus kinases. Based on the x-ray crystal structure of the fibroblast growth factor receptor kinase domain (30), these residues are predicted to be part of a short {beta}-strand, while Val617 is predicted to be part of a loop (30, 31). As we suggested previously (1, 6), the V617F mutation may disrupt the inhibitory activity of the pseudokinase JH2 domain on the kinase JH1 domain, possibly by stabilizing an activated conformation of the activation loop.

Constitutive Activation of JAK1 V658F and Tyk2 V678F Mutants in Ba/F3 Cells—To test whether the introduction of a phenylalanine residue at the homologous position of JAK2 Val617 affects the activity of other JAKs, we constructed mutants JAK1 V658F, Tyk2 V678F, and JAK3 M592F and cloned them in bicistronic retroviruses, as described (23). Fig. 1B shows that the mutant JAK1 V658F is constitutively active as shown by its ability to render Ba/F3 cells autonomous for growth. On the same graph, the acquisition of cytokine-independent growth by Ba/F3 cells expressing the JAK2 V617F or the Tyk2 V678F mutants is shown. It is clear that all three mutant JAKs are constitutively active. It is difficult to compare the activities, since each is detected in Western blots by different antibodies, but nevertheless, for each type of JAK protein, levels of sorted wild type and mutant proteins were similar, as shown by Western blotting with antibodies directed to each JAK protein (Figs. 3B, 4B, and 5B, compare sorted Ba/F3 cells for expression of wild type and mutant). Thus, JAK1 V658F and Tyk2 V678F are constitutively active and trigger ligand-independent cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells.

Fig. 1B also shows that the JAK3 M592F mutant is not constitutively active, although this mutant is well expressed and can mediate IL9 signaling like the wild type JAK3 (data not shown). Thus, both JAK1 and Tyk2 are activated by the homologous V617F mutation, while JAK3 is not. Similar negative results were reported for another JH2 mutation (E695K in Drosophila JAK and E665K in JAK2), which had no effect in JAK3 (9).

Constitutive and Ligand-induced Activation of STAT Proteins by the Mutant JAK1 and Tyk2—Furthermore, we explored the transcriptional activity induced by the mutant JAKs via STATs. For the JAK1 V658F mutant we used JAK1-deficient U4C cells (24, 32), where the STAT3 reporter construct pGL3bPpr2-Luc (28) was co-transfected with STAT3 cDNA. Cells were transfected either with the cDNA coding for wild type or mutant JAK1 alone or together with the cDNAs coding for the components of the IL9 receptor (IL9R), namely the IL9 receptor {alpha} (IL9R{alpha}), the common {gamma} chain, and JAK3, which are all required to reconstitute IL9 signaling in these cells. Fig. 2A shows that expression of JAK1 V658F leads to constitutive STAT3 activation. When the components of the IL9R complex were co-transfected, addition of IL9 increased the activity of STAT3 in cells transfected with the wild type JAK1, while no significant increase was seen for the mutant JAK1, presumably because the system was saturated by the other receptor components, i.e. {gamma} chain and/or JAK3.

We also examined the activation of STAT5 and STAT3 transcriptional activity by the Tyk2 V678F mutant. We used Ba/F3 cells either sorted for expression of the mutant Tyk2 or cells that were subsequently selected for autonomous growth. As shown in Fig. 2B, strong activation of STAT signaling could be demonstrated in both the sorted and the selected cells when the pGRR5-Luc, a reporter that responds to STAT5, STAT3, and STAT1 (27) was used. Similar results were obtained when the pHLRE-luciferase construct was employed, which preferentially responds to STAT5 (29) (data not shown). We also explored signaling by the mutant Tyk2 in cells deficient in Tyk2, the 11,1 fibrosarcoma cells (25, 26). For signaling the activated TpoR requires mainly JAK2, but Tyk2 can also transduce the signal in the absence of JAK2. In 11,1 cells there is not enough JAK2 activity to support TpoR signaling (data not shown). When activation of STAT3 was examined using the pGL3bPpr2 luciferase reporter, which preferentially responds to STAT3 (28), we could note again that the Tyk2 V678F mutant is constitutively active in 11,1 cells and that addition of Tpo further augments this activity (Fig. 2C). This result shows that the mutant Tyk2 can replace the wild type Tyk2 and be appended to the TpoR cytosolic domain, as the 11,1 cells are deficient for Tyk2.



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  		FIGURE 2.
Transcriptional effects of JAK1 and Tyk2. A, constitutive STAT3 transcriptional activity (average of three replicates ± S.D.) on the pGL3bPpr2 luciferase reporter was induced by the murine JAK1 V658F mutant in JAK1-deficient U4C cells. Cells were expressing the JAK1 wt or JAK1 V658F either alone or together (+IL9R) with the components of the IL9R complex (IL9R{alpha}, common {gamma}c, and JAK3). IL9 was used at 100 units/ml. B, constitutive STAT transcriptional activity (average of three replicates ± S.D.) on the general pGRR5 luciferase reporter was induced by the Tyk2 V768F mutant. After retroviral infection Ba/F3 cells were either sorted for expression of the Tyk2 mutant or selected for cytokine-independent growth. C, the Tyk2 V678F mutant constitutively activated STAT3 in Tyk2-deficient 11.1 cells, as shown by luciferase assay using the STAT3-responsive pGL3bPpr2-Luc. Cells were transfected with the cDNAs coding for STAT3 and for the TpoR (+TpoR). The mutant Tyk2 was able to mediate signaling via the TpoR after Tpo (50 ng/ml) addition on top of its constitutive activity. Shown are averages of three replicates ± S.D.

 
Cross-talk with IGF1—Previous reports have described a hypersensitivity of PV progenitors to IGF1 (18–20). Such hypersensitivity to growth factors became one of the hallmarks of PV, along with the Epo-independent or hypersensitive erythroid colony formation and down-modulation of the cell-surface TpoR (c-Mpl) in megakaryocytes and platelets (33, 34). Our hypothesis is that the JAK2 V617F mutant is responsible for both hallmarks of PV (6, 7). We compared the response of parental Ba/F3 cells and of Ba/F3 cells sorted for expression of wt JAK2 and the mutant JAK2 V617F. As shown in Fig. 3B, these sorted Ba/F3 cells expressed levels of JAK2 that were ~2-fold higher than the endogenous levels (Fig. 3B). These cells were maintained in IL3 and were not subjected to selection for autonomous, cytokine-independent growth, which normally takes 5–6 days of culture in the absence of IL3. In Fig. 3A we show that when cells were stimulated with 100 ng/ml IGF1, only the JAK2 V617F cells responded with a major increase in cell proliferation. Cells overexpressing wild type JAK2 showed a very weak response at concentrations of and above 300 ng/ml; parental Ba/F3 cells showed a marginal response at 300 ng/ml. The proliferative response of Ba/F3 JAK2 V617F cells to IGF1 was immediate and did not require a lag period or selection for autonomous growth. Similar results were obtained when cells were grown in cultured in the absence of serum and in the presence of 3% human serum albumin (data not shown). These data show that Ba/F3 cells that express the mutant JAK2 V617F acquire the ability to proliferate in the presence of IGF1. Experiments where dose-dependent growth was examined showed that the JAK2 V617F cells respond to 10–30 ng/ml IGF1, while cells expressing the wild type JAK2 needed >10–20-fold higher concentrations for a minimal response.



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  		FIGURE 3.
Synergy and cross-talk between the IGF1R and the JAK2 V617F mutant. A, Ba/F3 cells sorted for expression of equivalent levels of wild type JAK2 (JAK2 wt) or JAK2 V617F mutant were grown in the absence of any cytokines or stimulated with 1–300 ng/ml IGF1. Shown are cell numbers (average of triplicates ± S.D.) counted 72 h after treatment with IGF1. B, activation of phosphorylation of IGF1R, JAK2, STAT5, STAT3, Erk1/2, and Akt in parental Ba/F3 cells, in cells sorted for expression of the wild type JAK2 or of the mutant JAK2 V617F, and in cells selected for autonomous growth induced by the JAK2 mutant. Activation of signaling was detected by Western blotting with the indicated phospho-specific antibodies, while protein levels were assessed using antibodies directed against the signaling proteins themselves.

 
Next we examined signaling of IGF1 and IL3 on parental Ba/F3 cells, cells sorted for expressing JAK2 V617F mutant or the wild type JAK2, and on cells rendered autonomous (selected) by the JAK2 V617F mutant. The IGF1R{beta} chain was tyrosine-phosphorylated at the activation loop Y1146 to similar levels in all cells. In selected cells, as expected, we detected basal tyrosine phosphorylation of the JAK2 mutant. This high level of activation was further increased by addition of IGF1 and, as previously shown, by IL3 (1). Interestingly, selection clearly lead to a further 2–2.5-fold increase of the protein levels of the JAK2 V617F mutant over the levels in sorted cells, most likely by selection for high mRNA expression levels, as the GFP levels in these cells also were higher than in sorted cells. Two key changes in IGF1 signaling were induced by the expression of the JAK2 V617F and selection for autonomous growth. First, IGF1 acquired the ability to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT5, and STAT3 on top of the constitutive phoshorylation levels induced by the JAK2 mutant (1). Second, IGF1 induced significantly higher levels of activation of Erk1/2 and Akt, as shown by detection with anti-phospho-Erk anti-phospho-Akt antibodies. The difference in activation of Erk1/2 between selected and sorted cells is not due to increased protein levels of Erk1 or Erk2, as similar levels were detected by Western blot with anti-Erk antibodies. We could not detect these effects of IGF1 on JAK2, STAT5, and STAT3 on cells that were only sorted for expression of JAK2 V617F mutant, presumably due to lack of sensitivity. However, our experiment shown in Fig. 3A is equivalent to cells undergoing selection because treatment with IGF1 was performed in the absence of IL3, and thus cells were submitted to the selection pressure. Thus, IGF1 induces proliferation in cells expressing the JAK2 V617F mutant and this correlates with IGF1-dependent activation of STAT signaling.

We then asked whether JAK1 and Tyk2 activated mutants synergize with IGF1R to induce IGF1-dependent proliferation and signaling. In Figs. 4A and 5A we show that these mutants do not appear to synergize with IGF1. Both the JAK1 and Tyk2 mutants appear to be stronger in inducing cytokine-independent proliferation when compared with the JAK2 mutant. Also, for the case of Tyk2, both the wt and mutant Tyk2 appear to synergize with IGF1 at 30 ng/ml, albeit very weakly. Thus, it is possible that the high constitutive level of activation of these mutants may mask a synergic effect of IGF1 with the Tyk2 or JAK1 mutants. Nevertheless, these results, as well as those presented in Fig. 3B, raise the question of whether synergy can be demonstrated at the signaling level between the JAK mutants and IGF1. Figs. 4B and 5B show that in selected cells expressing the mutant JAK1 or Tyk2, IGF1 does not acquire the ability to activate STATs (STAT5 or STAT3) or JAKs themselves. This profile of STAT activation is clearly different from that of cells rendered autonomous by the JAK2 V617F mutant (Fig. 3B). Surprisingly, we detected an effect of IL3 on JAK1 tyrosine phosphorylation in sorted cells expressing either the wt or mutant JAK1 (Fig. 4B), but it has been previously reported that IL3 indeed can activate JAK1 (35).



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  		FIGURE 4.
Cross-talk between the IGF1R and the JAK1 V658F mutant. A, Ba/F3 cells sorted for the expression of the murine wild type JAK1 (JAK1wt) or JAK1 V658F mutant at equal levels were grown in the absence of any cytokines or stimulated with either 100 ng/ml IGF or 5 ng/ml IL-3 as indicated. Shown are cell numbers (average of triplicates + S.D.) counted 72 h after treatment with IGF1. B, activation of phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT5, STAT3, Erk1/2, and Akt in parental Ba/F3 cells, in cells sorted for expression of the wild type JAK1 or of the mutant JAK1 V658F, and in cells selected for autonomous growth induced by the JAK1 mutant. Activation of signaling was detected by Western blotting with the indicated phospho-specific antibodies, while protein levels were assessed using antibodies directed against the signaling proteins themselves.

 
In Fig. 5B we show that both in cells sorted for expression of the Tyk2 mutant as well as in cells rendered autonomous for growth by the Tyk2 mutant, phosphorylation of theTyk2 V678F is constitutive. The transduced Tyk2 ("exog" in Fig. 5B) can be recognized as migrating slower then the endogenous Tyk2 ("endog" in Fig. 5B), since it contains a VSV tag at the carboxyl terminus. All cells transformed by constitutively active JAKs acquired a stronger response to IGF1 with respect to the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt (Figs. 3B, 4B, and 5B). While levels of Erk1/2 were similar between sorted and selected cells in the case of JAK2 V678F and JAK1 V658F cells, selection for autonomous growth of Tyk2 V678F cells lead to a 2-fold increase in Erk1/2 protein levels (data not shown). We suggest that cross-talk between IGF1R and JAKs leading to IGF-dependent activation of Erk1/2 and Akt may not be sufficient to promote proliferation, which appears to correlate with IGF1-dependent activation of STAT signaling.



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  		FIGURE 5.
Synergy and cross-talk between the IGF1R and the Tyk2 V678F mutant. A, Ba/F3 cells sorted for expression of equivalent levels of wild type Tyk2 (Tyk2 wt) or the Tyk2 V768F mutant were grown in the absence of any cytokines or stimulated with 1–300 ng/ml IGF. Shown are cell numbers (average of triplicates ± S.D.) counted 72 h after treatment with IGF1. B, activation of phosphorylation of Tyk2, STAT5, STAT3, Erk1/2, and Akt in parental Ba/F3 cells, in cells sorted for expression of the wild type Tyk2 or of the mutant Tyk2 V678F, and in cells selected for autonomous growth induced by the Tyk2 mutant. Activation of signaling was detected by Western blotting with the indicated phospho-specific antibodies, while protein levels were assessed using the indicated antibodies directed against the signaling proteins themselves. exog and endog refer to the transduced tagged Tyk2 versus the endogenous murine Tyk2 in Ba/F3 cells.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Our main observation is that JAK1 and Tyk2 are activated by the homologous mutation of the JAK2 V617F mutant, which we described in polycythemia vera (1). The GCV sequence preceding Val617 in JAK2 is conserved in all four JAKs. In JAK3, there is a methionine at the homologous Val617 position, and the M592F mutation does not activate the enzyme.

From a structural viewpoint our hypothesis is that the V617F mutation relieves the putative inhibition of the JH1 kinase domain by the JH2 pseudokinase domain and may stabilize a transient activating conformation of the JH1 activation loop. Janus kinases appear to require an intact JH2 domain for physiologic activation, as shown by random mutagenesis of the Tyk2 JH2 domain and isolation of several mutants that impaired activity (17). Deletion of the pseudokinase domain inactivates Drosophila JAK (9) and human Tyk2 (16), while deletion of JH2 in JAK2 partially activates the kinase activity (36). Thus, it appears that JAKs require a correctly folded JH2 domain and interactions with JH1 for function. An interaction between the JH1 and JH2 domains has been reported for JAK1 (37), for JAK3 (10) and JAK2 (11). A few years ago Lindauer et al. (31) modeled JAK2 JH2 and JH1, based on the x-ray crystal structure of the FGF receptor kinase domains, which were found as dimers that might block each other (30). The suggestion was that JH2 may inhibit JH1 via two interfaces and that the second interface, which contains Val617, may stabilize the inactive conformation of the activation loop of JH1 (31). In any event, these predictions fit quite well with the experimental results on JAK2 V617F activation and with the data reported in this manuscript on JAK1 and Tyk2. Whether phenylalanine plays a special structural role in interacting with the activating loop of JH1, or other amino acid residues could also activate the enzyme, is not known. Following the prediction by Lindauer et al. (31), no mutagenesis study was published on residues Val617 or Cys618, most likely because the usual mutations (such as V -> A) may not lead to a change in activation. Current studies in our laboratories aim at testing the effect of all possible mutations at the Val617 position of JAK2 and at the highly conserved GVC sequence that precedes this Val617 residue. However, only the x-ray crystal structures of the JAK2 V617F mutant and of the activated wild type JAK2 will clarify whether the conformation of the V617F mutant resembles the activated state of the wild type JAKs or a different intermediate conformation. Interestingly, these structural features appear to be different for JAK3, since the JAK3 M592F mutant is not constitutively active.

Our results raise the possibility that mutations in the JAK1 or Tyk2 pseudokinase domains may be found in human diseases. Particularly for JAK1, the V658F mutation could be obtained by one base pair GTC -> TTC change. In vivo, this mutation may lead to leukemia, autoimmune diseases, or cancers of different lineages, depending on the cell type where this mutant may appear. Reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with primary hematopoietic stem cells retrovirally transduced with the mutant JAK1 or Tyk2 will assess the effects these mutants in the hematopoietic system. Knocking-in the mutated JAK1 or Tyk2 genes in the place of wild type JAK1 and Tyk2 would be necessary (like for the JAK2 V617F) to explore the in vivo effects of these mutants on lineages other than hematopoietic. Nevertheless, our data suggest that systematic sequencing of the JAK JH2 regions may be useful in human diseases, especially since there are only four Janus kinases that transduce signals from 25 or more cytokine receptors. In addition, small molecule inhibitors may be found for the V617F mutants, and their mechanisms of action may be common and specific for the mutant and not the wild type JAKs.

It appears that the mutant JAKs can bind to receptor cytosolic domains. For JAK2 V617F in {gamma}2A cells, that lack JAK2, or for Tyk2 V678F in 11,1 cells, that lack Tyk2, stimulation of EpoR with Epo (1) or TpoR with Tpo (Fig. 2C) leads to enhanced signaling via the mutant JAKs only. Thus, the activated JAK mutants can transduce ligand-dependent signals. However, it is likely that signaling for the mutated JAKs differs from that induced by the activated JAKs, as the mutant JAKs are permanently active and presumably blocked in one conformation. It is tempting to speculate that negative regulators of JAK signaling may not be effective in down-modulating the mutated JAKs.

One hallmark of polycythemia vera is represented by hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to growth factors, such as the IGF1 (18, 19). Our results show that, indeed, JAK2 V617F leads to strong synergizes with IGF1R, leading to IGF1-dependent cell proliferation and further activation of JAK2, STAT5, and STAT3. This may be mediated by expression of adaptors that connect the IGF1R to the mutant JAKs or by a direct interaction between IGF1R and the mutated JAKs. Interestingly, in transfected NIH3T3 fibroblasts and in 293 cells it has been reported that IGF1 can activate JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3 (38) and that the IGF1R might directly interact with JAK1 (39). However, in Ba/F3 cells, only the JAK2 V617F mutant could be shown to be tyrosine-phosphorylated in an IGF1-dependent manner. Since in preliminary experiments we were not able to demonstrate co-immunoprecipitation between mutant JAKs and IGF1R, we suggest that continuous JAK2 V617F signaling induces the expression of adaptors that may transiently link IGF1R and JAK2 V617F. Synergy with IGF1R with respect to proliferation and activation of STAT signaling appears to be specific to the JAK2 mutant and not to JAK1 V658F or Tyk2 V678F. As shown in Figs. 3B, 4B, and 5B, all mutated JAKs promote enhanced IGF1-dependent activation of Erk1/2 and Akt, which in itself may not be enough to lead to cell proliferation. Furthermore, it was discovered that the Epo-hypersensitivity of a truncated EpoR that causes autosomal dominant erythrocytosis in humans (40) requires signals from the IGF1 in serum (41). Proteomics studies are needed for the identification of the adaptors mediating the STAT and the mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. One important aspect is that the JAK2 V617F mutant appears to induce three related myelo-proliferative diseases, PV, ET, and IMF. It is possible that different degrees of cross-talk with the JAK2 V617F mutant and IGF1R, along with down-modulation of TpoR cell surface levels (33), contribute to these different phenotypes.

Taken together our results show that mutation of the conserved valine residue corresponding to JH2 positions 617, 658, and 678 in JAK2, JAK1, and Tyk2, respectively, results in constitutive kinase activation, possibly reflecting a common mechanism of activation for these three mutant JAKs. The fourth mammalian JAK, JAK3, does not share the same mechanism of activation, as the homologous M592F mutation does not lead to constitutive activation. The mutant JAK2 synergizes with the IGF1R leading to IGF1-dependent proliferation and activation of STAT5 and STAT3. We suggest that mutations at the homologous JAK2 Val617 position in JAK1 and Tyk2 may be found in human diseases and that the hypersensitivity of polycythemia vera erythroid progenitors to IGF1 is due to cross-talk with the JAK2 V617F mutant.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by grants from La Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (to W. V., Équipe Labelisée 2003), la Fédération Belge contre le Cancer (to J.-B. D. and S. N. C.), and the"de Hovre"Foundation and the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.N.R.S.), Belgium (Mandat d'Impulsion) (to S. N. C.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 Co-first authors. Back

2 Supported by a Daimler-Benz Ph.D. fellowship, an exchange Marie Curie fellowship and a F.N.R.S. Télévie fellowship Back

3 Supported by the Lacroix Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology postdoctoral fellowship. Back

4 Supported by an interface contract between INSERM and IGR. Back

5 A Research Associate of the F.N.R.S., Belgium. To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stefan.constantinescu{at}bru.licr.org.

6 The abbreviations used are: PV, polycythemia vera; ET, essential thrombocythemia; IMF, idiopathic myelofibrosis; JAK, Janus kinase; JH, JAK homology; wt, wild type; GFP, green fluorescent protein; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; IL, interleukin; TBS, Tris-buffered saline. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr Sandra Pellegrini for the Tyk2 cDNA and for the 11,1 Tyk2-defective fibrosarcoma cells, Dr. Ian Kerr and Dr. George Stark for the U4C JAK1-defective fibrosarcoma cells, Drs. Jean-Christophe Renauld and Jacques Van Snick for human interleukin 9, André Tonon for expert flow cytometry expertise, and Yan Yin and Julie Klein for technical and graphics assistance.



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TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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