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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M510925200 on February 7, 2006

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 14, 9279-9286, April 7, 2006
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Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein-A2/B1 Modulate Collagen Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase, {alpha} (I) mRNA Stability*

Michael Fähling{ddagger}1, Ralf Mrowka{ddagger}, Andreas Steege{ddagger}§, Peter Martinka{ddagger}, Pontus B. Persson{ddagger}, and Bernd J. Thiele{ddagger}

From the {ddagger}Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, D-10117 Berlin and the §Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

Received for publication, October 6, 2005 , and in revised form, December 14, 2005.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase (C-P4H) {alpha}-subunit is of regulatory importance in the assembling of C-P4H tetramers, which are necessary for the hydroxylation of procollagen chains. Change in collagen expression by hypoxia or iron diminishment is a significant issue in extracellular matrix remodeling. It was proposed that C-P4H-{alpha} (I) is regulated at the posttrancriptional level under these conditions. Here we report that the induction of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) in human fibrosarcoma cells HT1080 by the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl is predominantly caused by an enhancement of mRNA stability. This effect is mediated by an increased synthesis and binding of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-A2/B1, which interacts with a (U)16 element located in the 3'-untranslated region of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA. Luciferase reporter gene assays depending on C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-untranslated region and co-transfection with hnRNP-A2/B1 provide evidence that the (U)16 element is necessary and sufficient for posttranscriptional control of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) synthesis under the analyzed conditions. Further indication for the significance of hnRNP-A2/B1 in C-P4H-{alpha} (I) induction was obtained by micro array experiments. In a data set representing 686 independent physiological conditions, we found a significant positive correlation between hnRNP-A2/B1 and C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNAs.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Collagen-modifying enzymes such as collagen prolyl-hydroxylases (C-PHs)2 or collagen-degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases are important factors in collagen metabolism. Collagen turnover is a central issue for maintaining of the extracellular matrix, which influences cell adhesion, chemotaxis, and migration, as well as extracellular matrix remodeling during growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, wound healing, and many pathologic states, such as fibrosis (1).

One of the most important factors in collagen synthesis is the collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, which is necessary for proline hydroxylation of procollagen chains. The hydroxylation is required for correct folding of the triple-helical structure of procollagen molecules. The activity of C-P4H depends on Fe2+ ions, 2-oxoglutarate, oxygen, and ascorbic acid (2, 3). C-P4H is an {alpha}2beta2 tetramer. The beta-subunit is synthesized in large excess over the {alpha}-subunit and is identical to the enzyme and chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (4). The {alpha}-subunit is regarded as the limited and regulated part and determines the rate of C-P4H-formation (5). Three different isoforms of the {alpha}-subunit, called type I, II, and III, are known (4, 6). Type I isoform is the most abundant in most cell types including fibroblasts (7), which are mainly responsible for the production of extracellular matrix compounds.

In general, gene expression is regulated at different levels, including variation of the transcription rate, mRNA stability, efficiency of translation, or posttranslational modifications. In the recent past, it has become increasingly clear that the regulation of mRNA turnover can be a crucial step in the adaptation of gene expression to alterations of environmental conditions (8–12). mRNA lifetime is modulated in particular by trans-acting proteins interacting with cis-elements residing frequently in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR).

Important sequences controlling mRNA turnover are adenylate/uridylate-rich (AU-rich) elements (AREs), which interact with several ARE-binding proteins such as AUF-1, HuR, Hsp70, or hnRNP-A1 (10). Although the nonamer UUAUUUA(U/A)(U/A) has been proposed to form the optimal binding site for ARE-binding factors, a variety of AUUUA clusters and also oligo(U) tracts are targets (13–16). In general, AREs are known as destabilizing elements controlling immediate early genes, but they do not act solely as mRNA destabilization determinants. The nature of ARE-binding proteins determines whether the mRNA stability is increased or decreased.

In this study, we present data that C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA is stabilized by interaction of RNA-binding proteins hnRNP-A2/B1 with a U(16) element within the 3'-UTR. mRNA stabilization by this phenomenon seems to be the key mechanism responsible for P4H induction under hypometabolic conditions caused by diminishment of Fe2+ ions by the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture and RNA/Protein Isolation—Human fibrosarcoma line HT1080 (ATCC, passages 16–21) cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (high glucose; PAA Laboratories GmbH) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 50 units/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin, 15 mM Hepes, and 2 mmol/liter glutamine at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Before use in experiments, cells were maintained in a medium containing 0.4% fetal calf serum for at least 24 h. Measurements started with the application of fresh medium containing 0.4% fetal calf serum. For 2,2-dipyridyl (2,2-DP, Sigma) treatment, the iron chelator was dissolved in ethanol and supplemented to a final concentration of 100 µM 2,2-DP and 0.1% ethanol. Control cells were also supplemented with ethanol (0.1% final concentration). For RNA and protein isolation, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline. RNA was prepared using RNA-Bee (Biozol Diagnostica Vertrieb GmbH) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Protein extracts (10,000 x g supernatants, S10) were isolated using lysis buffer (10 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 25% glycerol, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% Nonidet P40, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1x Complete protease inhibitor mix (Roche Diagnostics)).


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Time-dependent expression of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA and protein in response to Fe2+ diminishment. Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) were cultivated up to 18 h under control conditions (C) or lacking Fe2+ ions (2,2-DP (DP) treatment). A, C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA levels were estimated by RT-PCR, and protein levels were estimated by Western blotting. beta-Actin served as a control. Shown are pools of six independent experiments. B, statistical analyses. Relative values are normalized to beta-actin, the numerical values are means, and error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 6), **, p < 0.01.

 
RT-PCR—Primers were designed to bridge at least one intron. PCR conditions were used as follows: 3 min 95 °C, cycles: 30 s 95 °C, 30 s annealing, 30 s 72 °C, final elongation for 2 min at 72 °C; 2.5 mM MgCl2. The primers were as follows: C-P4H-{alpha} (I), forward, 5'-CCACAGCAGAGGAATTACAG, reverse, 5'-ACACTAGCTCCAACTTCAGG; actin, forward, 5'-TGAAGTGGTACGTGGACATC, reverse, 5'-GTCATAGTCCGCCTAGAAGC; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, forward, 5'-CACCATCTTCCAGGAGCGAG, reverse, 5'-GCAGGAGGCATTGCTGAT; hnRNP-A2/B1, forward, 5'-GTTATGGAGGAGGAAGAGGA, reverse, 5'-CGTAGTTAGAAGGTTGCTGG.

Western Blotting—Protein extracts (30 µg/sample) were separated by SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to HybondTM-P membrane (Amersham Biosciences) using a Bio-Rad Mini Trans-Blot transfer cell. The membranes were blocked for 1 h with 5% BLOT-QuickBlocker (Chemicon). Following the blocking step, the membranes were incubated in 1% blocking solution containing a primary antibody (anti-C-P4H-{alpha}: Acris Antibodies GmbH, AF0210; anti-hnRNP-A2/B1: Acris Antibodies GmbH, BM4520) for 1.5 h. The membranes were washed three times with Tris-buffered saline with Tween and incubated with an anti-mouse secondary-antibody (Promega) for 1 h. Bands were detected using the ChemiGlowTM West detection kit (Alpha Innotech Corp.). Membranes were stripped for 5 min with distilled water, 5–15 min with 0.2 M NaOH, and 5 min with distilled water and reprobed with anti-beta-actin antibody (Chemicon) to detect relative beta-actin levels as loading control.

mRNA Stability—To test mRNA stability, cells were incubated for 18 h with or without the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl (100 µM). Native cytosolic extracts were isolated using a lysis buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM KCl, 30 mM MgCl2, 0.25% Nonidet P40, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1x Complete protease inhibitor mix) at 0–4 °C. Following the isolation step, the native extracts were incubated at room temperature up to 4 h. RNA was prepared using RNA-Bee (Biozol Diagnostica Vertrieb GmbH) according to the manufacturer's protocol and reverse-transcribed using random hexamer primers. The estimation of mRNA concentration was performed by RT-PCR. To compare the RNA decay under control conditions and in the lack of iron ions, mRNA levels were adjusted to equal amounts at the starting point (0 h).

C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTR-dependent Reporter Gene Constructs—For reporter gene assays, the luciferase vector pGL3-promoter (Promega, constitutive SV40 promoter) was used. The vector-specific 5'- and 3'-UTRs of luciferase mRNA were replaced by the human C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTRs (GenBankTM gi:63252885). The 5'-UTR of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA (133 nt) was cloned using the vector-specific HindIII (5'-end) and NcoI (3'-end) restriction sites and the 3'-UTR (999 nt, including the poly-A signal) using the vector-specific XbaI (5'-end) and BamHI (3'-end) restriction sites. These restriction sites were added to the UTR sequences by primer extension. 3'-UTR variants correspond to: 3'-A, first 500 nt of 3'-UTR; 3'-B, terminal 522 nt of 3'-UTR. Deletion of the U-rich element was performed by PCR technique. Modified vectors were confirmed by sequencing. The resulting vector constructs represent constitutively transcribed luciferase transcripts with or without the specific C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTRs/UTR variants.

C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTR-dependent Reporter Gene Assays—HT1080 cells were cultured in 96-well plates (µClear Platte 96K, Greiner Bio-One GmbH) and were co-transfected with the firefly luciferase pGL3-promoter vector (Promega), as well as its transformed variants, and the Renilla-luciferase phRL-TK vector using the FuGENE 6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Diagnostics) according to the manufacturer's protocol. After 6 h, the transfection medium was removed, and measurements started after the addition of fresh medium. Co-transfection with expression vectors encoding RNA-binding proteins (hnRNP-A2/B1, pReceiver-M02 vector, GeneCopoeiaTM, Inc., Ex F0171-M02; hnRNP-E1, pGS5 vector, gift from A. Ostareck-Lederer, Martin Luther University, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Halle, Germany) was used in a ratio of 1:3 (firefly luciferase vector:hnRNP expression vector). Luciferase activity was detected using the Dual-GloTM luciferase assay system (Promega) and a luminometer (Labsystems Luminoscan RS) programmed with individual software (Luminoscan RII, Ralf Mrowka). The co-transfection with the Renilla-luciferase expression vector served as a control.

RNA-Protein Interaction Studies—In vitro transcripts representing the 5'- or 3' -UTR of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA were radioactively labeled using[{alpha}-32P]uridine-, [{alpha}-32P]cytosine-, [{alpha}-32P]adenine-, or [{alpha}-32P]guanosine-5'-triphosphate (800 Ci/mmol, MP Biomedicals Germany GmbH).

UV Cross-linking Experiments—1–2 ng of [{alpha}-32P]U/C/A- or [{alpha}-32P]GTP-labeled in vitro transcripts representing 100,000 cpm were incubated with 35 µg of cytosolic protein extract for 30 min at room temperature in 10 mM Hepes pH 7.2, 3 mM MgCl2, 5% glycerol, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 150 mM KCl, and 2 units/µl RNaseOUT (Invitrogen) in the presence of rabbit rRNA (0.5 µg/µl). For competition assays, a 50-fold excess of unlabeled in vitro transcripts was added. Then the samples were exposed to UV light (255 nm, 1.6 J, UV-Stratalinker) on ice, treated with RNase A (30 µg/ml final concentration) and RNase T1 (750 units/ml final concentration) for 15 min at 37 °C, and subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.

mRNA Level Correlation Study—Normalized human mRNA expression levels for hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA/C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA were obtained from the Stanford Microarray data base as used in Stuart et al. (17), which contains a collection of different independent investigations. The difference of the sum of all microarrays in the data base and the number of data points used for the correlation analysis in this study results from the fact that some entries for hnRNP-A2/B1 and C-P4H-{alpha} (I) were missing in the microarray data sets. Regression and correlation analysis was performed using the math module of the open source/GPL program xmgrace, and the null hypothesis was rejected at the 0.05 level.

Statistical Analysis—Autoradiographic signals were scanned and quantified using the Scion Image software (Scion Corp.). Results appear as means, and in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7, error bars represent the standard deviation (S.D.). Data were analyzed using the Student's t test, and the null hypothesis was rejected at the 0.05 level.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Human HT1080 fibroblasts were treated with or without 100 µM 2,2-DP, and synthesis of P4H-{alpha} (I) was analyzed at the mRNA and protein level. As demonstrated in Fig. 1, the lack of Fe2+ ions resulted in an ~4-fold increase at the mRNA level and an ~6.5-fold increase at the protein level after 18 h. The analysis of time-dependent C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA decay confirmed that the elevated mRNA concentration was not only attributed to an increase at the transcriptional level but also to an enhanced mRNA stability (Fig. 2). The mRNA half-life time under control conditions is 1.9 h (±0.3 h, S.D.) but was elevated after 18 h of Fe2+ diminishment to 4.2 h (± 0.8 h, S.D.). The data indicated that in response to the lack of Fe 2+ ions, the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability increased about 2-fold. Interestingly, we did not observe an alteration in C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA half-life time after 7 h of 2,2-DP treatment, indicating the requirements of trans-acting factors that have to be induced. However, the mRNA turnover of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fig. 2B), C-P4H-beta, or C-P4H-{alpha} (II) (data not shown) was not altered under the same conditions. To confirm the posttranscriptional regulation of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) expression, we performed UTR-dependent reporter gene assays (pGL3-promoter vector) in which the 5'- and/or 3'-UTR of luciferase mRNA were replaced by specific 5'- and 3'-UTRs of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA or by artificial 3'-UTR variants (for a schematic illustration, see Fig. 3A). The transcription rate is controlled by the constitutive SV40 promoter. Therefore, differences in luciferase activity depend only on posttranscriptional control, mediated by the UTRs, and involve mainly mRNA stability and translational efficiency.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
Influence of 2,2-dipyridyl on C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability. HT1080 cells were cultivated under control conditions or after 2,2-DP treatment (100 µM). Measurement of mRNA stability starts after 18 h of 2,2-DP application. Native cytosolic extracts were isolated and incubated at room temperature up to 2 h. A, mRNA levels were estimated by RT-PCR. The time-dependent mRNA decay is indicated by the decreased mRNA level. A representative set of data is shown. B and C, graphic display of mRNA decay of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA (B) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA (C) under control conditions, when compared with Fe2+ diminishment by 2,2-DP. Six independent samples were evaluated.

 
2,2-DP treatment neither changed luciferase activity resulting from the original pGL3-promoter vector (control) nor changed luciferase activity in the case when luciferase mRNA contains the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 5'-UTR. By contrast, the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR significantly enhanced luciferase activity (Fig. 3B), indicating a 3'-UTR-mediated posttranscriptional control. Interestingly, the combination of 5'- and 3'-UTR showed a significantly stronger increase in luciferase activity. This observation correlated with a higher increase at C-P4H-{alpha} (I) protein level when compared with the mRNA level after 18 h of 2,2-DP treatment. These data indicated the involvement of translational control in the adaptation of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) expression in response to Fe2+ diminishment. Polysomal gradient analyses, however, indicated that translational control is of minor importance (data not shown). Thus, the 3'-UTR-mediated posttranscriptional control in the lack of Fe2+ ions correlated mainly with an increased mRNA stability and is attributed to the 3'-terminal ~500 nt of the 3'-UTR (called 3'-B, Fig. 3B). We concluded that the enhanced mRNA stability is attributed to a cis-element within the terminal half of the 3'-UTR.


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
Influence of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA UTRs on luciferase (Luc) expression. HT1080 cells were transfected using the pGL3-promoter vector (SV40 promoter) and transgenic variants in which vector-specific 5'- and 3'-UTRs of luciferase mRNA were replaced by C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTRs. The influences of 2,2-DP (100 µM, 18 h) on luciferase activity of original vector (pGL3p) and vector constructs with C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 5'- and/or 3'-UTR sequences are shown as black bars. Values are related to control levels (gray bars). A, schematic illustration of reporter gene constructs. The dotted lines represent the original UTRs of luciferase-mRNA. Boxes labeled 5'UTR or 3'UTR represent the specific C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTRs. The 3'-UTR was experimentally divided into two parts, termed 3'-A and 3'-B, to test individual influences. Boxes labeled Luciferase represent the coding sequence of luciferase transcript. B, statistical analyses of results. n = 12. **, p < 0.01.

 
Further experiments concentrated on the investigation of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-protein interaction, with the aim to detect possible mRNA stabilization factors. As demonstrated in Fig. 4A, UV cross-linking assays revealed that two 3'-UTR-binding proteins with a molecular mass of ~36 and ~38 kDa showed an increased binding behavior in response to 18 h of Fe2+ diminishment. These trans-acting factors were identified by affinity chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses as RNA-binding proteins hnRNP-A2 and hnRNP-B1. Both proteins represent splicing variants resulting from one gene. Western blotting analyses showed that the concentrations of both proteins were elevated under Fe2+ deficiency after 18 h (Fig. 5B), which correlated well with the increased binding seen in cross-linking experiments (Fig. 4A). The enhanced protein concentrations of the RNA-binding proteins hnRNP-A2 and -B1 can be attributed to an elevated mRNA concentration (Fig. 5A). We did not observe a significant increase in hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA stability (data not shown), indicating that the induction of hnRNP-A2/B1 expression in response to Fe2+ diminishment is controlled mainly at the transcriptional level.

Trans-factors such as hnRNP-A2/B1 interact with discrete cis-mRNA elements or specific three-dimensional mRNA structures. UV cross-linking signals depend on the direct interaction of trans-acting factors with cis-acting elements. The observed signal intensity depends on the quality and quantity of nucleotides involved in the RNA-protein interaction. The separate labeling of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR transcripts with the four possible nucleotides [32P]U/C/A or [32P]GTP is an approach to get detailed information concerning which nucleotides are preferentially represented in the binding site. Such labeling experiments revealed that both hnRNP-A2 as well as hnRNP-B1 only interacted with uracil in the recognition element (Fig. 4B). There was no label transfer from C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR to hnRNP-A2/B1 proteins when the other possible nucleotides were used for the labeling reaction. From the UTR-dependent reporter gene assays, however, it was evident that only the 3'-terminal half of the 3'-UTR is responsible for mRNA stabilization. UV cross-linking competition assays in which non-labeled in vitro transcripts representing the first 500 nt of 3'-UTR (3'-A) or terminal 522 nt (3'-B) were added in an excess when compared with the radioactive labeled 3'-UTR showed that hnRNP-A2/B1 significantly interacted only with the 3'-terminal part of the 3'-UTR (Fig. 4C). Although both 3'-UTR parts contain several U(3–7) elements (see Fig. 7A, sequence), only the 3'-B part contains a U-rich element, which consists of a continuous stretch of 16 uridines (U(16) element). As shown by UTR-dependent reporter gene assays, the deletion of the 3'-UTR-located U(16) element significantly suppressed the posttranscriptional influence in response to the diminishment of Fe2+ ions by 2,2-dipyridyl (Fig. 6). These data confirm that the increased binding amount of hnRNP-A2/B1 to the 3'-UTR-located U(16) element is of crucial importance in the adaptation of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) gene expression under hypometabolic conditions, caused by the lack of Fe2+ ions.


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
Interaction of 3'-UTR of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA with cytosolic proteins and identification of hnRNP-A2/B1 as 3'-UTR-binding proteins. A, [32P ]UTP-labeled in vitro transcripts, which represent the 3'-UTR of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA, were incubated with cytosolic extracts. UV cross-linking assays reveal that an ~36 and ~38 kDa protein (hnRNP-A2 and -B1) show an increased RNA binding amount as a result of iron deficiency. MW-marker, molecular weight marker. B, separate labeling of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR using [32P ]U/C/A or [32P ]GTP (*). hnRNP-A2/B1-related UV cross-linking signals (marked with an arrowhead) are only observed if the 3'-UTR transcripts are [32P ]UTP-labeled. C, UV cross-linking and competition of [32P ]UTP (*)-labeled transcripts representing the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR with an excess of non-labeled transcripts representing the 3'-UTR or 3'-UTR part A or -B as described in the legend for Fig. 3. The results show that hnRNP-A2/B1 specifically interact with the terminal ~500 nt of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR (3'-B).

 


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
Expression of RNA-binding proteins hnRNP-A2/B1 in response to Fe2+ diminishment. HT1080 cells were cultivated as described in the legend for Fig. 1. hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA levels (A) were estimated by RT-PCR, and protein levels (B) were estimated by Western blotting. beta-Actin served as a control. Shown are pools of six independent experiments. Relative values are normalized to beta-actin, and the numerical values are means ± standard deviation (n = 6). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

 
Furthermore, the influence of the trans-factors hnRNP-A2/B1 by interaction with the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR U(16) cis-element on gene expression was demonstrated by UTR-dependent reporter gene assays. As shown in Fig. 7B, overexpression of hnRNP-A2/B1 lead to a significant increase in C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-dependent luciferase activity. This influence was abolished by the deletion of the U(16) element. In contrast, another known RNA-binding protein, hnRNP-E1, did not alter C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-mediated reporter gene activity, neither if the U(16) element was present nor if it was deleted.

To test the hypothesis whether hnRNP-A2/B1 is also important as a regulatory factor under other physiological or pathophysiological conditions, we performed an hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA/C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA correlation study based on microarray data, which depend on 686 different experimental conditions (17). The elevated hnRNP-A2/B1 expression level was associated with an increased mRNA concentration (Fig. 5A) and has a positive influence on C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability. Thus, an elevated hnRNP-A2/B1 mRNA level should cause on average an elevated C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA level. Therefore, we would expect a positive correlation between both mRNA signals. Indeed, statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between hnRNP-A2/B1 and C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA levels (Fig. 8). This supports the view that hnRNP-A2/B1 is not only a factor of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stabilization under conditions of Fe2+ deficiency but is also relevant for a large variety of other changes in cell metabolism.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Posttranscriptional control affecting mRNA properties such as mRNA localization, translational efficiency, or mRNA stability modulates the expression rate, probably of each gene. All eukaryotic mRNAs contain 5'- and 3'-UTRs of different length. The human average of the 5'-UTR is 300 nt (median: 240 nt), and that of the 3'-UTR is ~770 nt (median: 400 nt) (18). mRNA UTRs constitute a "hotspot" of regulatory elements (cis-elements), which interact with RNA-binding factors (trans-factors) to form specific ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes (19–22). mRNP complexes are dynamic, and trans-factors provide a link between extracellular signals and mRNA metabolism (23). It has been shown that posttranscriptional control is important in development (24) or in adaptation to stress conditions such as heat shock (25) or hypoxia (26–28).


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Influence of 3'-UTR localized U(16) element on luciferase (Luc) expression in response to the lack of Fe2+ ions. HT1080 cells were transfected with original pGL3-promoter (pGL3p) or transgenic variants, in which the original luciferase UTRs were replaced by C-P4H-{alpha} (I) UTRs, and incubated under control conditions or 2,2-DP treatment (18 h). The deletion of the U(16) element (3'-U(16) del), localized within the 3'-UTR, significantly suppresses the mRNA stabilization-related enhancement of luciferase activity. n = 6, **, p < 0,01.

 


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
Influence of 3'-UTR localized U(16) element on luciferase (Luc) expression in response to overexpression of hnRNP-A2/B1 or hnRNP-E1. A, cDNA sequence of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR. The U(16) element is shown in bold print. The artificial division of the 3'-UTR as described in the legend for Fig. 3 is marked as follows. The dotted line indicates a sequence that is present in both 3'-A and 3'-B, and the underlined part represents the 3'-B part. B, HT1080 cells were transfected with the original pGL3-promoter (pGL3p) vector or transgenic variants, in which the original luciferase 3'-UTR was replaced by the specific C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR, with or without the U(16) element. Furthermore, cells were co-transfected with expression vectors encoding the hnRNP-A2/B1 or hnRNP-E1 proteins. Controls were co-transfected with empty expression vectors. The influence of hnRNP-A2/B1 or hnRNP-E1 overexpression on luciferase activity, depending on C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR (Luc-3'-UTR) or 3'-UTR without the U(16) element (Luc-3'-U(16) del), was measured. Relative values were normalized to the influence of hnRNPs on the original pGL3-promoter vector. hnRNP-A2/B1 co-transfection leads to a significant increase in C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-dependent luciferase activity (p < 0,01), and the influence is abolished by deletion of the U(16) element. hnRNP-E1 shows no significant influence on C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-dependent luciferase activity, independently of whether the U(16) element is present or not. n = 8, **, p < 0.01.

 
The lack of Fe2+ ions mimics hypoxia/anoxia by inhibiting the respiratory chain, which subsequently leads to hypometabolism. Consequently, iron chelators such as desferrioxamine or 2,2-dipyridyl are used when studying hypoxia response pathways (29–31). However, the adaptation of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) gene expression in the lack of Fe2+ ions is different when compared with hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen) and seems to be mediated by different mechanisms. Hypoxia induces C-P4H-{alpha} synthesis mainly by activation of transcription and increases the efficiency of translation (32, 33). As we show here, Fe2+ diminishment induces C-P4H-{alpha} (I) synthesis by a different molecular effect, namely by increasing mRNA stability via RNA-binding proteins hnRNP-A2/B1, which interact with a U(16) motif in the 3'-UTR. This view is supported by mRNA stability experiments showing that 2,2-dipyridyl alters C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA half-life time. Another argument for the functional meaning of hnRNP-A2/B1 is the finding that mRNA accumulation only starts when hnRNP-A2/B1 is induced by Fe2+ deficiency (Figs. 1B and 4C, 7 versus 18 h). In agreement with the stabilization experiments, hnRNP-A2/B1 is not induced by hypoxia.3 Differences in the alteration of gene expression mediated by UTR-dependent posttranscriptional control in response to hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen) and hypometabolic conditions caused by Fe2+ diminishment are also described in the adaptation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene expression (34). The interaction of RNA-binding factors with mRNA UTRs therefore seems to be crucial and determines the expression rate under stress conditions substantially.


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
mRNA level correlation study. Shown are normalized levels for (human) hnRNP-A2/B1 and C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA in 686 independent microarray experiments. The data were obtained from the Stanford Microarray data base as used in Stuart et al. (17) and contains analysis of expression profiles of 60 cancer cell lines (45), of 78 cancers and three fibroadenomas (46), of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (47), of 65 surgical specimens of human breast tumors (46, 48), of 67 human lung tumors (49), of hepatocellular carcinoma (50), of large B-cell lymphoma (51), of response of human fibroblasts to serum (52), of human foreskin fibroblasts under infectious stress (53), of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells responding to bacteria and bacterial products (54), of response of Caco-2 cells following rotavirus infection (55), of human monocytic tissue culture cells infected with salmonella (56), and of human HeLa cells during the cell cycle (57). There is a positive correlation between the two mRNA signals (r = 0.088, p = 0.02).

 
The C-P4H-{alpha} (I) 3'-UTR-binding proteins hnRNP-A2 and -B1 are spliced variants, resulting from the HNRNP-A2 gene (35). hnRNP-A2/B1 are involved in pre-mRNA splicing, cytoplasmic transport of mRNAs, translation processes, and mRNA stabilization (36–42). It was shown that hnRNP-A2/B1 interact with a variety of sequences, including AU-rich elements and poly-U-tracts (16, 43). In this study, hnRNP-A2 and -B1 were identified as RNA-binding proteins that interact with the 3'-UTR of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA. The increased binding efficiency when Fe2+ ions are lacking can be attributed to an enhanced hnRNP-A2/B1 protein concentration. Both proteins interact with a U(16) element and cause an enhanced C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability.

Several efforts were made to find mRNA ligands bound by hnRNP-A2. A large variety of binding mRNAs were characterized that all contained the pentamer AUUUA, the nonamer UUAUUUA(U/A)(U/A), or poly(U) tracts (16). C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA, however, was not found among the candidates. In vitro studies using homopolymers revealed a strong binding of hnRNP-A2 and -A1 to poly(U) at physiological salt concentration (43). Thus, Au richness seems not to be the only feature of an hnRNP-A2/B1-binding sequence. A quite different type of hnRNP-A2/B1-binding motif of 11 bases, which is not AU-rich, was described in myelin basic protein mRNA. There it plays a role in mRNA trafficking (39). The up-regulation of hnRNP-A2/B1 by Fe2+ deficiency has an interesting feature. Both proteins are overexpressed at an early stage in a variety of tumors and have been proposed as early markers for cancer (44).

Our observation that the elevated hnRNP-A2/B1 expression starts with an enhanced mRNA concentration enables us to test the hypothesis whether hnRNP-A2/B1 modulate the C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability not only after Fe2+ diminishment. We have identified a positive correlation between hnRNP-A2/B1 and C-P4H-{alpha} (I) gene expression in a large data set of 686 independent microarray experiments. The data include a broad variety of physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as the human cell cycle, response to serum, response to infectious challenges, and profiles of multiple cancers. This supports independently the idea of hnRNP-A2/B1 as a positive effector of C-P4H-{alpha} (I) gene expression.

Taken together, we have shown that hnRNP-A2/B1 regulate C-P4H-{alpha} (I) mRNA stability. The RNA-protein interaction is mediated by a U-rich element located within the 3'-UTR of the mRNA. Thus, hnRNP-A2/B1 are demonstrated as factors participating in collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Grants GRK754 and TH459/5) and Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF Grants NGFN2, KG-CV1.2, and Charité, Core Facility Proteomics). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Tucholskystr. 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Tel.: 49-30-450-528268; Fax: 49-30-450-528972; E-mail: Michael.Faehling{at}charite.de.

2 The abbreviations used are: C-PH, collagen prolyl-hydroxylases; C-P4H, collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase; 2,2-DP, 2,2-dipyridyl; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; hnRNP, heterogeneous nuclear RBN; UTR, untranslated region; ARE, AU-rich element; RT, reverse transcription; nt, nucleotides. Back

3 M. Fähling, unpublished observations. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank the group of Prof. J. Klose, (Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Institut für Humangenetik) for protein identification, as well as Jeannette Werner and Regine Stöbe for excellent technical assistance.



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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
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