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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 28, 19241-19250, July 14, 2006

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Effect of Human Carbonic Anhydrase II on the Activity of the Human Electrogenic Na/HCO₃ Cotransporter NBCe1-A in Xenopus Oocytes^*

From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Received for publication, March 8, 2006 , and in revised form, April 24, 2006.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Others report that carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) binds to the C termini of the anion exchanger AE1 and the electrogenic Na/HCO₃ cotransporter NBCe1-A, enhancing transport. After injecting oocytes with NBCe1-A cRNA (Day 0), we measured NBC current (I_NBC) by two-electrode voltage clamp (Day 3), injected CA II protein + Tris or just Tris (Day 3), measured I_NBC or the initial rate at which the intracellular pH fell (dpH_i/dt) upon applying 5% CO₂ (Day 4), exposed oocytes to the permeant CA inhibitor ethoxzolamide (EZA), and measured I_NBC or dpH_i/dt (Day 4). Because dpH_i/dt was greater in CA II than Tris oocytes, and EZA eliminated the difference, injected CA II was functional. I_NBC slope conductance was unaffected by injecting CA II. Moreover, EZA had identical effects in CA II versus Tris oocytes. Thus, injected CA II does not enhance NBC activity. In a second protocol, we made a fusion protein with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the 5' end of NBCe1-A and CA II at the 3' end (EGFP-e1-CAII). We measured I_NBC or dpH_i/dt (days 3-4), exposed oocytes to EZA, and measured I_NBC or dpH_i/dt (Day 3-4). dpH_i/dt was greater in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CA II versus EGFP-e1, and EZA eliminated the difference. Thus, fused CA II was functional. Slope conductances of EGFP-e1-CAII versus EGFP-e1 oocytes were indistinguishable, and EZA had no effect. Thus, even when fused to NBCe1-A, CA II does not enhance NBCe1-A activity.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The electrogenic Na/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1 or e1)³ plays a central role in reabsorption and regulation of intracellular pH (1). The kidney-specific splice variant NBCe1-A is localized at the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells (2), where it mediates efflux of (and/or ). Cytoplasmic arises from the intracellular hydration of CO₂, which is catalyzed by the cytoplasmic enzyme carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) (3).

Because the reports of Vince and Reithmeier (4-6) that cytosolic CA II binds to the LDADD motif on the cytoplasmic C terminus of the Cl-HCO₃ exchanger AE1, Sterling et al. (7, 8) have measured rates of intracellular pH (pH_i) change in HEK293 cells transiently transfected with AE1 and concluded that CA II enhances AE1-mediated transport. The C termini of all three NBCe1 splice variants, i.e. NBCe1-A as well as the more universally expressed variant NBCe1-B (9, 10) and the brain-specific NBCe1-C (11), have two motifs similar to LDADD in AE1. Moreover, isothermal titration calorimetry and pulldown assays suggest that, at least under non-reducing conditions, the common C terminus of NBCe1-A/B interacts with CA II in vitro (12). Similarly, Pushkin and co-workers (12-15) working with a mouse proximal convoluted tubule (mPCT) cell line stably transfected with NBCe1-A, concluded that CA II enhances the current carried by NBCe1-A.

For three reasons, we set out to verify the hypothesis that CA II enhances the activity of NBCe1-A. First, a pH_i measurement, as in the AE1 study, is an indirect index of the rate of transport (JHCO₃). After transport of into the cell, pH_i does not increase until the reactions, + H⁺ H₂CO₃ CO₂ + H₂O, consume cytosolic H⁺. Obviously, CA will augment the rate of pH_i increase even if JHCO₃ is constant. Second, technical issues in the mPCT studies may make it difficult to measure NBC currents reproducibly and precisely. A goal of the mPCT approach is to control cytosolic composition by using amphotericin B to permeabilize the apical membrane of high-resistance monolayers in an Ussing chamber. Although the only data analyzed were those in which the current sensitive to dinitrostilbene disulfonate was at least 10-fold larger than that of the corresponding mock transfected cells, the dinitrostilbene disulfonate-sensitive current was in fact smaller than the background current (e.g. see Fig. 3C in Ref. 14). Third, preliminary data from our laboratory shows that in oocytes co-expressing NBCe1-A and the extracellular CA IV, inhibiting CA IV markedly increases the pH gradient near the surface of the cell but has little effect on the NBCe1-A current (16). If extracellular CA IV does not enhance NBCe1 activity, then we reasoned that cytosolic CA II should not enhance it either.

In the present study, we expressed human NBCe1-A in Xenopus oocytes and demonstrated by two-electrode voltage clamp that the NBCe1-A current (I_NBC) was 10-20-fold greater than the background currents. We found that injecting a recombinant human CA II protein into oocytes markedly accelerated hydration of intracellular CO₂ but had no effect on the slope conductance of I_NBC. Moreover, exposing CA II-injected oocytes to the membrane-permeant CA II inhibitor ethoxzolamide (EZA) reversed the effect of CA II on CO₂ hydration without affecting the slope conductance of I_NBC. Finally, we created a double fusion protein consisting of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to the N terminus of NBCe1-A and human CA II fused to the C terminus of NBCe1-A. This EGFP-e1-CAII construct accelerated hydration of intracellular CO₂, an effect blocked by EZA. However, the current of EGFP-e1-CAII was insensitive to EZA and was no different from the current of an EGFP-e1 fusion protein that lacked CA II.

	EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Expression of NBCe1-A and Co-injection with CA II in Xenopus Oocytes
cDNA encoding human NBCe1-A had been cloned into the pGH19 expression vector (17) by Dr. Inyeong Choi (10). Capped mRNA was synthesized in vitro with the T7 message Machine kit (Ambion, Austin, TX). The RNA concentration was determined by ultraviolet absorbance, and its quality was assessed by gel electrophoresis.

Stage V-VI oocytes from Xenopus laevis were isolated as described previously (19). One day later, oocytes were injected with 50 nl of deionized water (Ambion) containing 0.5 ng/nl of mRNA encoding hNBCe1-A. Three days after injecting the cRNA, we injected oocytes with 50 nl of either 50 mM Tris buffer or recombinant human CA II dissolved in the buffer (300 ng or 10^-11 mol/oocyte).⁴

The CA II was synthesized and purified as follows. A bacterial T7 expression vector (pET31F1) that encodes human CA II was generously provided by Dr. David N. Silverman (Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Florida), and expressed in Escherichia coli as described previously (20). Recombinant CA II was purified by affinity chromatography (21) with an agarose resin to which p-aminomethylbenzenesulfonamide was covalently attached (Sigma), and then further purified by gel filtration chromatography (AKTA FPLC) using a Superdex 75 HR 16/60 column (GE Healthcare). Purity of the protein was assessed by PAGE, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SynPep Corp., Dublin, CA). Concentration of CA II was determined spectrophotometrically by absorbance at 280 nm using a molar absorptivity at 280 nm (5.5 x 10⁴ M^-1 cm^-1).

Expression of EGFP-e1 and EGFP-e1-CAII Constructs in Xenopus Oocytes
EGFP-e1—The e1-EGFP cDNA construct was a gift from Dr. Leila Virkki, consisting of human NBCe1-A fused in-frame at its 3' end to EGFP (Clontech), and subcloned into pGH19 Xenopus expression vector (17). The EGFP was flanked by AgeI sites. We obtained the EGFP-e1 construct as follows. (i) We used QuikChange (Stratagene) to introduce a silent mutation (CCATGG CGATGG) that eliminated the NcoI site in EGFP of the e1-EGFP construct. (ii) In parallel, we used QuikChange to create in the 5' untranslated region of NBCe1-A an AgeI site that was separated by 60 nucleotides from the ATG of the start methionine of NBCe1-A. (iii) We used AgeI to cut the silently mutated EGFP from the aforementioned vector and ligated it nondirectionally into the newly created AgeI site in the 5' untranslated region of NBCe1-A. Thus, when translated, this construct would consist of EGFP that has its NcoI site silently mutated, followed by a 20-amino acid linker (QLWQINSPSAEFGLGGLAGK), which in turn would be followed by the start methionine of NBCe1-A.

e1-CAII—We made the e1-CAII construct as follows. (i) We used PCR with the aforementioned CA II construct to synthesize CA II cDNA flanked at both ends by AgeI sites (underlined). The oligonucleotide primers were synthesized by the Keck Oligonucleotide Synthesis Facility at Yale University (upstream sense, 5'-cgaagaccggtggttccgcgggtatgtcccatcactggggg-3'; downstream antisense, 5'-cgaagaccggtttatttgaaggaagcttt-3'). (ii) Meanwhile, we used AgeI to excise the EGFP sequence from e1-EGFP (see above). (iii) We used AgeI to cut the PCR product in step i, which we then ligated nondirectionally into the AgeI site at the 3' end of NBCe1-A, obtained in step ii. (iv) We performed another round of QuikChange (upstream sense, 5'-ccttgaacgccacacatcatgcgggctcaccggtggttccgcggg-3'; downstream antisense, 5'-cccgcggaaccaccggtgagcccgcatgatgtgtggcgttcaagg-3'). Thus, when translated, the construct would consist of NBCe1-A, followed by an 8-amino acid linker (GLTGGSAG), and the start methionine of CA II.

EGFP-e1-CAII—We obtained the EGFP-e1-CAII construct from the EGFP-e1 and e1-CAII constructs as follows. (i) Both EGFP-e1 and e1-CAII have one unique NcoI site in the NBCe1-A coding sequence as well as one unique NotI site in the pGH19 vector. Therefore, we used NcoI/NotI to liberate NotI-EGFP-e1-NcoI from one construct and NcoI-e1-CAII-NotI from the other. (ii) We ligated these fragments to generate EGFP-e1-CAII.

Solutions
pH_i Experiments on Injected CA II and All Voltage-clamp Experiments—The nominally -free ND96 solution contained (in mM) 96 NaCl, 2 KCl, 1 MgCl₂, 1.8 CaCl₂, and 5 HEPES at a pH of 7.50. -containing solutions were prepared by replacing 33 mM NaCl with 33 mM NaHCO₃ in ND96 and equilibrating the solution with 5% CO₂-balanced oxygen. Osmolality of all solutions was 200 mosmol/kg of H₂O.

pH_i Experiments on EGFP-e1-CAII and EGFP-e1—The nominally -free solution contained (in mM) 42.4 NaCl, 2 KCl, 1 MgCl₂, 1.8 CaCl₂, 32.5 HEPES, and 33 sodium gluconate at a pH of 7.50. We generated the out of equilibrium 5% "pure" CO₂ solution, which contained 5% CO₂, nominally no , and had a pH of 7.50, by rapidly mixing equal volumes of solutions A and B (22). Solution A contained (in mM) 80 NaCl, 2 MgCl₂, and 3.6 CaCl₂, bubbled with 10% CO₂, and with pH adjusted to 5.4. Solution B contained (in mM) 0.7 NaCl, 4 KCl, 65 HEPES, and 66 sodium gluconate with pH adjusted to 7.65.

A stock of the CA II inhibitor, EZA (Sigma), was prepared in 0.05 N NaOH to a final concentration of 50 mM. For experiments, we diluted this stock to prepare 400 µM EZA in ND96, and pH adjusted to 7.5 with 5 M HCl.

In experiments in which we blocked NBCe1-A with tenidap (5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-3-(hydroxy-2-thienylmethylene)-2-oxo-1H-indole-1-carboxamide, a gift of Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT), we made a fresh 1 M stock solution of tenidap powder in Me₂SO, and then diluted this 1:1000 into a solution. Parallel experiments (not shown) proved that 1:1000 Me₂SO does not affect the NBCe1-A current.

Electrophysiological Measurements
We placed an oocyte in a chamber and constantly superfused at a flow of 4 ml/min. We delivered bath solutions using syringe pumps (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA), and switched among solutions with pneumatically operated valves (Clippard Instrument Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH).

Measurement of Intracellular pH—We impaled the oocyte with two microelectrodes, one for sensing membrane potential (V_m) and the other for sensing pH_i. A calomel electrode served as the reference in the bath. We fabricated and used the electrodes as described previously (1, 23). Microelectrodes were pulled from thin-walled borosilicate glass (catalog number 30-0077, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) and had resistances 0.3 megaohm when filled with 3 M KCl. The tip of the pH electrode contained a liquid, pH-sensitive membrane (Hydrogen Ionophore I, mixture B, Fluka Chemical Corp., Ronkonkoma, NY). The V_m electrode was filled with 3 M KCl. We obtained the voltage due to pH_i by subtracting the signal of the V_m electrode from that of the pH electrode. We obtained V_m by subtracting the signal of the calomel electrode from that of the V_m electrode. Voltages were measured with an FD-223 electrometer (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL), and data were acquired with software written in-house. The pH electrodes were calibrated with buffered pH standards at pH 6.0 and 8.0. An additional single-point calibration was performed with the HEPES-buffered solution (pH 7.50) in the bath before the oocyte was impaled.

Two-electrode Voltage Clamp—We measured whole cell ionic currents in oocytes using a model OC-725C oocyte clamp (Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT) controlled by the Clampex module of pCLAMP software (version 8, Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA). We held oocytes at a voltage close to the spontaneous V_m until initiating the voltage-clamp protocol. Current-voltage (I-V) relationships were generated by stepping the holding potential from -160 to +20 mV in 20-mV increments, each of which lasted 60 ms. We used the Clampfit module of pCLAMP to analyze the data. All pH_i and voltage-clamp experiments were performed at room temperature (22 °C).

Preparation of Oocytes for Immunocytochemistry
Fixing—Single oocytes were fixed at room temperature by washing twice for 10 min in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), once for 60 min in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% paraformaldehyde, and three times for 10 min in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. We prepared phosphate-buffered saline from tablets (catalog number P-4417, Sigma).

Dehydration—We dehydrated fixed oocytes by consecutive washes for 10 min in 1 ml of each of the following: 70% EtOH, 95% EtOH, 100% EtOH, and polypropylene oxide.

Permeation and Embedding—We prepared embedding medium using an Embed 812 Kit (Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA). Fixed, dehydrated oocytes were permeated by incubation for 60 min in a 1:1 mixture of embedding medium and polypropylene oxide. We subsequently transferred the oocytes to individual Easy Mold^TM embedding capsules (Size "00," Electron Microscopy Science) that were filled with 100% embedding medium. Finally, the resin was cured overnight in an oven at 60 °C.

Mounting—We sectioned oocytes to a thickness of 3 µm using a Leica Ultracut UCT (Leica-Microsystems, Milton Keynes, UK). We mounted slices on Superfrost^TM Plus microscope slides (Electron Microscopy Science), laying each slice onto a water drop and heating the slide on a Lab-Line^TM Slide Warmer (Barnstead Instruments, Dubuque, IA) to evaporate the H₂O.

Immunocytochemistry on Oocytes
Etching—We immersed slides in a 2:1 mixture of 20% (w/v) NaOH/methanol and polypropylene oxide for 5 min, then the slides were washed in methanol (2 times for 5 min) and Tris-buffered saline (TBS; once for 5 min). TBS consisted of 100 mM Tris base and 149 mM NaCl.

Antigen Retrieval—We preheated 500 ml of citrate buffer (pH 6.0, prepared by mixing 1/9 (v/v) 0.1 M citric acid and 0.1 M sodium citrate) for 4 min at 100% power in a 700-watt microwave. Slides placed in a glass rack were immersed in this solution and boiled at 40% power in the microwave twice for 10 min, followed by cooling in the solution at room temperature.

Immunofluorescence
Prior to antibody staining, we washed slides in each of the following: TBS (three times for 5 min), 0.5 M NH₄Cl (once for 15 min), TBS (once for 5 min), TBS + 1% SDS (once for 5 min), and TBS (once for 5 min). Slides were blocked by washing (once for 15 min) in TBS + 0.1% BSA + 10% normal goat serum (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). We incubated the preparations with mouse monoclonal anti-EGFP (BD Biosciences; 1:100 in TBS + 0.1% BSA + 10% goat serum) and rabbit polyclonal anti-human CA II (Rockland, Gilbertville, PA; 1:1000 in TBS + 0.1% BSA + 10% goat serum) overnight. The preparations were then washed three times for 5 min with high-salt TBS (100 mM Tris base + 427 mM NaCl) + 0.1% BSA, and then incubated once for 1 h with the secondary antibody: goat anti-mouse conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 (1:200 in TBS + 0.1% BSA + 10% goat serum) and goat anti-rabbit conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 594 (1:200 in TBS + 0.1% BSA + 10% goat serum). Finally, the slides were washed twice for 5 min in high-salt TBS + 0.1% BSA and once for 5 min in TBS before mounting in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories).

Confocal Microscopy on Oocytes
We qualitatively localized EGFP-e1-CA II and EGFP-e1 by obtaining confocal images of fixed oocyte slices using a Zeiss LSM 510 confocal laser-scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Gottingen, Germany) equipped with Argon 2 and HeNe1 laser units. For the images labeled with Alexa Fluor 488, excitation/emission filters were set at band pass 488 nm/long pass 505 nm. For the images labeled with Alexa Fluor 594, excitation/emission filters were set at band pass 543 nm/long pass 560 nm. Images are the result of 8-fold scan averaging, and assembled using LSM Image Browser (version 3.5).

Statistics
We obtained the initial rate of pH_i change (dpH_i/dt) from the slope of a linear regression line fitted to a portion of the pH_i versus time record that represented the maximal rate of pH_i decline soon after the addition of . We obtained the slope conductance of the NBC current by subtracting, at each voltage, the current in ND96 from the total current in . Data are reported as mean ± S.E. Means were compared using paired Student's t tests (two tails), considering p < 0.05 as significant.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Effect of Injected CA II on CO₂-induced pH_i Changes—In Fig. 1, we outline our experimental design for studies in which we examined the effect of injected, recombinant, human CA II protein or the effect of CA II fused to the C terminus of NBCe1-A.

The following narrative applies to the pH_i experiments done for studies in which we examined the effect of injected CA II protein. After injecting the cRNA encoding NBCe1-A into Xenopus oocytes (Day 0/Step 1), we waited 3 days and randomized the oocytes into the "CA II + Tris" group and the "Tris" group. Later on the same day, we injected either CA II protein in Tris buffer or just Tris buffer (Day 3/Step 3). We then used pH_i measurements (Day 4/Step 4) to verify that the CA II could catalyze the reaction CO₂ + H₂O + H⁺. Exposing oocytes to 5% CO₂/33 mM (pH 7.50) caused the pH_i to decrease much faster in a CA II + Tris oocyte (Fig. 2A, Pre-EZA) than in a Tris oocytes (Fig. 2B, Pre-EZA). The solid bars in Fig. 2C summarize the initial, CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt values for a total of 8-10 oocytes in each group, and confirm that CA II-injected oocytes acidify far more rapidly than the controls.

After obtaining these pre-EZA data, we exposed the same oocytes from each group for 3 h to 400 µM EZA, a permeant CA II inhibitor (Day 4/Step 5) and then repeated the pH_i measurements (Day 4/Step 6). For the CA II + Tris cell, EZA reduced the initial CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt (Fig. 2A, Post-3h EZA) to about the value observed in the Tris oocyte, pre-EZA (Fig. 2B, Pre-EZA). However, EZA had no effect on the Tris oocyte (Fig. 2B, Post-3h EZA). The hatched bars in Fig. 2C summarize the initial, CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt values for 8-10 oocytes in each group, and shows that EZA treatment blocked the CA II effect by 96%. Thus, the injected CA II markedly enhances the conversion of CO₂ + OH^- to .

Effect of Injected CA II on NBCe1-A Currents—Fig. 3 summarizes data obtained on an oocyte expressing NBCe1-A, but before injection of either CA II + Tris or Tris. In our experiments using a two-electrode voltage-clamp, we define the current through NBCe1-A (I_NBC) as the difference in currents measured in the presence of (Fig. 3A, open diamond curve) versus the absence of (i.e. ND96 solution, Fig. 3A, black square curve). In separate experiments, we found that in the presence of , the current measured in the presence of near-saturating levels (1 mM) of tenidap⁵ (Fig. 3A, open triangle curve), an inhibitor of NBCe1-A (25), is virtually the same as the current measured in the absence of (Fig. 3A, black square curve). However, because tenidap is not totally reversible, we did not routinely use this inhibitor in this study. The I_NBC-V relationship in Fig. 3B (open diamond curve) is the difference between the open diamond and black square curves in Fig. 3A. The dashed line in Fig. 3B represents a linear fit to the I_NBC-V relationship, and has a slope of 14 µS. A comparison of the two plots shows that the I_NBC-V relationship is slightly concave upward. However, the deviation from linearity is very slight, so that we regarded the slope of the dashed lines as a reasonable indicator of the slope conductance of NBCe1-A throughout our study.

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. Experimental design. For experiments in which we examined the effect of injected, recombinant, human CA II protein, we injected cRNA encoding human NBCe1-A (Day 0/Step 1). Three days later, we randomized the oocytes into two groups and then in some experiments measured the NBC current-voltage relationship (I-V, Day 3/Step 2). Later on the same day, we injected either CA II in Tris buffer or just Tris buffer (Day 3/Step 3). One day after this injection, we measured either the rate of CO2-induced fall in intracellular pH (dpHi/dt) or the NBC I-V relationship (Day 4/Step 4). After a 3-h treatment in 400 µM EZA (Day 4/Step 5), we again measured either the CO2-induced dpHi/dt or the NBC I-V relationship (Day 4/Step 6). For experiments in which we examined the effect of CA II fused to the C terminus of NBCe1-A, we randomized the oocytes and then injected cRNA encoding EGFP-e1-CAII or EGFP-e1 (Day 0/Step 1). Omitting the steps on a gray background, 3-4 days later we measured either the CO2-induced dpHi/dt or the NBC I-V relationship (Day 3-4/Step 4). After a 3-h treatment in 400 µM EZA (Day 3-4/Step 5), we again measured either the CO2-induced dpHi/dt or the NBC I-V relationship (Day 3-4/Step 6).

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Effect of EZA on initial, CO2-induced acidification rate (dpHi/dt) in oocytes expressing hNBCe1-A and injected with CA II + Tris or Tris. A, representative pHi records from an oocyte injected 3 days earlier with cRNA encoding NBCe1-A and 1 day earlier with CA II + Tris. The solid record (Pre-EZA) and the dotted record (Post-3h EZA) were obtained from the same oocyte, separated by a 3-h exposure of the oocyte to the ND96 solution supplemented with 400 µM EZA. The extracellular solution was ND96 at the beginning of the experiment and, during the indicated time, 5% CO2/33 mM (pH 7.50). B, representative pHi records from an oocyte injected 3 days earlier with cRNA encoding NBCe1-A and 1 day earlier with Tris buffer. C, summary of data from experiments like those in panels A and B. Values are mean ± S.E., with numbers of oocytes as indicated. The statistical comparisons between adjacent bars were made using a paired, two-tailed t test (***, p < 0.001). The left arrow represents the average effect of EZA on CA II + Tris oocytes. The right arrow represents the difference between the solid bar for the CA II + Tris oocytes and the average of the solid and hatched bars for the Tris oocytes. The ratio of the two arrows is an inhibition of 96%.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Current-voltage relationships in an oocyte expressing NBCe1-A. A, representative current-voltage (I-V) relationships for an oocyte expressing NBCe1-A, generated by stepping the holding potential from -160 to +20 mV in 20-mV steps. Data were acquired in the ND96 solution (black squares), solution (open diamonds), and with 1 mM tenidap (open triangles) added to the solution. B, the derived I-V relationship for NBCe1-A (INBC). The symbols (open diamonds) represent the result of subtracting the currents measured in the presence of tenidap (open triangles in A) from those measured in without tenidap (open diamonds in A). The dashed line represents a linear fit to the INBC-V relationship. The equation in B indicates that this NBCe1-A slope conductance is 14 µS.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. Effect of injected CA II on NBCe1-A currents. The light gray bars summarize the average NBCe1-A slope conductances just before injection of CA II + Tris into 41 oocytes or injection of Tris into 27 oocytes. The dark gray bars show that, 24 h after injection, the NBCe1-A slope conductance in these same oocytes was 12% lower than before injection for both CA II + Tris and Tris oocytes. The statistical comparisons between adjacent light and dark gray bars were made using a paired, two-tailed t test (**, p < 0.01), and between the two light bars or two dark gray bars were made using an unpaired, two-tailed t test. n.s. means not statistically significant.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. Effect of EZA on NBCe1-A currents in CAII + Tris or Tris-injected cells. The solid bar on the left summarizes the NBCe1-A slope conductance 24 h after injection of CA II + Tris into 27 oocytes, a subset of 41 oocytes (represented by the left dark gray bar in Fig. 4) that survived the application of EZA (below). The solid bar on the right summarizes similar data for 24 h after injection of Tris into 20 oocytes, a subset of 27 oocytes (represented by the dark gray bar in Fig. 4) that survived the application of EZA. The hatched bars summarize the NBCe1-A slope conductance in these same oocytes after a 3-h treatment with EZA. The statistical comparisons between adjacent bars were made using a paired, two-tailed t test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01), and between the two solid or two hatched bars were made using an unpaired, two-tailed t test. n.s. means not statistically significant.

View larger version (55K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Immunolocalization of EGFP and CA II domains in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII or EGFP-e1. Three days after injection of cRNA encoding EGFP-e1-CAII or EGFP-e1, oocytes were prepared for immunocytochemistry as indicated under "Experimental Procedures." Preparations were incubated overnight simultaneously with mouse monoclonal anti-EGFP and with rabbit polyclonal anti-human CA II. The secondary antibodies were Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse and Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit. A-C, Alexa Fluor 488-labeled images were taken with excitation/emission filters set at band pass 488 nm/long pass 505 nm to detect EGFP signals. D-F, Alexa Fluor 594-labeled images were taken with excitation/emission filters set at band pass 543 nm/long pass 560 nm to detect CA II signals. These images show that EGFP-e1-CAII and EGFP-e1 are correctly targeted to the plasma membrane. G-I, merges of the images in the first and second columns. G shows that the EGFP staining (green) of EGFP-e1-CAII overlapped with the CA II staining (red). J-L, Nomarski images taken simultaneously with either the EGFP or CA II images. Bar = 50 µm.

Effect of Fused CA II on CO₂-induced pH_i Changes—The above data show that injected CA II does not increase the activity of NBCe1-A. However, it is possible that the amount of CA II protein in the oocyte was insufficient to bind to all NBCe1-A molecules at the plasma membrane. Alternatively, it is possible that CA II does not bind to NBCe1-A at all. To test these possibilities, our next step was to fuse NBCe1-A at its 5' end to EGFP and at its 3' end to human CA II to create EGFP-e1-CAII. In addition, as a control, we generated the construct EGFP-e1, which lacks a fused CA II. To verify delivery of the fusion proteins to the plasma membrane, we performed immunocytochemistry on sections from oocytes expressing either EGFP-e1-CAII or EGFP-e1. The leftmost column of Fig. 6 shows anti-EGFP laser-scanning fluorescence micrographs from oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII (Fig. 6A), expressing EGFP-e1 (Fig. 6B), or injected with water (Fig. 6C). The second column shows similar data, but with a CA II antibody (Fig. 6, D-F). The third column shows the merges (Fig. 6, G-I). Finally, the rightmost column shows Nomarski (light) micrographs of the same sections (Fig. 6, J-L). These data confirm that both EGFP-e1-CAII (Fig. 6A) and EGFP-e1 (Fig. 6B) traffic to the plasma membrane. Moreover, in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII, CA II colocalizes with EGFP (Fig. 6G). In H₂O-injected oocytes, the signals for both EGFP (Fig. 6C) and CA II (Fig. 6F) were negligible.

We used an experimental design similar to that outlined above for the CA II protein experiments. As outlined in Fig. 1, but omitting the steps on the gray background, we randomized the oocytes into two groups, one group injected with cRNA encoding EGFP-e1-CAII, the other group injected with cRNA encoding EGFP-e1 (Day 0/Step 1). Using an approach similar to that in Fig. 2, we used pH_i measurements to verify that the CA II in the EGFP-e1-CAII fusion protein could catalyze the reaction CO₂ + H₂O + H⁺ (Day 3-4/Step 4). However, when we exposed oocytes to equilibrated solutions of 5% CO₂/33 mM (pH 7.50), the initial, CO₂-induced acidification was only modestly faster for EGFP-e1-CAII (40 x 10^-4 pH units/s, data not shown) than for EGFP-e1 (30 x 10^-4 pH units/s, data not shown). Of course, dpH_i/dt depends on the balance between the acidifying effect of CO₂ influx across the entire plasma membrane versus the alkalinizing effect of (or ) influx via the NBCe1-A constructs.

We reasoned that, when physically coupled to the NBCe1-A, CA II preferentially magnifies the alkalinizing effect of NBCe1-A, and dwarfs the acidifying effect of CO₂ influx, because the uncatalyzed reaction CO₂ + H₂O + H⁺ can occur at sites distant from EGFP-e1-CAII. To minimize the alkalinizing effect of NBCe1-A, we assayed the CA II activity of EGFP-e1-CAII by exposing oocytes to a pH 7.50 out of equilibrium solution (22) containing 5% CO₂ but virtually no HCO₃ (pure CO₂). Three to 4 days after injecting the cRNA encoding either EGFP-e1-CAII or EGFP-e1, 5% pure CO₂ caused pH_i to decrease faster in a cell expressing EGFP-e1-CAII (Fig. 7A, Pre-EZA) than in a control cell expressing EGFP-e1 (Fig. 7B, Pre-EZA). The solid bars in Fig. 7C summarize the initial, 5% pure CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt values in each group.

After obtaining these pre-EZA data, we exposed both groups of oocytes to 400 µM EZA for 3 h (Day 3-4/Step 5). For an oocyte expressing EGFP-e1-CAII (Day 3-4/Step 6), EZA reduced the initial 5% pure CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt (Fig. 7A, Post-3h EZA) nearly to the value observed in an oocyte expressing EGFP-e1 before the EZA treatment (Fig. 7B, Pre-EZA). EZA had no effect on EGFP-e1 oocytes (Fig. 7B, Post-3h EZA). The hatched bars in Fig. 7C summarize the initial, 5% pure CO₂-induced dpH_i/dt values in each group. Thus, the fused CA II markedly enhances the conversion of CO₂ + OH^- to , and we can completely block this CA II activity.

Effect of Fused CA II on NBCe1-A Currents—Before incubation in EZA (Day 3-4/Step 4), cells expressing EGFP-e1-CAII and cells expressing EGFP-e1 had identical HCO₃-induced NBCe1-A currents and slope conductances (Fig. 8, solid bars). Moreover, the 3-h treatment with EZA (Day 3-4/Step 5) had no effect on the slope conductance (Day 3-4/Step 6) of either oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII or oocytes expressing EGFP-e1 (Fig. 8, hatched bars). Thus, even when physically coupled to the NBCe1-A, CA II does not significantly affect the current carried by the cotransporter.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. Effect of EZA on initial dpHi/dt induced by 5% pure CO2 in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII versus EGFP-e1. A, representative pHi records from an oocyte injected 3-4 days earlier with cRNA encoding EGFP-e1-CAII. The solid lines (Pre-EZA) and dotted lines (Post-3h EZA) were separated by a 3-h exposure of the same oocyte to the ND96 solution supplemented with 400 µM EZA. The extracellular solution was nominally -free at the beginning of the experiment and, during the indicated time, an out of equilibrium (OOE) 5% pure CO2 solution (see "Experimental Procedures") that contained 5% CO2, nominally no , and had a pH of 7.50. B, representative pHi records from an oocyte injected 3-4 days earlier with cRNA encoding EGFP-e1. C, summary of data from experiments like those in panels A and B. Values are mean ± S.E., with numbers of oocytes as indicated. The statistical comparisons between adjacent bars were made using a paired, two-tailed t test (***, p < 0.001). The left arrow represents the average effect of EZA on EGFP-e1-CAII oocytes. The right arrow represents the difference between the solid bar for the EGFP-e1-CAII oocytes and the average of the solid and hatched bars for the EGFP-e1 oocytes. The ratio of the two arrows is an inhibition of 104%.

View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 8. Effect of EZA on NBCe1-A currents in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII versus oocytes expressing EGFP-e1. The solid bars on the left in each pair summarize the NBCe1-A slope conductances in oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CA II versus oocytes expressing EGFP-e1, with the number of experiments as indicated. The hatched bars on the right in each pair summarize the NBCe1-A slope conductances after a 3-h treatment with EZA in each group. The statistical comparisons between adjacent bars were made using a paired, two-tailed t test, and between two solid or two hatched bars were made using an unpaired, two-tailed t test. n.s. means not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

We approached the problem from two directions. First, we injected large amounts of recombinant, human CA II protein into oocytes expressing NBCe1-A. The reason for microinjecting the protein, rather than co-expressing it along with NBCe1-A, was to avoid the possibility that the translation of CA II mRNA might reduce the translation of NBCe1-A mRNA. After demonstrating that the injected CA II was functional via pH_i assays (Fig. 2), we compared NBCe1-A slope conductances in the same oocyte before and after injecting CA II + Tris. The results indicated that, compared with controls injected only with Tris, CA II protein does not significantly affect the NBCe1-A activity (Fig. 4). After demonstrating that the membrane-permeant CA II inhibitor EZA (400 µM) blocks the enzymatic activity of CA II (Fig. 2), we analyzed NBCe1-A currents in the same oocyte before and after a 3-h exposure to EZA. Comparing oocytes injected with CA II + Tris versus Tris, we found that EZA has no effect on I_NBC (Fig. 5).

Our second approach was to fuse NBCe1-A at its 5' end to EGFP and at its 3' end to CA II to create EGFP-e1-CAII. The reason for generating this construct was to circumvent the possibilities that: (i) the amount of injected CA II protein was insufficient to saturate the NBCe1-A, (ii) the oocyte degraded the CA II protein before our assay, or (iii) the CA II protein was incapable of binding to NBCe1-A, at least under the conditions of our experiments. As a precautionary measure, we confirmed the delivery of the EGFP-e1-CAII fusion protein to the oocyte plasma membrane by immunocytochemistry (Fig. 6). Moreover, we demonstrated the colocalization of EGFP and CA II, proving that the fusion protein was intact. After demonstrating that, as expressed in oocytes, the CA II moiety of the EGFP-e1-CAII fusion protein was functional and blocked by EZA via pH_i assays (Fig. 7), we compared NBCe1-A currents in the same oocyte before and after exposing it to EZA. We found that oocytes expressing EGFP-e1-CAII and EGFP-e1 had indistinguishable NBCe1-A slope conductances and, furthermore, that EZA had no effect on slope conductances in either group of oocytes (Fig. 8). Thus, even when we forced CA II to be immediately adjacent to the C terminus of NBCe1-A, CA II still does not enhance the NBCe1-A activity.

NBCe1-A Stoichiometry
A major difference between the oocyte expression system and the renal proximal tubule is that NBCe1-A in the intact tubule cell is believed to operate with an apparent Na⁺: stoichiometry of 1:3 (26), whereas the cotransporter in oocytes operates with an apparent stoichiometry of 1:2 (27). One might argue that the interaction between NBCe1-A and CA II requires that the cotransporter be operating with a 1:3 stoichiometry. The evidence on this point is not consistent. Thus, on the one hand, with NBCe1-A expressed in mPCT cells, the phosphorylation of Ser-982 (in the second of two putative CA-II-binding motifs in the cytoplasmic C terminus) shifts the stoichiometry from 1:3 to 1:2 (13) and lowers CA II binding (12). On the other hand, in the same experimental preparation, phosphorylation of Ser-982 (which presumably generates the 1:2 stoichiometry) does not decrease but rather increases the binding of NBCe1-A to CA II (15). Thus, it is not clear that the phosphorylation state or the stoichiometry should have any impact on the binding of NBCe1-A to CA II. Finally, it is worth noting that the NBCe1-B splice variant (which shares the same Ct as the renal NBCe1-A) operates with a 1:2 stoichiometry in pancreatic ducts, and the NBCe1-C splice variant operates with a 1:2 stoichiometry in the brain.

Potential Mechanisms by Which CA II Might Enhance NBCe1-A Activity
The metabolon hypothesis (4-6), as extended by later authors (7, 8), predicts that the binding of CA II to a transporter should increase the transport rate. Our data indicate that, at least under the conditions of our experiments, CA II does not enhance the activity of NBCe1. How in principle might CA II ever enhance NBCe1 activity?

Binding of CA II—One possibility is that CA II binding could alter the conformation of NBCe1 and thereby increase cotransport. According to this view, it might not make any difference whether the CA II were enzymatically active. Although such an interaction does not appear to occur in oocytes heterologously expressing NBCe1-A, for three reasons, we cannot rule out such an interaction in cells that naturally express NBCe1-A. (i) Perhaps the binding or critical conformational changes require a temperature of 37 °C. (ii) The appropriate interaction between human NBCe1-A and human CA II may require that two proteins be post-translationally modified in a mammalian cell at 37 °C. On the other hand, at least some of the binding data of Vince et al. (4-6) were obtained with recombinant peptides and CA II, and all of the binding data were obtained at room temperature. Therefore, we know of no a priori reason that our expression system or the temperature should have prevented the predicted acceleration of transport by CA II. (iii) An intermediary protein(s) not present in oocytes may be required for the interaction between CA II and NBCe1-A.

Enzymatic Activity of CA II—The alternative mechanism for how CA II might enhance transport, and the only one explicitly considered by recent proponents of the metabolon hypothesis, is that the enzymatic activity of CA II per se is key. However, for this model, we can rule out all three potential complications discussed above for CA II binding. (i) Temperature should not be a critical factor in testing the model, inasmuch as we demonstrated that CA II is active in oocytes. (ii) Post-translational modifications should not be critical inasmuch as both the enzyme and cotransporter are active in oocytes. Moreover, the EGFP-e1-CAII fusion protein ensured that the two were adjacent to one another. Finally, (iii) intermediary proteins are irrelevant, once again because of our experiments with the EGFP-e1-CAII fusion protein.

Molecular Models
If CA II were to enhance NBCe1-A activity by an enzymatic mechanism (see above), the role of CA II would depend critically on whether NBCe1, operating with a stoichiometry of 1:2, were transporting one Na⁺ plus two ions as in Fig. 9A or one Na⁺ and one ion as in Fig. 9B.

In Fig. 9A, with every cycle of NBCe1, one Na⁺ and two ions from the bulk extracellular fluid would diffuse to the outer surface of the cell membrane, where NBCe1 would transfer them to the inner surface of the cell membrane, raising the local [Na⁺] and [] by small amounts. This rise in local concentrations would drive the diffusion of Na⁺ and to the bulk intracellular fluid, where the would neutralize bulk H⁺ and thereby raise bulk pH_i. If CA II were present in the immediate vicinity of NBCe1, it would convert some of the incoming (as well as local H⁺) to CO₂ and H₂O. The CO₂ could then diffuse either into the bulk cytoplasm or across the membrane and out of the cell. It is reasonable to assume that the binding of to the inner face of NBCe1 would inhibit net influx via the cotransporter. The key question is whether the action of local CA II to consume local would lower local [] enough to stimulate NBCe1.

View larger version (62K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 9. Molecular models. A, NBCe1 transports one Na+ plus two ions. B, NBCe1 transports one Na+ plus one ion.

The influence of local [] on the NBCe1-mediated influx is unknown. However, it is reasonable to presume that the stimulatory effect of lowering local [] would be greatest at an initial concentration of near zero, and would fall off at higher concentrations. Thus, if NBCe1 transports , we do not think it is reasonable, given the above assumptions, to expect CA II to enhance NBCe1 activity substantially under physiological conditions. Finally, we note that, by consuming local H⁺, the CA II would tend to exaggerate the local alkalinity, which could have a deleterious effect on NBCe1 or other membrane proteins.

In Fig. 9B, with every cycle of NBCe1, one Na⁺ and two ions from the bulk extracellular fluid would diffuse to the outer surface of the cell membrane, where they would undergo a disproportionation reaction in which one would dissociate to form and H⁺ and the other would consume the H⁺ to form CO₂ and H₂O. The NBCe1 would transfer the Na⁺ and to the inner surface of the cell membrane, raising the local [Na⁺] and [] by small amounts. In parallel, CO₂ and H₂O would also diffuse into the cell. The rise in local [Na⁺] and [] would favor the diffusion of Na⁺ and to the bulk intracellular fluid. However, local H⁺, derived in part from protonated buffers (HBuf^{n + 1}), would rapidly convert the incoming to , which would then diffuse to the bulk intracellular fluid, where it would consume H⁺ and thereby raise bulk pH_i. In parallel, the incoming CO₂ and H₂O would slowly form H⁺ (which would help titrate incoming to ) and , which would diffuse into the bulk intracellular fluid.

If CA II were present in the immediate vicinity of NBCe1, it would enhance the conversion of CO₂ to and thereby replenish the H⁺ that had been consumed by , thus minimizing local alkalinity. In this scenario, the main role of CA II would be to stabilize local pH. CA II would only slightly lower local [] and only slightly enhance NBCe1 activity. Indeed, preliminary data on the effects of (extracellular) CA IV activity on extracellular surface pH and NBC currents suggest that NBCe1 actually carries rather than (16), and thus favors the model in Fig. 9B. Specifically, these data show that inhibiting CA IV, as predicted by the preceding discussion, has only a very small effect on NBCe1 currents, but markedly increases the pH difference between the extracellular surface and extracellular bulk fluid.

The above analyses indicate that the enzymatic activity of CA in the vicinity of a transporter is unlikely to enhance substantially either or transport when CO₂ is nearly in equilibrium across the cell membrane. However, our analysis does not detract from the very important roles that CA II and other carbonic anhydrases play in certain other processes. For example, CA II plays a central role in accelerating the fall in pH_i caused by the influx of CO₂ (Figs. 2 and 7), and presumably in enhancing the actual influx of CO₂. Thus, in the red blood cell, CA is critically important for promoting CO₂ fluxes across the cell membrane. In the renal proximal tubule, tubule cells secrete H⁺, that, under the influence of apical CA IV, titrates filtered in the lumen to CO₂ and H₂O. Thus, blockade of CA IV would greatly slow this process and thus inhibit renal reabsorption. Once formed in the tubule lumen, CO₂ and H₂O enter the proximal-tubule cell and, under the influence of CA II (not bound to NBCe1), regenerate H⁺ and in the bulk intracellular fluid. Thus, blockade of CA II would inhibit renal reabsorption.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant DK-30344. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

² Supported by Yale Liver Center NIDDK National Institutes of Health Grant P30-34989.

¹ To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel.: 203-785-4483; Fax: 203-785-4951; E-mail: Jing.Lu{at}Yale.edu.

³ The abbreviations used are: NBCe1/e1, the electrogenic Na/bicarbonate cotransporter; CA, carbonic anhydrase; dpH_i/dt, the initial rate at which intracellular pH falls; EZA, ethoxzolamide; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; pH_i, intracellular pH; HEK, human embryonic kidney; AE, anion exchanger; mPCT, mouse proximal convoluted tubule; JHCO₃, the rate of transport; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; BSA, bovine serum albumin; D_HCO3, diffusion constant of HCO₃; D_CO2, diffusion constant of CO₂.

⁴ We injected 10^-11 mol of CA II per oocyte. Assuming an H₂O content of 37% (24), [CA II]_i 24 µM, about 20% higher than the level in red blood cells.

⁵ Under the conditions of these experiments, the apparent K_i of tenidap is 20 µM (J. Lu and W. F. Boron, unpublished observations).

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Sue Ann Mentone for fixing and immunocytochemistry of oocyte slices. We also thank Duncan Wong for providing information technology assistance.

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TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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