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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 34, 24521-24530, August 25, 2006
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11
2
From the
Department of Neuroscience and the ¶Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057-1464 and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
Received for publication, January 24, 2006 , and in revised form, March 30, 2006.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-amyloid precursor protein (APP) via its C-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain and affects APP processing and A production. Our previous data demonstrate that the apoE receptor ApoEr2 co-precipitated with APP and suggest that there are extracellular and intracellular interactions between these two transmembrane proteins. We hypothesized that FE65 acts as an intracellular link between ApoEr2 and APP. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in COS7 cells demonstrated an interaction between ApoEr2 and FE65 that depended on the N-terminal PTB domain of FE65. Full-length FE65 increased co-immunoprecipitation of ApoEr2 and APP. Full-length FE65 also increased surface expression of ApoEr2, as determined by surface protein biotinylation and live cell surface staining. Constructs containing both the C- and N-terminal PTB domains of FE65 increased secreted APP, secreted ApoEr2, APP C-terminal fragment, and ApoEr2 C-terminal fragment, but constructs containing only single PTB domains did not affect APP or ApoEr2 processing. In addition, full-length FE65 decreased A to a significantly greater extent than individual FE65 domains. These data suggest that FE65 can bind APP and ApoEr2 at the same time and affect the processing of each. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-amyloid plaques, composed predominantly of the A peptide, a 40- or 42-amino acid cleavage product of the -amyloid precursor protein (APP).3 APP, a transmembrane protein, undergoes extracellular cleavage by 
- or -secretase, resulting in the formation of a large N-terminal extracellular fragment (APPs) and smaller, membrane-bound C-terminal fragments (CTF). If the initial cleavage event occurs via -secretase, then cleavage of the CTF by 
-secretase results in the formation of A (1). The cytoplasmic domain of APP contains a -GYENPTY-sequence that serves as a binding motif for adaptor proteins that possess a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, such as members of the FE65, X11, JIP, and Dab protein families. Such PTB domain interactions have been shown to play critical roles in tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction, protein trafficking and localization, phagocytosis, cell fate determination, and neuronal development (2). Additionally, several studies have shown that interactions between these cytoplasmic proteins and APP lead to altered processing of APP.
FE65 adaptor protein family members, including FE65, FE65-like (FE65L or FE65L1), and FE65L2 (3, 4), are expressed at high levels in neurons (5). FE65 family members possess three protein binding domains as follows: a WW domain and two PTB domains, which display distinct binding specificities. The WW domain binds Mena (mammalian enabled), which binds actin and thus links FE65 and APP to cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular motility and morphology (6, 7). The interaction between FE65 and APP is mediated via the second phosphotyrosine binding (PTB2) domain of FE65 (8) and modulates APP processing and trafficking in several cell lines (9, 10). FE65 increases A secretion in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably transfected with APP695 (11). In HEK293 cells, FE65 stabilizes immature APP and inhibits APPs formation and A secretion (12). In H4 cells, FE65L1 increased production of secreted APP A (4). In addition, mice transgenic for FE65 and APP displayed lower A accumulation in the cerebral cortex and a lower level of APP-CTFs (10).
The N-terminal PTB1 domain of FE65 proteins binds an apoE receptor, the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) (13). LRP1 is a large type I transmembrane protein whose small cytoplasmic tail contains two NPXY motifs (14). FE65L1 affects LRP metabolism, resulting in decreased LRP steady state levels, secreted LRP, and LRP endocytic receptor function (3). LRP and APP interact in their extracellular domains (15), and LRP can affect the processing of APP, reducing surface APP and APPs and increasing A production (16, 17) through extracellular and intracellular interactions between LRP and APP (18). FE65 acts as a cytoplasmic linker between LRP and APP (18, 19).
Our previous studies have shown that another apoE receptor, ApoEr2, also interacts with APP and modulates APP processing (1). Thus we tested whether ApoEr2 could bind to FE65 forming a similar intracellular connection with APP. We found that FE65 interacts with the intracellular domain of ApoEr2 through the PTB1 domain, affecting its trafficking and processing. Data suggest that there exists a tripartite complex of APP, FE65, and ApoEr2, affecting processing of the membrane-bound molecules.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Antibodies—We used anti-HA (Abcam), anti-c-Myc (Abcam), and anti-FE65 (Abcam: Ab17469; anti-pan-FE65 (20)). Polyclonal FE65 antibody (5916) was the gift of Dr. Edward Koo (University of California). Rabbit polyclonal antibody 5810 against mouse ApoEr2 was the gift of Dr. Uwe Beffert (University of Texas, Southwestern); antibody -19 was the gift of Dr. Johannes Nimpf (University of Vienna). For analysis of APP, we used 6E10 (recognizing APP, sAPP, and APP -CTF) (Signet); c1/6.1 (recognizing the C-terminal of APP) was provided by Dr. Anne Cataldo (Nathan Kline Institute) and 369 was provided by Dr. Sam Gandy (Thomas Jefferson University).
Cell Lines and Culture Conditions—COS7 cells were maintained in Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) in a 5% CO2 incubator. COS7 cells were transiently transfected with APP and indicated plasmids or ApoEr2 and indicated plasmids and then cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum for 24 h. Cells were maintained for another 24 h in serum-free media. CHO LRP+/+ or CHO LRP-/- cells were provided by Dr. Dudley K. Strickland. Secreted fragments were identified by Western blot analysis of the media (sAPP, 6E10 antibody; sApoEr2, 5810 antibody). CTF were measured by Western blots of cell lysates in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.25% deoxycholate, 1% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM EDTA with protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science) and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma)) (APP CTF, C1/6.1; ApoEr2 CTF, HA antibodies). A40 and A42 levels in the conditioned media were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (21).
For isolation of cytosolic fractions, cells were homogenized in 400 µl of ice-cold PBS buffer containing protease inhibitors and centrifuged in an SW55 rotor (Beckman) at 100,000 x g for 45 min, at 4 °C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed and stored. For membrane fractions, the pellet was homogenized in 400 µl of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was stored (22).
Primary Neuronal Cell Culture—Primary mouse embryonic cortical neurons were prepared from embryonic day 16 Swiss-Webster mice as described previously (23). Brain cortices were chopped and trypsinized for 10 min at 37 °C. After trypsinization, 0.4 µg/ml trypsin inhibitor, 0.025% DNase, and 12 mM MgSO4 were added and mixed until the tissue was thoroughly homogenized. Cells were then transferred to Neurobasal medium containing B27 serum supplement, 1 mM glutamine, gentamycin, and Ara-C. Neurons were seeded on 50 µg/ml poly-D-lysine-coated 12-well tissue culture plates at a density of 2 x 106 cells.
Co-immunoprecipitations—Transfected COS7 cells were washed with PBS and lysed in buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, and phosphatase and protease inhibitors. For immunoprecipitations, lysates were incubated for 2 h at 4 °C with the anti-HA antibody or an anti-6E10 antibody and protein G-Sepharose beads (Amersham Biosciences). The precipitates were washed three times with lysis buffer and resuspended in SDS sample buffer. The samples were separated by SDS-PAGE on 4-15% polyacrylamide gels, transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes, and blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk. The blots were incubated with antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were visualized by ECL detection system and exposed to film.
Biotin-labeled Cell Surface Proteins—ApoEr2-transfected COS7 cells were washed twice with PBS, and surface proteins were labeled with sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin (Pierce) under gentle shaking at 4 °C for 30 min, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Quenching solution was added to cells, which were washed twice with Tris-buffered saline. Cells were lysed in 500 µl of lysis buffer, collected with a cell scraper, disrupted by sonication on ice, incubated for 30 min on ice, and clarified by centrifugation (10,000 x g, 2 min). To isolate biotin-labeled proteins, lysate was added to immobilized NeutrAvidinTM gel and incubated 1 h at room temperature. Gels were washed five times with wash buffer and incubated 1 h with SDS-PAGE sample buffer, including 50 mM dithiothreitol. Equal levels of total biotinylated proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting.
Immunocytochemistry—Primary neuronal cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. After fixation, cells were washed with PBS and incubated with 5810 and anti-FE65 antibody overnight at 4 °C. After primary incubation, cells were washed three times in PBS and then incubated with Alexa Fluor 555 (red color) goat anti-rabbit antibody (Molecular Probes) and Alexa Fluor 488 (green color) goat anti-mouse antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Stained cells were viewed with a confocal laser scanning microscope.
Live Cell Surface Staining—Human embryonic kidney cells were washed with PBS and incubated with primary antibody diluted in ECS (containing 145 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES, 5 mM glucose, 15 mM sucrose, 0.25 mg/liter phenol red, and 10 µM D-serine (all from Sigma), adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH) for 8 min at room temperature. Cells were washed three times in ECS and then incubated with 5810 antibody (recognizing ApoEr2) for 8 min, washed with ECS, and incubated with Alexa Fluor 555 goat anti-rabbit antibody for 8 min at room temperature. Final washes were carried out with ECS. Stained cells were imaged on an Axioskop FS microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a x63, 0.9 N.A., Achroplan, water-immersion objective or with a Nikon E600 microscope equipped with a x60, 1.0 N.A. objective.
Mouse Brains—Brain lysates were prepared from Swiss-Webster mice in IP buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.15 M NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, and phosphatase and protease inhibitors). In addition, brains were isolated from 3-month-old male FE65 knock-out mice and controls (C57BL/6 x 129SvEv Bradley) (20).
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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production. We found that full-length FE65 significantly decreased secreted A42 levels by 55% in COS7 cells (p < 0.05) (data not shown). Thus, we confirmed that FE65 interacted with APP in COS7 cells and altered its processing.
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FE65 Interacts with ApoEr2 in Brain Lysates and Primary Neuronal Cells—To test whether this interaction was merely the result of overexpressed proteins interacting, we examined whether native ApoEr2 and FE65 co-immunoprecipitated in brain lysates and primary neuronal cultures. We incubated mouse brain lysates with 5810 (-ApoEr2) and probed the precipitates with FE65 antibody. Immunoprecipitation of ApoEr2 from brain lysates resulted in precipitation of FE65 (Fig. 3A, lane 2). No FE65 was detected in control experiments performed with an irrelevant antibody (-P-JNK) (Fig. 3A, lane 1). We also incubated mouse brain lysates with -FE65 and probed the precipitates with 5810. Immunoprecipitation of FE65 from brain lysates resulted in precipitation of ApoEr2 (Fig. 3B, lane 2). As a negative control, the experiment was conducted with an irrelevant antibody (-P-JNK) (Fig. 3B, lane 1). ApoEr2 and FE65 immunoblots (middle and lower panels) showed that ApoEr2 and FE65 were present in the brain lysates (Fig. 3, A and B); FE65 appeared as an 80-kDa protein, but using another source of molecular weight markers (Invitrogen), it ran as the expected 95-kDa protein.
Similarly, immunoprecipitation of ApoEr2 from primary neuronal cells resulted in precipitation of FE65 (Fig. 3C, lane 2). No ApoEr2 was detected in control experiments with an irrelevant antibody (-P-JNK) (Fig. 3C, lane 1). Western blot analysis of primary neuronal cells confirmed similar levels of FE65 in the lysates (Fig. 3C, middle panel). We also incubated with -FE65 and probed the precipitates with 5810. Immunoprecipitation of FE65 from primary neuronal cells resulted in precipitation of ApoEr2 (Fig. 3D, lane 2). As a negative control, the experiment was conducted with an irrelevant antibody (-P-JNK) (Fig. 3D, lane1). ApoEr2 and FE65 immunoblots (middle and lower panels) showed expression of ApoEr2 and FE65 (Fig. 3, C and D).
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ApoEr2 Exon 18 (Containing the NPXY Motif) Interacts with FE65—To determine which domain of ApoEr2 interacts with FE65, we co-transfected COS7 cells with full-length FE65 and ApoEr2 constructs of different C termini with HA tags (Fig. 5A, constructs 1-4). Proteins of expected sizes were expressed to similar levels from each ApoEr2 construct, as determined by Western blots (Fig. 5B). We immunoprecipitated ApoEr2 C termini with the anti-HA antibody and probed for FE65 with anti-c-Myc antibody. FE65 co-precipitated with ApoEr2 constructs possessing exon 18 (constructs 1, 3, and 4) but not the one lacking exon 18 (construct 2) (Fig. 5C). The specificity of the co-precipitation of FE65 with only some ApoEr2 constructs again suggests that the interaction is not due to overexpression of proteins in the same cells. An FE65 immunoblot (Fig. 5C, lower panel) showed that FE65 was expressed to similar levels in all transfected cells.
To test whether the NPXY motif of ApoEr2 was important in the binding of ApoEr2 to FE65, we mutated the NPXY sequence to APXY in a full-length ApoEr2. We transfected COS7 cells with FE65 and wild-type or mutant ApoEr2. ApoEr2 was immunoprecipitated with the anti-HA antibody, and precipitates were probed for FE65 with anti-c-Myc antibody. Mutant ApoEr2 showed significantly less co-precipitation with FE65, to 65% of the level of wild-type ApoEr2 (p < 0.05) (Fig. 5D). The levels of ApoEr2 and FE65 did not vary across conditions (Fig. 5D, middle and lower panels). There was still some interaction observed between ApoEr2 (APXY) and FE65, suggesting that alteration of the asparagine residue was not sufficient to prevent FE65 binding, and the larger context of the cytoplasmic domain of ApoEr2 contains other recognition sequences for FE65. However, the reduced interaction does suggest that the NPXY motif of ApoEr2 is important in the interaction with FE65.
ApoEr2 Interacts with the N-terminal PTB1 Domain of FE65—After examining which domain of ApoEr2 interacted with FE65, we examined which domain of FE65 interacted with ApoEr2. In addition to full-length FE65, we examined deletion constructs of the PTB1 and PTB2 domains, the WW and PTB1 domains, and only the PTB2 domain (Fig. 6A). We co-transfected COS7 cells with full-length ApoEr2 and these FE65 deletion mutants. Expected protein sizes were expressed from each construct, as determined by Western blots with anti-c-Myc antibody (Fig. 6B). We found that all three constructs containing the FE65 PTB1 domain co-precipitated with ApoEr2, but the construct with only the PTB2 domain did not, even after overexposure of the blots. Western blot analysis of COS7 cell extracts confirmed that levels of total ApoEr2 were consistent across transfections (Fig. 6C, lower panel). Thus, the interaction of FE65 with ApoEr2 depends on PTB1.
FE65 Increases ApoEr2 Processing and Levels of Cell Surface ApoEr2—We tested whether the interaction of FE65 with ApoEr2 affected processing of ApoEr2. COS7 cells were transfected with full-length ApoEr2 alone or ApoEr2 and each of the four FE65 constructs (Fig. 7A). Western blots demonstrated that each of the four FE65 constructs were expressed in transfected cells (Fig. 7B). Secreted ApoEr2 was measured in conditioned media, and ApoEr2 CTF was measured in cell lysates. We found that full-length FE65 and the construct containing both PTB1 and PTB2 domains of FE65 significantly increased secreted ApoEr2 and ApoEr2 CTF in COS7 cells, but constructs that contained either PTB1 or PTB2 did not alter ApoEr2 processing (Fig. 7A). The effects on secreted ApoEr2 seemed much larger than the effects on the ApoEr2 CTF, perhaps due to differences in the subsequent metabolism of sApoEr2 and ApoEr2 CTF. An ApoEr2 immunoblot (middle panel) showed that ApoEr2 was expressed to similar levels in the transfected cells (Fig. 7A).
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We then asked whether FE65 affected ApoEr2 processing in CHO cells. We transfected CHO cells with full-length ApoEr2; secreted ApoEr2 was measured in conditioned media, and ApoEr2 CTF was measured in cell lysates. Contrary to the effects in COS7 cells, FE65 decreased secreted ApoEr2 and ApoEr2 CTF in CHO cells (Fig. 7C). The levels of ApoEr2 did not vary across conditions (Fig. 7C, middle panel). These data in CHO cells are similar to the effects of FE65 on APP (Fig. 1C).
We hypothesized that FE65 could affect ApoEr2 cleavage by altering its presence on the cell surface. To test this hypothesis, we co-transfected COS7 cells with ApoEr2 and full-length FE65 or the noninteracting PTB2 domain (as control). To measure cell surface levels of ApoEr2, we biotin-labeled cell surface proteins, isolated biotin-labeled proteins from cell lysates with avidin-beads, and immunoblotted ApoEr2. In COS7 cells, levels of cell surface ApoEr2 were increased by full-length FE65 (Fig. 7D, upper panel). Levels of total cell-associated ApoEr2 were similar among the transfected cells (Fig. 7D, lower panel). A similar increase in cell surface ApoEr2 was seen with the FE65 construct containing both PTB1 and PTB2 domains (data not shown).
To test our conclusion from these biochemical assays, we immunostained surface ApoEr2 in live cells. Transfected HEK293 cells were incubated with 5810 (for ApoEr2), which was detected with Alexa Fluor 555 (red color) goat anti-rabbit antibody. The antibody only labeled the plasma membrane and not internal ApoEr2, as demonstrated by the lack of staining of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. Whole cells were visualized by differential interference contrast (Fig. 7E, left panels, DIC). Full-length FE65 increased cell surface levels of ApoEr2 compared with the PTB2 domain alone (Fig. 7E, right panels).
FE65 Knock-out Mice—To further test whether FE65 interacted with ApoEr2 in vivo, we used brain lysates from FE65 knock-out mice and wild-type controls. We confirmed that the FE65 knock-out brains did not have the 95-kDa FE65 band by immunoblots (Fig. 8A). We immunoprecipitated ApoEr2 from brain lysates, and we found that an FE65 immunoreactive band was only present in wild-type and not FE65 knock-out brain lysates (Fig. 8B, left panel). Similarly, immunoprecipitation of FE65 resulted in co-precipitation of ApoEr2 only in the wild-type brain lysates (Fig. 8B, right panel).
Total levels of ApoEr2 were unchanged in the FE65 knockout brains (Fig. 8B), as were levels of the control protein -actin (Fig. 8C). Levels of ApoEr2 CTF, however, were markedly decreased in the FE65 knock-out brains. Thus, similar to findings in transfected cells, where increased FE65 led to increased ApoEr2 CTF, decreased FE65 in vivo led to decreased ApoEr2 CTF (Fig. 8C).
Full-length FE65 Increased Co-immunoprecipitation of APP with ApoEr2—Because FE65 PTB1 interacts with ApoEr2 and FE65 PTB2 interacts with APP, we hypothesized that FE65 may form an intracellular link between ApoEr2 and APP. To test for the ApoEr2-FE65-APP complex, we transfected COS7 cells with ApoEr2, APP, and full-length FE65 or ApoEr2, APP, and only the PTB2 domain of FE65. ApoEr2 was immunoprecipitated with anti-HA antibody, and APP was measured with 6E10. Full-length FE65 significantly increased co-precipitation between APP and ApoEr2 compared with the PTB2 alone (Fig. 9A, upper panel). No differences in APP precipitation were observed when PTB2 was expressed compared with cells not transfected with FE65 (data not shown). Levels of total APP and ApoEr2 in cell extracts were consistent across transfections (Fig. 9A, lower panels), and both FE65 constructs were strongly expressed as determined by Western blot (Fig. 9B). Quantification of Western blots demonstrated that full-length FE65 increased co-immunoprecipitation between APP and ApoEr2 by 130% (p < 0.01).
To test whether the APP-FE65-ApoEr2 complex was affected by the FE65-interacting protein LRP, we transfected CHO LRP+/+ or CHO LRP-/- cells with ApoEr2, APP, and full-length FE65 or ApoEr2, APP, and vector. APP was immunoprecipitated with 369 antibody, and ApoEr2 was measured with HA. As in COS7 cells, full-length FE65 significantly increased co-precipitation of APP and ApoEr2 in CHO LRP-/- cells (Fig. 9C, 5th to 8th lanes). In contrast, FE65 decreased co-precipitation of APP and ApoEr2 in CHO LRP+/+ cells (Fig. 9C, 1st to 4th lanes). Quantification of triplicate experiments demonstrated that levels of co-precipitation between APP and ApoEr2 were significantly increased by 154% in CHO LRP-/- cells but significantly decreased by 166% in CHO LRP+/+ cells (p < 0.05). Levels of total APP and ApoEr2 in cell extracts were consistent across transfections (Fig. 9C, lower panels). Unexpectedly, the LRP+ cells showed higher levels of co-precipitation of APP and ApoEr2 (Fig. 9C, compare 1st and 3rd lanes with 5th and 7th lanes). The data with FE65 co-expression suggest that LRP could compete with ApoEr2 for binding to FE65.
To test whether FE65 affected APP processing in the presence of ApoEr2 in CHO cells, we transfected CHO LRP+/+ cells or CHO LRP-/- cells with ApoEr2, APP, and FE65 or with ApoEr2, APP, and vector. In CHO LRP+/+ cells, FE65 slightly decreased levels of APP CTF and secreted APP (Fig. 9D) but increased levels of APP CTF and secreted APP in CHO LRP-/- cells (Fig. 9E). These data suggest further that LRP alters the effects of FE65 on APP processing.
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We also tested whether the FE65 constructs had differential effects on production of another APP proteolytic product, A42. As expected, full-length FE65 and the construct containing both PTB1 and PTB2 domains of FE65 significantly decreased secreted A42 levels compared with COS7 cells transfected with APP and ApoEr2 alone (by 75 and 88%, respectively, p < 0.01) (Fig. 10C). Surprisingly, the other FE65 constructs (constructs 2 and 3) also caused reductions in secreted A42 levels, although these changes were significantly smaller than the reduction seen with full-length FE65. These data suggest that the effects of FE65 on APP processing require interactions with apoE receptors.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-cleavage of both APP (Fig. 1) and ApoEr2 (Fig. 7) in COS7 cells. The lack of FE65 in knock-out mouse brains was associated with decreased levels of ApoEr2 CTF, supporting the importance of this interaction in vivo (Fig. 8). Interestingly, the effects of FE65 on APP and ApoEr2 processing require both FE65 PTB domains (Figs. 7 and 10), suggesting that the cytoplasmic link between APP and ApoEr2 provided by FE65 is important for the changes in processing.
Studies have differed in the observed effects of FE65 family members on APP processing. We found in COS7 cells that FE65 increased APP -cleavage and decreased A production (Fig. 10), perhaps by increasing the presence of the molecules on the cell surface (Fig. 7). FE65 family members increased surface APP in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (11) and H4 cells (25). In contrast, FE65 decreased APP -cleavage in CHO cells (26), which we confirmed (Fig. 1). The reduction in -cleavage was not found when we used the FE65 construct lacking the WW domain (data not shown), suggesting that the effect may depend on a protein interacting with the WW domain. The increase in -cleavage in COS7 cells by FE65 did not depend on the WW domain (Fig. 7), demonstrating that the effects in different cell types depend on different interacting proteins. Some may also be due to the formation of a newly recognized form of cleaved FE65, lacking the N terminus but retaining the two PTB domains (27). FE65 can also be phosphorylated (28), which could alter its effects on APP and ApoEr2 metabolism in cell type-specific ways.
This work contributes to the developing model for a role for ApoEr2, FE65, and APP in cell migration. FE65 interacts with molecules important in cytoskeleton remodeling through its WW domain (6) and promotes movement of neuronal growth cones (29) and cell motility (7). Mice lacking FE65 and its homologue FE65L1 display lissencephalies indicative of developing neurons migrating into the superficial layers of the cortex (20). Similarly, mice lacking APP and its homologues APLP1 and APLP2 display lissencephalies (30), and mice lacking ApoEr2 demonstrate neuronal migration defects (31). Finally, extracellular matrix proteins that affect neuronal migration interact with APP (F-spondin) (32) and ApoEr2 (F-spondin and Reelin) (1). Binding of extracellular molecules to the transmembrane APP and ApoEr2 proteins could affect cytoskeleton remodeling through effects on FE65.
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Our findings with LRP-containing and LRP-lacking cells suggest that ApoEr2 and LRP compete for binding of FE65 (Fig. 9). The presence of LRP in CHO cells would bind the overexpressed FE65, preventing it from binding to ApoEr2 and thus complexing intracellularly with APP. Neurons express each of these proteins (34) and thus individual FE65 molecules in neurons could bind to LRP or ApoEr2. The basal levels of APP-ApoEr2 co-precipitation differed between LRP+ and LRP- cells (Fig. 9). It is possible that APP and apoE receptors form larger complexes on the cell surface, and thus the presence of LRP has complex effects on trafficking of these proteins. The coordinated functions of APP and apoE receptors is underscored by the similarities of intracellular binding proteins (e.g. FE65, Dab-1, and JIP-1).
FE65 bound to the cleaved C terminus of APP is important to several signaling mechanisms of APP as the complex is transported from the cell membrane (27). FE65 bound to ApoEr2 could also affect signaling processes through cleavage of its C terminus (22) or prevent translocation of the APP C terminus to the nucleus. Binding of FE65 to LRP decreases the transcriptional regulation associated with FE65 binding to the APP intracellular domain (35); it seems likely that FE65 binding to ApoEr2 similarly affects this signaling. Binding of FE65 to LRP versus ApoEr2 would also be expected to greatly affect the intracellular trafficking of FE65. LRP and ApoEr2 have very different rates of internalization at the cell surface, with LRP recycling in 30 s and ApoEr2 recycling in 8 min (36). Thus, the binding of FE65 to ApoEr2 rather than LRP could greatly affect its subcellular location between the cell membrane and endosomal compartments.
In summary, we found that FE65 binds ApoEr2 and alters its trafficking and processing. Understanding the competing binding of intracellular adaptor proteins will be vital in describing the normal regulation of transmembrane proteins like apoE receptors and APP.
Note Added in Proof—Subsequent experiments in FE65 knock-out adult brain tissue did not confirm the decrease in ApoEr2 CTF (Fig. 8C).
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Both authors contributed equally to this article.
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, D. C. 20057-14. Tel.: 202-687-1534; Fax: 202-687-0617; E-mail: gwr2{at}georgetown.edu.
3 The abbreviations used are: APP, -amyloid precursor protein; apoE, apolipoprotein E; apoEr2, apoE receptor 2; CTF, C-terminal fragment; LRP, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; PTB, phosphotyrosine binding; HA, hemagglutinin; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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and Dr. Ahdeah Pajoohesh-Ganji for expert technical assistance and advice. |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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