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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 44, 33258-33267, November 3, 2006

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N-Glycosylation of the -Propeller Domain of the Integrin 5 Subunit Is Essential for 51 Heterodimerization, Expression on the Cell Surface, and Its Biological Function^*

Tomoya Isaji, Yuya Sato, Yanyang Zhao, Eiji Miyoshi, Yoshinao Wada^¶, Naoyuki Taniguchi^||, and Jianguo Gu¹

From the Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, the Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, B1, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, the ^¶Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, and the ^||Department of Disease Glycomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Received for publication, August 14, 2006 , and in revised form, September 7, 2006.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The N-glycosylation of integrin 51 is thought to play crucial roles in cell spreading, cell migration, ligand binding, and dimer formation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the importance of the N-glycans of this integrin in detail, sequential site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to remove single or combined putative N-glycosylation sites on the5 integrin. Removal of the putative N-glycosylation sites on the -propeller, Thigh, Calf-1, or Calf-2 domains of the 5 subunit resulted in a decrease in molecular weight compared with the wild type, suggesting that all of these domains contain attached N-glycans. Importantly, the absence of N-glycosylation sites (sites 1–5) on the -propeller resulted in the persistent association of integrin subunit with calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum, which subsequently blocked heterodimerization and its expression on the cell surface. Interestingly, the activities for cell spreading and migration for the 5 subunit carrying only three potential N-glycosylation sites (3–5 sites) on the-propeller were comparable with those of the wild type. In contrast, mutation of these three sites resulted in a significant decrease in cell spreading as well as functional expression, although the total expression level of the 3–5 mutant on the cell surface was comparable with that of wild type. Furthermore, we found that site 5 is a most important site for its expression on the cell surface, whereas the S5 mutant did not show any biological functions. Taken together, this study reveals for the first time that the N-glycosylation on the -propeller domain of the 5 subunit is essential for heterodimerization and biological functions of 51 integrin and might also be useful for studies of the molecular structure.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
The fibronectin (FN)² receptor, integrin 51, is heterodimeric glycoprotein that consists of an 5 subunit and a 1 subunit. The interaction between 51 and FN is essential for cell migration, development, as well as cell viability, because the genetic lack of integrin 5 or FN results in early embryonic lethality (1–3). The most general feature of integrin is that the interaction of integrin with its ligand can activate intracellular signaling pathways and cytoskeletal formation (outside-in signaling) (4). Another important feature of integrin is inside-out signaling, in which intracellular signals received by integrin or other receptors, in turn, activate its extracellular domain and contribute to the assembly of the extracellular matrix (4, 5). It is also well known that functions of integrins related to cell spreading and migration can be regulated by specific peptides such as Arg-Gly-Asp containing peptides or specific antibodies that can efficiently block or activate such integrin-ligand interactions (6–8).

Integrin is a major carrier of N-glycans. An increasing body of evidence exists to suggest that cell surface carbohydrates contribute to a variety of interactions between the cell and its extracellular environment, as well as a wide variety of biological functions such as cell-cell communication, signal transduction, protein folding, or stability (9–11). Among the integrin superfamily, 51 is one of the best characterized integrins. It has been reported that the presence of N-glycans on integrin51 is required for heterodimer formation and proper integrin-matrix interactions (12, 13). Indeed, the integrin cannot bind to its substrate or be normally transported to the cell surface in the presence of the glucosylation inhibitor tunicamycin (14). Moreover, treatment of the purified integrin with N-glycosidase F resulted in blocking the inherent association of both subunits and the interaction between integrin and FN, suggesting that N-glycosylation is essential for the integrin to be functional (15).

Integrin-mediated biological functions such as cell spreading and cell migration can be modulated as a consequence of an aberrant change in the N-glycosylation of integrins, which is often associated with a carcinogenic process (12, 13, 16–18). Several research groups, including our group, recently reported that alterations in the oligosaccharide portion of integrin 51, which are modulated by the expression of each glycosyltransferase gene such as N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V), GnT-III, and 2,6-sialytransferase, regulate cell malignant phenotypes such as 51-mediated cell migration and cell spreading (19–21). It has also been reported that alterations in the glycosylation state on the integrin affect its binding affinity to FN. In the case of the addition of a bisecting GlcNAc, a product of GnT-III, to the 5 subunit, its binding to FN was reduced substantially (20). Conversely, the expression of hyposialylated integrin 51 was reported to be induced by phorbol ester-stimulated differentiation in myeloid cells, resulting in an increase FN binding (21). Alterations of N-glycans on integrins could also regulate their cis interactions with membrane-associated proteins, including the epidermal growth factor receptor, the urokinase-type plasminogen activation receptor, and the tetraspanin family of proteins (22–25).

Although the N-glycosylation of integrin 51 plays crucial roles in heterodimer formation and its biological functions, it contains 26 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, 14 in the subunit and 12 in the subunit. In this study, to determine which of the N-glycosylation sites on the 5 subunit are essential for these functions, we sequentially mutated one or combined asparagine residues in the putative N-glycosylation sites to glutamine residues, and then transfected these mutant genes into 5-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (CHO-B2). We found that the N-glycosylation on the -propeller domain of the 5 subunit, in particular sites number 3–5 sites, is essential for its heterodimer formation and its biological functions such as cell spreading and cell migration, as well as the proper folding of the 5 subunit.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Antibodies—A hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the human integrin 5 subunit (BIIG2) and the supernatant of the hybridoma of hamster integrin 1 subunit (7E2) were purchased from Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa (26, 27). The BIIG2 antibody was purified from the hybridoma supernatant with protein G-Sepharose^TM 4 Fast Flow (Amersham Biosciences). For Western blot analysis, mAb against human integrin 5 subunit (clone1) was obtained from BD Biosciences. The rabbit antibody anti-integrin 5 carboxyl-terminal domain (AB1949) and a non-functional blocking antibody (HA5, MAB1999) were purchased from Chemicon (Temecula, CA). The peroxidase-conjugate goat antibody against mouse IgG was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI.). Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-mouse IgG and phalloidin Alexa Fluor 546 were obtained from Invitrogen. The goat antibody against the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was obtained from Rockland Immunochemicals, Inc. (Gilbertsville, PA).

Integrin 5 Subunit Expression Vector—The cDNA of the human integrin 5 subunit was amplified by PCR from the reverse-transcribed product of human placenta total RNA (OriGene Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD) to yield the fragment flanked by the NheI and XhoI sites for 5' and just before the stop codon using a mutagenic PCR primer. This complete cDNA of the integrin 5 subunit was cloned into a cloning vector (pGEMT-Easy; Promega, Madison, WI). The sequence of the full length of cDNA was confirmed using an ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Mutations were introduced into the cDNA for 5 using a QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For expression in mammalian cells, these 5 cDNAs were digested by NheI and XhoI and ligated to multiple cloning sites of NheI and SalI (XhoI-compatible cohesive end) of pEGFP-N1 (BD Biosciences) with using the T4 ligase. The GFP-tagged 5 subunit contains a 13-amino acid linker (STVPRARDPPVAT) between the carboxyl-terminal domain of 5 and the GFP tag. The coding regions of all constructs of cDNA of the 5 subunit were sequenced, to confirm the presence of the desired mutations as shown Fig. 1 without any additional mutation.

Cell Culture—Integrin 5 subunit-deficient CHO K1 mutant cells (CHO-B2) were a gift from Dr. Rudolf Juliano (School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) (28). CHO-B2 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Sigma) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The cDNA of integrin 5-GFP WT and mutants were transfected into CHO-B2 cells with Lipofectamine^TM 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were selected in the presence of 1.5 mg/ml G418 disulfate (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). The antibiotic-resistant and GFP-positive colonies were picked up and used in subsequent studies.

Cell Adhesion—Cell spreading assays were performed as described previously with minor modifications (20). Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates (Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) were coated with a solution of 10 µg/ml human serum FN (Sigma) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) overnight at 4 °C and blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in DMEM for 1 h at 37 °C. The cells were detached with trypsin containing 1 mM EDTA, washed with serum-containing DMEM, and then suspended in serum-free DMEM with 0.1% BSA at 4 x 10⁴ cells/ml. To confirm whether or not the cell spreading on FN was 51 integrin-dependent, cells were preincubated with the functional blocking mAb against 5 (BIIG2) or rat control IgG at final concentrations at 10 µg/ml at room temperature for 10 min before plating. After a 20-min incubation, nonadherent cells were removed by washing with PBS, and the attached cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS, and representative fields were then observed by phase contrast microscopy.

Cell Migration—Transwell (BD BioCoat^TM Control Inserts, 8.0-µm inserts; BD Biosciences) were coated by incubation in 10 µg/ml FN in PBS overnight at 4 °C followed by an incubation with 1% BSA for 1 h at 37 °C. Cells were detached with a trypsin containing 1 mM EDTA, washed once with DMEM containing 10% FBS, and then suspended in DMEM containing 1% FBS at 1 x 10⁶ cells/ml. The cell suspension (100 µl) was preincubated with the anti-5 integrin antibody (BIIG2) or rat control IgG at a final concentration of 10 µg/ml for 10 min, and then added to each upper side of the chamber. After 3 h of incubation at 37 °C, the remaining cells on the upper side of the chamber were carefully scraped off with a cotton swab. Cells that migrated to the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS, stained with 0.3% crystal violet for 30 min, and then observed under a phase-contrast microscope and counted as migrated cells.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy—Glass coverslips (Iwaki, Tokyo, Japan) were coated with FN (20 µg/ml) in PBS overnight at 4 °C and then blocked with 1% BSA. The wild type and mutant of CHO-B2 cells were replated on the coverslips by incubation for 2 h in DMEM containing 1% BSA. The cells were then fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 min and permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 at room temperature for 5 min. The integrin 1 subunit was visualized by incubating cells with the mAb against the hamster integrin 1 subunit (7E2), followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-mouse IgG. Actin filaments were stained with Alexa Fluor 546-conjugated phalloidin.

Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot—Cells were washed with ice-cold PBS and lysed in lysis buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% (w/v) Nonidet P-40, Complete^TM EDTA-free protease inhibitor mixture (Roche Diagnostics). The cell lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 x g for 15 min at 4 °C. The supernatants were collected, and protein concentrations were determined by means of a protein assay Coomassie Brilliant Blue kit (Nacalai Tesque). Equal amounts of protein samples were incubated with 2 µg of each antibody for 1 h and then 15 µl of protein G-Sepharose was added for another 1-h incubation at 4 °C. To avoid antibody (IgG) contamination in the immunocomplexes, because IgG migrated at a rate similar to the integrins under nonreducing conditions on SDS-PAGE, we cross-linked goat antibody with protein G-Sepharose by means of disuccinimidyl substrate (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The immunoprecipitates were washed three times with lysis buffer. Equal amounts of proteins were subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Schleicher & Schuell). The membrane was incubated with primary and secondary antibodies for 1 h each, and detection was performed using an ECL kit (Amersham Biosciences) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Cell Surface Biotinylation—Cell surface biotinylation was performed as described previously with minor modifications (20). Briefly, semi-confluent cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS, and then incubated with ice-cold PBS containing 0.2 mg/ml sulfosuccinimidobiotin (Pierce) for 1 h at 4°C. After washing three times with ice-cold PBS, the cells were harvested and lysed in lysis buffer as described above. The resulting cell lysate was immunoprecipitated with the anti-integrin 5 antibody. The immunocomplex was subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The biotinylated proteins were detected with a Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA).

Metabolic Labeling—For pulse-chase experiments, cells grown at 90% confluence on 6-well dishes were washed three times with FBS-free medium and then starved for 30 min in DMEM by excluding methionine and cysteine (Sigma). After starvation, the cells were pulse-labeled in 500 µl of DMEM containing 200 µCi of [³⁵S]methionine and cysteine (Amersham Biosciences) for 30 min, and then chased with complete DMEM containing 10% FBS at the indicated times. The cells were lysed, and the cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with the goat anti-GFP polyclonal antibody or anti-hamster 1 subunit antibody. The immunoprecipitates were separated on 7.5% SDS-PAGE. After drying the gels, radioactive bands were visualized with a Fuji BAS 2500 Bio-Image Analyzer.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 1. Schematic illustration of potential N-glycosylation sites on the integrin 5 subunit. The sites corresponding to putative N-glycosylation sites (N84Q, N182Q, N297Q, N307Q, N316Q, N524Q, N530Q, N593Q, N609, N675Q, N712Q, N724Q, N773Q, and N868Q) are shown by arrows. The crosses represent the unglycosylation of each N-glycan site by site-directed mutagenesis.

	RESULTS

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Construction of Various Integrin 5 Mutants by the Mutagenesis of Potential N-Glycosylation Sites—Human integrin 5 contains 14 N-glycosylation sites (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr), Asn-84, Asn-182, Asn-297, Asn-307, Asn-316, Asn-524, Asn-530, Asn-593, Asn-609, Asn-675, Asn-712, Asn-724, Asn-773, and Asn-868, as shown in Fig. 1, which are located in the extracellular segment and are well conserved in the human, mouse, and rat. The potential N-glycosylation mutants were constructed as shown in Fig. 1 and as follows: 14 single mutants (N84Q, N182Q, N297Q, N307Q, N316Q, N524Q, N530Q, N593Q, N609Q, N675Q, N712Q, N724Q, N773Q, and N868Q), combined mutants (N87Q/N182Q/N297Q/N307Q/N316Q and N524Q/N530Q/N593Q/N609/N675Q/N712Q/N724Q/N773Q/N868Q), and the removal of all sites other than indicated sites (N297/N307/N316) as the S3-5 mutant in the presumed -propeller, Thigh, Calf, and whole domains, respectively. The mutant cDNAs were transfected to CHO-B2 cells, an 5-deficient cell line, and stable cell lines for the expression of 5 integrin were selected with G418.

View larger version (113K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 2. Comparison of cell spreading on FN for various unglycosylated mutants of 5 subunit. Cells were detached and then replated on dishes that had been pre-coated with 10 µg/ml of FN. After incubation for 30 min, cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde, and representative fields were photographed using a 200-fold phase contrast microscope. The bar denotes 120 µm.

View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 3. Effects of unglycosylation of 5 subunit on cell migration. Cell migration was determined using a transwell assay, as described under "Materials and Methods." After incubation for 3 h, migrated cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde, stained with a 0.3% crystal violet, and photographed using a 200-fold phase contrast microscope. Arrowheads indicate migrated cells. The percentage of migrated cells was determined from the ratio of the number of migrated cells of each mutant to that of cells expressing the WT of 5 subunit. Data were obtained from three of independent experiments (mean values ± S.D.). The bar denotes 120 µm.

View larger version (71K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 4. Comparison of actin stress fiber formation among various transfectants spread on FN. Cells were detached and then replated on coverslips that had been pre-coated with 20 µg/ml FN in PBS and blocked with a 1% BSA as described under "Materials and Methods." After incubation for 2 h, cells were fixed, permeabilized, and then visualized with phalloidin-Alexa 549 (actin) and GFP tag (5 integrin), respectively. The bar is 10 µm.

N-Glycosylation on -Propeller Is Required for / Heterodimerization—It has been reported that functional integrin 51 is required for not only the heterodimerization of 5 and 1 subunits (4) but also for the maturation of N-glycans on the integrin (33). Here we investigated the heterodimeric formation of 5 and 1 subunits by immunoprecipitation and an immunostaining assay. The subunits expressed in WT, 6–14, and the S3-5 transfectants were clearly observed in integrin 1 immunocomplexes. However, the subunits expressed by 1–5 or vector control cells were under the detectable levels in integrin 1 immunocomplexes (Fig. 5C). The 1 subunits expressed in WT, 6–14, and S3-5, but not in the 1–5 transfectants, were consistently detected in 5 immunocomplexes (Fig. 5D). Surprisingly, the levels of 1 subunits expressed in total cell lysates of the 1–5 and GFP control transfectants were significantly decreased, compared with cells that expressed WT, 6–14, or S3-5 mutants (Fig. 5E). The phenomenon was also confirmed by co-transfection of 5 (WT, 6–14, S3-5, or 1–5) plus the 1 subunit in 293T cells. The findings showed that the expression levels of the 1 integrin in the 1–5 and GFP control transfectants were reduced, compared with those in the WT, 6–14, or S3-5 transfectants (data not shown). The association or dissociation of integrin and subunits was confirmed by immunostaining. Heterodimer formation of 5 and 1 was clearly observed in WT, 6–14, or S3-5, but not the 1–5 transfectants, as shown in Fig. 5F, arrowheads. Collectively, these results suggest that the N-glycosylation of the -propeller domain of the 5 subunit is involved in the formation of heterodimers.

Effects of N-Glycosylation on -Propeller of 5 on Post-translational Processing and Stability for 1 Integrin—To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of impaired heterodimer formation and the decreased expression of the 1 subunit in 1–5, the kinetics of the biosynthesis of the 5 and 1 subunits in WT and the mutant transfectants were examined by a pulse-chase method. When chased at 0 h, one band of the 5 subunit precursor was clearly observed in both the WT and 1–5 mutant transfectants. The contents of the mature forms of the 5 subunit were progressively increased during chases, reaching a maximum at over an 8-h chase in the 5 WT transfectants (Fig. 6A, upper panel). Concomitantly, the maturation of the 1 subunit with doublet bands as described in a previous study (34) was also observed in the WT transfectants. In contrast, the maturation of the 5 subunit was not detectable in the 1–5 transfectants, even in an 8-h chase (Fig. 6A, lower panel). Surprisingly, the immunocomplexes of the 5 subunit completely lacked the 1 subunit in the mutant transfectants. These results suggest that the N-glycosylation of the -propeller may play an important role in heterodimer formation of and subunits in the ER. On the other hand, when endogenous 1 subunit was immunoprecipitated with the anti-integrin 1 antibody (7E2), the precursors of 1 subunits were clearly observed in the both transfectants at a 0-h chase (Fig. 6B). The 5 subunit was consistently detected in WT but not the 1–5 transfectants, further supporting the notion that N-glycosylation of the -propeller of 5 subunit is required for heterodimer formation, as described above. The processing pattern of the 1 subunit precursor was similar to the 5 subunit, which was gradually converted to the mature form, showing bands shifted up in the WT transfectants. Such maturation could be not detected in 1–5 mutant cells. Interestingly, the rate of degradation of the 1 subunit was much faster in the 1–5 mutant cells than in the WT cells (Fig. 6B). In fact, it has been reported that the excess 1 integrin could be degraded via the proteasome-dependent pathway (35, 36). To examine whether this is the case, a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, was added to the culture media. In fact, the degradation of the precursors of the 1 integrin was efficiently blocked in the presence of MG-132 as observed in the 8-h chase (Fig. 6B, lower panel). The degradation of the 1 subunit precursor, but not its mature form, was also inhibited by treatment of WT 5 cells with MG-132 (Fig. 6B, upper panel). These results clearly demonstrate that N-glycosylation on the -propeller domain of the 5 is essential for maturation, heterodimer formation, and the stability of 51 integrin.

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 5. Effects of unglycosylation of the5 subunit on its expression and association with the1 subunit. A, total cell lysates from different transfectants expressing GFP tag as a control, WT, and several unglycosylated mutants as indicated (1–5, 6–15, and S3-5) were blotted with the anti-integrin 5 antibody (clone 1). B, biotinylated cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated with the rabbit anti-integrin 5 antibody. The samples were then subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and biotinylated proteins were detected as described under "Materials and Methods." Asterisks and bracket indicate the position of migration of each corresponding integrin 5 and 1 subunits, respectively. Cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with the anti-hamster 1(C) or the anti-GFP (D) antibody, and immunoprecipitated samples were detected with the anti-human 5 at reducing conditions or the anti-hamster 1 at nonreducing conditions according to "Materials and Methods." E, the expression level of the 1 subunit was detected in total lysates. F, cells suspended in DMEM without fetal calf serum were replated on coverslips that had been pre-coated with 20 µg/ml FN. After incubation for 2 h, the cells were replaced with the normal culture media containing 10% fetal calf serum and then incubated overnight at 37 °C. The cells were stained with the mAb against hamster 1 subunits (7E2) and then visualized with the goat antibody for mouse IgG-conjugated Alexa 549. Integrin 5 subunit was visualized with GFP. Arrowheads represent co-localization of and subunits. The bar denotes 10 µm. WB, Western blot.

Association between Calnexin and Unglycosylated Mutant of -Propeller—To determine the possible involvement of chaperones such as calnexin and calreticulin in the folding of these mutants, we examined the association of these mutants with calnexin and calreticulin by co-immunoprecipitation. Calnexin and calreticulin are ER chaperon proteins that are associated with the monoglucosidated N-glycans on a misfolded glycoprotein to offer the protein an opportunity to fold correctly and then to be exported out of the ER (37, 38). As shown in Fig. 9, increases in calnexin binding were clearly observed in these mutants, compared with that in WT of 5 subunit. In addition, the highest ratio of calnexin binding was found in 1–5 among these mutants, suggesting that this mutant was a misfolded protein and could not escape from the calnexin cyclic machinery to be exported from the ER. Moreover, it seemed that the ratios of relative binding of calnexin to these mutants were inversely correlated with their expression levels on the cell surface. On the other hand, no association of these mutants with calreticulin could be detected in this study (data not shown). In fact, several studies have suggested that various glycoproteins may specifically associate with calnexin or calreticulin, to achieve folding (37, 39–41). We next examined the localization of these mutants, and we found that the localization of the 1–5 mutant was quite different from that of WT, although similar to that of calnexin, which is localized in the ER (Fig. 9C), further supporting the view that N-glycosylation of -propeller is important for its export from the ER to the cell surface. Consistent with this, the expression level of the 3–5 mutant on the cell surface was comparable with that of WT as shown in Fig. 7, and the localization of 3–5 was also quite similar to that of WT (data not shown).

View larger version (68K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 6. Comparison of expression patterns of 5 and 1 subunits in WT and 1–5 transfectants by pulse-chase assay. After metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine for 30 min, cells were washed with fresh medium and then chased at the indicated times. The cells expressing WT (upper panel) or 1–5 (lower panel) of 5 subunits were lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-GFP (A) and anti-1 integrin antibody (B) at the indicated times. Open arrows, closed arrows, and arrows marked with star indicate the migrated position of precursor of 5, 1, and the corresponding mature forms, respectively. MG-132 is a proteasome inhibitor.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

It has been reported or speculated that N-glycosylation facilitates conformational maturation by promoting the glycoprotein folding machinery and functions as tags for ER retention and targeting to the ER-associated degradation pathway (45, 46). Yoshida et al. (46) reported that the F-box protein Fbx2, a novel ubiquitin ligase, specifically interacted with the precursor of integrin 1 that contains a high mannose-type oligosaccharide. It is thought that the 1 subunit can associate with de novo synthesized subunit, otherwise the excess of noncomplexed 1 would be either degraded immediately or remain in the ER (35, 36). We have shown that treatment with MG-132 resulted in the inhibition of 1 subunit degradation, suggesting that the reduction of the expression level of the 1 subunit in the 1–5 mutant transfectants was because of degradation probably through a proteasome pathway. It is clear that the impaired assembly and processing of the 5 subunit was not because of the down-regulation of mRNA of the 1 integrin, because the protein expression levels of the 1 subunit in the 1–5 mutants as shown in pulse-chase experiments (Fig. 6) did not show any significant changes compared with that in the WT transfectants. The disassembly of was also confirmed by the transient transfection of the 1–5 mutant, and the 1 subunit in 293T cells (data not shown) further supports the notion that N-glycosylation on the -propeller is essential for assembly.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 7. Comparison of expression levels on the cell surface among the unglycosylated mutants. The functional epitope expression on the cell surface was examined by its reactivity with the functional blocking anti-5 antibody (BIIG2), whereas total expression was examined by the nonfunctional blocking anti-5 antibody (HA5). The indicated cells were labeled with BIIG2 (A, left panel) or HA5 (A, right panel, and C), followed by a Alexa 647-labeled secondary antibody, prior to analysis by FACS, as described under "Materials and Methods." Negative control staining (shaded histogram) was done without the first antibody. The relative ratios of functional expression of 5 integrin were determined by dividing the mean fluorescence intensity of BIIG2 by that of HA5, with WT as 100% (B).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 8. Comparison of cell spreading on FN for unglycosylated mutants. Cells were detached and then replated on dishes that had been pre-coated with 10 µg/ml FN. After incubation for 30 min, cells were fixed with 3.7% paraformaldehyde. Relative cell spreading was determined by the percentage of cells spread, with WT as 100%. Data were obtained from three of independent experiments (mean values ± S.D.).

Considering that the three sites (3–5 sites) are sufficiently close, either 10 or 9 residues to the neighboring N-glycosylation site, there might exist in these three sites a cross-competition for the transferase complexes as described by Karamyshev et al. (48). We examined the bands of these mutants migrated on SDS-PAGE by Western blotting, and we found that there were no band shifts among the S3,4, S4,5, and S3,5 mutants, except for the S3-5 mutant (data not shown), suggesting that no apparent competition exists for the transferase complex in the three sites of 5 subunit.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIGURE 9. Association of the unglycosylated mutants with calnexin. A, the indicated cells were lysed and immunoprecipitated (IP) with a goat anti-GFP antibody. The samples were then subjected to 7.5% SDS-PAGE, and immune complexes were detected with rabbit anti-calnexin or mouse anti-integrin 5 as described under "Materials and Methods." B, relative ratios of calnexin binding were determined by dividing the mean intensity of calnexin calculated with Image J (NIH image) by that of integrin 5, with WT as 1.0. C, cells cultured on grass bottom dishes were stained with rabbit anti-calnexin and then visualized with the goat antibody for rabbit IgG-conjugated Alexa 549 (calnexin) and GFP (5 integrin). The bar denotes 10 µm.

Detailed structural studies of integrins have been consistently hampered because of the small amounts of purified protein available, the large size and the conformational flexibility of integrins, and the presence of transmembrane domains and N-linked glycosylation sites in both receptor subunits. To date, no atomic resolution structure is available for integrin 51, the non-I domain integrin. It has been reported recently that the structures of N-glycan on integrin51 may be present in a site-specific and dependent manner (54). Therefore, we believe that mutants of the 5 subunit, such as S3-5 or S5, might be useful for a crystal structural study in the future.

In conclusion, this study clearly reports, for the first time, that N-glycosylation on the -propeller domain of the 5 subunit is essential for the dimer formation and its biological function, and might also shed light on structure-based molecular mechanism study.

	FOOTNOTES

 
^* This work was supported in part by Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), and the 21st Century COE program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 81-22-727-0078; Fax: 81-22-727-0216; E-mail: jgu{at}tohoku.pharm.ac.jp.

² The abbreviations used are: FN, fibronectin; GnT, N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; mAb, monoclonal antibody; GFP, green fluorescence protein; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; FBS, fetal bovine serum; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; BSA, bovine serum albumin; WT, wild type; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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