Advertisement
JBC

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M605544200 on September 15, 2006

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 46, 35281-35288, November 17, 2006
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental Data
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
281/46/35281    most recent
M605544200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Nooh, M. M.
Right arrow Articles by Kansal, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Nooh, M. M.
Right arrow Articles by Kansal, R.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin, SmeZ, Is the Most Susceptible M1T1 Streptococcal Superantigen to Degradation by the Streptococcal Cysteine Protease, SpeB*Formula

Mohammed M. Nooh{ddagger}§1, Ramy K. Aziz§12, Malak Kotb{ddagger}§, Alexey Eroshkin||, Woei-Jer Chuang**, Thomas Proft{ddagger}{ddagger}, and Rita Kansal§3

From the Departments of {ddagger}Molecular Sciences and §Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and the Research Center, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, ||the Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, the **Department of Biochemistry, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan 701, Taiwan, and the {ddagger}{ddagger}Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Received for publication, June 9, 2006 , and in revised form, August 21, 2006.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Superantigens (SAgs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe invasive infections caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS). We had shown earlier that the expression of streptococcal cysteine protease SpeB results in partial loss of the immune-stimulating activity of the native secreted GAS SAgs, namely the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins produced by the globally disseminated M1T1 GAS strain, associated with invasive infections worldwide. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of each of the M1T1 recombinant SAgs to degradation by rSpeB. Whereas SmeZ was degraded completely within 30 min of incubation with rSpeB, SpeG, and SpeA were more resistant and SpeJ was completely unaffected by the proteolytic effects of this protease. Proteomic analyses demonstrated that the order of susceptibility of the M1T1 SAgs to SpeB proteolysis is unaltered when they are present in a mixture that reflects their native physiological status. As expected, the degradation of SmeZ abolished its immune stimulatory activity. In silico sequence disorder and structural analyses revealed that SmeZ, unlike the three other structurally related SAgs, possesses a putative SpeB cleavage site within an area of the protein likely to be exposed to the surface. The study provides evidence for the effect of subtle structural differences between highly similar SAgs on their biological activity.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Group A streptococci (GAS)4 are Gram-positive bacteria responsible for human diseases with varying severity (1, 2). The outcome of these infections is affected by a complex interplay between several surface-associated and secreted bacterial virulence factors, and host immune defenses (3, 4). Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spes) are well known for their superantigenic activity and have been shown to be pivotal in the pathogenesis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) and necrotizing fasciitis (NF, the flesh-eating disease) (5, 6). SAgs are unusual bacterial toxins that play an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including food poisoning, autoimmunity, and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) (2, 7). A major feature of SAgs is that they bind directly to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules and to the T-lymphocyte receptor (TCR) causing the activation of larger numbers of T-lymphocytes, almost 1000-fold more than those activated by regular antigens (2). This unconventional mode of activation causes excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that can lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and multiple organ system failure (2, 7, 8). Whereas all GAS isolates examined thus far secrete one or more SAg, different strains can produce very different spectra of the >24 streptococcal SAgs. One of the most clinically relevant strains, the M1T1 strain, whose appearance coincided with the resurgence of severe streptococcal infections around the world in the 1980s, has the following SAg-encoding genes: speA, speF, speG, speJ, and SmeZ (9). SpeA, a horizontally acquired SAg, that has been recently introduced into this strain, has been shown to be a major player in the pathogenesis of STSS. Another streptococcal superantigen, SmeZ, was shown to play an important role in streptococcal pathogenesis (10, 11).

M1T1 isolates obtained from patients with invasive GAS disease of varying severity carry identical spe genotypes but may differ in their SAg expression phenotype (9). Whereas the disease severity could not be correlated to the a particular M1T1 SAg, there was a highly significant inverse correlation between severity of the invasive infection and the expression of the streptococcal cysteine protease, which is an important GAS virulence factor. SpeB modifies host proteins like matrix proteins thereby facilitating bacterial invasion, and it can posttranslationally cleave and activate precursors for several cytokines and important components of the coagulation pathway (12, 13). However, SpeB can also modify and/or inactivate several important GAS virulence proteins, including the anti-phagocytic M protein, the anti-chemotactic C5a peptidase as well as many secreted virulence proteins (12-15). The activity of SpeB seems to be specific as certain bacterial proteins resist its proteolytic activity (14).

We demonstrated that the expression of SpeB significantly reduces the immune-stimulating activity of secreted native M1T1 SAgs (14). However, we never saw complete loss of the superantigenic activity, even in the presence of high concentrations of secreted or added rSpeB. The partial loss of proliferative activity and the fact that the SAgs responsible for the expansion of SmeZ1 specific T cells with TCRVbeta4, TCRVbeta7, and TCRVbeta8 was blocked in the presence of SpeB while the expansion of T cells expressing TCRVbeta2 was unaffected, suggested that SpeB selectively degrade some but not all SAgs produced by M1T1 GAS.

The present study was designed to examine the effect of SpeB on the streptococcal SAgs individually or in combination, as they exist in their native form during infection. We demonstrate a significantly higher susceptibility of SmeZ to SpeB-proteolysis that was correlated to the presence of an exposed loop on the surface of this protein, as revealed by bioinformatics and structural analysis.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Generation of Recombinant GAS Superantigens—rSpeA2, rSmeZ1, rSpeG, and rSpeJ were expressed as histidine-tagged fusion proteins containing a factor Xa protease site according to the manufacturer's recommendations (Promega, Madison, WI and Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA). Primer pairs used for the cloning were as follows: SpeA (672 bp-5'-gaggcctcaacaagaccccgatc-3' forward and 5'-gaagcttacttggttgttaggtagact-3' reverse), SmeZ (645 bp-5'-gaggcctttagaagtagataataattc-3' forward and 5'-caaagcttaggagtcaatttc-3' reverse), SpeG (630 bp-5'-taggcctgatgaaaatttaaaag-3' forward and 5'-caagcttctagtgcgtttttaa-3' reverse) and SpeJ (630 bp-5'-gaggcctatgaaaagaataataaaaacaa-3' forward and 5'-gaagcttatttagtccaaaggtaa-3' reverse). The forward and reverse primers contained StuI and HindIII restriction sites, respectively. The amplified products were purified, subcloned in pGEM-TEasy vector (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), and sequenced (UTHSC Molecular Resource Center). The correct cloned inserts were digested with StuI and HindIII, subcloned into the pQE30Xa vector (Qiagen), propagated in DH5{alpha} Escherichia coli cells and subsequently used to transform M15 E. coli cells. rSAg protein expression was induced with 1 mM isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside) for 3 h. Proteins in the bacterial cell lysate were resolved by SDS-PAGE, and the specific expression of each rSAg protein was determined by immunoblotting with RGS-His horseradish peroxidase conjugate kit (Qiagen) and specific rabbit polyclonal anti-Spe antibodies. rSAgs were purified as His fusion proteins using Ni-NTA superflow according to manufacturer's recommendations (Qiagen). The purity of rSAgs was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and silver staining. The purified rSAgs were treated with polymyxin B agarose (Roche Applied Sciences) to remove any contaminating endotoxin. Enzymatically active rSpeB was generated by one of us (Woei-Jer Chaung) and expressed and purified as detailed earlier (14).

Polyclonal Rabbit anti-Spe Antibodies—Specific polyclonal rabbit antibodies to SpeA were generated as previously described (16). Antibodies to SmeZ, SpeG, and SpeJ were generated by an author (T. Proft).

Effect of SpeB on rSAgs—Each of the rSAgs (200 µg/ml) was incubated with the preactivated rSpeB (200 µg/ml) at 37 °C. We generated the enzymatically active form of rSpeB by incubating the 40-kDa precursor for 8 h at 37°C in the presence of 5 mM dithiothreitol and EDTA. To monitor the kinetics of the effect of rSpeB on rSAgs, we aliquoted samples at 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 18-h postincubation. We stopped the SpeB enzymatic activity immediately at each time point by adding the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 (Roche Applied Science) at a final concentration of 28 µM. The samples were frozen at -20 °C until further analyses. To check the specificity of the SpeB proteolytic activity, we also included a control where its activity was inhibited from the start of incubation by adding E-64. The digestion mixtures (rSAgs + rSpeB) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose paper. We analyzed the proteolytic degradation of the rSAgs following incubation with rSpeB by Western blots using specific anti-Spe antibodies.

Proteomic Analysis of the SAg Mixture—The four recombinant M1T1 SAgs (SpeA, SpeG, SpeJ, and SmeZ) were mixed in equal amounts (10 µg/ml) and treated with 20 or 200 µg/ml of preactivated SpeB. The cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64 (final concentration of 28 µM) was used to stop the reaction after 8 h. Prior to isoelectric focusing (IEF), the SAg mixture, with and without active SpeB, was lyophilized to dryness, then resuspended in 125 µl of rehydration buffer composed of 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% CHAPS, 20 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.16% of 40% Bio-Rad 3-10 ampholytes (Bio-Rad). IEF was performed in a Protean IEF cell, and the second dimension SDS electrophoresis was run on a Protean Minigel Dodeca apparatus (Bio-Rad) as detailed elsewhere (15). Protein spots, visualized by silver staining, were cut from the gels, destained, and digested with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were extracted with 60% acetonitrile/5% trifluoroacetic acid, purified on micro-C18 columns (Ziptips-Millipore), and finally eluted in the matrix solution ({alpha}-cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid dissolved in 50% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). To identify these proteins, we analyzed their tryptic peptide masses by MALDI-TOF MS using a Voyager DE RP (ABI) in the Stout Neuroscience Laboratory (UTHSC proteomic facility) and then we used the Aldente software to match the peptide masses to proteins in the databases.

N-terminal Sequencing of the Strep SAg following Incubation with rSpeB—N-terminal protein sequencing (Edman degradation) was performed by Midwest Analytical, Inc.

Bioinformatics Analysis of SAg Sequences—We used several bioinformatics tools to analyze the amino acid sequences of the four M1T1 SAgs as well as their secondary and tertiary structures. We aligned the primary sequences using the ClustalW analysis tool (17) in VectorNTI suite (Invitrogen). We used the Consensus Disorder Prediction (CDP) tool from the Center on Proteolytic Pathways (CPP).

This tool implements five different disorder prediction methods: COILs, REM465, and HOTLOOPs (from disEMBL) and GlobPlot (18) and DISOPRED (19). In CDP, if more than half of these applied methods calculate a residue as disordered, a consensus is generated and the residue is scored as disordered. The three-dimensional structures for SpeA and SmeZ were accessed from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Molecular Modeling DataBase (MMDB). SpeA accession numbers: 1L0X and 1L0Y, SmeZ accession numbers: 1ET6, 1EU3. The structure models were generated using SWISS-MODEL (20).

Effect of SpeB on the Functional Activity of Streptococcal Sags— For assessment of the effect of SpeB on the ability of SAgs to induce lymphocyte proliferation, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinized blood of healthy individuals as detailed previously (21) and stimulated with each of rSAg with or without preincubation with active rSpeB as detailed above. PBMC (105 cells/200 µl) were stimulated with serial 2-fold dilutions of either the tested rSAg ± rSpeB or the polyclonal mitogen, phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) at 1 µg/ml conc. T-cell proliferation was assessed by measuring [3H]thymidine uptake after 72 h of culture.

Analysis of TCR Vbeta Repertoire by Flow Cytometry—Each SAg has a characteristic Vbeta specificity and preferentially activates T cells expressing certain Vbeta elements. We used flow cytometry for quantitative analysis of preferential expansion of lymphocytes with specific TCR Vbetas using the IO Test Beta Mark TCR Vbeta Repertoire kit (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL). We used a CD3-PC5-conjugate as an additional marker to enable proper gating on T-lymphocytes only. PBMC were isolated from the blood of a healthy individual by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation, incubated at 107 cells/5 ml of RPMI with 10% fetal calf serum, and stimulated with optimum concentration of each SAg (without or with rSpeB) or PHA at 1 µg/ml. After 72 h, the cells were cultured for an additional 24 h in the presence of 10 units/ml recombinant human IL-2 to allow the regeneration of modulated T-cell receptors. The cells were then harvested, washed extensively with phosphate-buffered saline containing 1% bovine serum albumin, and stained with different antibodies per the manufacturer's instructions. We gated on the CD3-PC5 blastogenic cells and performed simultaneous analysis of 3 TCR Vbetas per tube using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. We analyzed the data using Cell Quest software (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA). A minimum of 30,000 cell events were acquired for the analysis.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Proteolytic Degradation of Individual SAgs by SpeB—The clinically relevant M1T1 strain harbors the genes encoding for SAgs: SpeA, SpeF, SpeG, SpeH, SpeJ, and SmeZ. Using conventional methods of protein detection and identification, we observed that SpeF is completely degraded in the presence of SpeB (14). Because most of the remaining SAgs viz. SpeJ, SpeG, and SmeZ are secreted at levels much below the detection limits of conventional methods (14, 22), we extended these studies with the rSAgs.

SpeA, SpeJ, SpeG, and SmeZ appear to be affected differently by the rSpeB. SmeZ was most susceptible to proteolytic degradation by SpeB as early as 30-min postincubation (Fig. 1A) and was virtually undetectable after 8 h even at the lowest SpeB concentration used (Fig. 2A). Compared with SmeZ, SpeJ was the most resistant to SpeB degradation even after 18 h of co-incubation with the highest used dose of SpeB. Whereas SpeJ and SmeZ exhibited extreme resistance and susceptibility to SpeB, respectively, the susceptibility of SpeG and SpeA to the proteolytic activity of SpeB varied. After 8 h of incubation, SpeG showed slight and partial degradation by 20 and 200 µg/ml SpeB, whereas partial degradation of SpeA was only noted after 18h of incubation and only at the highest concentration of the protease (Fig. 1, A and B). In the presence of E-64, all SAgs were completely protected from SpeB degradation (Fig. 1B).


Figure 1
View larger version (41K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1.
Proteolytic degradation of individual SAgs by SpeB. A, Western blot analysis of the kinetics of M1T1 GAS SAg degradation by enzymatically active rSpeB. Each of the indicated rSAgs (200 µg/ml) was incubated with equal volume of preactivated rSpeB (200 µg/ml) at 37 °C. Aliquots (10 µl) were removed at 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 18 h postincubation, and the SpeB enzymatic activity was stopped immediately at each time point by adding the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 at a final concentration of 28 µM. Digestion of the rSAg protein was monitored by Western blots using SAg-specific antibodies. B, SpeB-specific degradation of superantigens can be inhibited with E-64: Western blot analysis of His-tagged rSAgs, SpeA, SpeJ, SpeG, and SmeZ incubated with 200 µg/ml of rSpeB for 8 h in the absence or presence of E-64. The blots were probed with specific anti-Spe antibodies. The band in the middle lanes migrated lower than the rSAg bands because rSpeB cleaves N-terminal His tag.

 
Thus far, we have determined the differential cysteine protease activity of rSpeB on each of the four rSAgs individually. In real life, however, these proteins are coexpressed in the GAS secretome. We asked if the presence of a mixture of SAgs would have a synergistic or antagonistic effect on their susceptibility to SpeB. Because these rSAgs have similar molecular weights, we resolved them by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis before and after their incubation with the activated rSpeB. The data shown in Fig. 2A and B confirmed the higher susceptibility of SmeZ to rSpeB activity and showed that this susceptibility is not altered by the presence of the other three SAgs. The susceptibility of other three SAgs in the mixture showed a similar pattern as that seen with each one of them individually: SpeG showed only partial degradation while SpeA and SpeJ remained unaffected up to 8 h of incubation with rSpeB (Fig. 2, A and B).


Figure 2
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2.
Proteolytic degradation of SAgs mixture by SpeB. A, all of the indicated rSAgs (200 µg/ml) were mixed together and incubated for 8 h with 0, 20, or 200 µg/ml of preactivated rSpeB. The mixtures were resolved on 12.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Digestion of the rSAg protein was monitored by Western blots using SAg-specific antibodies. B, two-dimensional gels of mixture of rSAgs (SpeA2:A, SpeG:G, SpeJ:J, SmeZ1:Z) incubated for 8 h with 0, 20, or 200 µg/ml of preactivated rSpeB (SpeB:B). The gels were stained with silver (left panels), and the silver-stained spots were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The gels were also blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane, which were probed with anti-SmeZ (middle panels) or anti-SpeA (right panels) antibodies as detailed under "Experimental Procedures." The SpeA spot in the lower right panel shows some tailing; this tailing in two-dimensional gels is due to incomplete isoelectric focusing (also apparent in the silver-stained gel) and may be caused by the excess SpeB (200 µg) added in this gel that might have rendered the focusing less efficient than the middle panel.

 
SpeB-driven Proteolytic Degradation of SAgs Affects their Biological Activity—Following the 8-h co-incubation with SpeB, the proliferation-inducing activity of SmeZ was reduced significantly (p = 0.003) whereas that of SpeA remained unchanged (Fig. 3A). The loss of proliferation inducing activity of SmeZ following incubation with SpeB could be inhibited by the addition of specific inhibitor E-64. The proliferation-inducing activities of SpeG and SpeJ remained unaffected by SpeB (data not shown).

The proliferation results were supported by TCR Vbeta analyses of the human T cells stimulated with a representative SpeB-resistant SAg, SpeA, or a SpeB-sensitive SAg, SmeZ. The skewed pattern of TCRVbeta repertoire in response to stimulation with SpeA was not altered following preincubation with SpeB. By contrast, the ability of SmeZ to induce the expansion of T cells bearing TCRVbeta4, TCRVbeta7.1, and TCRVbeta8, was diminished when the SAg was preincubated with SpeB (Fig. 3B), with a marked reduction in the number of activated T cells bearing TCRVbeta8 elements.

Specificity of SpeB Degradation—SpeB degraded the His tag on all the rSAgs used. This was first suggested by the appearance of a slightly faster migrating species in Westerns of SAgs preincubated with active SpeB, including those that resisted its proteolytic effects (Fig. 1A), and later confirmed when we probed the blots with anti-His antibodies and were unable to detect any SAg bands (data not shown), yet the proteins were readily detected at their expected size by their specific antibodies. These results prompted us to investigate the SpeB-specific cleavage sites on each of these SAgs and to explore why only SmeZ is degraded completely while other SAgs are not.

N-terminal sequencing of the protein fragments followed by amino acid alignment revealed that all four SAgs were cleaved between the glutamate (E) and glycine (G) residues just after the histidine tag (Fig. 4). These two residues do not belong to the cloned proteins but are rather encoded by the expression vector as part of the factor Xa cleavage site that was engineered between the His tag and the cloned protein to facilitate the removal of the His tag. Although SmeZ was also initially cleaved at the same site (15 min postincubation with SpeB), it was completely degraded by 30 min.

Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals a Putative SpeB Target Loop in SmeZ—The consensus target for cleavage by SpeB has been suggested to contain a hydrophobic residue (isoleucine or valine) at the P2 site and a positively charged residue (preferably lysine) at P1 (23, 24). Bioinformatics analysis of the primary sequence and the predicted secondary structure of the SAgs used in this study did not reveal a preferential abundance of the SpeB preferred sites in SmeZ when compared with the other SAgs. Alternatively, a plausible explanation of why SmeZ is totally degraded within an hour while SpeG, SpeA, and SpeJ are spared could lie in the folds of the tertiary structures of these proteins. Accordingly, it appears that the tertiary structure of SmeZ may make some SpeB-vulnerable targets exposed whereas these may be sequestered in other SAgs. Indeed, it was suggested that large local motions proximate to the scissile bonds are required for proteolysis and that the prime determinant for limited proteolysis is this ability to unfold locally (25). Accordingly, we used the CDP method (see "Experimental Procedures") to predict intrinsically disordered regions in the four rSAgs. Subsequently, we looked for the SpeB extended specificity pattern [ILVFMYW]K in regions predicted to be disordered to find potential cut sites of SpeB. The only site in disordered region was found in SmeZ, boosting the experimental observation of its selective susceptibility to rSpeB. On the other hand, the homologous area in the other SAgs was either not in a disordered region (rSpeG and rSpeJ), or was in a disordered region (rSpeA) but lacking the lysine residue and having an additional proline residue that adds steric hindrance which may interfere with proteolysis (Fig. 5). Comparing the crystal structures for SpeA and SmeZ revealed that the areas are surface exposed on loops, with the difference that this loop lacks lysine in SpeA (Fig. 5).


Figure 3
View larger version (27K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 3.
SpeB-driven proteolytic degradation of SAgs affects their biological activity. A, T-lymphocyte proliferation inducing activity of rSmeZ and rSpeA incubated without or with 200 µg/ml rSpeB (± E64) for 8 h. The proliferation inducing activity of each SAg was tested over a wide range (500 ng to 5pg/ml of the culture media). The results shown here, however, correspond to 2.5 and 10 ng/ml of SmeZ and SpeA, respectively. The data shown are representative of three independent experiments. Each value represents mean ± S.D. of four values. Statistical significance of the differences in the proliferation-inducing responses with or without incubation with rSpeB was determined by Student t test (two-tailed). B, SpeB selectively degrades SmeZ but spares SpeA. Expansion profiles of lymphocytes with specific T-cell receptor Vbeta in response to stimulation with SmeZ and SpeA with or without incubation with 200 µg/ml of rSpeB for 8 h. The final concentrations used for stimulation of SmeZ and SpeA were 5 and 10 ng/ml of the culture media, respectively.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
SAgs play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe invasive infections caused by Group A Streptococcus (3, 7), and their expression is tightly regulated both on the transcriptional and post-translational levels (14, 26, 27). We reported earlier that SpeB plays a pivotal role in the post-translational degradation of GAS secreted protein, which results in partial loss of proliferation-inducing activity of GAS supernatants containing a mixture of several secreted SAgs (14). In the present study, we demonstrated that SAgs vary considerably in the rate and extent of their proteolytic degradation by SpeB: while some SAgs are highly susceptible, others are resistant to the degradation by SpeB up to 18 h.

SpeB is a highly conserved GAS protein that, unlike some other phage-encoded streptococcal exotoxins, e.g. SpeA and SpeC, is encoded by chromosomal DNA. SpeB is secreted through the ExPortal, a unique single microdomain of the cellular membrane specialized to contain the Sec translocons (28) as a 40-kDa precursor that can catalyze its own processing to the enzymatically active 28-kDa form, also known as streptopain because of its close resemblance to papain. The enzyme is a cysteine protease belonging to a family of endopeptidases and shows a broad substrate specificity, including oxidized insulin B chain and other synthetic substrates (29). Although it is one of the earliest identified and most extensively studied streptococcal proteins, little is known about its cleavage sites. Most of the current knowledge about these cleavage sites comes from the enzyme effects on the natural substrates i.e. pro-SpeB, immunoglobulins, C5a peptidase, streptococcal proteins M and H (12, 13, 23), or synthetic peptides (24), but no comprehensive studies have been performed to determine a consensus SpeB cleavage site. From the few studies performed, the preferred target for SpeB favors a hydrophobic residue (isoleucine or valine) at the P2 site and a positively charged residue (preferably lysine) at P1 (23, 24). The only cleavage site that we could determine by N-terminal sequencing in our studies happens to have isoleucine (I) and glutamic acid (E) at P2 and P1, respectively. However, bioinformatics analysis of SmeZ1 (and other SemZ alleles) revealed a conserved intrinsically disordered region containing a motif vulnerable to SpeB YKSG. This motif was different in SpeA (YETG) and was preceded by a proline moiety that makes susceptibility to protease unlikely. In both SpeJ and SpeG, the homologous motif was totally in an ordered region and expected to be folded. This notion that folded domains are protected from proteolysis is experimentally supported by the fact that tethering a histidine tag to the recombinant SAgs and incubating the tagged rSAgs with enzymatically active SpeB leads to a prompt degradation of the foreign peptide linkers, generating products with identical N termini, suggesting that these peptide linkers were exposed to the cysteine protease because they did not fit in the SAgs folding scheme. Accessibility of the proteolytic cleavage sites is also known to play an important role in the autoprocessing of pro-speB because four of the five auto-processing cleavage sites identified are located on accessible loops in the SpeB structure (30).


Figure 4
View larger version (95K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 4.
Sites of cleavage of the various rSAgs by SpeB: alignment of the amino acid sequences of rSpeA2, rSpeG, rSpeJ, and rSmeZ1. All of the SAgs studied were cleaved at the N-terminal end of the first G in the protein (see arrow), thereby removing all extra amino acids added onto the protein as part of the His tag included in this expression vector. Sequences are aligned by ClustalW tool available in VectorNTI suite. Amino acids likely to be in disordered areas are shown in uppercase letters. The flexible loop encompassing the GSSYKS sequence in SmeZ1 (shown in a dashed box) is expected to be the most vulnerable site for SpeB cleavage. In the same loop, note that SpeA2 has an E instead of the K found in SmeZ1 and it is possible that this substitution may have rendered SpeA resistant to SpeB. Also, the extra P found in the SpeA but not the SmeZ1 loop, may restrict the flexibility of the loop and may contribute as well to its protection from SpeB proteolysis. (SpeA2 and SmeZ1 are the specific alleles of speA and SmeZ present in the M1T1 GAS.)

 


Figure 5
View larger version (46K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 5.
Ribbon diagram of the three-dimensional structures of SmeZ (left) and SpeA (right). Each shows a flexible loop that matches the region predicted by disorder analysis (see Fig. 4 and supplemental Fig. S1); however, only the SmeZ loops has a lysine moiety likely to be at the SpeB cleavage site.

 
How the selective degradation of SAgs affect the disease progression remains to be explored. Before moving from the in vitro observations to the in vivo implications, we have to address the question of what physiological concentrations these toxins achieve during infection. Because the concentrations of these SAgs achieved during infection are practically difficult to determine and are variable depending on the bacterial isolate and the site of bacterial infection, we decided to mix equal amounts of recombinant SAgs. At 200 µg/ml, a concentration much higher than its physiological concentration (22), SmeZ could still be degraded by SpeB, and a SpeB concentration as low as 20 µg/ml was sufficient to breakdown SmeZ to below detectable limits. However, it is not uncommon that an enzyme may fail to act properly when the substrate level becomes sparse. Thus, to address the functional implications of the differential effects of SpeB on M1T1 SAgs, we compared its effects on the functionality of the susceptible rSmeZ versus the resistant rSpeA. Using in vitro biochemical and biological assays, we showed that the selective degradation of SmeZ results in a significant loss of its superantigenic activity and its ability stimulate specific T-cells (Fig. 3, A and B), whereas all SpeA biological functions were practically unaffected.

The question remains: what happens during actual infections? A very relevant and complex question whose answer is controlled by at least three major factors, the coexpression of these proteins, their regulation, and their available space. In earlier studies, we showed that the relative expression of SpeA and SpeB protein and RNA is drastically and temporally reversed after animal passage (26). The differential expression of these proteins implies the presence of tight regulatory networks that affects their relative levels. High levels of SpeB expression in tissue and skin infection sites are in contrast with its complete shutdown in blood (31). In the initial phase of infection via skin or tissue, the bacteria need SpeB to break through the host tissue. Once the bacteria are in the blood, SpeB expression can be detrimental to the bacteria as this protease degrades most of the bacterial anti-phagocytic proteins as well as the SAgs (32-35).

Selective degradation of GAS proteins by SpeB may explain why it is advantageous for the bacteria to down-regulate SpeB after the initial stages of infection, but it also explains what has been thought as "functional redundancy" of SAgic toxins in GAS. From an evolutionary aspect, it appears that GAS continue to acquire via horizontal gene transfer, more SAgs that seem to resist SpeB activity. The present study suggests that SpeA and SpeJ might be two such horizontally acquired SAgs because of 2 reasons: 1) their location on phage or transposable elements and 2) their absence in many sequenced GAS strains.5 Both SpeA and SpeJ are not shared by all strains (SpeJ is present in M1 (36) and M28 (37), and SpeA in only 20% of GAS strains (38)). These superantigens also turn out to be most resistant to SpeB degradation and are able to keep their biological functions regardless whether SpeB is expressed or not. It is believed that nonspecific immune responses elicited by the SAgs may allow a subset of the bacteria to escape specific immune defenses and make their way to host niches where they can cause chronic diseases such as rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonepharitis, psoriasis, and pediatric neurological disorders (39).


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported in part by the American Heart Association Grant GIA-0455280B (to R. K.), Grant AI40198-06 from NIAID, National Institutes of Health (to M. K.), and by the Research and Development Office, Medical Research Service, Dept. of Veterans Affairs Merit Award (to M. K.). The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. 1-3. Back

1 These individuals contributed equally to this work. Back

2 Present address: Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. Back

3 To whom correspondence should be addressed: The Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Ave., 151 Research Services, Memphis, TN 38104. Tel.: 901-523-8990 (ext. 7609); Fax: 901-577-7273; E-mail: rkansal{at}utmem.edu.

4 The abbreviations used are: GAS, Group A streptococci; SAg, superantigen; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid; TCR, T-cell receptor; Spe, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin. Back

5 R. K. Aziz and M. Kotb, communicated information. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Ed Umstot and Dr. Dominic Desiderio for allowing us to use the MALDI-TOF MS instrument in the Stout Proteomics Laboratory (UTHSC). We also thank Nourtan Abdeltawab and Ramy Attia for helping with the MALDI-TOF analysis and the protein identification while rotating in our laboratory and Yolanda Zhang of The Burman Institute for developing Consensus Disorder Prediction (CDP) tool.



   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Cunningham, M. W. (2000) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 470-511[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Kotb, M. (1995) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 411-426[Abstract]
  3. Kotb, M., Norrby-Teglund, A., McGeer, A., El-Sherbini, H., Dorak, M. T., Khurshid, A., Green, K., Peeples, J., Wade, J., Thomson, G., Schwartz, B., and Low, D. E. (2002) Nat. Med. 8, 1398-1404[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  4. Norrby-Teglund, A., and Kotb, M. (2000) J. Med. Microbiol. 49, 849-852[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  5. Watanabe-Ohnishi, R., Low, D. E., McGeer, A., Stevens, D. L., Schlievert, P. M., Newton, D., Schwartz, B., Kreiswirth, B., and Kotb, M. (1995) J. Infect. Dis. 171, 74-84[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  6. Norrby-Teglund, A., Thulin, P., Gan, B. S., Kotb, M., McGeer, A., Andersson, J., and Low, D. E. (2001) J. Infect. Dis. 184, 853-860[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  7. Proft, T., Sriskandan, S., Yang, L., and Fraser, J. D. (2003) Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9, 1211-1218[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  8. Schlievert, P. M. (1993) J. Infect. Dis. 167, 997-1002[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  9. Chatellier, S., Ihendyane, N., Kansal, R. G., Khambaty, F., Basma, H., Norrby-Teglund, A., Low, D. E., McGeer, A., and Kotb, M. (2000) Infect. Immun. 68, 3523-3534[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Unnikrishnan, M., Altmann, D. M., Proft, T., Wahid, F., Cohen, J., Fraser, J. D., and Sriskandan, S. (2002) J. Immunol. 169, 2561-2569[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Yang, L., Thomas, M., Woodhouse, A., Martin, D., Fraser, J. D., and Proft, T. (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 3570-3573[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Berge, A., and Bjorck, L. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9862-9867[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Raeder, R., Woischnik, M., Podbielski, A., and Boyle, M. D. (1998) Res. Microbiol. 149, 539-548[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  14. Kansal, R. G., Nizet, V., Jeng, A., Chuang, W. J., and Kotb, M. (2003) J. Infect. Dis. 187, 398-407[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  15. Aziz, R. K., Pabst, M. J., Jeng, A., Kansal, R., Low, D. E., Nizet, V., and Kotb, M. (2004) Mol. Microbiol. 51, 123-134[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  16. Basma, H., Norrby-Teglund, A., Guedez, Y., McGeer, A., Low, D. E., El-Ahmedy, O., Schwartz, B., and Kotb, M. (1999) Infect. Immun. 67, 1871-1877[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Cherchi, G. B., Kaplan, E. L., Schlievert, P. M., Bitti, A., and Orefici, G. (1992) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11, 836-838[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  18. Linding, R., Russell, R. B., Neduva, V., and Gibson, T. J. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3701-3708[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Ward, J. J., McGuffin, L. J., Bryson, K., Buxton, B. F., and Jones, D. T. (2004) Bioinformatics 20, 2138-2139[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Schwede, T., Kopp, J., Guex, N., and Peitsch, M. C. (2003) Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3381-3385[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Norrby-Teglund, A., Kaul, R., Low, D. E., McGeer, A., Newton, D. W., Andersson, J., Andersson, U., and Kotb, M. (1996) J. Immunol. 156, 3057-3064[Abstract]
  22. Proft, T., Moffatt, S. L., Berkahn, C. J., and Fraser, J. D. (1999) J. Exp. Med. 189, 89-102[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Chen, C. Y., Luo, S. C., Kuo, C. F., Lin, Y. S., Wu, J. J., Lin, M. T., Liu, C. C., Jeng, W. Y., and Chuang, W. J. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 17336-17343[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Nomizu, M., Pietrzynski, G., Kato, T., Lachance, P., Menard, R., and Ziomek, E. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 44551-44556[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Hubbard, S. J., Eisenmenger, F., and Thornton, J. M. (1994) Protein Sci. 3, 757-768[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  26. Kazmi, S. U., Kansal, R., Aziz, R. K., Hooshdaran, M., Norrby-Teglund, A., Low, D. E., Halim, A. B., and Kotb, M. (2001) Infect. Immun. 69, 4988-4995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Kreikemeyer, B., McIver, K. S., and Podbielski, A. (2003) Trends Microbiol. 11, 224-232[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  28. Rosch, J. W., and Caparon, M. G. (2005) Mol. Microbiol. 58, 959-968[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  29. Rao, M. B., Tanksale, A. M., Ghatge, M. S., and Deshpande, V. V. (1998) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 597-635[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Kagawa, T. F., Cooney, J. C., Baker, H. M., McSweeney, S., Liu, M., Gubba, S., Musser, J. M., and Baker, E. N. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 2235-2240[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Cole, J. N., McArthur, J. D., McKay, F. C., Sanderson-Smith, M. L., Cork, A. J., Ranson, M., Rohde, M., Itzek, A., Sun, H., Ginsburg, D., Kotb, M., Nizet, V., Chhatwal, G. S., and Walker, M. J. (2006) Faseb J. 20, 1745-1747[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Collin, M., and Olsen, A. (2003) Infect. Immun. 71, 2983-2992[Free Full Text]
  33. Rasmussen, M., and Bjorck, L. (2002) Mol. Microbiol. 43, 537-544[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  34. Rasmussen, M., Muller, H. P., and Bjorck, L. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 15336-15344[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  35. Sumby, P., Whitney, A. R., Graviss, E. A., Deleo, F. R., and Musser, J. M. (2006) PLoS Pathog. 2, e5
  36. Ferretti, J. J., McShan, W. M., Ajdic, D., Savic, D. J., Savic, G., Lyon, K., Primeaux, C., Sezate, S., Suvorov, A. N., Kenton, S., Lai, H. S., Lin, S. P., Qian, Y., Jia, H. G., Najar, F. Z., Ren, Q., Zhu, H., Song, L., White, J., Yuan, X., Clifton, S. W., Roe, B. A., and McLaughlin, R. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 4658-4663[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Green, N. M., Zhang, S., Porcella, S. F., Nagiec, M. J., Barbian, K. D., Beres, S. B., LeFebvre, R. B., and Musser, J. M. (2005) J. Infect. Dis. 192, 760-770[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  38. Yu, C. E., and Ferretti, J. J. (1989) Infect. Immun. 57, 3715-3719[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. Kim, S. W., Grant, J. E., Kim, S. I., Swanson, T. A., Bernstein, G. A., Jaszcz, W. B., Williams, K. A., and Schlievert, P. M. (2004) J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 16, 252-260[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental Data
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
281/46/35281    most recent
M605544200v1
Right arrow Submit a Letter to Editor
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Nooh, M. M.
Right arrow Articles by Kansal, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Nooh, M. M.
Right arrow Articles by Kansal, R.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati  
What's this?

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
 All ASBMB Journals   Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 
 Journal of Lipid Research   ASBMB Today 
Copyright © 2006 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Advertisement
spacer
Advertisement
Advertisement