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Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/jbc.M605503200 on September 26, 2006

J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 281, Issue 47, 35965-35974, November 24, 2006
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Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Activates ERK5 in Cortical Neurons via a Rap1-MEKK2 Signaling Cascade*Formula

Yupeng Wang{ddagger}, Bing Su§, and Zhengui Xia{ddagger}1

From the {ddagger}Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and the Graduate Program in Neurobiology & Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234 and the §M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77054

Received for publication, June 8, 2006 , and in revised form, September 22, 2006.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is activated in neurons of the central nervous system by neurotrophins including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Although MEK5 is known to mediate BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in central nervous system neurons, other upstream signaling components have not been identified. Here, we report that BDNF induces a sustained activation of ERK5 in rat cortical neurons and activates Rap1, a small GTPase, as well as MEKK2, a MEK5 kinase. Our data indicate that activation of Rap1 or MEKK2 is sufficient to stimulate ERK5, whereas inhibition of either Rap1 or MEKK2 attenuates BDNF activation of ERK5. Furthermore, BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 is regulated by Rap1. Our evidence also indicates that Ras and MEKK3, a MEK5 kinase in non-neuronal cells, do not play a significant role in BDNF activation of ERK5. This study identifies Rap1 and MEKK2 as critical upstream signaling molecules mediating BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in central nervous system neurons.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5)2 or big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family that includes ERK1/2, p38, and N-terminal c-Jun protein kinase (JNK) (1, 2). ERK5 is comprised of 816 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 88 kDa. The sequence of the N-terminal 410 amino acids of ERK5 is homologous to ERK1/2 and to a lesser degree, p38 and JNK. However, ERK5 contains a large C terminus of ~400 amino acids not found in other MAP kinases.

ERK5 is phosphorylated and activated by MEK5, but not by MEK1 or 2 (1, 3). MEK5 is specific for ERK5 and does not phosphorylate ERK1/2, JNK or p38 (1, 3, 4). A number of substrates have been identified for ERK5 including transcription factors (MEF2C, MEF2A, MEF2D, c-Myc, and Sap1a), protein kinases (Rsk2), connexin 43, and Bad (5-14). ERK5 is expressed in many tissues with the highest levels in the brain (15). We discovered that ERK5 expression in the brain is maximal during early embryonic development and declines as the brain matures (16). Interestingly, ERK5 and ERK5-regulated MEF2 gene expression contribute to BDNF-promoted survival of developing, but not mature neurons cultured from the cortex and cerebellum (16, 17).

Because ERK5 is highly expressed in developing neurons of the central nervous system and plays a critical role in their survival, it is crucial to define ERK5 signaling mechanisms in central nervous system neurons. The only known signaling molecule mediating ERK5 activation in central nervous system neurons is MEK5 (16, 17). Here, we used primary cultured cortical neurons from embryonic day (E) 16-17 rodents to investigate signaling pathways that mediate BDNF stimulation of ERK5. Our data strongly implicate Rap1 and MEKK2 in BDNF stimulation of ERK5.


   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Materials—The following plasmids have been described: the Gal4-MEF2C, Gal4-luciferase, and EF-lacZ (9); UB6-lacZ (18); FLAG-tagged wild-type ERK5 (5); and the HAMEKK2 and HA-MEKK3 (19, 20). The dynamin constructs were from Dr. Rosalind Segal (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) (21, 22), the Rap1b constructs from Dr. Philip Stork (Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR) (23), the constitutive active (V12) or dominant negative (N17) H-ras constructs from Dr. Alan Hall (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY), the HA-ERK2 construct from Dr. Melanie H. Cobb (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX), and GST-RalGDSRBD from Drs. Chengbiao Wu and W. C. Mobley (Stanford University) (24). GST-MEF2C and GST-RalGDSRBD fusion proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli DH5{alpha} cells and purified as described (9, 25). The polyclonal anti-ERK5 antibody was generated as described (4). BDNF and Lipofectamine 2000 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). The anti-Rab5 antibody, Poly-D-lysine and laminin were purchased from BD Biosciences (Bedford, MA). The monoclonal anti-FLAG antibody, polyclonal anti-FLAG antibody, forskolin, monodansylcadaverine (MDC), and phenylarsine oxide (PAO) were purchased from Sigma. The monoclonal anti-HA antibody was purchased from Roche Applied Science. The polyclonal anti-Rap1 antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). The antibodies against total ERK1/2 or ERK2, and GST-MKK4 fusion protein were purchased from Upstate (Lake Placid, NY). The anti-p-ERK5 antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling (Danvers, MA), the anti-p-ERK1/2 antibody from Promega (Madison, WI).


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1.
Kinetics of BDNF activation of ERK1/2 and ERK5 in cortical neurons. Rat E17 cortical neurons (DIV5) were treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF for 0-12 h as indicated. Cell lysates were prepared, and 300 µg of total protein were used for immunoprecipitation with an anti-ERK1/2 or anti-ERK5 antibody. The kinase activities in the precipitates were assayed using [32P]ATP and MBP (for ERK1/2) or GST-MEF2C (for ERK5) recombinant proteins as substrates. Thirty micrograms of the same cell lysates were submitted to Western analysis to normalize for loading. A, kinetics of ERK5 activation. B, kinetics of ERK1/2 activation.

 
Cell Culture—Primary cortical neurons were prepared from embryonic day 17 (E17) Sprague-Dawley rats as described (4, 16). Briefly, dissociated neurons were plated at a density of 2 x 106 cells per 35-mm dish. Neurons were cultured in basal medium Eagle (BME, Sigma) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated bovine calf serum, 35 mM glucose, 1 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin and maintained in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Plates and glass coverslips were coated with poly-D-lysine and laminin. Neurons were cultured for 5 days in vitro (DIV5) before BDNF treatment or harvesting.

Cortical Neuron Cultures from MEKK2-deficient Mice—MEKK2-deficient mice have been described (26). The heterozygous MEKK2+/- mice were bred to generate MEKK2-/- and MEKK2+/+ littermates. At E16, cortical neurons were prepared from individual single embryo using the same conditions as for rat E17 cortical neurons described above. The genotype of each embryo was determined afterward by PCR as described (26). The PCR primers used were: P1 (5'-AGTGTTTTGCTTTTATTATGCT-3'), P2 (5'-AGAAAAACCGAAACTTTACACTAGA-3'), and P3 (5'-AAT TCT CTA GAG GTC CAG ATC CC-3') (P1 + P2 for wild-type, P1 + P3 for knock-out). At DIV 5, neurons were treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF for 1 h and assayed for ERK5 kinase activity or nuclear translocation.

Transient Transfection of Primary Cortical Neurons—Cortical neurons (6 x 106 cells/60-mm dish) were transiently transfected at DIV3 using a calcium phosphate co-precipitation protocol as described (27, 28). Briefly, the DNA-calcium phosphate precipitates were prepared by mixing 1 volume of DNA in 250 mM CaCl2 with an equal volume of 2x HEPES-buffered saline (HBS; 274 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 1.4 mM Na2HPO4, 15 mM D-glucose, and 42 mM HEPES, pH 7.07). The precipitates were allowed to form for 25-30 min at room temperature before addition to the cultures. The conditioned culture media were removed and saved. Cells were washed three times with BME, and 4.5 ml of transfection media were added to each 60-mm dish. The transfection media consisted of BME supplemented with 1 mM sodium kynurenate, 10 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM HEPES. The pH of the transfection media was kept high by incubating BME in a dish at 37 °C and 0% CO2 for 30 min to de-gas. 180 µl of the DNA-calcium phosphate precipitates were added dropwise to each 60-mm dish and mixed gently. Plates were incubated at room temperature and ambient air for 5 min and then in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C for 35-45 min. The incubation was stopped 20-25 min after the layer of precipitate formed on the plates by shocking the cells for 2 min with 1x HBS, 1 mM sodium kynurenate, 10 mM MgCl2 in 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, and 5% glycerol. Cells were then washed three times with 2 ml of BME. The saved conditioned media were added back to each plate, and cells were returned to the 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C for 48 h before BDNF treatment or harvesting.


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2.
BDNF activation of ERK5 in cortical neurons requires dynamin activity. A, expression of dn-Dynamin blocks BDNF activation of ERK5. Rat E17 cortical neurons (DIV3) were co-transfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding wild-type, FLAG-tagged ERK5 (flag-ERK5), vector control (V), wild-type (wt), or dn-Dynamin. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF (+) or vehicle control (-) for 1 h. The activities of transfected ERK5 were determined by an in vitro kinase assay after immunoprecipitation of FLAG-ERK5. Thirty micrograms of the same cell lysates were submitted to anti-FLAG Western analysis for loading control. B, expression of dn-Dynamin blocks BDNF activation of ERK2. Cortical neurons were transfected and treated as in A except that FLAG-ERK5 was replaced by wild-type, HA-tagged ERK2 (HA-ERK2). The ectopically expressed HA-ERK2 was immunoprecipitated using an anti-HA antibody and subject to Western analysis using an anti-p-ERK1/2 antibody to detect phosphorylated and active ERK2, and an anti-ERK2 antibody for loading control. C, expression of dn-Dynamin does not interfere with forskolin activation of ERK2. Cortical neurons were transfected as in B and treated with forskolin (10 µM, 10 min) to increase intracellular cAMP. D, expression of a temperature-sensitive dynamin mutant (tsDynamin) blocks BDNF activation of ERK5 at non-permissive temperature (39 °C). Cortical neurons were transfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding FLAG-ERK5 and tsDynamin. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were placed under permissive (33 °C) or non-permissive (39 °C) temperature for 30 min, then treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF (+) or vehicle control (-) for 1 h.

 


Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3.
BDNF activation of ERK5 in cortical neurons is inhibited by PAO, an endocytosis blocker. A and B, PAO blocks BDNF-induced nuclear translocation of endogenous ERK5. Cortical neurons (DIV5) were treated with 5 nM PAO or vehicle control (Veh) 30 min before BDNF treatment (50 ng/ml, 1 h). A shows deconvolution confocal images (x400). Cells were stained with an anti-ERK5 antibody to monitor the subcellular distribution of endogenous ERK5 (red). Cells were also stained with the DNA dye Hoechst 33258 to mark nuclei which were pseudocolored to green to better visualize ERK5 nuclear staining. B contains the quantification of data in A. C, PAO blocks BDNF activation of endogenous ERK5. Cortical neurons were treated as in A. The kinase activity of endogenous ERK5 was assayed as in Fig. 1A. D, PAO blocks BDNF induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. E, PAO does not inhibit ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by forskolin (10 µM, 10 min).

 
Rap1 and Ras Activation Assay—The fusion protein between glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the Rap binding domain of RalGDS (GST-RalGDSRBD) was overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli DH5{alpha} cells as described (29). The GTP-bound, active Rap1 protein (Rap1GTP) was detected as described (25, 30). This assay is based on the specific binding between the GTP-bound, activated form of Rap1 (i.e. Rap1GTP) and the Rap binding domain of the RalGDS protein (RalGDSRBD). Briefly, rat E17 cortical neurons were lysed on ice for 10 min in fishing buffer (FB) which contains10% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 200 mM NaCl, 2.0 mM MgCl2, 10 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, 250 µM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml leupeptin, and 10 µg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor. The samples were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C. Ten micrograms of GST-RalGDSRBD fusion protein were prebound to agarose-glutathione conjugates, and then added to 300 µg of cortical neuron lysates. The mixture was incubated at 4 °C for 1-2 h with gentle rotation. The beads were washed four times in cold FB and boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer. The amount of active Rap1GTP bound to GSTRalGDSRBD fusion protein that is coupled to glutathione-agarose beads was analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting using an anti-Rap1 antibody. Ras activation was analyzed using Ras Activation Assay kit (Upstate) per the manufacturer's instruction.

Kinase Assays—Kinase assays were performed as described (4, 31). Cell lysates were prepared and protein concentrations assayed by the Bradford method. Equal amounts of protein extracts (300 or 600 µg) were used for each kinase assay. To measure ERK5 activity, cell lysates were incubated at 4 °C for 2.5 h with either 6 µl of a polyclonal anti-ERK5 antibody (for endogenous ERK5) or 2.5 µg of a polyclonal anti-FLAG antibody (for transfected FLAG-ERK5). Protein A-Sepharose beads (60 µl) were then added, and the mixture was incubated at 4 °C for an additional hour. The activity of ERK5 in the immune precipitates was quantitated by a kinase assay using recombinant GSTMEF2C (5 µg) and [32P]ATP as the substrates (5).

Activated MEKK2 or MEKK3 can phosphorylate multiple MEKs in vitro including MKK4 and MEK5 (32). Because GSTMKK4 is commercially available, we used it as the substrate in the in vitro kinase assay to monitor the biochemical activities of MEKK2 and MEKK3. To measure the activities of transfected MEKK2 or MEKK3, cell lysates were incubated at 4 °C for 2.5 h with 2.5 µg of anti-HA antibody. Protein G-Sepharose beads (60 µl) were then added, and the mixture was incubated at 4 °C for an additional hour. The activity of MEKK2 and MEKK3 in the immune precipitates was quantitated by a kinase assay using recombinant GST-MKK4 (2 µg) and [32P]ATP as the substrates. Quantitation of kinase activity was achieved by PhosphorImager analysis (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA) or by using the ImageQuant program after scanning the autoradiographic images, and normalized by protein expression based on Western analysis.

Reporter Gene Assays—The Gal4-MEF2C-driven, Gal4-luciferase reporter gene expression was assayed as described (4). Cortical neurons were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (33). Briefly, 0.5 x 106 cells were plated onto each well of a 24-well plate coated with poly-D-lysine and laminin. At DIV3, cells were co-transfected with the Gal4-luciferase reporter construct (1.2 µg DNA/4 wells), Gal4-MEF2C fusion protein construct (0.9 µg DNA/4 wells), and EF1a.LacZ DNA (0.55 µg DNA/4 wells). Where indicated, cortical neurons were also cotransfected with various expression vectors for the ERK5 signaling pathways. Cells were treated 40 h after transfection with 50 ng/ml BDNF for 6 h when indicated. Cell lysates were prepared, and the activities of luciferase and beta-galactosidase were measured as described (33). The reporter gene luciferase activity was normalized to beta-galactosidase activity and expressed as the fold induction relative to control.

Assay of Apoptosis—Apoptosis was determined by nuclear condensation and/or fragmentation after Hoechst staining (28). Healthy cells have evenly and uniformly stained nuclei. To facilitate detection of apoptosis in transfected cells, cortical cultures were cotransfected with an expression vector encoding beta-galactosidase (UB6-Lacz) as a marker for transfected cells, To obtain unbiased counting, slides were coded, and cells were scored blindly without prior knowledge of treatment.

Data Analysis—Data were either the averages or representatives of at least three independent experiments. Statistical analysis of data were performed using one-way analysis of variance. Error bars represent S.E. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; n.s., not statistically significant (p > 0.05).


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
BDNF Induces Sustained Activation of ERK5 in E17 Cortical Neurons—To investigate signaling pathways responsible for BDNF stimulation of ERK5, we prepared primary neurons from embryonic day (E) 17 rat cortex. In initial experiments, we examined the kinetics for ERK5 activation after BDNF treatment and compared it to ERK1/2 activation. The kinase activities of ERK1/2 and ERK5 were directly measured by in vitro kinase assays using MBP or GST-MEF2C fusion protein as substrates, respectively (Fig. 1). BDNF activated both ERK1/2 and ERK5 in E17 cortical neurons. Like ERK1/2 activation, ERK5 activation was prolonged and sustained for at least 12 h after BDNF treatment. However, the peak of ERK5 activity occurred later than ERK1/2 and did not reach a maximum until 1-2 h after BDNF treatment. In contrast, ERK1/2 was maximally activated by BDNF 10 min after BDNF treatment. The kinetics for activation of ERK1/2 and ERK5 in E17 cortical neurons is similar to that in postnatal cortical neurons (4).


Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4.
BDNF activation of ERK5 in cortical neurons is inhibited by MDC, an endocytosis blocker. A, MDC blocks BDNF activation of endogenous ERK5. Cortical neurons (DIV5) were treated with 100 µM MDC or vehicle control (Veh) 10 min before BDNF treatment (50 ng/ml, 1 h). B, MDC blocks ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by BDNF (50 ng/ml, 0-120 min). C, MDC does not inhibit ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by forskolin treatment (10 µM, 10 min).

 
BDNF Activation of ERK5 Is Mediated by Receptor-mediated Endocytosis—Receptor-mediated endocytosis has been implicated in sustained neurotrophin signaling (34-37). Upon BDNF treatment for 20 min, we detected co-immunostaining of phospho-ERK5 and Rab5 (supplemental Fig. S1), a marker for endosomes (38). These data are consistent with the notion that ERK5 is found in endosomes following neurotrophin stimulation (39).

Dynamin, a large G protein, is involved in clathrin-dependent and -independent receptor-mediated endocytosis (40). Moreover, mutation of dynamin inhibits internalization of neurotrophin receptors (10, 21). To determine if BDNF activation of ERK5 depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis, cortical neurons were transiently transfected with a dominant negative (dn) dynamin mutant (K44A) to block receptor-mediated endocytosis (10, 21). The wild-type dynamin and cloning vector were used as controls. Cortical neurons were also co-transfected with FLAG-tagged, wild-type ERK5 to facilitate detection of ERK5 in transfected cells. In contrast to the wild-type dynamin, expression of the dnDynamin completely abolished BDNF stimulation of ERK5 (Fig. 2A). As a control for specificity, neurons were co-transfected with the dynamin constructs and wild-type, HA-tagged ERK2. Although dnDynamin attenuated BDNF stimulation of ERK2 (Fig. 2B), it had no effect on ERK2 activation by forskolin (Fig. 2C). Forskolin activates adenylyl cyclases which increase intracellular cAMP, thereby activating ERK2 (41). Our results are consistent with the reports that neurotrophin but not cAMP regulation of ERK1/2 signaling in neurons is regulated by receptor-mediated endocytosis (36). These results also demonstrate that expression of the dnDynamin specifically inhibits receptor-mediated endocytosis, rather than nonspecifically interfering with MAP kinase signaling.


Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5.
BDNF induces activation of endogenous Rap1 in cortical neurons in an endocytosis-dependent manner. A, kinetics of Rap1 activation. Rat E17 cortical neurons (DIV5) were treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF for 0-4 h. To reduce background activity, serum was removed from the culture 2 h before BDNF treatment. 300 µg of total protein were used to analyze for the amounts of active Rap1GTP. Anti-Rap1 Western blotting was used as a loading control. B, quantification of the data in A. Shown are pooled data from three independent experiments. C, effect of PAO on BDNF activation of Rap1. Cortical neurons were pretreated with 5 nM PAO for 30 min before BDNF stimulation (50 ng/ml, 1 h). D, quantification of the data in C.

 
Cortical neurons were also co-transfected with ERK5 and a temperature-sensitive (ts) dynamin mutant (G273D) (10, 21). The G273D Dynamin protein functions as a wild-type protein at the permissive temperature (33 °C), but as a dominant-negative protein at the non-permissive temperature (39 °C). Cells were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h after transfection to allow expression of the transgenes, at which time the expression of tsDynamin can be detected by Western analysis. The cells were then incubated at 33 °C or 39 °C for 30 min, followed by BDNF treatment for 1 h. BDNF stimulated ERK5 in the presence of co-transfected tsDynamin at the permissive temperature (33 °C), but not at the non-permissive temperature (39 °C) (Fig. 2D). The fact that transfection of tsDynamin did not affect the ability of BDNF to stimulate ERK5 at the permissive temperature suggests that overexpression of tsDynamin per se does not interfere with endocytosis. In the absence of co-transfected tsDynamin, BDNF activated ERK5 at 39 °C, excluding the possibility that BDNF activation of ERK5 is inhibited at 39 °C. Moreover, we did not observe any morphological changes or cell death of cortical neurons during the 1.5-h incubation at 33 or 39 °C. Thus, expression of the tsDynamin selectively blocks BDNF activation of ERK5, presumably because it blocks receptor-mediated endocytosis.


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6.
Rap1, but not Ras, is necessary and sufficient to mediate BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in cortical neurons. Rat E17 cortical neurons were cotransfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding vector control (V), constitutive active (ca) or dominant negative (dn) Rap1 or Ras, FLAG-ERK5, or HA-ERK2 as indicated. Two days after transfection, cells were stimulated with BDNF (50 ng/ml) for 1 h. The kinase activity of ERK5 or phosphorylation of ERK2 was assayed as in Fig. 2, A and B, respectively. A, expression of caRap1 but not caRas is sufficient to stimulate ERK5. As a positive control, the transfected caRas is biochemically active and induces phosphorylation of the cotransfected HA-ERK2. B, expression of dnRap1 but not dnRas blocks BDNF stimulation of ERK5. As a positive control, dnRas inhibited BDNF stimulation of ERK2 phosphorylation. C, quantification of data in A. D, quantification of data in B.

 
To further investigate the role of receptor-mediated endocytosis in BDNF signaling to ERK5, we utilized phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor widely used to inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis (42-44). We pretreated cortical neurons with 5 nM PAO, a concentration specific for inhibition of endocytosis (45). The endogenous ERK5 is normally a cytoplasmic protein but translocates to the nucleus upon BDNF stimulation (Fig. 3, A and B). PAO inhibited BDNF-induced nuclear translocation of endogenous ERK5, suggesting PAO suppression of ERK5 activation. Furthermore, treatment with PAO greatly attenuated BDNF stimulation of endogenous ERK5 kinase activity (Fig. 3C). Similar results were obtained using monodansylcadaverine (MDC) (Fig. 4A), another endocytosis blocker (35). Treatment with PAO or MDC attenuated BDNF stimulation of ERK1/2 (Fig. 3D and Fig. 4B) but had no effect on forskolin stimulation of ERK1/2 (Fig. 3E and Fig. 4C), demonstrating the specificity of PAO and MDC for endocytosis. Together, data in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 suggest that BDNF activation of ERK5 in cortical neurons depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis.


Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7.
Expression of dominant negative Rap1 attenuates BDNF-induced nuclear translocation of endogenous ERK5. Rat E17 cortical neurons were transfected with 6 µg of plasmid DNA encoding vector control (V) or dnRap1. Two days after transfection, cells were stimulated with BDNF (50 ng/ml) for 1 h. Transfected cells were identified by anti-GFP immunostaining (green) of co-transfected eGFP. Cells were also immunostained with an anti-ERK5 antibody to monitor the subcellular distribution of endogenous ERK5 (red), and the DNA dye Hoechst to visualize nuclei (blue). A, deconvolution confocal images. Arrows point to a transfected cell. B, quantification of the data in A.

 
BDNF Activates Rap1—Rap1 belongs to the small monomeric GTP-binding proteins of the Ras family. It is involved in endocytosis and in the sustained, but not the initial transient activation of ERK1/2 in PC12 cells after NGF treatment (23, 30, 36). We hypothesized that Rap1 may also contribute to the sustained activation of ERK5 by BDNF. To test this hypothesis, we determined if BDNF activates Rap1, and as a control, if it also activates Ras. Ras activation by BDNF was rapid and transient; it peaked in 2 min and returned to baseline 30 min after BDNF treatment (supplemental Fig. S2). This is consistent with the published literature, which reports that neurotrophins activate Ras rapidly and transiently (46). In contrast, Rap1 was maximally activated by BDNF at 20 min with sustained activation for at least 4 h (Fig. 5, A and B). Pretreatment with 5 nM of PAO abolished BDNF stimulation of Rap1 (Fig. 5, C and D). Thus, BDNF induces a persistent Rap1 activation in cortical neurons that requires receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Rap1 but Not Ras Mediates BDNF Stimulation of ERK5—To determine if Rap1 is sufficient to stimulate ERK5, cortical neurons were transfected with constitutive active (ca) Rap1 (Rap1bV12) to activate Rap1 signaling (23). The wild-type FLAG-ERK5 was co-expressed to monitor ERK5 activity in transfected cells. Expression of caRap1 stimulated ERK5 more than 5-fold (Fig. 6, A and C). To ascertain if Rap1 is necessary for BDNF stimulation of ERK5, cortical neurons were transfected with dnRap1 (Rap1bN17) to block Rap1 signaling (23). Expression of dnRap1 almost completely inhibited BDNF stimulation of co-transfected ERK5 (Fig. 6, B and D).

Although Ras is required for neurotrophin stimulation of ERK1/2, its role in neurotrophin activation of ERK5 has not been examined. Therefore, we performed a similar experiment to determine if Ras is required for BDNF activation of ERK5. In contrast to Rap1, expression of constitutive active Ras (Ras V12) did not stimulate ERK5, although it clearly activated the cotransfected wild type HA-ERK2 (Fig. 6, A and C). Accordingly, expression of the dominant negative Ras (RasN17) attenuated BDNF activation of ERK2 but had little effect on ERK5 (Fig. 6, B and D). These data suggest that BDNF stimulation of ERK5 requires Rap1 but not Ras.

In addition to the ectopically expressed ERK5, we also examined the role for Rap1 in BDNF stimulation of endogenous ERK5 in cultured cortical neurons. Expression of dnRap1 blocked BDNF-induced nuclear translocation of the endogenous ERK5 (Fig. 7). These data suggest a critical role for Rap1 in BDNF stimulation of endogenous ERK5 in neurons.

Rap1 Provides Neuronal Survival Signals to Cortical Neurons—We have implicated ERK5 in mediating BDNF neuroprotection in cortical neurons (16). To investigate the physiological significance of Rap1 in BDNF signaling, we transiently transfected cortical neurons with caRap1 or dnRap1 and examined their effect on neuronal survival. Expression of caRap1 provided significant protection of cortical neurons against serum withdrawal (Fig. 8A), while expression of dnRap1 attenuated BDNF neuroprotection (Fig. 8B). These data support the hypothesis that BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in neurons is mediated by Rap1 and that BDNF protection of neurons depends on Rap1 activity.


Figure 8
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  		FIGURE 8.
Rap1 provides a neuronal survival signal. A, expression of caRap1 is sufficient to protect E17 cortical neurons from serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. E17 cortical neurons were transfected with plasmid DNA encoding caRap1 or vector control (V). Cells were also co-transfected with plasmid DNA encoding beta-galactosidase (UB6-LacZ) as a marker to identify transfected cells. One day after transfection, cells were placed in serum-free medium and apoptosis in the transfected cell population (beta-galactosidase-positive neurons) was scored 24 h later. B, expression of dnRap1 blocks BDNF protection against serum withdrawal. Cells were transfected and treated as in A except that cells were placed in serum-free medium supplemented with 50 ng/ml BDNF 1 day after transfection.

 
BDNF Strongly Activates MEKK2 but Not MEKK3 in Cortical Neurons—Active MEKK2 or MEKK3 can phosphorylate and stimulate MEK5 in vitro; both have been implicated as ERK5 kinase kinases (MAPKKK) in response to EGF stimulation in non-neuronal cells (47-51). To determine whether MEKK2 or MEKK3 contribute to BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in primary neurons, we monitored their activities after BDNF treatment. Cortical neurons were transfected with HA-tagged, wild-type MEKK2 or MEKK3. BDNF strongly activated MEKK2, and this activation was blocked by pretreatment with PAO or by expression of the tsDynamin at the non-permissive temperature (39 °C) (Fig. 9, A, B, and D). Although BDNF also activated MEKK3 somewhat, its activation was much weaker compared with MEKK2 both at 37 and 33 °C (Fig. 9, A, C, and E). These data suggest that BDNF preferentially stimulates MEKK2 through a mechanism depending on receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Rap1 Regulates MEKK2 but Not MEKK3—To determine if Rap1 regulates MEKK2 or MEKK3, cortical neurons were cotransfected with HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3 together with caRap1 to activate Rap1 signaling, or with dnRap1 to inhibit Rap1 signaling. Expression of caRap1 was sufficient to activate MEKK2 but not MEKK3 (Fig. 10A). Expression of dnRap1 suppressed BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 but had no effect on MEKK3 (Fig. 10B). These data suggest that Rap1 mediates BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 but not MEKK3.

MEKK2 Is Required for BDNF Stimulation of ERK5 and MEF2C-mediated Gene Transcription in Cortical Neurons—To determine if MEKK2 or MEKK3 is required for BDNF stimulation of ERK5, cortical neurons were transfected with dnMEKK2 or dnMEKK3 to block MEKK2 or MEKK3 signaling, respectively (52). Inhibition of MEKK2 almost completely abolished BDNF stimulation of co-transfected ERK5 (Fig. 11, A and B). Although expression of dnMEKK3 caused a small inhibition of BDNF stimulation of ERK5, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.5).


Figure 9
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  		FIGURE 9.
BDNF preferentially activates MEKK2 over MEKK3 in cortical neurons. A, BDNF preferentially activates MEKK2 in an endocytosis-dependent manner. Rat E17 cortical neurons were transfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3. 48 h after transfection, cells were treated with 5 nM PAO (+) or vehicle control (-) for 30 min, followed by 0 (-) or 50 ng/ml BDNF (+) for 1 h. 600 µg of total protein were used for immunoprecipitation with an anti-HA antibody. The kinase activities of HAMEKK2 or HA-MEKK3 in the precipitates were assayed using GST-MKK4 recombinant protein and [32P]ATP as substrates. Anti-HA Western analysis was used to normalize for expression of the transfected HA-MEKK2 or HAMEKK3. B, kinase activities of HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3 in A were quantified and normalized by their expression. C, kinase activity of HA-MEKK3 relative to that of HA-MEKK2 from data in A. D, tsDynamin mutant blocks BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 at non-permissive temperature. Cortical neurons were co-transfected with tsDynamin and HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3. Two days later, cells were placed under permissive (33 °C) or non-permissive (39 °C) temperature for 30 min, then treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF (+) or vehicle control (-) for 1 h at the respective temperatures. The kinase activities of HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3 in D were normalized by their expression. E, relative kinase activities of HA-MEKK3 and HA-MEKK2 at 33 °C from data in D.

 
The transcription factor MEF2C is one of the best characterized downstream targets of ERK5 (5). ERK5 is required for BDNF stimulation of MEF2C-mediated gene expression in cortical neurons (4, 16). To evaluate the contribution of Rap1 and MEKK2 to ERK5 regulation of transcription, cortical neurons were transfected with dnRap1 or dnMEKK2. Cells were also co-transfected with a Gal4-MEF2C expression vector and a Gal4-luciferase reporter to monitor MEF2C activity. As shown before (4, 16), BDNF activated MEF2C-induced transcription in cortical neurons (Fig. 11C). Expression of either dnMEKK2 or dnRap1 greatly reduced BDNF activation of MEF2C. These data support the hypothesis that BDNF activation of ERK5 depends on Rap1 and MEKK2.


Figure 10
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  		FIGURE 10.
Rap1 regulates MEKK2 but not MEKK3 in cortical neurons. Rat E17 cortical neurons were transfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3. Cells were also co-transfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding vector control and constitutive active (ca) or dominant negative (dn) Rap1. Two days post-transfection, cells were treated with 50 ng/ml BDNF for 1 h. The kinase activities for the transfected HA-MEKK2 or HA-MEKK3 were assayed as in Fig. 9 and normalized to protein expression based on the anti-HA Western. A, expression of caRap1 activates MEKK2 but not MEKK3. The values of their respective vector control-transfected cells were arbitrarily set as 1. B, expression of dnRap1 blocks BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 but not MEKK3.

 
BDNF Fails to Activate ERK5 in MEKK2-/- Cortical Neurons—We used a transgenic mouse line in which the MEKK2 gene is disrupted (26) to evaluate the importance of MEKK2 for ERK5 activation. E16 primary cortical neurons from MEKK2+/+ and MEKK2-/- mice were isolated and examined for the effect of MEKK2 ablation on BDNF stimulation of ERK5. Disruption of the MEKK2 gene did not change the expression level of endogenous ERK5 (Fig. 12A). However, it abrogated BDNF stimulation of the kinase activity of ERK5 (Fig. 12, A and B). Furthermore, BDNF failed to induce ERK5 nuclear translocation in neurons prepared from MEKK2-/- cortex (Fig. 12C). Together, data in Figs. 9, 10, 11, 12 strongly suggest a key role for MEKK2, but not MEKK3, in BDNF activation of ERK5.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The objective of this study was to identify signaling components that mediate BDNF activation of ERK5 in central nervous system neurons. Prior to this study, MEK5 was the only upstream regulator of ERK5 identified in central nervous system neurons (4). Using primary neurons cultured from E16-17 rodent cortex, we investigated mechanisms regulating neurotrophin-stimulation of ERK5. We discovered that BDNF causes sustained ERK5 activation, a process that requires receptor-mediated endocytosis. We also identified Rap1 and MEKK2 as upstream components in ERK5 signaling.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis has been implicated in the sustained signaling of neurotrophins (34-37). For example, BDNF induces TrkB receptor internalization and endocytosis (10, 53). The tsDynamin mutant blocks retrograde nerve growth factor (NGF)/BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (10). The endocytic protein Pincher mediates pinocytic endocytosis of NGF/TrkA endosomes and persistent NGF activation of ERK5 in PC12 cells (39). Furthermore, the atypical protein kinase C-interacting protein, p62, interacts with active TrkA in the endosomes and mediates NGF stimulation of ERK5 in PC12 cells (54). Using two independent dominant negative dynamin mutants and two general inhibitors for receptor-mediated endocytosis, we discovered that BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in cortical neurons is also mediated by endocytosis. Thus, receptor-mediated endocytosis may be a common mechanism underlying neurotrophin activation of ERK5 in both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system neurons.


Figure 11
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  		FIGURE 11.
MEKK2 but not MEKK3 is required for BDNF activation of ERK5 signaling in cortical neurons. A, expression of dominant negative (dn) MEKK2 blocks BDNF activation of ERK5. Rat E17 cortical neurons were cotransfected with 6 µg each of plasmid DNA encoding vector control, FLAG-ERK5, dnMEKK2, or dnMEKK3 as indicated. Forty-eight hours later, cells were treated with 0 or 50 ng/ml BDNF for 1 h. The kinase activities of FLAG-ERK5 were assayed as in Fig. 2A. Anti-FLAG Western analysis was used to normalize for expression of the transfected ERK5. B, quantification of the data in A. ERK5 activities were normalized to protein expression based on Western analysis. p > 0.5, not statistically significant. C, expression of dnMEKK2 or dnRap1 inhibits BDNF stimulation of MEF2C-mediated gene transcription. Cortical neurons were transiently transfected with a Gal4-luciferase reporter and a Gal4-MEF2C expression vector to monitor MEF2C transcriptional activity. Cells were co-transfected with dnMEKK2, dnRap1, or a vector control. Two days after transfection, cells were treated with 0 or 50 ng/ml BDNF for 6 h. The luciferase reporter activity was normalized to a co-transfected beta-galactosidase.

 
Growth factor activation of MAP kinases requires Ras family small GTP-binding proteins. We found that BDNF activates Rap1 in cortical neurons and that expression of constitutive active Rap1 is sufficient to activate ERK5, whereas expression of dominant-negative Rap1 blocks BDNF stimulation of ERK5. Although Ras is required for growth factor and neurotrophin stimulation of ERK1/2, evidence supporting a role for Ras in ERK5 activation is lacking in neurons or conflicting in nonneuronal cells. Co-transfection studies showed that ERK5 is activated by constitutive active Ras in non-neuronal cells (6, 8, 55). Ras is implicated in NGF and EGF stimulation of ERK5 in PC12 and COS cells (8). In contrast, EGF stimulation of ERK5 in HeLa cells is independent of Ras but depends on MEK5 (56). Here we report that although BDNF activates Ras in cortical neurons, manipulation of Ras signaling, either activating or inhibiting, affected BDNF stimulation of ERK1/2 but not ERK5. Therefore, our data suggest that Rap1, but not Ras, is both necessary and sufficient to mediate BDNF activation of ERK5 signaling in cortical neurons.


Figure 12
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  		FIGURE 12.
Deletion of the MEKK2 gene abrogates BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in cortical neurons. A, BDNF fails to stimulate ERK5 activity in cortical neurons prepared from MEKK2-/- mice. Cortical neurons from E16 mice were prepared from single embryos of MEKK2+/+ and MEKK2-/- littermates and plated at a density of 2 x 106 cells/35-mm dish. Cells were treated at DIV5 with 0 or 50 ng/ml BDNF for 1 h. The activities of the endogenous ERK5 were measured as in Fig. 1A. B, quantification of the data in A. ERK5 kinase activity was normalized to total ERK5 protein. C, BDNF fails to induce ERK5 nuclear translocation in MEKK2-/- cortical neurons. E16 cortical neurons from MEKK2+/+ and MEKK2-/- littermates were prepared and stimulated with BDNF as in A. Cells were stained with an anti-ERK5 antibody and the DNA dye Hoechst as in Fig. 3A. The percentage of cells with positive nuclear ERK5 staining was quantified. D, hypothesis model for BDNF activation of ERK5. Based on data presented in this study and our previous report (4), we propose that BDNF activation of ERK5 is initiated by receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by activation of a Rap1-MEKK2-MEK5 cascade.

 
The MAP kinases are organized into three-tier kinase cascades that proceed through MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKK, e.g. MEKK1-4), which phosphorylate and activate dual specificity Thr/Tyr MAP kinase kinases (MAPKK, e.g. MEK5), which then phosphorylate and activate MAP kinases (e.g. ERK5). MEK5 is not a good substrate for Raf, c-Mos, or MEKK1 (3), but is phosphorylated and activated by MEKK2, MEKK3, or Cot in vitro (47, 57, 58). Both MEKK2 and MEKK3 have been implicated in EGF activation of ERK5 in non-neuronal cells (8, 47, 48, 57). MEKK2 also regulates the activation of ERK5 in response to FGF-2 in fibroblasts (60). However, studies in nonneuronal cells suggest that MEKK2 and MEKK3 have different intracellular localizations and may function in different signaling pathways (61). In this study, we demonstrated that although BDNF activates both MEKK2 and MEKK3 via receptor-mediated endocytosis, the stimulation of MEKK2 is much more robust than MEKK3. Furthermore, Rap1 was both necessary and sufficient to mediate BDNF stimulation of MEKK2 but not MEKK3. Expression of dominant negative MEKK2 but not MEKK3 blocked BDNF stimulation of ERK5 and downstream MEF2C-mediated gene transcription. Significantly, BDNF activation of ERK5 was almost completely abrogated in cortical neurons prepared from MEKK2-/- mice. These data indicate that BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in cortical neurons is primarily mediated by MEKK2.

It is interesting to note that the relatively weak MEKK3 activation induced by BDNF requires endocytosis but does not require Rap1. In addition to Ras and Rap1, neurotrophins activate several other small G proteins including the Rac, Cdc42, and Rho family GTPases (46), many of which play a role at different steps of endocytosis (62). For example, Alsin is an activator of Rac1 and Rab5 small GTPases. Loss of function of Alsin (Als2-/-) in mice results in abnormal endosomal transport of the BDNF receptor in neurons (59). Therefore, it is conceivable that BDNF activates MEKK3 through a Rap1-independent endosome signaling.

In summary, we have elucidated signaling mechanisms regulating BDNF stimulation of ERK5 in cortical neurons. We discovered that BDNF activation of ERK5 requires receptor-mediated endocytosis and a Rap1-MEKK2-MEK5 signaling cascade (Fig. 12D). Our data demonstrate the specificity of Rap1 for MEKK2 activation and the specificity of both Rap1 and MEKK2 in ERK5 signaling in central nervous system neurons upon BDNF treatment. Considering the important role ERK5 plays in neuronal survival, the elucidation of these signaling components may provide potential drug targets for disease treatment against neuronal cell death.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* This work was supported by Grant AG19193 (to Z. X.) and facilitated by Grant P30 HD02274 from the NICHD, National Institutes of Health. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Back

Formula The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental Figs. S1 and S2. Back

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, University of Washington, HSB, Rm. F561C, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: zxia{at}u.washington.edu.

2 The abbreviations used are: ERK5, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5; MEKK, MEK kinase; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; MAP, mitogen-activated protein; E17, embryonic day 17; DIV, days in vitro; GST, glutathione S-transferase; dn, dominant negative; ca, constitutive active; PAO, phenylarsine oxide; ts, temperature sensitive; MDC, monodansylcadaverine; HA, hemagglutinin. Back


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. R. A. Segal for providing dynamin plasmids, Dr. Philip Stork for Rap1b constructs, and Drs. C. Wu and W. C. Mobley for the GST-RalGDSRBD plasmid.



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